During March 21, southwest of KOENIGSBERG, the troops of the 3rd BELARUSIAN Front continued fighting to destroy the East Prussian group of Germans and, moving towards the coast of the FRISCH-GAF Bay, occupied the settlements of BOLBITTEN, STUTENEN, NEVEKKEN, GRUNAU, RADAU, ALT-PASSARGE. According to additional data, in the battles for the city of BROWNSBERG, the troops of the front captured the following trophies: tanks - 204, armored personnel carriers - 25, mortars - 109, machine guns - 204, cars - 1,050, steam locomotives - 5, railway cars - 633, warehouses with various military equipment - 17.

In the Danzig direction, as a result of offensive battles, our troops occupied the settlements of Mühlbanz, Koling, KLADAU, IETAU, ZALAU, KLEIN-BELKAU, NIEDER-PRANGENAU, BISSAU, GROSS-KATZ. On March 20, our troops captured more than 600 German soldiers and officers in this area.

In the BRESLAU area, fighting continued to destroy the enemy grouping surrounded in the city.

On March 20, 176 German tanks were hit and destroyed on all fronts. In air battles and anti-aircraft artillery fire, 69 enemy aircraft were shot down.

The raid of our aviation on the Veszprem railway junction in Hungary

On the night of March 21, our heavy bombers attacked the Veszprem railway junction in Hungary. As a result of the bombardment, fires broke out on the territory of the hub, accompanied by explosions.

Actions of aviation of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet

On March 19, aviation of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet sunk: in the port of Pil-lau - three German transports with a displacement of 5 to 6 thousand tons each and in the area of ​​Bornholm Island - two German transports with a displacement of 10 to 12 thousand tons each and one enemy patrol ship.

Southwest of Koenigsberg, the troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front continued to fight to eliminate the enemy's East Prussian Group of Forces. Despite this, the advancing Soviet units were persistently moving forward, destroying enemy centers of resistance. Pressed against the Frisch-Gaff on a narrow coastal strip, the remnants of the defeated German formations fiercely resist. In the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe settlement of Bolbitten, the German infantry, supported by tanks and self-propelled guns, launched several counterattacks. Our units repelled enemy counterattacks and, moving forward, occupied Bolbitten. Particularly fierce fighting takes place in the area of ​​​​the city of Heiligenbeil. The enemy has concentrated tanks, self-propelled guns, field artillery here and is stubbornly defending the approaches to the city from the south. The Soviet units advancing north along the Banau River broke the resistance of the Germans and captured heavily fortified positions. There are battles for crossings over the Iarft River, covering the city of Heiligenbeil from the south. At the same time, our other units drove the Germans out of the heavily fortified strongholds of Grunau and Radau and reached the Braunsberg-Heiligenbeil railway. Relying on the fortifications built at the railroad embankment, the Nazis tried to detain the Soviet troops at this line. Our infantrymen broke through the German defenses with a swift attack in a number of sectors. The troops of the front, advancing along the coast of Frisch-Gaff to the east, crossed the Passarge River at its mouth and occupied the coastal settlement of Alt-Passarge. Our artillery shells the ports and wharves that are in the hands of the enemy day and night. During the day of fighting, more than 4 thousand German soldiers and officers were exterminated, 26 tanks and 60 enemy guns were destroyed. Our troops captured many trophies and prisoners.

On the Danzig direction, our troops fought offensive battles. Southwest of Danzig, the Soviet units broke through two lines of enemy trenches and occupied the Klein-Belkau stronghold, located 10 kilometers from Danzig. Fierce fighting took place in the area of ​​the large settlement of Gross-Katz. The enemy had strong fortifications in this area. The Nazis, supported by fire from warships and armored trains, offered desperate resistance. Our infantrymen, tankers and artillerymen overcame several lines of trenches, anti-tank ditches, minefields and broke into Gross-Katz. The enemy garrison, having suffered heavy losses in stubborn street battles, retreated in disarray. The Soviet units captured Gross-Katz, an important German defense center located 4 kilometers from the coast of the Danzig Bay. During the day, several thousand enemy soldiers and officers, 25 tanks, 54 guns, 5 armored personnel carriers and one enemy armored train were destroyed.

Our aviation, despite the unfavorable weather, carried out bombing and assault strikes against enemy troops, military installations and ships. Soviet pilots destroyed several tanks, 120 vehicles, sank a boat and 3 barges. A large ammunition depot was blown up in the port of Gdynia.

Our heavy bombers today again attacked enemy military targets in the city of Breslau. As a result of the bombardment, fires broke out, among which 5 strong explosions were noted.

In the defensive battles that recently took place in the area northeast of Lake Balaton, Soviet soldiers showed high combat skill and selfless courage. The battery of self-propelled guns of senior lieutenant Kocherga, having entered into battle with 14 German tanks, burned and knocked out 8 enemy tanks. In a night battle, a group of Germans attacked the wounded company commander, Lieutenant Bakhrushin. The Red Army soldier Solodky hurried to the rescue of his commander. The brave fighter shot three Nazis, and stabbed two with a bayonet. Solodky delivered the lieutenant safely to the medical center. Guards Red Army soldier Ivan Skorodumov, when repulsing an enemy attack, jumped onto a German tank, which had an open hatch. The guardsman interrupted the German tankers with a burst from the machine gun and brought the tank to his unit.

Return to the date March 21

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Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - with an accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and word parsing with online examples, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowels and consonants.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
• Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
  • for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, the sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to perform. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme “U” retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya to "ma].
• New houses [but "vye da ma"].

AT unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

• vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
• open syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
• e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is outside the curriculum): study [uch'i´ts: a], numb [atsyp'in'e´t '], hope [nad'e´zhda]. In a letter analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in a final open syllable (= at the absolute end of a word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
  • - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
  • - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho´ lx], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ Fri], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agarics [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
  • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [and] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
  • [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
  • [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
  • [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
  • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
  • [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
  • [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
• Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
  • [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
• If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
• When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t, and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: stack a, chip a, k ost yum, circus, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically denote a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
• before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: u ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of the two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′h'k'y], soft [m'a′h' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
• [u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
• the letters "N", "K", "R" during phonetic analysis of the composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka′n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e ′n'shch'ik], donut ik [po′n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'var'r'shch'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
• often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [r] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: a].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
• The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are ​​pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
• With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

• mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
• ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
• shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
• stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
• zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
• ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
• van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
• tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
• dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
• ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
• zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], ​​not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
• ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
  • “-tsya”, “-tsya” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [we´ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
  • ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
• "D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
  • zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
  • nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
  • rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. The literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of a school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

On March 20, the 313th Rifle Division received a combat mission - with the 751st Light Artillery Regiment, the 884th Anti-tank Artillery Regiment, in cooperation with the 40th Tank Brigade, to attack in the direction of the city of Klein-Katz and capture it.

At 10 o'clock in the morning, after artillery preparation, the regiments of the division went on the offensive. The 1st Battalion of the 1070th Infantry Regiment (battalion commander Major A.A. Fedorov), acting as a tank landing force, started a battle on the western outskirts of the village of Klein-Katz, from the south it was attacked by the 40th Tank Brigade 3 planted on tanks 1st battalion of the 1072nd regiment.

The enemy offered fierce resistance. Here he applied the method of defense characteristic of forest combat. He created a kind of fire bag in the Gross-Katz area. The settlement itself was not engaged by the enemy and was covered from the front only by a small group of infantry. The main forces of the defending enemy were concentrated on the adjacent heights.

As soon as our tanks with the landing of the 1070th and 1072nd rifle regiments broke through the hollow into the settlement, the enemy opened from the heights the destroying fire of machine guns and artillery. The infantry of the Nazis was supported by artillery, two armored trains and warships.

The battle for Gross Katz went on all day. The 1st battalion of the 1070th regiment, despite significant losses, defeated the defending enemy and by the end of the day reached the eastern outskirts of Gross-Katz, where they entrenched themselves at the reached line. For courage, courage and skillful command of the unit, the commander of the 1st battalion of the 1070th rifle regiment, Major A. A. Fedorov, was awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky.

At 19:00, the enemy, numbering up to 200 people, counterattacked the 2nd battalion of the 1068th rifle regiment. The counterattack was repulsed. The enemy lost 120 people killed, 10 soldiers were taken prisoner.

In these battles, the commander of the gun of the 57-mm battery of the 1072nd Infantry Regiment, Sergeant Pyotr Zorikhin, fought heroically with the enemy. From a height, an enemy tank opened fire on the infantry of the 3rd battalion. Zorikhin saw the fascist car and quickly aimed the gun at the target.

The tank stood side by side with the gun. With the first shot, Zorikhin almost did not cause any harm to the tank. The second shell hit the motor group. "Tiger" smoked. The crew that jumped out of the tank was shot by our infantry. Zorikhin was wounded twice, but remained at the gun.

Enemy submachine gunners prevented the advance of the 1st platoon of the 3rd rifle company. Hiding behind stone buildings, they fired at our advancing fighters. Abdurakhman Marov was ordered to move to the left and destroy the Nazis with the fire of his heavy machine gun from the flank. Disguising himself behind a bush, Marov quickly set up a machine gun and fired a burst at the Nazis. Three fascists fell dead to the ground. At the same moment, Marov's calculation was fired upon from the attic by the Nazis. The second number of the calculation was killed.

Ah, bastards! - Marov said angrily. - Get it! - He fired a long burst at the dormer window, and the enemy machine gunners fell silent forever. Changing the firing position, Marov saw two Nazis who were hiding behind a fence. With two short bursts he destroyed them, but he himself was wounded. Only in this battle he exterminated eight Nazis.

On March 21, from the very morning, the enemy launched several counterattacks, trying to disrupt our offensive. Fulfilling the previously assigned combat mission, the division with the same reinforcements at 12 noon went on the offensive and by noon the 2nd and 3rd battalions of the 1070th regiment reached the railway, the 1072nd regiment attacked height 160.8 in the morning, but unsuccessfully.

At 12:30 on March 21, when the soldiers of Lieutenant Yakov Nechepurenko exchanged views on past battles, and the headquarters of the 1072nd regiment bowed over the map, divisional commander V.A. Asafiev and regiment commander V.f. Babenko. The division commander circled the height with a pencil and said:

Take this height, and the city will be ours!

The Nazis fortified themselves at a height that allowed them to keep the nearest approaches to the city of Gdynia under concentrated and aimed mortar and rifle-machine-gun fire.
The height was surrounded by three lines of trenches, a wide and deep anti-tank ditch, wire fences in three stakes, and Bruno's spiral. On the right, the approaches to the height were poured with fire from a bunker by a German heavy machine gun.

You can't go up to the top. That morning, soldiers of the 1st Battalion of Major Korablin of the 1072nd Regiment attacked the height several times from their extremely unfavorable positions, but to no avail. The commander of the regiment, Colonel V.F. Babenko, set the task for the scouts of Lieutenant Nechepurenko to be the first to break through to the heights.

Major Korablin Vasily Vasilyevich warned Lieutenant Nechepurenko:

We will operate without the support of artillery, the distance between us and the front line of fascist trenches is 50 meters.

In battle, the entire calculation of the easel machine gun was disabled. Major Korablin himself lay down next to the machine gun. Nechepurenko took grenades in both hands. Scouts Borisov, Kopylov, Makarov, Kozyrev, Rudalev and Mindalov were also armed with grenades.

The rest of the soldiers and scouts of the Korablin battalion opened heavy automatic fire on the enemy trenches from the spot. Lieutenant Nechepurenko led his fighters on the attack. With one jerk, without taking a breath, they reached the barbed wire. Scout Mindalov lay down on the wire, Nechepurenko and the others stepped over him into the trench.

The Germans bombarded them with grenades. Everything around was burning and smoking from explosions, fragments of grenades whistled and buzzed. Several more scouts broke through to Lieutenant Nechepurenko. The squad leader, Sergeant Kopylov, scouts Platov and Semin crawled towards the bunker. The ship kept hitting and hitting its embrasure, and the German machine gun fell silent for several minutes. Semin and Platov got close to the bunker.

Suddenly, the enemy's firing point came to life, and Platov was wounded by the first burst of the enemy. But Semin was already near the embrasure. One after another, grenades flew into the bunker. Breaks. Silence. And Lieutenant Nechepurenko and his fighters were already knocking the Germans out of the third trench. Arrows followed the scouts. At the top of the height, among the corpses of the Nazis, the bloody, but alive and vigorous Nechepurenko ordered the intelligence officer Mindalov:

To the colonel! Fast! Let's say we're on top. Height 160.8 was taken. At the foot of the height lay a large city.

In this battle, heroism and courage were shown by the commander of the reconnaissance squad of Karelians Vasily Fedorovich Kopylov from the village of Vekhkuselga, Olonets region of Karelia. With two scouts, he broke into the second trench of the enemy. Suddenly, a fascist officer jumped on him. With a strong blow, Kopylov knocked out a pistol from him and captured the officer.

Moving along the trenches, the scouts saw that up to 20 Nazis were running across them. At Kopylov's command, the scouts opened heavy automatic fire, destroyed nine Nazis, the rest fled into the forest. In this battle, Sergeant Kopylov personally destroyed five German soldiers.

The enemy, with frequent counterattacks, tried to delay the advance of the division's units. A company of fascist soldiers went to the location of the headquarters of the 1070th regiment and attacked the special forces and the headquarters. The regimental chief of staff, Major M. B. Zak, raised the staff officers, signalmen and security platoon and led them in a counterattack. The Nazis could not stand the bold counterattack of the headquarters officers and special forces and fled, leaving 20 dead and several wounded. 16 Nazi soldiers were captured in this battle.

The 2nd and 3rd battalions of the 1070th regiment during the day of the battle repulsed four enemy counterattacks with heavy losses for him. The enemy was thrown back to the starting line.

On March 22, the division was to develop an offensive against the town of Klein-Katz. But on the path of the offensive of our units lay a height of 120.7 heavily fortified by the enemy. The division commander, Colonel V. A. Asafiev, decided: with the 1068th Infantry Regiment and the 3rd Battalion of the 1072nd Infantry Regiment, surround the height, defeat the enemy defending the height, and then develop an offensive on Klein-Katz.

During the night, units of the division made a detour maneuver and by the morning of March 22, they fought back to their starting position for the offensive, completing the encirclement of the height. The 2nd and 3rd battalions of the 1070th regiment continued their offensive in an easterly direction for an hour from 7 to 8 in the morning, repelled two counterattacks of the Nazis, up to two companies each.

The 1068th Rifle Regiment and the 3rd Battalion of the 1072nd Regiment, having subjected Hill 120.7 to a powerful fire raid, went over to the attack at 11 o'clock and, after a fierce battle for three hours, took the hill by storm, defeating the defending enemy garrison. The enemy suffered losses of up to 300 people killed and wounded.
In the battles for mastering the height, soldiers and sergeants showed mass heroism.

German counterattacks followed one after another. The Nazis, despite the losses, sought to knock down our fighters from a tactically important height that covered the approaches to the city. Junior sergeant of the 8th company of the 1068th regiment, Nikolai Khlyupta, with three soldiers moved forward, towards the counterattacking chains of enemy soldiers. The enemy noticed the brave men and made an attempt to capture them.

Heavy fire from a company of German cutthroats fell on four brave warriors. A group of fascists led by an officer began to make their way to the rear of our soldiers. Two of our soldiers were killed and one seriously wounded. The enemy ring was shrinking around Nikolai Khlyupt.

Rus, Hyundai Hoh! - shouted the Nazis.

Khlyupta fired from a machine gun in all directions at the Germans surrounding him. There were no cartridges in his machine gun. There were no cartridges in the machine guns of his comrades who were disabled. The fascist officer was already at his side. He held a pistol in his hand, but did not shoot, he was already triumphing over an unarmed Russian soldier.

Behind the officer ran five fascist submachine gunners. Junior Sergeant Khlyupta grabbed a German light machine gun lying on the ground and smashed the skull of a fascist officer with his butt. Falling on the corpse of an officer, Khlyupta snatched a pistol from his hand and shot the enemy submachine gunners running towards him at point-blank range.

Platoon soldiers ran up to Nikolai, 16 corpses of the Nazis lay around him. At this point, the squad leader was put out of action. Junior Sergeant Nikolai Khlyupta took command of the squad and led the fighters into the attack. Height remained in our hands. Among the first, Nikolai Khlyupta broke into the city of Gdynia. Heroes was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

Commander Captain Pligunov ordered Pekshuev's machine-gun crew to cover the regrouping of the battalion. At a time when the 6th company of the 2nd battalion of the 1070th regiment withdrew from their positions, the Germans launched a counterattack.

Five times the Nazis came close to the position of our machine gunners and five times, thrown back by deadly fire, rolled back. Then they pulled up a cannon for direct fire and at the same time opened mortar fire on the position of the machine gunners. Shells and mines showered the position of machine gunners with a hail of shrapnel. The entire calculation was disabled.

Only the wounded gunner Pekshuev remained at the machine gun. The Germans went on the attack again. They approached the calculation position at 30-40 meters and disabled the machine gun with a thrown grenade. The Nazis began to bypass the Pekshuev trench.

“Rus, give up! Rus, captivity! they shouted frantically to Pekshuev.

In response to their cries, Pekshuev threw four grenades one after the other. Eight fascists were killed, the rest retreated. The Nazi attack was repulsed. They left only twenty corpses dead on the battlefield.