Khakassia is one of the oldest mining regions in the east of Russia. On its territory, iron, molybdenum, gold, coal, mineral and radon waters, non-metallic minerals are mined: barite, bentonite, facing marble and granite, building materials. Deposits of copper, polymetals, phosphorites, asbestos, gypsum, jade, jadeite have been explored.
In total, 166 deposits are taken into account by the state balance in the republic.
The explored deposits of Khakassia are concentrated (as a percentage of the reserves of the Russian Federation): coal - 3%, iron ore - 1%, molybdenum - 11%, barite - 27%, bentonites - 6.5%, facing stones - 13%
The iron ore base of the republic is represented by 8 explored deposits of magnetite ore - Abakanskoye, Teyskoye, Abagasskoye, Elgentagskoye, Izykhgolskoye, Anzasskoye, Volkovskoye, Samson.
Molybdenum reserves are concentrated in three deposits: Sorsky, Agaskyrsky, Ipchulsky. The Sorskoye molybdenum deposit, the largest in Russia, is being developed by OOO Sorsky GOK. Molybdenum concentrate, copper concentrate, silver, gold are extracted from the ore. The Agaskyr molybdenum deposit has been explored, approximately the same scale as the Sorskoye deposit.
A number of medium and small copper deposits have been explored.
On the territory of the Republic of Khakassia, there is the Khabzasskoe deposit of chemically pure limestones, which are suitable for the production of cement, carbide and the implementation of metallurgical processes.
The Republic of Khakassia has barite deposits, including Tolcheinskoye, Kuten-Bulukskoye and others. There are deposits of phosphate raw materials - Obladzhanskoye, Tamalykskoye.
Numerous manifestations of oil and gas of varying intensity have been recorded.
The reserves of natural facing stones are concentrated in the Kibik-Kordon, Izas marble deposits and the Vysokogorny granite deposit. For the production of marble slabs, the Kibik-Kordon and Izas marble deposits are being developed. The balance reserves of the Kibik-Kordonskoye deposit are 63.4 million cubic meters. m.
The Borusskoe deposit of jewelry and ornamental minerals (nephrite, jadeite) has been explored.
There are high prospects for discovering deposits of manganese, tungsten, antimony, cobalt, highly decorative facing and ornamental stones, industrial accumulations of hydrocarbon raw materials. Forecast resources of oil - 22 million tons, gas - 90 billion cubic meters. m.
The total reserves and resources of iron ores are estimated at 2 billion tons, of which the balance reserves are about 1004.5 million tons. The iron content in magnetite ores is 30-40%.
The Sorsk molybdenum deposit is the largest in Russia. Molybdenum concentrate, copper concentrate, silver, gold are extracted from the ore. The Agaskyr molybdenum deposit has been explored and is waiting in the wings.
A number of medium and small copper deposits have been explored in the republic.
The predicted resources of the Minusinsk coal basin are estimated at 15 billion tons. 60% of coals are mined by the open method.
The deposits of marble and granite are unique. A deposit of jewelry and ornamental minerals (nephrite, jadeite) "Borusskoye" has been explored.
forest resources
The total area of the forest fund of Khakassia is 3786.0 thousand ha (1.1% of the total forest area in the Siberian Federal District), including the area of the territory occupied by coniferous species - 2005.2 thousand ha (1.1% of the area conifers in the Siberian Federal District). The total stock of timber of the main forest-forming species is 431.9 million m³ (1.4% - share in the Siberian Federal District).
The entire west and south of the republic is occupied by mountain-taiga forests. Of the conifers, spruce, fir, cedar, and larch are the most common.
Gold
Gold mining in the republic in recent years has been from 1.5 to 2.5 tons per year, and approximately 2/3 of the gold is mined from ore gold deposits. The available potential of explored reserves is localized in 4 fields: Kommunarovsky, Maisky, Kuznetsovsky, Saralinsky, of which the first three are being developed. The Kommunarovsky mine is provided with explored reserves of industrial categories (at the current level of production) for 12 years, the Saralinsky mine (not operating since 1996) - for 5-6 years, the objects of CJSC "Zolotaya Zvezda" - Mayskoye and Kuznetsovskoye deposits, worked out by heap leaching, are provided for 3-4 years (there are no reserves taken into account by the State Balance).
Annually redeemed reserves of ore gold are not compensated by the increase in reserves. There is practically no explored reserve of primary deposits.
The state balance on the territory of the Republic of Khakassia takes into account 37 placer gold deposits. Of these, 22 alluvial deposits are being developed, the remaining 12 are reserved. Placer deposits are mined by 12 enterprises (AS "Iyus", AS "Nemir", AS "Khakassia", JSC "Minusinskaya GRE" and others). The provision of mining enterprises with placer gold reserves is low and generally ranges from 1-3 years, for individual objects - 5-7 years
Coal
In the Republic of Khakassia, there are very large coal deposits - Chernogorskoye and Beyskoye. The Chernogorsk field is fully explored, there are reserves of hundreds of millions of tons for decades to come. The Beyskoye field is estimated to have reserves of about 1 billion tons of fuel, and further development plans are optimistic.
Chernogorsk deposit (mine Yeniseiskaya), located on the territory of the city of Chernogorsk. Industrial reserves as of 01.01.2009 amounted to 28471 thousand tons of coal, including stripped - 28471 thousand tons, prepared - 6503 thousand tons, finished - 548 thousand tons.
The qualitative characteristics of Khakassia coal differ from the quality of the fuel raw materials of the Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk and Tuva deposits, firstly, by the absence of coking grades, secondly, by a higher ash content, and thirdly, by an increased sulfur content. These circumstances for a long time served as the basis for limiting the scope of local coals.
Khakassia (Republic of Khakassia)- a republic within the Russian Federation, located in the south of Central Siberia.
The administrative center is the city of Abakan.
The basic law of the country is the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia
The major rivers are the Yenisei, the Abakan, the Tom, the White Iyus, the Black Iyus (the Ob basin). On the Yenisei - Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP and Mainskaya HPP.
Geographical position
The Republic of Khakassia is located in the southwestern part of Eastern Siberia in the left-bank part of the Yenisei River basin, on the territories of the Sayano-Altai Highlands and the Khakass-Minusinsk Basin. Its geographical position is advantageous on the South-Siberian highway, connecting it with the Minusinsk right bank, the Irkutsk region, and Kuzbass. Along the Yenisei, the republic has access to the Central Krasnoyarsk region and the Yenisei North.
Minerals
On the territory of Khakassia, iron is being mined (reserves - 2 billion tons, large deposits - Teyskoye, Abakanskoye), molybdenum (Sorskoye), gold, coal (Askizskoye, Beyskoye), non-metallic minerals: barite, bentonite, facing marbles and granites, building materials . Deposits of copper, polymetals, phosphorites, asbestos, gypsum, jade, jadeite have been explored. The explored deposits of Khakassia are concentrated (as a percentage of the reserves of the Russian Federation): coal - 3%, iron ore - 1%, molybdenum - 11%, barite - 27%, bentonites - 6.5%, facing stones - 13%.
Main Industries
The main branch of specialization is non-ferrous metallurgy, which accounts for 41.7% Leading organizations of the industry: OAO Sayanogorsk Aluminum Plant, OAO Sayanskaya Foil provide 60% of the Russian market with foil, OOO Sorsky GOK, OAO Tuimsky Nonferrous Plant metals". These enterprises produce primary aluminum, rolled copper, molybdenum and copper concentrate. Engineering and Construction Company LLC is implementing a large-scale project of RUSAL, according to which the Khakass Aluminum Plant has already been built, with a capacity of 278.8 thousand tons of primary aluminum per year. Significant development was received by the electric power industry - 22.9% and the fuel industry - 10.6%. Khakassia has a developed network of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, the potential of which is provided by powerful hydropower resources, as well as rich reserves of coal deposits. Leading organizations in the fuel industry: Coal Company Razrez Stepnoy LLC and the Chernogorsk branch of Siberian Coal Energy Company OJSC. Coal is mined at two mines (Yeniseiskaya, Khakasskaya) and five open pits (Chernogorsky) with a total annual production of more than 6 million The energy system of Khakassia includes: Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP (part of the Yenisei HPP cascade, the most powerful in Russia - 6400 MW), Mainskaya HPP (capacity 321 MW) and three power plants with a total capacity of 7016 MW. in Russia - 7.3, for coal - 5.3.
Agriculture
Khakassia is a developed agricultural region of Eastern Siberia. Vast areas occupied by pastures and hayfields are the basis for the development of animal husbandry (fine-fleeced sheep breeding, dairy farming). Horse breeding plays an important role. In crop production, the main crops are wheat, barley, oats, and millet. From industrial crops - sunflower, sugar beet. The coefficient of per capita production for animal husbandry is 1.2.
Internal differences, specialization of individual cities
Abakan junction - specialization in mechanical engineering (PA "Abakanvagonmash", which gives more than 5% of the Russian production of freight cars, experimental mechanical, steel, container plants), processing of agricultural raw materials (meat processing plant, brewery and dairy plants), production of shoes and knitwear.
The Chernogorsk junction is the center of the Minusinsk coal basin (the Khakasskaya and Yeniseiskaya mines, the Chernogorsky coal mine). The basis of the city's economy is the Chernogorsk branch of the Siberian Coal Energy Company (coal mining), there are also enterprises in the light and textile industries, a furniture factory, and a house-building plant.
Sayanogorsk hub - one of the three largest aluminum smelters in Russia, the Sayan Aluminum Plant, was built here. In Sayanogorsk, a group of construction industry enterprises has been created (Sayanmramor combines, prefabricated buildings, house-building). Above the Yenisei are the Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya hydroelectric power stations.
Story
The first state on the territory of southern Siberia arose in the 4th-3rd centuries BC. e. Ancient Chinese chronicles called its creators the people "Dingling" (Chinese 丁零, Dingling), and the state "Dingling-go" (丁零国).
Around 201 B.C. e. the state of Dinlin was defeated by the troops of the Huns. The Turkic-speaking tribe of the Kyrgyz moved to the Khakas-Minusinsk basin. The Chinese described the subsequent situation as follows: "their (Kyrgyz) tribes mixed with the Dinlins." The Kyrgyz became the military-aristocratic elite of the new ethno-political community.
In a difficult and severe struggle with aggressive neighbors (Turkic and Uyghur Khaganates), the Kyrgyz state defended its independence until the 13th century AD.
The 13th century was a turning point in the independent development of the Sayano-Altai. The Great Mongol Ulus, led by Genghis Khan and his descendants, crushed the independence and originality of the culture of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. The population was subjected to physical extermination and forced deportations by Yuan China. Until the 17th century, very little information about Khakassia was preserved.
In the 17th century, Russian settlers in Siberia found Khakassia fragmented into 4 principalities.
The first contacts between the Kyrgyz and Russians began with the construction in 1604 of the Tomsk prison on the land of the Eushta Tatars, tributaries of the Kyrgyz beks. Then, for more than a hundred years, there was a very complex and painful process of Khakassia entering under the jurisdiction of the Russian state.
The date of the official assignment of Khakassia to Russia can be considered August 20, 1727, when a border treaty was concluded between Russia and China. All the lands located on the northern side of the Sayans went to Russia, on the southern side - to the Chinese Empire.
The actual consolidation of the territory of Khakassia occurred later. In 1758, Chinese troops invaded Altai and defeated Dzungaria. There was a threat of violation of the officially recognized borders of Russia. On this site of theirs, the tsarist government hastily placed Cossack garrisons. From the time when the Cossacks began to carry out the border service, there was an actual consolidation of Khakassia for Russia.
The Khakass Autonomous Region was formed on October 20, 1930; in 1992 it was renamed the Republic of Khakassia.
Gold mining is the oldest branch of the mining industry. Back in the 19th century, alluvial gold was mined on the territory of Khakassia, and at the beginning of the 20th century, development of vein deposits began. In our time, geologists have discovered new gold deposits and clarified the reserves of many old ones. Well-mechanized mines arose near the deposits.
The largest gold mining enterprise - Saralinsky mine located in the upper reaches of the Sarala River, which begins with the watershed ridge of the Kuznetsk Alatau.
In the interfluve of the upper reaches of the Bely and Cherneno Iyus, high in the mountains of the Kuznetsk Alatau, there is a mine Kommunar; his village has up to 7 thousand inhabitants. Here, gold-bearing ore is mined on the Podlunny golts. It is transported by cable car to the factory, where gold is extracted from the ore. A tract goes to the mine from the Shira railway station.
Non-ferrous metals on the territory of Khakassia have been used by man since ancient times. This is evidenced by old traces of mining and many archaeological finds. Copper smelters operated here in the 18th and early 20th centuries. After the October Revolution, the reserves and quality of ores mined here were carefully examined. It turned out that these ores are polymetallic (copper-molybdenum-tungsten); in addition, there are deposits of rare metals. As a result of all the research, many plants were built. The largest of these enterprises is the Sorsk molybdenum plant, located on the eastern spurs of the Kuznetsk Alatau. Ore is mined here in an open way, in quarries, and goes to a processing plant. At the plant in the valley of the Yerba River, a city grew up Sorsk, having more than 11 thousand population.
The Mainsky copper mine, one of the oldest in Khakassia - it has existed since the 18th century - is now mined out and closed, just as the Yuliya lead mine is closed. settlement Maina has now become the base for the builders of the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station. From here begins the attack on the upper Yenisei.
Authors: G. S. Samoilova (Nature), T. K. (Nature: geological structure and minerals), M. D. Goryachko (Population), I. L. Kyzlasov (Historical essay: archeology, history until the 14th century). ), K. M. Torbostaev (Historical sketch: history from the 14th century), M. D. Goryachko (Economy), A. N. Prokinova (Health), I. L. Kyzlasov (Architecture and fine arts: until the 17th century .), P. S. Pavlinov (Architecture and fine arts^18–20 centuries)Authors: G. S. Samoilova (Nature), T. K. (Nature: geological structure and minerals), M. D. Goryachko (Population), I. L. Kyzlasov (Historical essay: archeology; >>
KHAKASIA (Republic of Khakassia), a subject of Ros. Federation. Located in the southwest. parts of the East. Siberia. Part of the Siberian Federal District. Pl. 61.6 thousand km 2. Us. 536.8 thousand people (2016; 411.0 thousand people in 1959; 568.6 thousand people in 1989). The capital is Abakan. Adm.-terr. division: 8 districts, 5 cities, 7 towns in the mountains. type.
Government departments
The system of state bodies. The authorities of the republic are determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia 1995. The highest representative and the only legislator. body of state the authorities of the republic - the Armed Forces of the Republic of Khakassia, is permanent. The structure of the Supreme Council includes the chairman, his deputies, the presidium, committees (commissions). It consists of 50 deputies elected by the citizens of the Russian Federation, permanently or predominantly. living in the territory of Kh., on the basis of universal, equal and direct election. rights by secret ballot for a period of 5 years. Performed power is exercised by the republican government, headed by the highest official Kh. - Head of the Republic of Khakassia - Chairman of the Government. Will execute in the system. state bodies. The authorities of the republic include ministries, state. committees, committees and other bodies will execute. power. The head of the Republic is elected for 5 years by citizens of the Russian Federation who live in Kharkiv and have an active electorate. right, on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage. rights by secret ballot. The procedure for elections and requirements for candidates are established by federal law (2012). The Head of the Republic determines the main direction of the government, organizes its work and manages its meeting, forms the government and decides on its resignation, determines the structure of the executive. state bodies. authorities, as well as exercise other powers in accordance with federal legislation, the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Khakassia.
Nature
Relief
Kh. is located in the south of Siberia. Mountains occupy 80% of the territory (41% altitude from 1000 to 2000 m, 32% - up to 1000 m, 7% - above 2000 m); basins account for 20%. In the west is the south. part of the east macroslope of the Kuznetsk Alatau (height up to 2178 m, Mount Verkhny Zub), which continues to the south Abakan Ridge; in the south - deeply dissected ridges of the extreme north-west of the West. Sayan (altitude up to 2930 m, Mount Karatosh - the highest point of Kh.), to the north of them - the middle mountains of the Dzhebash (Dzhabash), Khansyn, Joy ranges. Among the intermountain basins, the largest area is occupied by the Minusinsk (South-Minusinsk) basin (height 250–400 m), it is characterized by small cuest ridges and remnants, the flat parts are called steppes: Koibalskaya, Uibatskaya, Abakanskaya. To the north of the Batenevsky Ridge is the Chulym-Yenisei Basin.
Geological structure and minerals
Kh.'s territory is localized to the center. parts of the Altai-Sayan folded region Ural-Okhotsk mobile belt. In the west, a fragment of the south. parts of the Salair folded system of the Kuznetsk Alatau, composed of Upper Proterozoic and Cambrian volcanic-sedimentary rocks, ophiolites and Early Middle Paleozoic granitoids. The structures of the Batenev uplift to the center also have Salair age. parts of the republic. In the south part of Kh. from the east enters the West Sayan Late Caledonian folded zone (former interarc basin), formed by a sequence of terrigenous flyschoid deposits of the Middle Cambrian - Lower Silurian, which are intruded by Silurian and Devonian granitoids. Horst synclinorium Zap. From the north, the Sayan is bounded by the Dzhebash marginal uplift (Salair suture zone), composed of Vendian-Middle Cambrian island-arc siliceous-volcanogenic rocks and Upper Riphean-Vendian ophiolites. In the north, east and southeast. In parts of Kh., a number of foothill and intermountain depressions (including the large Minusinsk depression) are observed, filled with volcanic-terrigenous, partly coal-bearing, Devonian-Permian series.
The republic ranks third in the Russian Federation in terms of molybdenum reserves after the Trans-Baikal Territory and Buryatia (269.3 thousand tons, approx. 13% of the growth in reserves; beginning of 2013); main deposits - stockwork Agaskyr (7.4% of growth. reserves) and Sorskoe (5.5%), the ores of which also contain copper, silver, rhenium. There are large reserves of coal (5.5 billion tons), concluded in the Minusinsk coal basin (the main deposits are Beyskoye and Chernogorskoye), barite (large deposits are Tolcheinskoye and Kuten-Bulukskoye). There are deposits of iron ores (Teyskoye, Abakanskoye), gold (primary - Kommunarovskoye, Oktyabrskoye with small reserves, but a high content of Au in the ore; several dozens of alluvial deposits), marble (large Kibik-Kordonskoye), jadeite (Borusskoye), phosphorites (Obladzhanskoye ), diff. natural builds. materials, underground fresh and mineral (Khankul) waters.
Climate
In Kh., the climate is sharply continental with cold winters and hot summers in the basins. Wed the temperature of January in the basins is from -19 to -21 °С, in the foothills from -16 to -18 °С. In the basins, winter is dry, high. snow cover 15–25 cm, more snow falls in the mountains, St. 120 cm, avalanches are frequent. Summers are hot, with plenty of sunny weather (more than in Sochi). Wed the July temperature in the basins is 18–19 °С, in the mountains 12 °С. The average annual precipitation ranges from 250 mm in the Uibat and Shirinskaya steppes to 600–700 mm in the mountains (the maximum is typical for the Kuznetsk Alatau, 1700 mm or more). During the warm period, 70% of precipitation falls, of which 55% in August in the form of rains and showers. Vegetac. period 155–165 days.
Modern glaciation in the mountains is represented by cirque, small hanging and slope glaciers, the area and number of which is decreasing (in Kuznetsk Alatau there are less than 90, the area is less than 7 km 2 ). There are cave glaciers that are not characteristic of neighboring mountains.
Inland waters
In Kh. - 6556 large and small rivers. Ch. river - Yenisei, 72% of the rivers belong to its basin, main. left tributary - r. Abakan with tributaries of the Ona, Tashtyp, Askiz, etc. 28% of the rivers belong to the Ob basin: Tom, Chulym with tributaries of the White Iyus and Black Iyus, and others. rivers are used for irrigation (irrigation systems: Uybatskaya, Uyskaya, Koybalskaya, Abakanskaya, Znamenskaya). Lakes are numerous (more than 500, of which about 100 have varying degrees of mineralization). In the Chulym-Yenisei basin - preim. fresh lakes: Black, Fyrkal, Itkol, etc. Of the salt lakes, the largest are Shira, Bele (the largest mineral reservoir of Kh.), Gorkoye, Tus (called the "dead sea" for the highest salinity - 155–248 g / l ), etc. In the mountains, moraine-dammed and car lakes are common. The swamps cover approx. 1% of the territory is confined to the river valleys (the most waterlogged are the basins of the Matur and Uibat rivers) and plateau-like mountain peaks. In H. partly located sowing. part Sayano-Shushenskoye reservoir and south. part Krasnoyarsk reservoir .
Soils, flora and fauna
In the basins and partly in the foothills and low mountains of Kharkiv, steppes are common on ordinary, sometimes leached, chernozems (26.4% of the territory). Dry steppes with southern chernozems, in places with dark chestnut soils with solonetzes and solonchaks are characteristic of the Koibalskaya and, in part, the Shirinskaya steppe. In the foothills and low mountains there are exposition forest-steppes, in which larch-birch, birch-pine forests are widespread on gray forest soils - predominately. on shady slopes - and meadow, often shrub steppes - on solar slopes. In the middle mountains, cedar-fir taiga dominates with an admixture of larch on mountain-taiga brown, soddy-podzolic soils; cedar accounts for 29.7%, fir - 18.2%, larch - 14%, a significant share of birch - 25.8%. On the sowing slopes of the West. Sayan - larch-dark coniferous forests on taiga long-term seasonally frozen, mountain-taiga peaty soils, in the south - larch grassy forests on mountain-forest chernozem-like soils. In the subalpine zone there are larch-cedar light forests on podburs with the participation of subalpine and alpine meadows on mountain-meadow soils, which are replaced higher along the slopes by mountain tundra and stony placers. There are 1,526 plant species in Kharkiv, of which 24 are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and 300 species are medicinal.
The animal world is diverse. There are 75 species of mammals, 337 species of birds, of which 28 are rare in Europe and Asia, a lot of invertebrates, especially insects. The steppes are inhabited by the Mongolian vole, long-tailed ground squirrel, Dzungarian hamster, jumping jerboa; among the birds - the lark, the steppe pipit, the Dahurian partridge, the bustard, the number of which has sharply decreased. In the forests - bear, maral, musk deer, sable, wolf, fox, Siberian weasel, wolverine, white hare, etc.; from birds - capercaillie, hazel grouse, nutcracker, bearded partridge, etc. Mink is acclimatized. There are 34 species of fish in the reservoirs: Siberian sturgeon, sterlet, taimen, pike perch, nelma, etc.; acclimatized rainbow trout, vendace, Baikal omul.
State and environmental protection
Kh. is a region with a high level of anthropogenic pressure, especially in the basins. Main atmospheric air pollutants: fuel and energy enterprises, metallurgical enterprises. and mining industry; transport, s. x-in.
The total volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere is 126 thousand tons, including from stationary sources 83.7 thousand tons, from road transport 42.3 thousand tons. Water intake from natural water sources 86.2 million m 3 , wastewater discharge into surface water bodies 79.9 million m 3, of which 30.2 million m 3 are polluted (2014). In 2014, there were 139 polluting enterprises [benzopyrene, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, etc.]. Very high level of pollution in Chernogorsk, high - in Abakan, increased - in Sayanogorsk. The greatest wastewater pollution is in the Abakano-Chernogorsk industrial complex. node. In 2014, 170 million tons of waste of various hazard classes were generated, mainly. due to the mining industry.
Negative natural processes are active. Mn. Kh. regions are zones of increased atmospheric air pollution due to the frequent recurrence of calms, surface temperature inversions (hollow effect) and strong spring winds, leading to the destruction of snow cover, severe drying of soils, dust storms, and activation of deflation. Desertification is subject to 3.3 million hectares, wind erosion - 2.6 million hectares, deflation - 60.8% of arable land. Soil salinization is increasing, especially in the Koibal and Shirin steppes. Water erosion manifests itself on 252.4 thousand hectares, wind erosion - on 437 thousand hectares. 14 thousand hectares are irrigated. Many irrigate. systems are restored. Fires and deforestation, poaching contributed to the reduction in the number of roe deer, mountain goat, wild boar, ermine, sable. In the steppes, the number of cranes and bustards is declining.
Protected natural areas occupy 13.8% of the area. republics. Created Khakass Nature Reserve, 4 state. natural reserve (Iyussky, Bogradsky, etc.), natural monuments - pine forests (Abazinsky, Bondarevsky, etc.). Organized natural park "Khakassia" and numerous. regional reserves, ethnographic. and natural monuments.
Population
Russians make up 81.7% of us. Kh., Khakasses - 12.1%. There are also Germans (1.1%), Shors (0.3%) and others (2010, census).
A decrease in the population was noted in 1993–2007 (by more than 40 thousand people), then its growth began. The birth rate (15.2 per 1000 inhabitants, 2014) is higher than the average for the Russian Federation, the mortality rate (13.1 per 1000 inhabitants) is at the level of the average Russian values; infant mortality (8.4 per 1000 live births) is high (62nd place in the Russian Federation). In the 2000s marked insignificantly. migratory the outflow, which was replaced in the otd. years of migration. growth (11 per 10 thousand inhabitants, 2014). The share of women is 54.2%. The population of Kharkiv is young (due to the high birth rate and the migration influx of young people to industrial construction sites in the second half of the 20th century): the proportion of the population younger than the working age (under 16 years old) is 20.8% (in the Russian Federation 17.6 %), older than working age 21.9% (in the Russian Federation 24.0%). Wed life expectancy is 68.8 years (66th place in the Russian Federation; men - 63.0, women - 74.7). Wed us density. 8.7 people/km2 (2016); the most populated is the Minusinsk depression (Altai district - approx. 14 people / km 2), the least - mountainous areas (Tashtypsky - less than 1 person / km 2). Share of mountains us. 68.8% (2016). The largest cities (thousand people): Abakan (179.2), Chernogorsk (74.3), Sayanogorsk (48.3).
Religion
On the territory of X. Ch. arr. Orthodoxy represented: registered (as of April 2016) 83 Orthodox religions. organizations belonging to the Abakan diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church (formed in 1995 as Abakan-Kyzyl, modern name and composition since 2011). There are also: 24 Protestant organizations (Pentecostals - 9, Lutherans - 6, Baptists - 5, Evangelical Christians and Seventh Day Adventists - 2 each); 3 Islamic; 2 Buddhist; 1 organization - Roman Catholic. church and Judaic; 7 organizations of Jehovah's Witnesses. The Old Believers have been preserved. communities. Since the 1990s there is a revival of interest in shamanism, in the beginning. 21st century registered 1 local religion. Khakas organization. shamanism.
Historical outline
The oldest archaeological The monuments of the region are represented by layers of the Mousterian era in the Dvuhglazka grotto (45–50 thousand years ago; points, scrapers, cores from basalt), Upper Paleolithic. Malaya Syya (30–35 thousand years ago), Afanasiev Gora and Tarachikha (22–16 thousand years ago), Maininskaya (with the oldest ceramic human figurine on the lands of Russia – 16 thousand years ago), Afontovo culture , Kokorevskaya culture. There are 3 groups of monuments for the Mesolithic. In the Neolithic (6th - early 3rd millennium BC) - pre-ceramic. and ceramic (since the middle of the 4th millennium; open round-bottomed vessels covered with impressions of a comb stamp or receding spatula) stages; petroglyphs appear, possibly stone statues and steles.
In the era of early metal, local copper metallurgy and animal husbandry spread. Afanasiev culture , Okunev culture ,andronovskaya culture, Karasuk culture(the main focus is in the northern zone East Asian Metallurgical Province) are not genetically related, being north-east. limit of a series of migrations; through the forest-steppe in the middle. On the 2nd millennium, the “Great Jade Road” passed from the Baikal region to the East. Europe.
In the early Iron Age, on the basis of the Karasuk, a Tagar culture(corresponding to the dinlins of Chinese written sources), left by the Caucasians, who laid the foundations of irrigation and statehood in the region. OK. 201 BC e. the territory of Kh. fell under the rule of the Xiongnu, who resettled here, apparently for administration, from the Center. Asian Turkic speaking Kyrgyz Yenisei. Their mixing with the natives can be traced in Tesin culture, became the basis Tashtyk culture and the beginning of the ethnogenesis of the Khakasses.
The development of these traditions in the Middle Ages reflect chaatas culture , Tyukhtyat culture , Askiz culture associated with Dr. Khakass. state-tion 6-13 centuries. n. e. (from the end of the 7th to the 11th–12th centuries Kyrgyz Khaganate). The state was preserved in the wars with Turkic Khaganate and Uighur Khaganate; in 758 it was temporarily subjugated by the Uighurs, but in the wars of the 820-840s. destroyed their state. Having conquered the lands from the Irtysh to the Selenga, Dr. Khakass. the state spread what he perceived in the 760s. Manichaeism (cf. Erbinsky temple, Uybat settlement), the Yenisei letter (see Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions), established ties to the Far East, Cf. Asia, Eastern Europe. Subjugated in 1207 Mongol Empire; the population suffered greatly during the uprisings of 1218 and 1273–93. From the 1270s The region was ruled by the Yuan Dynasty and others.
In the 1590s - ser. 18th century the territory of modern Kh. (in Russian sources Kirghiz land, Kirghiz land) was the scene of a conflict of interests of Rus. state-va (since 1721 Russian empire), mong. state-va Altyn-khanov, Dzungar Khanate and whale. the Qing empire.
In 1703, the bulk of the Kyrgyz with a dependent population of St. 15 thousand people was moved by the Dzungars to the headquarters of the Dzungar ruler in the Mongolian Altai, which contributed to the annexation of the region to Russia. In 1707, the boyar son of Tomsk, I. T. Tsytsurin, and the boyar son of Krasnoyarsk, K. Samsonov, founded the Abakan jail; then Tsytsurin took the oath of growth. the king of 20 local uluses. This actually secured the territory of the center for Russia. and sowing X. In 1718, the Sayan prison was built. Treaty of Burin 1727 and Treaty of Kyakhta 1727 settled border disputes. empire and China. The territory of the south H., which was the object of a dispute with Dzungaria, became part of Ros. empire in 1758. On the territory of modern. Kh. yasak volosts were formed. In the 18-19 centuries. the name "Tatars" (Abakan, Kyzyl, etc.) was assigned to the local population. In the spiritual sphere, Orthodox culture gradually occupied a significant place, syncretically united with traditions. ritualism.
From the 1st quarter 18th century Russian began. colonization of the right bank Cf. Yenisei, where, as a result, a local group of old-timers, the chaldons, took shape. side of the tradition. culture of the local population. At 19 - beg. 20th century continued migration to the territory of modern. H. rus. population, as well as representatives of other ethnic groups. groups.
At 18 - beg. 20th century the territory of modern H. was a member Siberian province(until 1779), Kolyvan region (1779–1783), Kolyvan province (1783–96), Tobolsk province (1796–1804), Tomsk province (1804–22), Yenisei province(1822–1925). According to Charter on the Siberian Kirghiz 1822 Khakass. the population received a certain autonomy within the framework of the created steppe dumas: Kachinskaya, Koibalskaya, Kyzylskaya and connected heterogeneous tribes (Sagaiskaya). In the 2nd floor. 19th century steppe dumas were replaced by foreign (foreign) councils.
From the 2nd quarter 19th century the territory of modern H. was used as a place of political. links (among those who served it there are the Decembrists, participants Polish uprising 1830–31 , Polish uprising 1863–64 and etc.). In the 2nd floor. 19 - beg. 20th century began to take shape Khakas. intelligentsia (N. F. Katanov, S. D. Mainagashev, M. I. Raikov and others). Introduction of the institute of foreigners. chiefs in 1898 limited the self-government of the Khakass. In the beginning. 20th century received registration local nat. movement. In 1905, the Askizsky foreigner took place. a meeting at which a project for a new management of "foreigners" was adopted (it assumed greater autonomy and upholding the rights to the land of the local population). In 1905–07, the political org-tion "Union of Siberian aliens", who took part in the elections to the 1st and 2nd State. thoughts. In 1911, the indigenous population of Kharkiv was transferred from the category of nomadic aliens to settled ones and equated in legal status with the peasant class. Since 1912 on the territory of modern. H. introduced volost management.
Feb. the revolution of 1917 contributed to the activation of the national. movement. In April and June - June / July 1917, the 1st and 2nd congresses of the indigenous population of the Minusinsk Okrug were held. Khakas self-government was restored. At the initiative of the head of the National to-ta S. D. Mainagashev instead of names. "Tatars" as the name of the people was adopted by the name. whale. historiography - "Khakas".
Nov. 1917 - in the summer of 1918, an owl operated in the region. power. In May 1918, at the 5th Congress of the Khakass. people, the "Regulations on the Khakass steppe self-government" was adopted and the issue of the territorial unification of X was considered. From July 1918 to January. 1920 the region was under the control of white troops. To fight the Bolsheviks, the local population, including the Khakass, was mobilized. Partisan formations of A. D. Kravchenko and P. E. Shchetinkin acted against the Siberian army of A. V. Kolchak. After restoration in the region of owls. authorities there until 1930 operated approx. 20 anti-Soviet weapons. formations; I. N. Solovyov’s movement (1921–24), supported by Means. part of the local population.
As part of the national and cultural construction, by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 14, 1923, the territories inhabited by the Khakass were allocated to the Khakass district. with a center in Ust-Abakan. In 1925 Khakass reorganized into the Khakass region. Siberian region. In the 1920s–40s. Khakassian writing was created, nat. theater (1931) and the regional museum (1931), Abakan state. pedagogical in-t and Khakas. n.-i. in-t of language, literature and history (both in 1944), traffic was opened along the railway. line Achinsk - Abakan (1926). By the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of October 20, 1930, the Khakass region. transformed into the Khakass Autonomous Okrug, which was part of the West Siberian (1930–34) and Krasnoyarsk (1934–90) regions. Initially included 6 districts. Abakan (1931; earlier Ust-Abakanskoe), Chernogorsk (1936), Abaza and Sorsk (1966), Sayanogorsk (1975) received the city status. In Vel. Fatherland war in Kh., the 309th Rifleman was formed. division and a number of other military formations, there were 16 evacuation hospitals. In the 1950s–80s. continued begun in con. 1920s - early. 1930s industrialization and intensification c. x-va. Open permanent traffic on the railway. lines Novokuznetsk - Abakan, Askiz - Abaza, Biskamzha - Top of Tei (all 1959), Abakan - Taishet (1965).
In con. 1980s the national movement of the Khakas, there were social-political. organizations, including the Association of Khakass. people "Tun" ("Revival"), etc. 10.8.1990 opened the 1st congress of the Khakass. people, which adopted the Declaration on the state. the sovereignty of Kh. (approved by the 1st session of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Khakassia on January 29, 1992). 12/15/1990 2nd congress of people. deputies of the RSFSR legalized the withdrawal of the Khakass Autonomous Okrug from the Krasnoyarsk Territory. By the Law of the RSFSR dated July 3, 1991, the Khakass Autonomous Okrug was transformed into the Khakass SSR. On January 29, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of the Khakass SSR approved the renaming of the Khakass SSR into the Republic of Khakassia (enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as amended on April 21, 1992). At the 4th, extraordinary, congress of the Khakas. people 28.3.1992 was created performer. organ of the national movement - Chon Chobi (Chon Chobi). On May 10, 1995, the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia was adopted. In the 1990s–2000s the republic experienced an economic crisis. In 2009 there was a major accident on Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station(restoration completed by Nov. 2014).
economy
Kh. is included in the East Siberian economic. district The volume of prom. production is more than 10 times higher than the volume of agricultural products. products (2014). The republic occupies a leading position in the Russian Federation in the production of aluminum alloys, foil, the extraction of molybdenum ores and the production of molybdenum (over 70% of growth in production). The share of H. accounts for 3.8% of production grew. coal (5th place in the Russian Federation), 2.6% of the production of iron ore concentrate, 2.5% of electricity. The structure of GRP by types of economic. activities (%, 2013): wholesale and retail trade, decomp. household services 13.5, manufacturing 13.2, mining 11.9, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 10.3, transport and communications 9.3, real estate transactions 8.8, state. management and support of the military. security, compulsory social security 8.5, construction 7.1, health and social services 5.9, agriculture and forestry 4.3, education 4.1, other activities 3.1. The ratio of enterprises by form of ownership (by the number of organizations, %, 2014): private 79.5, municipal 8.4, companies. and religious organizations (associations) 5.6, state. 4.6, other forms of ownership 1.9.
Economically active us. 258.0 thousand people (2014), of which approx. 89%. The structure of employment by types of economic. activities (%): wholesale and retail trade, decomp. household services 14.6, manufacturing 12.3, education 10.2, agriculture and forestry, fishing, fish farming 10.1, transport and communications 8.3, health and social services 7.7, construction 7.5, operations with real estate 6.6, mining 4.2, etc. utilities, social and personal services 3.8, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 3.7, other activities 11.0. The unemployment rate is 6.2%. Cash income per capita 18.4 thousand rubles. per month (66.2% of the average for the Russian Federation), 17.5% of us. has an income below the subsistence level.
Industry
The volume of prom. products 135.0 billion rubles. (2014); 53.3% of them are in manufacturing, 23.5% in mining, 23.2% in the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water. Sectoral structure of manufacturing industries (%): metallurgical. production 69.7, food and flavor industry 15.8, mechanical engineering 10.1, other industries 4.4.
Coal mining (14.6 million tons, 2014, including approx. 40% for export) is carried out at the deposits of the Minusinsk coal basin by the SUEK group of companies (Chernogorsky open pit, production of 5.5 million tons per year mine "Khakasskaya", 1.6 million tons per year; "Vostochno-Beisky cut" - Beyskoye field, 3.0 million tons per year; "Razrez Izykhsky" - Izykhskoye field, 0.4 million tons per year ) and the company "Russian Coal" ("Razrez Stepnoy" - Chernogorskoye deposit, 4.0 million tons per year). Enrich. factory (since 2011; the volume of coal processing is 3.2 million tons per year).
Electricity production 22.4 billion kWh (2014). The largest growing power plant - Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station. P. S. Neporozhny (Sayanogorsk, a branch of RusHydro, also includes the Mainskaya HPP; total installed capacity of over 6700 MW).
Iron ore mining at the Abakanskoye, Abagasskoye, Izykhgolskoye and Teyskoye deposits (suspended in 2015). Ore processing is carried out at enrichment. factory in the Kemerovo region. Molybdenum ores are being mined (Sorskoye deposit), in the city of Sorsk mining and enrichment operations are underway. plant and ferromolybdenum plant. The most important non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises (using imported raw materials; all of them are part of RUSAL, in Sayanogorsk): Sayanogorsk (the largest Russian producer of aluminum alloys, with a capacity of 524 thousand tons of aluminum per year) and Khakassky (297 thousand tons of aluminum per year) aluminum plants , SAYANAL (Russian leader in terms of production of foil and packaging materials based on it, over 40 thousand tons of foil per year).
Main mechanical engineering enterprises (in Abakan): Abakanvagonmash (as part of the RM Rail company, freight rolling stock for railways), experimental mechanical. plant (special equipment for the timber industry complex).
Leading enterprises of the food and flavor industry: in Abakan - the agro-industrial company "MaVR" (meat products, as well as flour, cereals), a brewery, "Zavod AlyoshinA" (bakery and confectionery products), a confectionery factory "Abakanskaya"; in Chernogorsk - confectionery concern "Chernogorsky"; in Sayanogorsk - "Sayan milk" (including cheeses).
Large prom. centers: Abakan, Sayanogorsk, Chernogorsk.
Foreign trade turnover 2258.8 million USD (2014), including export 1929.9 million USD Exported (% of the value): metals and products from them (over 75), fuel and energy products. complex (St. 20), etc. Imported (% of the cost): chemical products. industry (over 80), mechanical engineering (over 10), etc.
Agriculture
The cost of agricultural products 12.8 billion rubles. (2014), livestock accounts for St. 70%. S.-x. the grounds are St. 30% of the territory of Kh., of which arable land is approx. 25%. St. 50% of the sown area is occupied by fodder, St. 40% - cereals and leguminous crops, approx. 5% - potatoes and vegetables, approx. 1% - technical. cultures (Table 1). Animal husbandry of the meat and dairy direction, poultry farming (tables 2, 3). B. h. land area (St. 85%) refers to the lands of agricultural - x. organizations; St. 6% is occupied by farming (peasant) households, approx. 1% is in the personal use of citizens. So. share of grain (approx. 70%, 2014), St. 20% of livestock and poultry for slaughter, approx. 20% of milk is produced in the village - x. organizations; OK. 95% potatoes, St. 85% vegetables, approx. 70% milk, approx. 65% of livestock and poultry for slaughter - in households.
Table 1. Main types of crop production, thousand tons
| 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cattle | 257,8 | 179,1 | 134,3 | 138,5 | 169,4 | 179,9 |
| Pigs | 144,0 | 94,0 | 51,1 | 46,5 | 60,6 | 53,7 |
| Sheep and goats | 1491,8 | 546,7 | 159,4 | 81,5 | 179,5 | 276,4 |
Table 2. Livestock, thousand heads
| 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cattle | 257,8 | 179,1 | 134,3 | 138,5 | 169,4 | 179,9 |
| Pigs | 144,0 | 94,0 | 51,1 | 46,5 | 60,6 | 53,7 |
| Sheep and goats | 1491,8 | 546,7 | 159,4 | 81,5 | 179,5 | 276,4 |
Services sector
In addition to retail trade (turnover 65.9 billion rubles, 2014), the development of tourism (cultural, educational, health, environmental) is also important.
Transport
The length of railways is 667 km (2014). Zh.-d. highways: Abakan - Taishet, Abakan - Achinsk, Abakan - Novokuznetsk, section Tigey - Kopyevo. The length of paved roads is 5.4 thousand km. The Yenisei federal highway (Krasnoyarsk–Abakan–Kyzyl–the border with Mongolia) passes through the territory of Kharkiv. Airport in Abakan.
healthcare
In X. per 10 thousand inhabitants. accounts for doctors - 39.8, persons cf. honey. personnel - 109.4; hospital beds - 82.1 (2013). General morbidity per 1 thousand inhabitants. is 870.8 cases (2013). The incidence of tuberculosis per 100 thousand inhabitants. – 96.6 cases (2013). Main causes of death: diseases of the circulatory system; accidents, poisoning and injuries; diseases of the digestive system; respiratory diseases. Shira balneo-mud resort (on the basis of the mineral lake Shira).
Education. Scientific and cultural institutions
In the republic there are (2015): 175 preschool institutions (over 34 thousand pupils), 179 general educational institutions. educational institutions (58.8 thousand students), 9 institutions of secondary prof. education (7.4 thousand students), 2 state. university, 215 libraries, 22 state. museum. Ch. scientific institutions, universities, libraries and museums are located in Abakan. There are also the Khakass Republican Nat. museum-reserve "Kazanovka" (1996, Askizsky district), Local History Museum. the Sayanogorsk Museum (1999), the Poltakov Museum of Rock Art “Hoya Hoos” (status since 2003, Poltakov village), etc.; museum-reserves: "Sulek", "Chests" (both in the Ordzhonikidzevsky district), "Ulug Khurtuyakh-tas" (Askizsky district), open-air museums: "Ust-Sos" (2010, Beysky district ), “Maloarbatskaya pisanitsa” (2010, settlement of Small Arbats; branch of the Tashtyp Museum of Local Lore).
Mass media
Republican newspapers are published (Abakan): “Khabar” (“Izvestia”; published since 1927, current name since 2008, 2 times a week, circulation 3 thousand copies, in Khakass.); “Khakassia” (since 1930, current name since 1992, daily, 3.3 thousand copies, in Russian); the weekly newspapers Shans (since 1993), Pyatnitsa (1996), Pravda Khakasii (1998) and others have been published. , TV company "Republican Television Network" (RTS, 2010) and others. Agency "Khakassia".
Literature
Liter-ra Khakas develops preim. to Khakass. lang. with con. 1920s based on folklore traditions and under the influence of Russian. liters. The early monuments are similar in poetics to Nar. poems by A. M. Topanov, V. A. Kobyakov (“Song of the Steppe”, 1935; “Lake Baikal”, 1935), M. S. Kokov, M. A. Arshanova. The first prose the work is the story "Aido" (1934), created by Kobyakov. Kokov also gained fame as a prose writer (the story "Joyful Meeting", 1940) and a playwright (the play "Akun", 1940). Poetry 1950–80s represented by the works of N. G. Domozhakov, I. M. Kostyakov, M. R. Bainov (the poem "Thoughts on the Steppe", 1959), V. V. Ugdyzhekov, N. E. Tinikov, V. G. Mainashev, M. E. Kilchichakova, M. N. Chebodaeva and others; the prose of Domozhakov (the story "In the Distant Aal", 1959), Kostyakov, K. T. Nerbyshev (the story "The Babbling Brook", 1969), T. N. Baltyzhakova, N. V. Tyukpiekov, N. E. Tinikova ( autobiographical story "Songs of Kavris", 1975), A. A. Khallarov, Mikhtas Turan, G. G. Kazachinova (story "Wedding", 1979), V. K. Tatarova, I. P. Topoev and others; dramaturgy by V. G. Shulbaeva, Kilchichakov, A. A. Kyzlasova. In lit-re con. 20 - early. 21st century came to the fore existential and psychological. problems: poetry by G. V. Kicheev, F. S. Tokhtobin, prose by M. Ool; the Russian-language literature, represented by the names of N. M. Akhpasheva, was also widely developed (poetry collection “The Millennium is Coming Out”, 1996). Among the most famous modern writers (in Khakassian and Russian languages) - N. M. Akhpasheva, V. K. Tatarova, I. P. Topoev, A. I. Chapray, Khallarov, Sibdey Tom, A. E. Sultrekov. Tagar culture, often megalithic forms, from trees. log tombs, collective and family log crypts Tashtyk culture), in the Middle Ages - polygonal and round dwellings of the dead ( chaatas culture ; Tyukhtyat culture , Askiz culture). In the Iron Age, the complex includes menhirs and steles (from the 8th century AD with epitaphs). Household architecture (above-ground square log houses with a flat roof) BC. e. reflected in the buried tombs. Then Turk. cultures bring polygonal log and pillar dwellings, studied in settlements and burial grounds. Defend. architecture is represented by log (in the Tagar culture), then stone and earthen (see Omai-Tura) walls, in the 8th-18th centuries. - mountain fortresses-shelters with dry masonry walls and fortifications with a line of up to 25 km (Oglakhtinskaya fortress, etc.). The temple architecture at the turn of the eras (I, II Troitskoye, Znamenskoye settlements) uses circular polygonal adobe walls (6 m wide, 2.5–3 m high), tapering ditches, and facing with raw brick. Temple entrances look at the sunset on the solstice. 8th to 13th centuries in the cities they erect mud-bricks from trees. columns Manichaean temples of the planets and the world order ( Erbinsky temple , Uibat settlement).
Applied art of the Upper Paleolithic is marked by the oldest terracotta figurine of a man in Russia (Maininskaya site, 14th millennium BC); earthenware of perfect forms and ornamentation is inherent in all cultures of the Eneolithic and Bronze Ages. OK. 5th c. n. e. there are circular "Kyrgyz vases" for wine with a pattern from rolling a roller. From clay-gypsum masses in the 4th–1st centuries. BC e. portrait sculptures are molded on mummy skulls, in the Tashtyk culture and up to the 6th century. n. e. – create face masks and busts of the cremated. Numerous stone statues (up to 4 m high) distinguished the sanctuaries of the Eneolithic and the early Bronze Age, embodying the myths of the birth and death of the world as a struggle of monsters. Steles with reliefs and carvings are typical (see Fig. stone women , Okunev culture). Petroglyphs on the rocks are inherent in all eras from the Neolithic. From the turn of the eras they are plot-driven (for example, Boyar pisanitsy , Sulek inscriptions). The region is distinguished by the most ancient metal processing (from the 3rd millennium BC), artistic works are common. bronzes - the forerunner of the animal style of the Tagar culture, elements (often gilded) of a rich costume, harness, equipment of the Middle Ages. In the 8th–10th centuries common Manichaean grows. ornamentation (Tyukhtyat culture). Skillful and plentiful products made of silver and gold: from 3 micron foil to cast goblets and dishes ( Kopyon chaatas). Jewelry business stood out by the turn of the era. From the 3rd c. BC e. the inlay and applique of iron products with precious metals is known. The heyday of this craft falls on the 10th-17th centuries. n. e. (Askiz culture). In the 10th-12th centuries, having reached the East. Europe, it caused imitation in the Volga and Kama regions, in the 17th century. these products were bought up on the Yenisei by Cossack governors.
With the accession of the region to Ros. empire in the 1st half. - ser. 18th century Russian settlements were built. settlers with sentry huts and Orthodox trees. churches (Apostles Peter and Paul in the village of Askiz, 1771, burned down in 1831). In the 19th century in connection with the Christianization of the Khakas, churches were built: Intercession in the village. Biyskoye (now the village of Beya; 1815, blown up in 1938), the Nativity of Christ in the village. Tashtyp (1833), Apostles Peter and Paul in the village. Ust-Erba (1842) and in the village. Askiz (1851), c. in honor of the icon of the Mother of God "Life-Giving Spring" in the village. Bateney (1880; all not preserved). Among the trees. churches: Trinity in with. Novomaryasovo (1858–63), St. Nicholas in the village Ust-Fyrkal (1860, not preserved), St. Nicholas in the village Ust-Abakan (now Abakan, 1859-64, in the 1980s the walls were laid in brick), Intercession of the Virgin in the village. Chebaki (1867, not preserved), Prmts. Evdokia in the village Ust-Es (1884, demolished in 1956), c. Holy Spirit in with. Tabat (1908, not preserved). In 1911, the Matursky Iberian women's monastery was founded. in with. Ust-Anzhul (closed in 1926). A unique monument for Kh. architecture - the house of the gold miner K.I. Ivanitsky in the village. Chebaki (late 19th - early 20th centuries). Round portable mong yurts remained the dwelling of the Khakasses. type (ib). From Ser. 19th century timber-framed 6–14-coal trees spread. yurts (yurt complex "Kyug"), 4-wall log dwellings.
In the owls time destroyed approx. 90% of temples; cities were built (Abakan and Chernogorsk, both actively since the 1930s; Sayanogorsk, since 1965) and workers' settlements (Abaza, since 1966 the city; Dzerzhinsky, since 1966 Sorsk; Tuim). Among the buildings in the style of owls. neoclassicism: w.-d. station in Abakan (1935), House of Culture in Abaza, House of Soviets in Chernogorsk (both 1950s). Since the 1970s multi-storey buildings are being built (10-storey hotel "Druzhba" in Abakan, 1986). In con. 1980s - 2000s erected c. Nativity of the Virgin in Chernogorsk (1989–92), c. Archangel Michael in the village Shira (1991), 5-domed Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral in Abakan (1999–2006, architect A. V. Usov).
In the 1870s–80s. in H. painted landscapes and collected ethnographic. material for their historical canvases by V. I. Surikov. In the 1930s–40s. laid the foundation for Prof. depict. art (artists G. A. Atknin, V. G. Shoev, A. F. Kalinin, D. P. Cherepanov, I. N. Karachakova, R. K. Ruyga). In the 2nd floor. 20th century worked: landscape painters V. M. Novoselov, M. A. Burnakov, V. F. Kapelko, G. A. Serebryakov, graphic artists V. P. Butanaev, V. A. Todykov. Among the types of Nar. carving, painting and drawing on wood are common (since the 18th century, grub-boxes and abdyr chests with images of people, animals, hunting scenes are known; decoration of musical instruments; figurines of animals, people; smokes. Hanza pipes), artistic embroidery.
Music
The basis of music culture - the traditions of Russians, Khakasses, Germans and other peoples. Oral art is represented by folklore groups (among them is the folk Khakass ensemble "Chon kogleri"), performers of takhpakhs (Khakas and Shor songs) from Ordzhonikidzevsky, Shirinsky, Beysky, Askizsky districts, and others. music is promoted by the Center for Culture and Nar. creativity to them. S. P. Kadysheva in Abakan.
On the stage of the Khakass national Drama Theatre. A. M. Topanov (1931), plays were staged in Abakan with music by A. A. Kenel (1898–1970), who introduced the meaning. contribution to the development of prof. He composed the first works of instrumental genres in Kh. 1000 samples of traditional. music (collections published in 1950 and 1955). In 1942 the museum was opened. school - the first in H. muses. educational institution (now children's music school No. 1 named after A. A. Kenel), in 1960 - Music. school (now the Musical College at the Institute of Arts Khakass State University named after N. F. Katanov). In 1989, the Khakassian Republican Philharmonic was founded. V. G. Chaptykova (created on the basis of the Abakan Concert and Variety Bureau of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Philharmonic). It includes: folklore ensemble "Ulger" (1989), Symphony. orchestra (2000; chief conductor - V. G. Inkizhekov). In 2010, a regional branch of the UK was created, its chairman. - composer T. F. Shalginova. The Republican festival-competition of bearers and performers of traditions is being held. music creativity "Aitys" (since 1991, annually). In 2013, the first choir festival "Bright World" took place.
Theatre
The theatrical life of H. is concentrated in Abakan, where the Khakassian nat. dramatic theatre. A. M. Topanova (1931), Rus. dramatic theatre. M. Yu. Lermontov (1939), puppet theater "Fairy Tale" (1979) and drama and ethnic theater. music "Chitigen" (1988; current name since 2011). Since 1939 in Leningrad. theatrical institute them. A. N. Ostrovsky (since 2015 Russian State Institute of Performing Arts) Khakass is periodically recruited. nat. studio. Since 2003, the Intern. eco-ethnic. festival of puppet theaters "Chir Chayaan" ("Spirit of the Earth"), since 2004 annually - the Republican Khakas Competition. dramaturgy. Topanova. So. Directors and actors N. D. Bainova, N. G. Bogatova, M. A. Borzunov, S. Ya. Verkhgradsky, V. B. Gordeev, and V. I. Ivandaev, E. M. Kokova, N. L. Kuchev, E. Yu. Lantsov, Yu. M. Mainagashev, I. Ya. Okolnikov, I. S. Salaidinov, I. A. Tokareva, M. G. Topoev, A. V. Tuguzhekov, S. S. Chaptykova, A. V. Shvartsman and others.
