The simplest way of translation is borrowing, which allows you to fill in a gap, usually of a metalinguistic nature (new technique, unknown concepts). Borrowing would not even be such a method of translation that we may be interested in if the translator did not sometimes need it in order to create a stylistic effect. For example, to bring in the so-called local flavor, you can use foreign terms and talk about "versts" and "poods" in Russia, and "dollars" and "party" in America, about "tequila" and "tortilla" in Mexico, etc. e. There are also old borrowings, which in essence are no longer such for us, because they appear in the lexical composition of our language and have already become familiar: alcool, redingote, paquetbot, acajou, etc.

The translator is primarily interested in new borrowings and even borrowings of an individual nature. It should be noted that often borrowings enter the language through translation, among them semantic borrowings, or “false friends of the translator”, which should be especially wary. The problem of local color, solved with the help of borrowings, affects, first of all, the sphere of style and, consequently, the message itself.

The second way of translation: tracing

Tracing is a borrowing of a special kind: we borrow one or another syntagma from a foreign language and literally translate the elements that make it up. Thus, we get either expression tracing, and we use the syntactic structures of the target language, introducing new expressive elements into it, or structure tracing, and we introduce new constructions into the language, for example, Science-fiction (lit. "science fiction").

As with borrowings, there are old stable calques that can only be mentioned in passing, since they, like borrowings, can undergo semantic evolution, becoming "false friends". More interesting for the translator are new tracing papers, with the help of which he avoids borrowing, filling in the gaps. In such cases, apparently, it is better to resort to word formation based on the Greek-Latin fund or use hypostasis (the transition from one part of speech to another by conversion).

The third way of translation: literal translation

Literal translation, or word-for-word translation, means a transition from the source language to the target language, which leads to the creation of a correct and idiomatic text, while the translator only monitors compliance with the mandatory norms of the language, for example: I left my spectacles on the table downstairs - I left my glasses on the table below; Where are you? - Where are you?; This train arrives at Union Station at ten - This train arrives at Central Station at 10 o'clock. In principle, literal translation is the only reversible and complete solution to the problem. There are many examples of this in translations made from languages ​​belonging to the same family (French-Italian), and especially between languages ​​belonging to the same cultural orbit.

If there are some cases of literal translation from German into English, it is because there are metalinguistic concepts that can also reflect the facts of coexistence, periods of bilingualism and conscious or unconscious imitation, which is associated with political or intellectual prestige. This can also be explained by the peculiar convergence of thoughts, and sometimes structures, that can be observed among the languages ​​of Europe.

In the context of the globalization of international relations, when Russian companies do business in several regions of the world at once, there is an increasing need to fulfill. There are two main technologies for such translation.

1. Translation is done through Russian. For example, if you need to do translation from German into English, then the text is first translated from German into Russian, and then from Russian into English. The main disadvantage of such a translation is the doubled risk of losing semantic shades. In our work, we try to exclude this option as much as possible and use it only in case of emergency (for example, if you need to certify an intermediate Russian translation by a notary). The cost of translation in this case consists of the cost of translation from the first foreign language into Russian and from Russian into the second foreign language.
If possible, we always instruct translation from one foreign language into another translator who speaks both foreign languages. Ideal in this case is the option when one of the foreign languages ​​is also native to the translator.

2. Translation is carried out directly from one foreign language to another. In most cases, this work is carried out by translators who are native speakers living in other countries. exact cost translation from one foreign language to another a native speaker needs to check with our manager in each individual case. The cost of translation according to the second option depends on the rarity of the language pair in which the translation is needed, as well as the rates for translation in the country where the native translator lives.

Here are just some of the most common combinations when translating from one foreign language to another:

Translation from foreign language into English, from English into foreign:

translation from German into English, translation from English into German;
translation from french into english, translation from English into French;
translation from Spanish into English, translation from English into Spanish;
translation from Italian into English, translation from English into Italian;
translation from Chinese into English, translation from English into Chinese;
translation from Romanian into English, translation from English into Romanian;
translation from Ukrainian into English, translation from English into Ukrainian;
translation from Azerbaijani into English, translation from English into Azerbaijani;
translation from Arabic into English, translation from English into Arabic;
translation from Belarusian into English, translation from English into Belarusian;
translation from Bulgarian into English, translation from English into Bulgarian;
translation from Danish into English, translation from English into Danish;
translation from Hebrew into English, translation from English into Hebrew;
translation from Kazakh into English, translation from English into Kazakh;
translation from Latvian into English, translation from English into Latvian;
translation from Lithuanian into English, translation from English into Lithuanian;
translation from Estonian into English, translation from English into Lithuanian;
translation from Czech into English, translation from English into Czech;
translation from Georgian into English, translation from English into Georgian.
a translation from Russian to English, .

Translation from a foreign language (except English) into European languages:

Translation from French into German, translation from German into French;
translation from French into Spanish, translation from Spanish into French;
translation from French into Italian, translation from Italian into French;
translation from German into Spanish, translation from Spanish into German;
translation from German into Italian, translation from Italian into German;
translation from spanish to italian, translation from italian to spanish.

Translation from a foreign language (except English) into the languages ​​of the CIS countries and neighboring countries:

Translation from Polish into Ukrainian, translation from Ukrainian into Polish;
translation from Polish into Romanian, translation from Romanian into Polish;
translation from Polish into Belarusian, translation from Belarusian into Polish;
translation from French into Belarusian, translation from Belarusian into French;
translation from Bulgarian into Italian, translation from Italian into Bulgarian;
translation from Bulgarian into Romanian, translation from Romanian into Bulgarian;
translation from Bulgarian into Portuguese, translation from Portuguese into Bulgarian;
translation from Hebrew into Ukrainian, translation from Ukrainian into Hebrew;
translation from Turkish into Azerbaijani, translation from Azerbaijani into Turkish;
translation from Ukrainian into French, translation from French into Ukrainian;
translation from Ukrainian into German, translation from German into Ukrainian;
translation from Ukrainian into Spanish, translation from Spanish into Ukrainian;
translation from Ukrainian into Italian, translation from Italian into Ukrainian.

Translation from a foreign language (except English) into Asian languages:

Translation from Chinese into German, translation from German into Chinese;
translation from Chinese into French, translation from French into Chinese;
translation from Chinese into Spanish, translation from Spanish into Chinese;
translation from Chinese into Italian, translation from Italian into Chinese;
translation from Mongolian into French, translation from French into Mongolian;
translation from Arabic into Turkish, translation from Turkish into Azerbaijani;
translation from Japanese into German, translation from German into Japanese;
translation from Japanese into French, translation from French into Japanese;
Japanese to Spanish translation, Spanish to Japanese translation;
translation from Japanese to Italian, translation from Italian to Japanese.

Today, the Internet offers a wide variety of various ways to earn money in different directions. This allows you to pick up a job for any willing user of the World Wide Web. But as practice shows, only professionals in their field achieve really excellent financial results, growth and stability. For example, programmers, designers, translators.

If you speak a foreign language at a confident level, then without any problems you can realize earnings on the network by translating texts from one language to another. Now this area is in great demand and needs good specialists for several reasons:

• site and blog owners often take material for their resources from foreign sites. But for the publication of a suitable article, a translator is needed who will qualitatively present it in Russian for a certain fee;
• many companies periodically need the services of translators, but it makes no sense for them to keep an employee on a permanent basis. That is why they turn to with a certain amount of one-time work;
• A large number of businessmen conduct their business on the Internet, and when they encounter foreign clients or documents, they are forced to hire translators.

It should be noted that the most demanded today is the translation of texts for money from English into Russian. This language is the most widespread in the world, it is spoken in almost every developed country. Therefore, you will be able to receive much more orders with knowledge of English.

Well, well, it's time to tell you how and where to make money translating texts, what strengths and weaknesses this field of activity has, on which sites to implement this work and how much you can earn with it.

Advantages and disadvantages of translating texts for money at home

At first glance, it may seem that translating texts for money on the Internet is an ideal job for specialists in this field. However, as in any other work, there are pitfalls here that you should definitely take into account.

The undeniable advantages of making money on translations:

• you will be able to work for yourself and gain complete financial independence;
• working from home, you decide on your own schedule of employment;
• you are given the opportunity to independently decide which orders and topics to work on, and which ones not to take on;
• in the process of work you will improve your knowledge, gain precious experience. This will allow you to increase the cost of your services over time and fulfill orders more quickly;
• working with new topics, you will learn a lot of new things and expand your horizons of knowledge.

The disadvantages of translating texts for money include:

• orders must be sought independently (especially at the beginning of the journey), which is why earnings cannot be called stable;
• whatever one may say, now there are a lot of experienced translators in the network, really masters of their craft, which creates high competition in the field;
• if you are translating texts for sale, and not fulfilling orders, they can look for a buyer for a long time (especially if the topic is not in high demand);
• it is quite rare, but still real, to stumble upon a scammer who may not pay for the work you have done.

To avoid becoming a victim of fraud, avoid services that require you to pay in advance to receive orders or pay for registration. Ideally, you should charge upfront, but only translators with a high rating and reputation can afford this. Also beware of customers with negative reviews - most likely, it will be difficult to do business with them.

Is it possible to make money on translations without knowing a foreign language?

A lot of beginners ask themselves the question - is it possible to make money by translating texts if there is no deep knowledge of foreign languages? At the same time, use special programs and services for automatic translation of articles.

Let's think logically. If the programs really did a high-quality translation of the text, then the services of freelancers would not be so in demand. Why would a customer pay money for a job that he can do himself with just a few clicks? Such services can only serve as an assistant, who at the right time will remind you of a forgotten word.

Moreover, one foreign word can have several translations at once. You will constantly misunderstand the meaning of sentences and make many mistakes. You should not waste your time and customers, it is unlikely that you will be able to get money for such work.

How and where you can earn money by translating texts on the Internet

You can earn money by translating texts into Russian and vice versa in several ways, on various Internet resources. But before that, you need to perform a number of preparatory steps, which I will discuss below.

1. Choose a format

First of all, you must decide for yourself which format of work and subject matter suits you best. It can be:

• articles of different styles - artistic, scientific, specialized, journalistic, etc.;
• website translations;
• work with documents;
• translation of serials, films, cartoons (voice acting).

2. Create a resume and portfolio

Be sure to work on your resume - include brief information about yourself, skills, education, work experience, positive qualities. If you have previously worked with clients, add your work to your portfolio so that future employers can assess your abilities. These two factors will play into your hands when choosing a candidate for text translation.

3. Find customers

On the Internet, there are many sites for making money on the translation of texts (we will talk about them below). You need to register for them, add a ready-made resume and portfolio.

4. Run a test task

When you find an employer, he may ask you to complete a small test order. Treat it with full responsibility, because if the customer likes your work, he will most likely want to work with you on an ongoing basis.

As mentioned above, the search for orders is carried out on special sites for making money on the translation of texts. Conventionally, they can be divided into several categories:

In addition, you can earn extra money by translating English text into Russian in several other ways. Create your own thematic site and fill it with translated articles. When interested users start coming to the site, you can start monetizing it by placing ads, etc.

If you work on article exchanges and cannot find suitable orders, use the internal store. You can translate articles on current topics and put them up for free sale.

The best and proven sites for making money translating texts

To make it easier for you to find suitable projects for work, I have selected for you the best sites for making money translating texts in the above categories.

Article exchanges

3. Translation agencies - specialized services for finding translators, among which one can note and.

How much can you earn translating texts

As a rule, in the field of making money on online translation of texts, payment is charged for every 1000 characters without spaces. On average, for the simplest articles, freelancers charge from 50 to 100 rubles per 1,000 sbp, for more complex and highly specialized articles - up to 500 rubles. Accordingly, the larger and more difficult the order, the more money you will earn from it.

But there are also a number of other factors that affect the cost of services:

• work speed– for urgent orders that need to be completed within a few hours, you can ask for an increased payment;
• freelance experience- your rating, the number of positive reviews, the presence of works in the portfolio play a big role;
• higher education or course completion documents- this speaks of your education and professionalism;
• translation of text for money from rare languages such as Korean, Swedish, Danish, etc.;
• translation of scientific and technical articles with specific terminology is paid many times higher than the usual literary text.

What do we get as a result? If you work daily from 10 thousand characters of plain text for 100 rubles, then your earnings will be from 1000 rubles (~ 22 thousand per month). This is a pretty good amount for many regions of Russia and Ukraine, and most importantly, this is far from the limit.

Summing up, I would like to note that translating texts can become not only an excellent part-time job, but also a full-fledged source of income. You can always develop in this area and, with due efforts, achieve really high financial results. All in your hands!

Translation of medical texts or medical translation is a translation from one language into another of specialized medical publications and texts of a private nature, the content of which is directly related to human health. Special ... Wikipedia

Translation- 1. THEORY OF LITERARY TRANSLATION. Literary (or artistic) translation is a problem that goes far beyond the limits of pure literary and linguistic technique, since each translation is, to one degree or another, ideological development ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

LANGUAGE- a sign system used for the purposes of communication and cognition. The systemic nature of Ya is expressed in the presence in each Ya, in addition to the dictionary, also with and n taxis and semantics. The syntax defines the rules for the formation of expressions Y. and their transformation, ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

TRANSLATION- translation, m. 1. more often units. Action on verb. translate-translate (1). Transfer of the manager to another position. Transfer to the senior group. Translation of the hour hand to the hour. Transfer to the USSR of small-peasant farming on collective farm rails. Translation into ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Language and languages- (in the linguistic sense) in the meaning of human speech. This name is used in Russian Ya. figuratively, metaphorically, and the main, visible organ of pronunciation, language, is taken in the meaning of the process, in the meaning of activity and the totality ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Translation- This term has other meanings, see Translation (meanings). This article has a list of sources or outside ... Wikipedia

translation- 1. The word translation, as one of the types of complex speech and language activity of a person, usually means either the process of translation itself, or the result of the translator's activity, an oral or written text, a statement. Since the translation process... ... Explanatory Translation Dictionary

translation- n., m., use. often Morphology: (no) what? translation for what? translation, (see) what? translation of what? translation about what? about translation; pl. what? translations, (no) what? translations for what? translations, (see) what? translations of what? translations, about what? about translations... Dictionary of Dmitriev

translation- TRANSLATION1, a, m Written text (or oral speech) translated from one language to another. The father asked if he had a translation from Cornelius Nepos into German (Gonch.). TRANSFER2, a, m Money sent through credit institutions and ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

translation- TRANSLATION is the process and result of the activity, which consists in the reproduction of the text of one language and culture in another language and culture. Dictionary of the Russian conceptual language, fixing the process and result of translation work, ... ... Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

New World Translation- New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures Hardcover book front

Books

• , An anthological collection of selected lyrics of the XX-XXI centuries compiled and translated into English by Galina Rud. As the history of world literature testifies, the compilation of a poetic anthology ... Publisher: Lukomorie, Manufacturer: Lukomorie, Buy for 1576 UAH (Ukraine only)
• We Have Been the Argonauts / We were Argonauts, An anthological collection of selected lyrics of the XX-XXI centuries compiled and translated into English by Galina Rud. As the history of world literature testifies, the compilation of a poetic anthology ... Publisher:

Is it possible to translate from one language to another? How is translation different from interpreting meaning in another language? How do different theories interpret translation? Is it only the content that interests us in translation, or who are Jabberwock and Bandersnatch? Is English "bastard" different from Russian?
Let's start with some examples.
The first example is a machine translation of the English text: Group I surfactants were identified as being the most promising for tertiary oil recovery since their tension ranges coincide most closely with the measured equivalent alkane carbon numbers of crude oils.
Group 1 surfactants were identified as the most promising for tertiary oil (petroleum) recovery, as their tension series (ranges) matched most closely with the alane carbon numbers of the measured crude oil (petroleum) equivalent.
The second example is taken from the book of the brilliant satirist Y. Polyakov:
"... according to the interlinear translation, you can even translate from the ancient Azot language, which, as you know, is completely lost. This is done elementarily. The interlinear text says: My beloved cheek is like a pomegranate, The face is like a full moon, The body is like scrolls of silk , Words like scattered pearls
" The translation was made by the machine translation system "SIMPAR" (see Artificial Intelligence: A Handbook. - Book 1 - M., 1990).
44

The task of the poet-translator is to follow, of course, not the letter, but the spirit of the original:
Us with Zuhra moon-faced
The night will cover with dodder ... "1
This is how we translate, maneuvering between Scylla of clumsy verbatim and Charybdis of free interpretation. But how should it be translated?
It is believed that translation should be done in such a way as to convey in the translation the entirety of the content of the original, including its subtlest shades. This requirement reminds me of the well-known call of N. Ostrovsky "... to live ... it is necessary so that it is not excruciatingly painful, etc." The requirement to convey in translation the entirety of the content is as categorical as this call, and just as rarely fulfilled.
In this chapter, we will return to the question of how complete translation is possible, and now we will try to figure out how the process of translation from one language to another proceeds in general.
In principle, for the practical purposes that we are pursuing in this book, the whole variety of translation theories2 can be reduced to two main approaches, transformational and denotative. This will at least make our task easier.
The transformational approach considers translation as the transformation of objects and structures of one language into objects and structures of another according to certain rules.
During the transformation, objects and structures of different language levels are transformed - morphological, lexical, syntactic.
So, at the lexical level, we transform words and phrases of the source language into words and phrases of the target language. That is, simply speaking, we replace one with another according to certain rules or, more precisely, lists
1 Polyakov Yu.M. Kid in milk. - M., 1997.
See, for example, Komissarov V.N. Linguistics of translation. - M., 1981; Retsker Ya.I. Theory of translation and translation practice. - M., 1974; Questions of the theory of translation in foreign linguistics. - M., 1978.
45

Correspondences, a smaller part of which is stored in our memory, and a large part is contained in bilingual dictionaries and grammars.
However, we must not forget that words in the composition of phrases can be transformed differently than separately taken. A phrase is already a small context, and context, as you remember, changes the meaning of words and influences the choice of equivalent in another language.
Thus, transformations (and not only at the lexical level) we produce, as they say, under the control of the context.
For example, if you transform a single English word "book", then you can justifiably replace it with the main dictionary equivalents - the noun "book" and a number of verbs "order", "reserve", "reserve". The same equivalents of the word "book" will remain during translation transformations of most phrases with this word: "interesting book" - "interesting book", "book tickets" - "order tickets", etc.
However, if we transform, say, the phrase "book value", then we get a completely different Russian equivalent "book value", in which there are no Russian equivalents of a single word "book".
One of the problems of the transformational method, as you can see, is to separate related phrases from separate words combined only grammatically when translating with the help of transformations, and to perform a transformation in accordance with the results of such a separation.
There is no reliable formal method for highlighting related phrases, i.e., say, for machine translation systems, which are mostly based on a transformational approach, a closer connection between the words "book" and "value" in the phrase "book value" is not noticeable - for them, such a phrase is no different, for example, from the combination of the words "book store"
46

(book store). A person singles out phrases of this kind on the basis of a complex analysis of meaning, and stores the corresponding equivalent in memory or finds it in a dictionary.
At the syntactic level, in the process of translation, the syntactic constructions of the source language are transformed into the corresponding constructions of the target language.
An example is the correspondence of constructions of the future tense in Russian and English: the personal forms of the service verb "to be" + the indefinite form of the main verb are transformed into the personal forms of the service verb "to be" + the indefinite form of the main verb. Many other examples of syntactic transformations in translation can be found in any foreign language grammar textbook, such as English.
Transformations are also carried out at the morphological level. The most obvious example is the transformation of word-formation models. For example, the English model of the formation of verbal nouns "verb stem + suffix -tion (-sion)" is transformed into the Russian model "verb stem + suffix -tion (-ion)" (for example, rota-tion - rotation).
Translation transformations are not necessarily carried out within the same language level. So, for example, the English syntactic structure have (has) + Participle II can be transformed into a Russian structure of the morphological level with verbal prefixes s-, na-, pro- (for example, has done - did, have drawn - drew, has read - read)
The transformational method of translation can be compared to the deciphering of a cipher text using a "book of codes", the role of which is played by a bilingual dictionary, and a "set of deciphering rules" set out in a grammar reference.
Let's do an experiment - translate an excerpt from
47

Graham Greene's novel "Brighton Candy", using a transformational approach, i.e. using only dictionaries and their knowledge of the rules of lexical and grammatical compatibility of English and Russian languages.
We will proceed as in decryption, i.e. start with the first word, then move on to the second, and so on:
"The Boy stood with his back to Spicer staring out across the dark wash of sea. They had the end of the pier to themselves; everyone else at that hour and in that weather was in the concert hall1".
Let's perform successive lexical and syntactic transformations, using the rules of Russian lexical and grammatical compatibility for choosing equivalents and agreement:

Boy - a boy, a guy, a schoolboy, a young man (in the text this word is written with a capital letter, i.e. it is a proper name, maybe a nickname or nickname); stood - stood (syntactic transformation of the English form of the simple past tense into its Russian counterpart);
with - with, from, y, with, instrumental case of the controlled word (we choose the instrumental case, taking into account the meaning of the controlled noun);
his - his, his own, is not translated (according to the rules of Russian style, the possessive pronoun is not used in such a combination, we do not translate); back - back, back, support (choose the equivalent
"back" because of the possessive pronoun); to - to, to (choose "k" according to the rule of compatibility); Spicer - Spicer (proper name);
staring out - looking intently (related phrase); across - through, through (taking into account the compatibility with the words "surf", we will choose the equivalent "on");
Greene G. Brighton Rock.- Penguin Books.
48

The - definite article, not translated or translated as "this";
dark - dark;
wash - washing, washing, surf (for obvious reasons, we choose surf);

sea ​​- sea (here "seas");
wash of sea - we translate as a stable Russian phrase "sea surf";
they had... to themselves - was at their full disposal (associated phrase);

end - end (edge);
of - the genitive case of the controlled word, not translated;
the - definitions of the article, not translated or translated as "this";
pier - pier, pier (here "pier", "pier");
everyone - everyone;
else - except;
at - in, at (choose "in");
that - that;
hour - hour;
and - and;
in - in;
that - that;
weather - weather (here "weather");
was - was (here "were" in agreement with the Russian subject "all");
in - in;
the - definitions of the article, not translated or translated as "this";
concert hall - concert hall (attributive phrase). As a result, having coordinated the words and made some
49

Novki according to the rules of coordination and management of the Russian language, we get the following translation:
"(This) Boy (guy, schoolboy, young man) stood with his back to Spicer, gazing intently at the dark sea surf. (This) edge of the pier (pier) was at their complete disposal; everything except (them) at that hour and that weather were in the concert hall".
Well, the transformational method, as you can see, can make quite a decent translation. However, several unresolved questions remain:
- Who was standing, a boy, a schoolboy or a young man?
- This boy, schoolboy, etc. or just a boy, schoolboy, etc.?
- This edge of the pier or just the edge of the pier?
- Pierce or pier?
- Why is the surf dark, if it is known that at night the surf is lighter than the sea?
Does this mean that the transformational method does not allow for a complete translation? What is missing in it such that it does not allow clarifying these obscure places?
Before trying to answer these questions, let's see how other translators have translated this text. Here is a translation of this excerpt from the collection: Graham Greene "England created me" and "Brighton Lollipop" (translated "Brighton Lollipop" by E. Petrov and A. Teterevnikov):
"The kid stood with his back to Spicer, looking into the distance at the dark strip of surf. At the end of the pier there was no one but them; at this hour and in this weather, everyone was in the concert hall."
Let's leave the "dark surf" on the conscience of the author and look at the differences marked in italics.
As you can see, these translators brought complete clarity to our translation and solved almost all problems. But they succeeded not because they took a different approach, but because they knew a wider context (they knew that the nickname of one of the characters in this Greene novel had previously been translated as Baby and that the action takes place on the pier , not on the pier).
50

However, a comparison of translations on other grounds shows that the translators did not only apply the transformational approach. This is evidenced by the words "into the distance" and "stripe" that appeared "out of thin air", which cannot be obtained by transforming the words and phrases of the source text.
The approach used by the translators of this passage along with the transformational approach is called denotative. This is the second most common approach to the theoretical interpretation of the translation process.
According to this approach, translation is carried out as a three-stage process, consisting of the following steps:
o The stage of perception of the message in the source language.
o The stage of formation of the mental image (concept) of this message.
o The stage of interpretation of this image by means of the target language.
Unlike the transformational approach, the denotative approach does not establish a direct connection between the words and phrases of the two languages ​​- translation by the denotative mechanism involves the free choice of the means of the target language to convey the meaning of the message in the source language.
Diagrams of the translation process along the transformational and denotative paths are shown in Fig. 3.
The name of this method comes from the word denotat, i.e. a fragment of objective reality, with which both the original message and its translation are related.
This approach is most clearly illustrated by the translation of idioms. In the examples below, the lack of a direct connection between the source text and its translation is obvious, they are connected only by a common meaning:
"A stitch in time saves nine" - "A good spoon for dinner."
"There is many a slip between the cup and the lip"
"Out of sight, out of mind" - "Out of sight, out of mind."
51

Transformations

Morphological

Lexical Syntactic

originaltext

Translation

Translation by transformational mechanism

Mental image of the original text(concept)

originaltext

Translation

Translation by denotative mechanism Fig.3

There is no direct connection between the source text and the translation in those speech stamps that we talked about in the previous chapter, for example:
"Mind your step!" - "Careful, do not stumble!" "Enjoy your meals!" - "Enjoy your meal!" A translation made according to the denotative method is sometimes called an interpretation, in contrast to the translation itself, which is performed by transforming the forms of one language into the forms of another.
Often we resort to the denotative mechanism of translation due to the need to explain to those for whom the translation is intended the meaning of the statement addressed to them:
52

"You must show your commitment" - "You must show your willingness to participate" (for example, in a project).
If we translated by transformations, then among the Russian equivalents of the word "commitment" we would not find a suitable one (commitment - delivery, transfer, detention, obligation, commission, for example, of a crime).
Differences in the way of life and thinking of speakers of different languages ​​quite often lead to the fact that the translator is forced to interpret, explain this or that concept, resorting to a denotative approach.
Many such concepts appear now, in the post-Soviet period. These are not only terms and quasi-terms that are most often transliterated and do not cause difficulties in translation (for example, "remake", "fan", "boutique"); these are also new concepts of qualitative evaluation of actions (such as "integrated" or "counterproductive"), which almost every time require the translator to interpret depending on the context and speech situation.
We will return to this later, but now, I think, the reader has a completely logical question: "How do we actually translate? Which of these theories corresponds to the truth?"
The answer is quite unambiguously prompted by the practice of translation - to a certain extent, both theories correspond to the truth, and when translating, we use both one and the other method.
The transition from transformations to the interpretation of meaning by means of the target language is most accurately described by V.N. Komissarov1.
He distinguishes five so-called levels of translation equivalence, of which the first two (the level of words and phrases and the level of sentences) correlate with direct interlingual transformations, and the rest suggest a fairly free interpretation.
Komissarov V.N. Word about translation. - M., 1973.
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The meaning of the translated text based on the broader context, situation and background information.
It should be noted, however, that in practice such a clear separation of levels is a rather rare thing. As a rule, when translating, we use a kind of combination of these two approaches, and one or another approach prevails depending on the translation situation, the type of translation, the type of text being translated, and, of course, is directly related to the professional level of the translator.
First of all, it should be said about the role of the "human factor" in the choice of one of these mechanisms.
No matter how much the singers of the "labor feat" claim to the contrary, we are all rather lazy and tend to follow the path of least resistance, and it is this path that the transformational method offers.
Translation by transformational mechanism requires less "mental effort" and, as a rule, translators prefer it in their routine work, translating word by word, until they come across a word or grammatical structure that makes them change the word order, paraphrase the translation, or generally abandon transformations and follow the path of interpreting the content of the original (i.e., apply a denotative approach).
I will give an example from the same "Brighton candy":
"The banister shook under his hand, and when he opened the door and found the mob there, sitting on his brass bedstead smoking, he said furiously..."
"The railing wobbled under his hand, and when he opened the door and saw that all the guys were there and smoking, sitting on his copper bed, he shouted angrily .."
It can apparently be argued with sufficient reason that before the words marked in italics, the translators translated this text "word for word", i.e. in a transformational way, and only when they came across the construction "found the mob... sitting... smoking", they resorted to the denotative mechanism (why the translation of this construction cannot be
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Consider it a complex syntactic transformation, I will say a little later).
But it would seem that translators of fiction have more than enough time to think, to interpret, but, firstly, it is easier to transform the text, and secondly, transformations often give quite acceptable results, therefore, as they say, "good does not looking for."
With simultaneous interpreting, there is simply no time for interpretation, so interpreters, as a rule, interpret according to the transformational mechanism, often sacrificing stylistic "smoothness".
In sequential interpreting, when you need to memorize and translate several sentences at once, naturally, the denotative approach prevails, i.e. interpretation, and the translation is rarely a structural copy of the original.
The choice of approach, of course, is also influenced by the genre of the original text - in general, when translating fiction, especially poetry, the denotative approach prevails, since the task of such a translation is not only and not so much to convey the content, but to create an adequate image, to evoke the appropriate emotions in the reader and associations, and the means for this are different in different languages ​​(we'll talk about this later).
When translating scientific and technical literature, on the contrary, it is most important to accurately convey the content, and transformations naturally prevail here.
And now let's think about whether these two approaches, transformational and denotative, are so different?
After all, denotative translation, i.e. free interpretation of a given segment of the original text can also be considered a transformation, i.e. structural analogue of this piece of text in another language. Yes, this is certainly true, but there are still two significant differences.
The first difference is quantitative:
- Transformations are used repeatedly or, as they say, are regular.
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Translation correspondences based on denotations (interpretations) are used only for a given case or, as they say, are occasional.
What "er I be, old England is my dam!
So there "s my answer to the judges, clear.
I "m nothing of a fox, nor of a lamb;
I don't know how to bleat nor how to leer:
I "m for the nation!
That's why you see me by the wayside here,
Returning home from transportation1.
I will answer the judges clearly: native land,
Wherever I am, my soul is a stronghold.
Bleat a sheep and wag a fox
I won't. I love my people.
For this reason alone
I was expelled from England, but now
I am returning home now.
In this example of a poetic translation, the correspondence between the original and the translation is occasional, i.e. is appropriate only for this case, while, say, the correspondences "Good morning - Good morning", "come in - enter", "open the window - open the window" and the like are regular, i.e. used in all or almost all cases.
True, translations of idioms and speech stamps are used repeatedly, but they still refer to correspondences based on denotations, since they have a second difference - they express a single and indivisible mental image (concept).
Transformational correspondences of a segment of text can be divided into components (for example, "good morning" = "good" - "good" + "morning-morning"; "open the window" = "open" - "open" + "window" - "window "), while correspondences based on the denotation cannot be divided into separate components.
1 Meredith G. The Old Chartist
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To be convinced of this, it is enough to take some particular correspondence, say, from the above poem or from the speech stamp "Staff only" - "Entrance is forbidden to strangers" and see if it is correct.
It is easy to see that the word "transportation", taken by itself, hardly means "exile", and the word "staff" can hardly mean anywhere else "outsider", or "entry", or "forbidden".
The correspondence from the translation of "Brighton lollipop", which we talked about above ("found the mob... sitting... smoking" - "... saw that all the guys are here and smoking while sitting ..."), is also impossible be considered a transformation because of its indivisibility and occasionality ("all the guys" obviously cannot be considered a regular equivalent of the word "mob").
Of course, in large fragments of even poetic translations, one can find individual correct regular correspondences, but this will not mean that, on the whole, the mental images of the original and translation-interpretation do not form a single whole and are not created only for this case.
On Fig. 4 clearly shows one more difference of the transformational method - it is procedurally (algorithmically) transparent, and the translation made by transformations can be easily converted into a reverse, in contrast to the translation made by the denotative mechanism - for example, the reverse translation of "The Arabian Nights" will give us " Arabic" or "Arabian nights", but not "one thousand and one nights".
It seems to me that the transformational and denotative mechanisms quite convincingly show how the process of translation takes place. However, in order to answer the question of whether we all translate and to show the influence of translation knowledge on the translation process, it is convenient to present it as a special type of communication.
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Translation using transformations

The book describes the experimental methods that are most feasible for studying the properties of these products.
The book describes experimental techniques that are best suited to study the properties of these products.