What is comparison in literature and Russian language. What are figurative comparisons? examples

Give me an example of a comparison in the literature?

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There are 5 ways to compare.
1) Adverbs of the mode of action: The nightingale screamed like an animal, whistled like a nightingale (Epic)
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2) A creative comparison: Joy crawls with a snail, grief has a frantic run (V, V, Mayakovsky)
3) A combination of the comparative form of an adjective and a noun: Under it is a stream of LIGHT AZUR (M, Yu, Lermontov)
4) Comparative turnover: Our river, EXACTLY IN A FAIRY TALE, was paved with frost overnight. (S, I, Marshak)
5) Compound sentences with a comparative clause: Golden foliage swirled in pinkish water on a pond, LIKE BUTTERFLIES A LIGHT FLOOR WITH FADE FLYING TO A STAR. (S, A, Yesenin)
ok comparison
there will be any if used with such as
water like glass
There are 5 ways to compare.
1) Adverbs of the mode of action: The nightingale screamed like an animal, whistled like a nightingale (Epic)
.
2) A creative comparison: Joy crawls with a snail, grief has a frantic run (V, V, Mayakovsky)
3) A combination of the comparative form of an adjective and a noun: Under it is a stream of LIGHT AZUR (M, Yu, Lermontov)
4) Comparative turnover: Our river, EXACTLY IN A FAIRY TALE, was paved with frost overnight. (S, I, Marshak)
5) Compound sentences with a comparative clause: Golden foliage swirled in pinkish water on a pond, LIKE BUTTERFLIES A LIGHT FLOOR WITH FADE FLYING TO A STAR. (S, A, Yesenin)
Comparison is called a trope, in which the text contains the basis of the comparison and the image of the comparison, sometimes a sign can be indicated. So, in the example of God's name as a big bird (O. E. Mandelstam), God's name (the basis of the comparison) is compared with a bird (the image of the comparison). The sign by which the comparison is made is wingedness. Literary scholars distinguish several varieties of comparisons. Types of comparisons1. A comparison expressed using comparative conjunctions as, as if, as if, exactly, like, and others. For example, B. L. Pasternak uses the following comparison in the poem: The kiss was like summer. 2. Comparison expressed with the help of adjectives in a comparative degree. In such turns, you can add the words it seems, it seems ...
what kind of trope is this - the sixth land was larger than the previous one
I do not know what it is
if used with as for example
water like glass
Around the high brow, like clouds, curls turn black. (Pushkin)
In the sky, the first star shone brightly, like a living eye. (Goncharov)
His existence is enclosed in this narrow program, like an egg in its shell. (Chekhov)
And slender reapers have short hemlines, (comparison) -
Like flags on a holiday, they fly in the wind.
"And three, led by a furious, red-hot priest, went dancing around and around. Then the pop, (comparison) - like a big heavy beast - again jumped into the middle of the circle, bent the floorboards"
Under blue skies
splendid carpets,
Snow shines in the sun. here snow is compared to carpets
Eyes, (comparison) like the sky, blue; The leaves are yellow, (comparison) like gold
Forest, like a painted tower, (comparison)
Purple, gold, crimson,
Cheerful, colorful wall
It stands over a bright meadow. (I. A. Bunin "Leaf fall")
Dika, sad, silent,
Like a doe forest (comparison), timid,
She is in her family
Seemed like a stranger girl. (A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin")
Description of the painting by N. P. Krymov "Winter Evening". I really liked the painting by the artist N. P. Krymov Winter Evening. It depicts an unusual winter time in a small village. In the foreground we see a frozen river. Near the shore of the reservoir, you can see islands of shallow water, and on the very shore there is a small bush and several small birds. In the background, an excellent master of the brush depicted a winter village, behind which a dark green forest consisting of strong oaks and pines will appear. The snow around is a soft bluish hue. You can also see that people go home along a narrow path, and in the windows of one of the houses there are reflections of the bright winter sun. This picture evokes in me a feeling of serenity, calmness, warmth, some comfort, even despite the fact that winter is depicted in the picture.
yeah wait

The visual system of the language is based on comparison. But this does not mean that comparison is an outdated trope. On the contrary, it continues to be actively used - largely due to its versatility. Comparison can be used to describe anything. Even the lack of comparison (“it is impossible to compare with anything”, “I have never seen anything like it”, “the human mind is not able to understand this, let alone describe it reliably”) can be very eloquent.

Comparison, as the "Literary Encyclopedia" says - stylistic device; likening one phenomenon to another, emphasizing their common feature.

In the "Literary Encyclopedia" V.M. Fritsche singles out only two kinds of comparison:

1) direct– i.e. expressed with the help of unions as, as if or as if (they are also called comparative turnovers): “Lazily and thoughtlessly, as if walking without a goal, there are cloudy oaks, and the dazzling blows of the sun's rays light up whole picturesque masses of leaves, throwing a shadow as dark as night on others ...”(N. V. Gogol, "Sorochinsky Fair");

2) and indirect- expressed by a noun in the instrumental case form (used without a preposition): "Onegin lived as an anchorite..."(A. S. Pushkin, "Eugene Onegin").

Actually, these are the two most common types of comparison. There are quite a lot of comparisons with a comparative turnover, it is worth opening any well-written fiction book. Indirect comparisons are used less, but they can be effectively used. Some indirect comparisons even turned into phraseological units: "Walks around the fert”, i.e. putting your hands to your sides, important. We could say: "Walks Like a Firth", but the word "fert" in modern Russian is not used in this sense, so it will not be clear.

The main thing to remember is that almost any direct comparison can be converted into an indirect one, and vice versa: "Icarus fell like a star" - "Icarus fell like a star."

However, other types of comparisons can be distinguished, for example, M. Petrovsky adds some more types of comparison:

3) Unionless when the comparative turnover is expressed in the form of a sentence with a compound nominal predicate. Sounds complicated, it's actually quite simple. Examples: My house is my fortress, my teacher is a snake, in the village is paradise.

4) negative when the comparison is based on the separation of similar objects: “Not two clouds in the sky converged, two daring knights converged”. This type of comparison is often used in stylizations of folklore or children's works: « Not in a passenger car, / Not in a shaking cart - / A brother rides along the pavement / In his own carriage "(A. Barto). However, there are a number of serious works where negative comparison underlies the entire figurative system. An example from Shakespeare's work:

Her eyes don't look like stars

You can’t call the mouth corals,

Not snow-white shoulders open skin,

And a strand twists like a black wire.

With a damask rose, scarlet or white,

You can not compare the shade of these cheeks.

And the body smells like the body smells,

Not like a violet delicate petal.

You won't find perfect lines in it

Special light on the forehead.

I don't know how goddesses walk

But the darling walks the earth.

And yet she will hardly yield to those

Who was slandered in lush comparisons.

5) So-called. "Homeric comparison"- a detailed and detailed comparison, when “The poet expands them (comparisons), as if forgetting and not caring about the objects that they should depict. Tertium comparationis only provides a pretext, an impetus for diverting away from the main current of the story. This distinguishes the style of Gogol and many postmodernists. Russian sentimentalists sinned with unfounded detailed comparisons, and this more than once became the subject of ridicule of contemporaries. But the power of "Homer's comparison" is actually quite great, the main thing is to be able to use it, not to overdo it and not "underdo it". In other words, either put "Homeric comparison" as the basis of style, or avoid it.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Surely you have heard the expressions BOLD AS A LION or CLEVER AS A FOX more than once?! belong to one of the most expressive lexical devices, which is called compare.

Most often, this can be found in literature, and some comparisons have already migrated to our everyday speech. Thanks to them, the author repeatedly enhances the image.

After all, you must admit that it is one thing to come home and say “I want to eat”, and quite another “I'M HUNGRY AS A WOLF!”. The second option is stronger, and most importantly, everyone immediately understands that it’s not worth pulling with dinner for a second.

Comparison is a visual device in which two objects (actions or phenomena) are compared in order to enhance the characteristics of one of them. Moreover, two elements are always mentioned in comparisons - what is being compared, and what is being compared with.

Villages are burning, they have no protection.
The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,
AND GLOW, AS ETERNAL,
Playing in the clouds, frightens the eye.

In this quatrain, Mikhail Lermontov compares the light from fires with a celestial body, thereby focusing on how bright it is.

Another example from literature (poetry):

Crazy years faded FUN
It's hard for me, LIKE A DIFFERENT HANGWAY.
But, LIKE WINE, SORROW of past days
In my soul, the older, the stronger.

And this is Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich. In this quatrain, he has two comparisons at once, and both are related to alcohol topics (understandable by many in our country).

Firstly, by the phrase "fun - hangover", we understand that joy is a thing of the past, and longing has come to replace it. And secondly, the vivid image of "sadness - wine" creates a feeling of hopelessness.

Ways to Create Comparisons with Examples

There are several basic ways to create comparisons:

with the help of comparative conjunctions “like”, “as if”, “as if”, “what / by what”, “exactly”;
with the help of nouns in the instrumental case;
using an adjective or adverb in comparative form;
using the words "similar" and "similar".

And now we will give examples for each of the types of comparisons.

Comparative prepositions

He ran faster than a horse. (Pushkin)
On Red Square, AS if through the fog of centuries, the outlines of the towers loomed indistinctly. (Nekrasov)
Lightning in the sky not only flashed, but fluttered, LIKE the wing of a dying bird. (Turgenev)
And they stand behind the oak nets, LIKE the evil spirits of the forest, hemp. (Yesenin)
Here, every village is so loved, EXACTLY in it the beauty of all the Universe. (Yashin)

Nouns in the instrumental case

From the cut old birch, farewell tears poured like a HAIL. (Nekrasov)
Birds with a FAIRY VISION arose from the water surface. (Alekseev)
The moon slides like a pancake in sour cream. (Parsnip)
A patterned clean TOWEL hangs a rainbow from birch trees. (Rubtsov)

Adjectives and adverbs in comparative form

There is no beast stronger than a cat. (Krylov)
These eyes are GREENER than the sea and our cypresses are DARKER (Akhmatova)
Girl's eyes are BRIGHTER than roses. (Pushkin)
LIGHTER than the sun throne room (Tsvetaeva)

The homeland is LIKE a huge tree on which you can’t count the leaves. (Peskov)
Your eyes LIKE the eyes of a cautious cat. (Akhmatova)

Examples of Expanded Comparisons

Sometimes, as comparisons, writers and poets use not one or two words, but whole sentences. This allows you to create a very vivid image and more accurately convey the mood of the whole work.

Here is one of the clearest examples - Konstantin Zabolotsky's poem "Voice on the Phone".

He used to be sonorous, EXACTLY A BIRD,
LIKE A SPRING, flowed and rang,
Just pour out all in radiance
I wanted to use a steel wire.
And then, LIKE A FURTHER SOBBING,
AS A FAREWELL with the joy of the soul,
He began to sound full of repentance,
And disappeared into the unknown wilderness.

In the poem itself there is no subject that is being compared. It's hidden in the title. And all the quatrains are a solid comparison combined with metaphors. And using these techniques, Zabolotsky very colorfully describes past love. After all, it is about her, as you might guess, we are talking about.

Huge comparisons are also found in prose. Here, for example, is an excerpt from the famous Iliad by Homer.

AJAX rushed at the ENEMIES, LIKE A STARVED LION at the frightened huddled, lost shepherd SHEEP, which were left without protection, defenseless, LIKE CHILDREN without supervision, and are only capable of timidly moaning and backing away in fear of the lion's thirst for blood and murder, which seizes the predator like madness, intensifying when he senses the horror of the doomed...

There are two comparisons here. One "Ajax - lion", and the other even turned out to be double "enemies - sheep - children." Moreover, note that the main words sound only at the very beginning, and the rest and rather massive piece of text is devoted to comparison. And this very poetically describes the nature of the battle.

And now I would like to return to where we started. Some comparisons already firmly ingrained in our lexicon. We have already mentioned three of them, here are some more:

Eyes like a bottomless lake;
Red as a lobster;
Sweet as honey;
Like an elephant in a china shop;
Frozen like a monument;
Spinning around / spinning like a squirrel in a wheel;
Run like a fire;
Looks like a ram at a new gate.

And a few more examples:

By the way, similar stable expressions . That is, this is the next step after comparisons. But you can read about it in another article on our website.

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Comparisons in everyday language

Comparisons are used in literature to make speech more vivid and powerful. In everyday speech, they can be used to convey meaning quickly and effectively, as many commonly used expressions are similes. For example, when someone says, "He's as busy as a bee," it means that he's working hard, as bees are known to be very industrious and busy.

Some other well-known comparisons that you often hear:

Happy as an elephant.
Light as a feather.
Innocent as a lamb.
Tall like a giraffe.
White as a ghost.
Sweet like sugar.
Black as coal.

As with a lot of figurative language, when you're talking to someone from a different region or not speaking their own language, they may not understand the meaning of many of the comparisons.

Comparisons add depth to your speech

Figurative comparisons can make our language more visual and pleasant. Writers often use similes to add depth and emphasize what they are trying to convey to the reader or listener. Comparisons can be funny, serious, mundane or creative.

Figurative similes are a great tool to use in creative language. Not only do they make what you write or say more interesting, but they can often intrigue the reader. When creating your own comparisons, be aware of the clichés and try to go beyond obvious comparisons.

Comparison is a trope in which the text contains the basis of the comparison and the image of the comparison, sometimes a sign can be indicated. So, in the example “God's name is like a big bird” (O.E. Mandelstam), God's name (the basis of the comparison) is compared with a bird (the image of the comparison). The sign by which the comparison is made is wingedness.

Literary critics distinguish several varieties.

Comparison types

1. Comparison expressed using comparative unions as, as if, as if, exactly, like and others.

For example, B.L. Pasternak uses the following comparison: "The kiss was like summer."

2. Comparison expressed with the help of adjectives in a comparative degree. In such turns you can add the words seems to look like and others.

For example: "Girl's faces are brighter than roses" (A.S. Pushkin).

3. Comparison for which is used. For example: “The frost is tearing up a wounded beast” (N.N. Aseev).

4. Comparison expressed by the accusative without. For example: "The living room was decorated with expensive, red gold wallpaper."

5. Comparison expressed by a descriptive non-union turnover. For example: “Nightmares of the night are so far away that a dusty predator in the sun is a naughty one and nothing more” (I.F. Annensky).

6. There are also negative comparisons. For example: “The sun is not red in the sky, blue clouds do not admire it: then at a meal he sits in a golden crown, the formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich sits” (M.Yu. Lermontov).

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