The Udmurt Republic is located in the Ural region, which is somewhat reflected in its relief. According to the predominance of certain forms of relief, the territory of the republic can be schematically divided into five geomorphological regions.

First district located on the Kilmez-Valinsky, Vyatka-Valinsky and Valinsky-Izhsky watersheds. As a result of the division of this region by a large number of rivers, streams and streams, its relief has a wavy shape with the presence of hilly and elongated elevations in places. The tops of the watersheds mostly have a plateau-like form with altitude marks within 150-200 m above sea level. The ravine network is moderately expressed, the depth of the ravines varies from 2 to 10 and rarely more than meters. The steepness of the slopes is in most cases less than 5°.
Second district occupies part of the Selty, Syumsinsky and Krasnogorsk regions. The main elevation marks of the region are 100-150 m. An exception are some sections of the watershed of the Lumpun and Ut rivers, where heights reach 200 m. the result of wind erosion. On the above-floodplain terraces of the rivers, between these elevations, there are significant depressions occupied by marshy soils.
Third district located mainly on the watershed Kilmez - Cheptsa. Its altitudes fluctuate mainly within the range of 150-250 m. An exception are several elevations reaching 250-300 m. The dissection of the region by rivers and ravines gives the relief a well-defined wavy shape. The main elements of the relief are gently sloping and slightly sloping slopes of different exposure. In some places there is a hilly area. Leveled areas are found along the tops of watersheds and above floodplain terraces of river valleys.
Fourth district It is characterized by the predominance of a ridged form of relief, in places with a significant number of hills and hilly elevations. The tops of the ridges are predominantly oval in shape. Interval depressions are represented by deep but narrow river valleys. The ravine network is developed everywhere, but is most pronounced in the Sharkan and Debes regions, as well as along the right bank of the Cheptsa River and along some of its tributaries.
By location above sea level, the characterized area is the most elevated in Udmurtia. Altitude marks on the prevailing area of ​​the region range from 200-300 m, and in some areas reach 320-340 m. Many rivers originate from the heights of this region, including the Kama and Vyatka.
Fifth district occupies the Kama-Izhsky watershed. Its relief has a broad-wavy shape. There are low hills along the Kama River and in a number of other places. The tops of undulating elevations are mostly located at a height of 150-200 and rarely - up to 250 m, they have a plateau-like or oval shape. The most common relief elements are slopes, and the southern ones are usually steeper and shorter than the northern ones. The ravine network is moderately expressed. The ravines are mostly shallow, but of great extent, sometimes they extend almost to the top of the watersheds. Water erosion played the main role in the formation of the relief of the described area.

Unfavorable geological phenomena (landslides, mudflows, landslide-scree processes, karst, erosion) did not cause emergency situations on the territory of the Udmurt Republic (registered). At the same time, according to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Udmurt Republic, slow processes of soil landslides occur on the territory of the Udmurt Republic. These phenomena are extremely rare and the likelihood of exogenous sources of emergency situations is unlikely.

Territories of the Udmurt Republic subject to landslide processes.

- north-eastern outskirts of the city of Sarapul, on a segment of the slope adjacent to the territory of the treatment facilities of the city water intake.

- a plot of the territory of the village of Doksha, Zavyalovsky district,

- 45-kilometer segment of the slope between the villages of Sukharevo and Cheganda, Karakulinsky district;

- With. Crimean Sludka, Kiznersky district on the bank of the river. Vyatka - coastal abrasion occurs. For 48 years, 280 m of the coast were washed away over a length of 1.3 km, the potential threat of landslide activation is unlikely.

The relief plays an important role in the distribution of precipitation over the territory. Different relief elements have their own microclimatic features. The relief influences the development of water erosion, the species composition of natural vegetation, and the activity of microbiological processes in the soil. All this directly or indirectly affects soil formation. The distribution and migration of pollutants is also associated with relief. Dangerous and unfavorable geomorphological processes are of great importance. Some of which cause significant harm to a person and objects of his economic activity.

Unfavorable processes in Udmurtia.

Of great importance for the good operation, durability and reliability of buildings (structures) are hazardous geological processes. An obligatory point in the course of engineering surveys is the identification of such processes and the prediction of changes in hazardous geological conditions over time. If these processes are present at the study site, certain protective measures are taken to reduce the negative impact on adjacent houses (buildings, structures) or to completely eliminate them (if possible).

Hazardous geological processes are engineering-geological and geological processes, in particular hydrometeorological phenomena, which adversely affect the general condition of buildings and structures, as well as the livelihoods of the population.

These processes are described in detail and spelled out in state regulations, such as: GOST 22.1.02-97, GOST R 22.1.06-99, SNiP 22-02-2003.

Conducting engineering and geological surveys, specialists most often encounter the most common hazardous geological processes in Russia:

1. Flooding (foundations, pits, etc.); spring floods, melt water. Intensive deforestation has led to accelerated snowmelt. This, in turn, led to a period of recharge of groundwater and an increase in the volume of water in high water and caused by floods. Flooding is a consequence of both man-made processes and natural ones. This process is possible as a result of any violation of the water regime, as well as the overall balance of the area for a specific settlement period. In this case, the groundwater level rises significantly and reaches critical levels characteristic of a certain type of territory (in particular, for the functional purpose of the building).

The main causes of flooding of foundations and pits include:

Laying asphalt in built-up areas (and, consequently, reducing evaporation and disturbing the natural water balance of the area);

Leakage of aquifers (emergency situations);

Lack of a special system of surface water runoff, as well as storm sewers;

Destruction of the upper layer of soil during the construction of the foundations of buildings (structures).

2. Karst-suffusion processes; (carved, depressions, small caves, karst lakes). Suffusion - the removal of small mineral particles of rock filtered through it by water. Karst is a violation of the integrity of massifs, a complex of landforms created as a result of chemical weathering. Raindrops, underground and surface water.

The geology of the site is significantly exposed to the destructive effects of karst-suffosion processes. This category of hazardous geological processes includes the interaction of such processes as suffusion and karst. Suffusion is an erosive process of leaching microparticles from rocks (soluble) by filtering water. At the same time, voids are formed in the rock, which eventually lead to adverse consequences: soil deformation, foundation shrinkage, etc.

The main cause of suffusion phenomena should be considered the occurrence in groundwater of significant hydrodynamic pressure forces and the excess of a certain critical water velocity. This causes separation and removal of particles in suspension.

One of the main factors of karst formation is the action of water - atmospheric, river, underground, if it does not have high mineralization. The rocks are most strongly dissolved by weakly mineralized water, as well as aqueous solutions containing free carbon dioxide. In this case, the dissolving effect of water increases many times over. Dissolution is facilitated by elevated temperature and water movement.

3. Erosion processes. In the southern, mostly treeless regions, ravine erosion is developed. The share of ravaged lands here is 41%, while the volume of eroded land reaches 300 thousand m³ and is carried out to floodplain meadows and reservoirs and causes shallowing. Erosion processes are a complex of negative processes that lead to the erosion of soils (soil), river banks and channels. These dangerous geological processes are carried out due to intense water flows, which at the same time cause gravitational movements. This leads to the formation of ravines and a decrease in the level of watersheds.

Causes of soil erosion. The intensity of development of erosion processes is greatly influenced by climate, topography, anti-erosion resistance of soils, vegetation, human economic activity and other factors.

The climate influences the development of erosion processes as a result of temperature fluctuations, the amount and intensity of precipitation, and wind strength. The depth of soil freezing, the intensity of snow melting and thawing of the soil, the flow of melt water, and their absorption into the soil depend on temperature. If a permanent snow cover is established on unfrozen soil, then in the process of its thawing in spring, water is well absorbed into the soil and there is no runoff of water, washout and erosion of the soil. If snow is blown off the slopes in winter, the soil becomes bare, freezes deeply and melt water is little absorbed, there is a large runoff of water and soil destruction.

4. Slope processes - processes of slope transformation by the combined action of denudation and accumulation. Loose particles or whole blocks of rocks are shifted down under the action of various forces and accumulate in the lower parts of the slopes and at the foot, or this material is carried away by the river, waves, etc.

The nature of slope processes depends on the rocks that form the slope, on its steepness, on climatic conditions, etc. If the foot of the slope is not washed away by the river or the sea, then under the influence of slope processes the slope becomes more gentle.

On slopes, the most important factor causing the movement of weathering products and the destruction of slopes is gravity. However, depending on the height and steepness of the slopes, as well as on the degree and nature of the impact of water, gravitational forces cause the emergence of a number of processes. This series includes the actual gravitational processes (falling and shedding), in which the action of gravity is manifested in the purest form; water-gravitational processes (slumping and solifluction), when the moistening of rocks becomes an indispensable factor with the decisive role of gravity, and water-slope processes (planar washout and slope erosion), which are carried out by the activity of flowing waters, only subject to the action of gravity. In arid areas, the wind process plays an important role in the destruction of slopes.

5. Drawdown phenomena. Subsidence, compaction of soil under the action of an external load or only its own weight. Occurs during artificial soaking (in loess and loess-like deposits), thawing (thermal subsidence in frozen soils), dynamic effects (vibration subsidence. Subsidence can cause cracks to form on the surface and in the soil massif. If moisture filtration in subsidence soils during soaking occurs after subsidence phenomena, then post-subsidence deformation of the soil is possible due to the leaching of water-soluble compounds from it.The causes of subsidence phenomena (in loess and loess-like deposits) are an undercompacted state of the soil with particles that lose strength when soaked. with increasing pressure Interpartial bonds in the soil can delay its compaction, despite the increase (under the influence of the weight of new sediments or built structures) pressure, due to which a discrepancy between porosity and pressure is created - an undercompacted state. When the strength of the bonds of soil particles is reduced (for example, when loess is soaked as a result of leaks from the water supply network or when the groundwater level rises near reservoirs), subsidence phenomena occur.

Hazardous geological phenomena can bring not only negative consequences to the designed building (structure), but also, with their maximum manifestation, complete destruction. It is very important to predict in a timely manner the possibility of such processes occurring at the study site and to take a number of protective measures to prevent them.

The territory of Udmurtia is located on the Kama part of the East European Plain , which gradually passes into the Cis-Urals. On the plain, elevated and low-lying areas alternate, indented by numerous river valleys, logs, and ravines. The surface of the territory of the republic has a slight slope from east to west and from north to south. In the north of Udmurtia, the Verkhnekamsk Upland is located. It runs approximately to the valley of the Cheptsa River and continues in the Kirov Region and the Perm Territory. Its northern part is like a mountainous area. It is here in the north of the Balezinsky region that the highest point of Udmurtia is located - a mark of 332 meters above sea level. The Chepetsa valley is occupied by the Chepetsky lowland, which stretches in a narrow strip from west to east. It is composed of sand deposits. To the south of Cheptsa in the middle part of the republic there are two hills. The western part is the Krasnogorsk upland (285 m), the eastern part is the Tylovaysko-Multan upland (321 m). Its eastern part in the Sharkansky district looks especially picturesque. Therefore, the Sharkans themselves call it "Udmurt Switzerland". Here wooded hills are interspersed with river valleys, copses and fields. Such ruggedness of the relief makes the area picturesque. The central part of the republic is lower. The lowlands, located here along the river valleys, stretched from north to south. The western part is occupied by the Kilmez lowland, it is the largest in Udmurtia. It is heavily swamped, on the watersheds there are sandy hills covered with pine forests. In the center there is a low-lying valley of the Izh River with tributaries, in the east - low-lying valleys of the Votka and Siva rivers. Sandy hills of ancient origin, covered with pine forests - relict dunes, have also been preserved here. In height (256 m) it is somewhat higher than Sarapulskaya (248 m), but its slopes are more gentle, covered with mixed forests. The Sarapul Upland is strongly indented by the valleys of small tributaries of the Kama and abruptly breaks off to the Kama in the east and south. Landslides occur on the high right bank of the Kama. On them, trees grow obliquely, for which they received the name "drunken forest". The upland itself is almost treeless, there are many ravines, their slopes are covered with forest and shrub vegetation. The low left bank of the Kama is occupied by the Kama-Belskaya lowland. It is covered with ancient sand deposits. Sometimes there are relic dunes with pine forests on them. In lower places, mixed forest is mainly located. In the extreme south-west of the republic, where the Privyatskaya lowland is located on the Vyatka River, south of the village of Krymskaya Sludka, the water's edge has a mark of 51 m above sea level. Thus, 281 meters is the difference between the highest point in the north and the lowest point in the south. On the whole, the surface of Udmurtia can be characterized as a hilly plain, where highlands alternate with lowlands. ) - current ravines (ravines)

Native fields, forest and copses,
Meadows around and a river outside the window.
And everything in its splendor, splendor,
And here is my native and fatherly home.
Vladimir Gerun

The Udmurt Republic lies in northwestern part of the Urals, in the interfluve of the Kama and its major tributary, the Vyatka. Square Republic a little more than 42 thousand km 2. Her neighbours : on the south Tataria and Bashkiria (which also adjoins from the southeast), on north and west Kirovskaya, and on east Perm Territory. Among the cities of Udmurtia stand out Izhevsk (capital of the republic) , Glazov, Sarapul, Votkinsk, Mozhga.

Landscape calm and welcoming

Udmurtia spreads out on a vast gently undulating plain, where low hills are separated by numerous wide valleys of calm rivers. Here we will not see such sharply different natural landscapes as, for example, in Bashkiria. However, the territory of the republic cannot be called monotonous. Upper Kama Upland occupies almost the entire northern half of Udmurtia, dissected by many valleys of small rivers flowing into Cap, which flows steadily through its valley. On the southeast republics Sarapul Upland abruptly breaks off to the mighty Kame, beyond which stretches a vast lowland. On the southwest hills spread out Mozhginskaya Upland , gently descending to the river Vyatka.

Climatic conditions

Basically, the climate of the republic is formed by air masses coming from the Atlantic Ocean, but when they pass over Europe, they lose part of the moisture they contain, cool in winter, heat up in summer and thus acquire properties temperate continental air. It is characterized by severe winter with severe frosts, deep snows, and quite warm summer. Mid-January temperature from -14°С to -15°С, but can fall below 40°С of frost; in July the average temperature fluctuates from +17°С to +19°С. Frosts are common in spring and autumn. Moisture is abundant here: 400-600 mm falls annually precipitation . North Udmurtia is noticeably harsher than its south. There is less solar heat here, and more rainfall.

How rich is the republic

The main natural wealth of Udmurtia forest . Its bowels are also not poor, they have significant deposits oil . In addition, there are small stocks manganese ores, copper sandstones, mineral paints . Abundant Udmurtia and peat . good here and mineral springs .

Nature of Udmurtia

Tasty air in the forest at dawn,
And the colors in the forest are beautiful here
Vladimir Gerun

Most of the surface north Republic is covered with a dark green carpet southern taiga , often interrupted by significant sections arable land and light green riverine meadows . Here prevail fir-spruce forests, replaced by saturated light pine forests.
Against a gloomy background Siberian firs the trunks of the merry ones also turn white birches. Found everywhere aspen, in the undergrowth wild rosemary, honeysuckle, wild rose, in grass-shrub cover blueberries, lingonberries, bilberries, northern linnaea. mosses poorly developed, as they are suppressed by herbaceous plants.
The resinous smells of the taiga are mixed with the aroma of flowering polyan. In the grass cover there are plants characteristic of deciduous forests: european hoof, spiked raven, male shieldwort, fragrant woodruff, forest chistets and others. Forests and copses replace expanse meadows.
AT southern parts of Udmurtia, the taiga is gradually giving way mixed forests . Here arable land occur in solid arrays. Moreover, in the south it is no longer fields, but forests that look like islands. Here small-leaved linden goes to the first tier. Appear next to her common oak, elm and elm. Conifers are represented fir and spruce. Found in the undergrowth common hazel and warty euonymus.

forest dwellers

The existence of animals in the taiga is closely connected with coniferous trees, as well as with some other plants accompanying them. Taiga gives animals food, shelter from bad weather and enemies. Seeds (nuts) of spruce, fir and pine are the main food for spruce crossbill and white-winged crossbill . Coniferous seeds, mushrooms, berries feed on characteristic taiga animals squirrel and chipmunk . Vegetation is typically eaten taiga birds capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse . Insect larvae are exterminated in large numbers three-toed woodpecker, chickadee tit and nuthatch . Often there are predatory birds: sparrow hawk, hawk owl and owl . In addition, birds are common here redstart, whitethroat, common and deaf cuckoo, partridge , and from mammals — white hare, mole, weasel . In remote corners of habitation, preserved wolf and fox . Valuable fur-bearing animals are common marten and ermine .

The constant alternation of watershed spaces with valley depressions and seemingly insignificant changes in the composition of rocks, microclimate, soils and vegetation greatly diversify the Udmurt landscape.

Water resources

The main water arteries of Udmurtia Kama river, tributaries of the Vyatka rivers Cheptsa, Kilmez and others as well Votkinsk reservoir (on the Kama) , slightly entering the territory of the republic from the east. Many in different rivers fish : bream, roach, perch, ide, burbot.

Kama the largest tributary of the Volga. Her path within Udmurtia is interesting. Kama begins at an altitude of 331 m above sea level. The source of a huge river is modest. He is at Karpushat villages. Under an old birch there is a transparent spring, enclosed in a log house with a plank roof. The murmuring water runs down the pipe into a wooden block, overflows over its edge and hurries on. This tiny drain is the beginning of Kama. After 100 m, it receives its first tributary, the same key Further, and after another 200 m Key Upper. The Kama is already running like a stream in its own shallow valley, merges with river Bystrushka. After a few kilometers, the first Kama "reservoirs" — chain of mill ponds. Even at the origins, even at the “infancy age”, Kama begins his work for the benefit of man. Further, taking in more and more tributaries, it flows through the territory of the Kirov region, first to northwest and northeast, entering the Perm Territory, gradually changing its direction to east, southeast and southern, but from Perm up to falling into Volga always sticks to southwest. The Kama describes a huge arc in its upper and middle reaches. Starting in Udmurtia as a modest stream, it returns to the republic as a mighty river. . From the sources to Sarapul, the Kama overcomes a path of 1.5 thousand km, while in a straight line these points are separated by only about 200 km.

late autumn , after the frost hits, the rivers on long time are covered ice . Duration freezing about six months. In second half of April starts ice drift , it lasts for several days and leaves indelible impression.

Land of ancient settlement

The ancient tribes from which the Udmurts emerged lived in the basins of the Kama, Vyatka and Belaya as far back as 3,000 years ago. The ancestors of modern Udmurts in the VIVII centuries. n. e. emerged from the conglomerate of local Finno-Ugric tribes. The very word "Udmurt" means "Man of the Oud Tribe" this was the name of one of the tribes of the ancestors of modern Udmurts. From time immemorial, the basis of the economic life of this people has been cultivation of gray bread, flax. Since ancient times, the Udmurts were familiar fur hunting, fishing, forestry, domestic weaving.

Already in the XXI centuries. cultural ties between the Udmurts and the northeastern Russian principalities arose. Russians began to penetrate here from the XII century. In those days, the Udmurt lands were part of Volga-Kama Bulgaria. From the end of the XIII beginning of the XIV century. Udmurts became tributaries of the Tatar-Mongols. After the fall of the Tatar yoke at the end of the XV the middle of the XVI century. Udmurts voluntarily joined Moscow state.

In the 18th century, the mining industry was rapidly developing in the Urals. In the Udmurt Kama region, Votkinsk and Izhevsk metallurgical plants appeared, which played a big role in the economic development of the region. At these plants, Ural cast iron was processed into iron and steel, into various metal products. However, in those days, in general, the economy, culture and life of the Udmurt people were extremely backward.
The harassment of the tsarist administration, the severity of factory work, national oppression caused repeated uprisings of the Udmurts. They took part in the peasant wars led by Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev, in "potato riots".

Under Soviet rule, Udmurtia became an autonomous region in 1920, and an autonomous republic in 1934. Since 1990, it has been transformed, and became known as the Udmurt Republic.

National composition

The main nationalities inhabiting the republic are Udmurts, Russians and Tatars . Also living here Mari, Ukrainians and other nationalities. The Udmurts are the second largest group of the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals. Most of them live in villages. The tradition of decorating the dwelling with woven towels with embroidered national ornaments has been preserved from the past.

National dishes

Traditional basis of nutrition Udmurts bread (nyan) . Diverse national bread products: tortillas (tabani), unleavened cheesecakes with minced meat, eggs and onions, pies, pancakes, dumplings stuffed with meat, mushrooms, cabbage and potatoes, sour dough noodles . Udmurts also season some liquid dishes with flour. For example, oatmeal they diluted with kvass, water or sour milk, and from hot dishes widespread soup With groats and peas. Otherwise, the food of the Udmurts is no different from the food of the local Russian population.

Folk arts and crafts

On the territory of Udmurtia, decorative and applied crafts, traditional for this region, successfully operate. Among them weaving, artistic carving and wood painting, ceramics and pottery, artistic processing of birch bark and straw, folk toys, artistic weaving from wicker and bast, making national clothes . Old ways revived traditional folk embroidery , restored cooperage and bone carving . Original craftsmen work throughout Udmurtia, primarily in villages. The best works are exhibited at republican exhibitions, including exhibition-fair "City of Masters", which is an impressive addition holiday "Gerber".

Izhevsk artisan city

Izhevsk was founded in 1760 by the construction iron processing plant Ural factories for iron. It was typical for the Urals of those times factory town . The concept of "factory" simultaneously meant both the village itself and the factory that gave rise to it. There was a lot in common in the appearance of mining settlements. In the center of the village, a river, usually small (in our case, it is the Izh River), was blocked by a dam, a large pond spread above it. Pipes and buildings of factory buildings rose below the dam. On the sloping and steep banks of the pond, small wooden houses were molded - workers' huts. Among them, the stone house of the owner of the plant, surrounded by the greenery of the garden, and the white stone houses of managers and bosses stood out in relief.
This is the beginning of the artisan city. In 1774, the village of Izhevsk Zavod was occupied by troops Emeliana Pugacheva and heavily damaged. Together with the production of iron, and later steel, the weapon business gained great importance, when in the village in 1807 a Armory . From the middle of the 19th century to four arms factories started to be produced hunting rifles. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Izhevsk plant was one of the largest arms factories in Russia. In 1918 Izhevsk receives city ​​status, in 1921 becomes the capital of Votskaya Autonomous Region, in 1934 the capital of the Udmurt ASSR. In 198587. the city was called Ustinov. Since 1990 the capital of the Udmurt Republic.

AT old quarters Izhevsk still has a lot wooden, less often semi-stone (with the first floor of brickwork) two-story mansions With carved window frames. On the other hand, the new Izhevsk was spread wide, its outskirts grew and pressed the suburban forests, meadows and fields.
The city has an extensive pond 15 km long and 2.5 km wide. A long time ago, the water wheels at the factory dam stopped spinning. Now the pond supplies Izhevsk with water. Citizens and guests of the capital rest on its green shores on hot summer days. This place is worthy to be written about by poets:

Your pearl Izhevsk pond
shakes clouds and emerald,
And the sun creeps, blinding the eyes,
a fiery carpet between the shores.

So I saw the beauty of this pond poet V. Ya. Tyaptin .

On the elevated eastern shore of the pond is located central part cities. From the iron staircase that connects the dam to Soviet street (the main city highway), offers a wide view of the hustle and bustle of the factory buildings, the distant District, framed by a bluish border of the forest. The measured sounds of bell ringing are floating the clock is striking on old tower , which has been rising above the “dry” slope of the dam for almost two centuries, giving a classic finish ensemble of hydraulic structures. The tower is crowned five sazhen column with a square capital and a gilded ball. It is visible from Sovetskaya Street and closes the perspective of this highway. Right there, on the dam, but at the slope descending to the water, under the canopy ancient poplars — bust a remarkable Russian engineer who founded the arms business in Izhevsk in the 19th century, A. F. Deryabina.

The importance of Izhevsk for the Udmurts is enormous as cultural center. There are many places where you can get acquainted with the cultural heritage of Udmurtia. Doors are always open for residents and visitors of the city theaters :State National, State Russian Drama Theater named after V. G. Korolenko, State Opera and Ballet, State Puppet Theater and Theater "Young Man". In addition, connoisseurs of beauty can visit State Philharmonic and Academic Choir Chapel , listen State Symphony Orchestra and State Orchestra of Wind Instruments of the Ministry of Culture of the Udmurt Republic . Those who are close folklore can enjoy creativity State Academic Song and Dance Ensemble "Italmas", in the repertoire of which a prominent place is occupied by works of national art, State Theater of Folklore Song "Aykay", State Ensemble of Folk Song, Music and Dance "Tanok", Folklore Ensemble "Zarni Shep" and others. At the service of lovers of spectacular recreation, a beautiful State Circus and city ​​zoo .

Connoisseurs of historical heritage also have something to visit and see. For example museums : National Udmurt Republic named after K. Gerd, Udmurt Republican Fine Arts Museum and Exhibition Complex of Small Arms named after M. T. Kalashnikov and others. Those who like to just wander through the green alleys, ride on attraction or sit on a bench in a quiet, beautiful place, urban “oases” are suitable parks and gardens , such as Gorky Summer Garden, Kirov Park, Cosmonauts Park and Birch Grove(or as it is also called goat park).

Among architectural landmarks stand out St. Michael's Cathedral, St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Trinity Church and mosque.

land of craftsmen

Izhevsk. In the Central Lenin Museum in Moscow, you can see a miniature three-line rifle made with jewelry art, made in 1918 by Izhevsk gunsmiths as a gift to Lenin. This rifle is only twice the size of a regular fountain pen. Nowadays Izhevsk hunting and sporting guns won a good reputation in many countries of the world.
Interesting and unique factory of art products . Among its products are in great demand carpets, runners, scarves with national Udmurt ornament. In passing, we note that spinning and weaving were among the most common types of home production among the Udmurts. And now many of the women here are skillful weavers.

Votkinsk. In 1759, a conversion plant was built on the Votka River. steel plant. A settlement spread around it, which was transformed into a city under Soviet rule. The fact that in the middle of the 19th century they were entrusted with the manufacture of the metal frame of the “golden needle” the spire of the cathedral of the famous Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg speaks of the high production culture of the Votkinsk people.

Healing places of Udmurtia

Near the very border with Tatarstan is balneo-mud resort Varzi-Yatchi operating since 1885. The main remedy mineralized peat mud, which is obtained from a swamp located on the territory of the resort. The sick are also treated here. baths with weak hydrogen sulfide water, for drinking cure apply sulfate-calcium water. Successfully cured in Varzi-Yatchi diseases of the joints, nervous and gynecological. The resort is located in the picturesque valley of the Big Varzi River, a tributary of the Izh River. The slopes of the valley and surrounding ravines are covered with beautiful trees and shrubs.

AT Uva village the eponymous sanatorium . Sources mineral water, peat therapeutic mud, crystal clear air, surroundings of coniferous-birch forests, a beautiful pond this combination makes this health resort a truly unique healing place. People come here from diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, musculoskeletal system, respiratory organs, cardiovascular and nervous systems, urological and gynecological diseases. All of them receive high-quality treatment. At the service of visitors bath, sauna with swimming pool and horseback riding.

The republic is rich in its health resorts. When you visit here, you will be able to feel the healing powers of the Udmurt nature.

Attractive places in Udmurtia

Nechkinsky national park. In the middle part of the Kama River valley and in the coastal strip of the Votkinsk reservoir, the Nechkinsky National Park was created in 1997. He spread out over area more than 20 thousand hectares. Here you can see plants and taiga animals, mixed forests and forest-steppe. Especially valuable is the right bank Nechkinka rivers where they meet old-growth pine forests . And how picturesque mighty Kama! The width of its channel in these places reaches 1 km. Behind the edge of the yellow sandy beaches of the low left bank are bright green meadows and thickets of coastal trees and shrubs; pine forests stand on the terraces above the floodplain. But what a contrast the right bank represents! The steep slopes of the Sarapul Upland, which breaks off at the Kama, rapidly go up. The gentle shades of the green left bank are opposed by the range of colors (from pale pink to fiery and brick-rusty) of the right bank cliffs. Here, in the Kama valley, the so-called Permian red flowers are exposed. They are framed by dark green, often with a bluish tinge, needles of spruce and fir. Trees pierce the sky with sharp teeth, so the tops of the slopes seem to be covered with a palisade.

Monuments of nature. Of the natural monuments located on national park territory , can be identified landscape tracts "Sidorovy Gory" and "Galevo", the mouth of the Siva River, the Kemulskoye swamp and mineral spring Makarovsky. There are also archaeological sites. The park also includes city ​​of Votkinsk.

Museum of P. I. Tchaikovsky in Votkinsk. Votkinsk is famous not only for its plant. Here, in 1840, in the family of the mining chief I.P. Tchaikovsky, a son was born the future great composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . A place of pilgrimage for many thousands of people from all over the country has become an old house with a mezzanine on the bank of the factory pond, where the Tchaikovskys lived. Now in it museum . In front of the museum bust of Peter Ilyich. The exposition includes the furnishings of the Tchaikovsky family, the composer's belongings, stands telling about his life and creative path.

Music festivals in Votkinsk. Large music festivals, which are held every year on May days, have become traditional (Pyotr Ilyich was born on May 7). In festival concerts invariably participate major performers and symphony orchestras.

Architectural and ethnographic museum-reserve "Ludorvay". Not far from Izhevsk is the architectural and ethnographic museum-reserve "Ludorvai", where you can get acquainted with life, life and customs of the Udmurts late XIX early XX centuries. It is still under construction, in the future, according to the plan, it will include 5 sectors: Udmurts northern, central and southern, Tatars and Russians. But even now there is something to see. The museum-reserve is already included two monuments: windmill, late 19th century and manor of the beginning of the 20th century . Moreover, the estate, unlike other museums, is operational. A peasant lives in it with a full household and pets. The estate has barns, barn, smoke sauna, pagan sanctuary "Kuala". The interior of the house itself South Udmurt. Guests are welcomed national dishes — perepechami, tabanami with zyret and kumyshka (bread wine). Here you can attend festivities, holidays, and those who wish can try it for themselves bath. Such an acquaintance will remain in your memory for a long time.

Historical and cultural museum-reserve "Idnakar". A few kilometers from city ​​of Glazov on Mount Soldyr at the confluence of the Cheptsa and Pyzep rivers, the historical and cultural museum-reserve "Idnakar" is located. It includes the territory of the unique ancient settlement of the Finno-Ugric tribes of the IXXIII centuries. By visiting the museum, you will get acquainted with the life of the ancestors of modern Udmurts.

Ski resort. On the the outskirts of the Nechkinsky National Park, 40 km from Izhevsk , right in the middle of the southern taiga you can visit a ski resort! He belongs sports and tourist center "Nechkino". A modern ski resort, framed by the most beautiful places, has excellent, trails of varying difficulty, the height difference of which reaches 115 meters (the longest route is up to 1.5 km). Upstairs you will climb Austrian 4-seater chairlift enjoying the wonderful panorama of protected areas from a bird's eye view.

There are 403 monuments of architecture, history and culture in Udmurtia under state protection

architectural landmarks Among the architectural sights are many Orthodox churches of the late XVIII early XX centuries, Muslim mosques and pagan chapels . All these monuments tell about the religious life of the multinational population of the republic over the centuries.

There are many places in Udmurtia worth visiting. Of course, it is impossible to cover them all in these pages. in the republic hundreds of monuments of architecture, history and culture . In addition, you are waiting for ski resorts , and various clubs : aero, paragliding, horseback riding, and boat trips, and wonderful fishing, and all kinds tourist routes, and many many others. But most importantly: hospitable hosts and unforgettable impressions are waiting for you.

The Udmurt Republic is located inside the Eurasian continent far from the seas and oceans in the east of the Russian Plain, where it imperceptibly passes into the western Cis-Urals in the interfluve of the Kama and Vyatka between the geographic coordinates of 55 12 - 58 38 N.l. and 51 10 - 54 20 east

For many millions of years on this small piece of land, with an area of ​​​​only 42.1 thousand square meters. km and on the Russian Plain as a whole there have been huge changes. In the Precambrian, high mountains formed on the site of the modern plain. Over time, they gradually collapsed and leveled off, the plastic earth's crust became more rigid and stable. A platform has formed in place of the mountains. The platform experienced many times lowering and rising, so it was either flooded by sea waters, or again turned into land. Throughout history, there has been a change in climatic conditions. In the Devonian, the climate was humid tropical and tree ferns, horsetails and club mosses grew. Later, it became drier in feathers, and the moisture-loving vegetation was replaced by forests of coniferous trees (cycads and gingkos). At the end of the Cretaceous period, a cooling occurred, and a moderately warm climate was established. Later, in the Quaternary, the advance and retreat of the glacier occurred several times on the Russian Plain. At the time of its offensive, Udmurtia was dominated by landscapes close to tundra.

Soils

The territory of our region lies within the gentle uplift of the layers of the earth's crust (the Volga-Kama anteclise) on the ancient Russian platform. The platform is a fairly stable area of ​​the earth's surface and consists of two floors: a crystalline basement and a sedimentary cover. The foundation is composed of the most ancient, folded rocks formed in the Archean and Proterozoic: gneisses, amphibolites, eclogites, granites, tourmaline and crystalline schists, gabbro. It is covered with many kilometers of marine and continental sedimentary rocks accumulated over a long period of time. This sedimentary cover is heterogeneous and consists of many different layers (horizons), in which the predominant rocks are: sandstones, breccias, conglomerates, siltstones, mudstones, limestones, dolomites, gypsum and anhydrites. They are overlain by loose modern and Quaternary deposits of ancient and modern rivers (alluvium), represented by sands, sandy loams, loams, clays and pebbles; temporary streams (proluvium); destruction products of rocks remaining at the site of their formation along the slopes of uplands and on watershed plateaus (eluvium), as well as accumulations on the slopes of rock destruction products carried by rainwater or sliding down in the past over frozen soil (deluvial and deluvial-solifluction deposits), represented by loams, sandy loams and clays. On the watersheds, wind-blown aeolian sands and sandy loams are found, and on the slopes one can see a cover of scree and landslide sandy-clayey formations.

Under the influence of internal and external forces of the Earth, a complex and diverse relief was formed. In general, the surface is a ridged plain, gradually decreasing from north to south and from west to east. The highest places occupy a small area in the north-east of the republic, where the highest point near the village of Luchenki reaches 331 m above sea level. Significant spaces are at heights from 100 to 300 m. And only along the rivers of the southern half of the republic are strips with marks less than 100 m stretched. Looking at the physical and geographical map of Udmurtia within its limits, one can easily notice three large uplands (Verkhnekamskaya, Mozhginskaya, Sarapulskaya) and one vast lowland (Kilmezskaya).

Relief

Smaller elements stand out against the general background of the relief. The ancient remnant plateaus are well traced, composed of red-colored Permian rocks and located above 200 m. The west and center of the republic are characterized by young low-lying undulating plains, composed of Quaternary rocks from the surface. River valleys, ravines and gullies cut into the ancient plateaus and young plains, worked out by permanent and temporary watercourses. River valleys cover the entire territory of Udmurtia with a dense bizarre network. They are mostly well developed and most of them have a pronounced strip (floodplain) flooded during high water, asymmetric slopes with relatively leveled areas (terraces). Growing ravines with steep non-soddy slopes and overgrowing ravines that have stopped growing cover an area of ​​about 200,000 ha. The steep banks of river valleys and slopes of ravines are associated with the formation of landslides and screes. Within our region, unique relic landforms have been preserved, which arose in the past in completely different climatic conditions. One of these forms is the ancient continental dunes, stretching in ridges or randomly scattered along the rivers in the center and south of Udmurtia. They are sandy hills 4-6 meters high, 5-30 meters wide, tens of kilometers long, with a steep one and a gentle opposite slope. The dunes were formed by the action of winds blowing loose river sand from the surface of the terraces. In the north of the republic, there are pugs - cone-shaped or mane-shaped elevations, composed of red-brown sands and pebbles from quartzites, hornfelses, greenstone rocks and fragments of pink limestone. They are products of the deposition of ancient rivers. Traces of the once existing permafrost appear in the form of cracked soil on 4-6 coal blocks. On the steep slopes of river valleys, niches and nival cirques were formed from drainage funnels under the influence of permafrost and snow.

Various soils have formed on different forms of relief and soil-forming rocks, under diverse vegetation. Soddy-podzolic soils of various textures (sandy, sandy loamy and loamy) are most widespread. They were formed on carbonate-free rocks under coniferous-deciduous forests. They can be easily distinguished by the presence of a whitish (podzolic) horizon. Gray forest podzolized soils are common mainly in the southern regions of Udmurtia. They formed on cover loams and clays under deciduous forests and meadows. Their characteristic feature is the gray color of the upper humus horizon, reaching 20–40 cm. As a rule, carbonate rocks occur on the tops of the ridges and soddy-calcareous soils form. They can be recognized by the grayish-brown humus horizon, up to 20 cm thick. In river valleys, floodplain soddy soils form under meadow vegetation on river deposits. They have either a clearly expressed layering of the profile and a thin soddy horizon with a low content of humus (soddy layered), or a gray color of the humus horizon with a granular structure, a high content of humus and signs of gleying in the lower part of the profile (soddy granular). In places with a stagnant water regime, marsh soils are found. They have a pronounced black earthy peat horizon with poorly decomposed plant residues. Soddy-gley soils are of limited distribution. They are typical for places with a close occurrence of groundwater and with favorable conditions for the development of herbaceous vegetation. Such soils are fertile, as the humus content approaches 10 - 15%.

Minerals

Udmurtia is rich in minerals. In its bowels, deposits of oil, nitrogen gas, hard and brown coal, peat, mineral waters and brines enriched with bromine and iodine have been discovered. In some places, ore occurrences of iron, copper and manganese are noted. Everywhere there are deposits of building materials (sand, clay, sand-gravel mixture, limestone).

Climate

The climate of Udmurtia is temperate continental with cold snowy winters, warm summers and well-defined transitional seasons (spring and autumn). The most characteristic air mass for this territory is the continental air of temperate latitudes, which is formed during the drying of air coming from the Atlantic. Intrusions of cold arctic masses from the Arctic Ocean and warm dry continental tropical air from the south and southeast are not uncommon. Cyclones often come from the west, bringing precipitation, lowering the temperature in summer and increasing it in winter. Anticyclones usually come from the east and west. They bring clear and dry weather. The frequent passage of cyclones and anticyclones leads to a sharp change in the weather and to a change in the direction of the winds. In general, south-western winds prevail in winter, and north-western winds in summer with an average speed of 3-4 m/s. A significant amount of solar radiation 87.7 - 93.5 kcal/sq. cm. During the year, its flow is characterized by extreme unevenness, which contributes to the uneven distribution of temperatures. The average annual air temperature is positive and is 1 in the northeast and 2.5 C in the southwest. The coldest month in Udmurtia is January. The average January temperature is - 15.2 - 14.2. Sometimes frosts can reach -35 - 40 and even - 50. July is considered the warmest month. The average July temperature is 18 - 19, but rises to 37 - 38. Transitional seasons are distinguished by the complexity of the temperature regime and atmospheric circulation. During these periods, sharp changes in air temperature during the day, returns of heat and cold, frosts are possible. Udmurtia is not deprived of moisture. Here, 500 - 600 mm of precipitation falls annually. In the warm period, mainly in the form of rain and drizzle, and in the cold period, in the form of snow. Hail is possible in May and June. The first snow usually falls in October, permanent snow cover forms in mid-November and lasts 160-180 days. Its thickness reaches 50 - 60 cm. The territory is subject to icy and frosty phenomena, the formation of fogs, snowstorms, dew and hoarfrost is possible.

Water resources

Another wealth of the republic is water. More than 7,000 rivers with a length of about 30 thousand km flow through its territory, belonging to the Kama and Vyatka basins. They are multifaceted. The runoff module (the amount of water flowing down from a unit area per unit time) varies from 4 to 8.5 l/sec. sq. km. Rivers are fed by melted snow, rain and groundwater. Every year, spring floods, autumn and summer floods, summer and winter lowering of the level (low water) can be traced on the rivers. In the cold part of the year, they are covered with ice by about December 8 - 20, reaching a thickness of 60 cm. They open on April 10 - 24. High water is observed in early or mid-April and lasts 30-52 days. Summer low water can be traced from June to September and is sometimes interrupted by short-term level rises due to heavy rains. The temperature of the water in the rivers in July reaches 23 - 25 , at the source it is much lower. The composition of the water is bicarbonate-calcium with an average mineralization. Turbidity ranges from 70 to 160 g/cu. m. The most famous rivers flowing through the territory of the republic are Kama, Vyatka, Cheptsa, Kilmez, Loza. In the river valleys, there are shallow (up to 1.5–2.5 m) crescent-shaped or loop-shaped fresh river lakes - oxbow lakes with a total area of ​​about 2.5 thousand ha. Sometimes they are connected by a channel with each other and with the riverbed. Replenish water supplies during floods, floods or from underground sources. The bottom of the lakes is composed of sandy, clayey and silty material. There is an accumulation of sapropelic silt. About 600 - 800 ponds (Izhevsky, Votkinsky, Pudemsky, etc.) have been created in Udmurtia for various purposes. In the east there is a large Votkinsk reservoir. There are about 700 swamps in Udmurtia with a total area of ​​59 thousand hectares. In our places, low-lying swamps, replenished with groundwater, predominate. Riding and transitional with atmospheric and atmospheric-ground food are quite rare. The waters of swamps are fresh with a high content of humic substances.

The republic is also provided with underground waters. It is included within the limits of the Vyatka-Kama artesian basin and includes all their types: soil, ground, interstratal non-pressure, artesian and vein. To a depth of 50 - 250 m in water-bearing rocks (sands, sandstones, gravel and limestones) fresh cold bicarbonate-calcium-sodium waters occur. At a depth, below the gypsum-anhydrite strata, there are warmer saline waters and brines with a mineralization of up to 250 - 350 g / l of sodium chloride composition with a high content of iodine, bromine and hydrogen sulfide. Often, groundwater comes to the surface in the form of springs and springs. There are so many of them here that the republic is rightly called the spring land. The flow rate of the springs ranges from 0.5 to 10 l/sec. In some places, in strongly fissured places, artesian waters erupt in the form of ascending streams of "kipun".

Vegetation

Udmurtia lies in two subzones. The northern part is within the southern taiga, and the southern part is in the subzone of coniferous-deciduous forests. Within its limits, forest, meadow and marsh vegetation is represented. Soddy-podzolic soils are dominated by dark coniferous spruce-fir forests. They are widespread and very diverse. The tree layer is dominated by spruce and fir. They are mixed with pine, aspen, warty birch, alder and linden. The undergrowth of forest honeysuckle, brittle buckthorn, cinnamon and needle rose, mountain ash, common juniper, blackcurrant and forest raspberry is often well developed. In the herbage, ferns, forest cereals, blueberries, lingonberries, common sorrel, two-leaved mackerel, gout, forest forget-me-not, forest horsetail, club moss are quite common. In some places the ground is covered with a thick moss cover of trihedral rhytidiadelphus, comb ptilium, brilliant hylocomium, Schreber's pleurocium, cuckoo flax, sphagnum. Light coniferous pine forests grow on the sands in the southwest and in the center of Udmurtia. They are also very diverse. Their forest stand is dominated by pine. Spruce, birch, linden are often present as an impurity. Juniper, Russian broom, cinnamon rose, mountain ash, buckthorn, and honeysuckle are found in the undergrowth. The herbaceous layer is represented by lingonberries, blueberries, northern linnaea, bracken, European hoof, golden rod, spotted orchid, forest horsetail, common bearberry and annual club moss. The soil is covered with mosses Schreber's pleurocium, trihedral rhytidiadelphus, cuckoo flax, sphagnum and cladonia forest lichen. After fires and clearings, coniferous forests replace deciduous birch-aspen communities. Oak forests are widespread along the left bank of the Kama and on gentle slopes. Thickets of hazel are found on the steep slopes of ravines and on the right bank of the Kama. Lime-birch forests grow on flat areas.

Meadows in Udmurtia are represented by continental (watershed, lowland) and floodplain types. The richest floodplain meadows in river valleys. They are characterized by fescue, clovers, cuckoo adonis, meadow rank, Siberian hogweed, awnless bonfire, and team hedgehog. European bathing suit (italmas) grows here, a plant from the ranunculaceae family with beautiful yellow flowers - a symbol of Udmurtia. In some places, large herbs from the Tartar tartar, common tansy, common yarrow, and curly thistle have become widespread. In the Kama valley, there are also steppe grasses, narrow-leaved gerbil, Eugenia's carnation, medicinal asparagus, etc. In lowland meadows with a well-developed herbage, soddy meadow, cuckoo's adonis, meadow geranium, large rattle, buttercups and clovers grow. Dividing meadows are secondary formations and are distinguished by a sparse herbage of cereals, legumes and Asteraceae.

Low-lying forest swamps with stunted spruce and birch in the forest stand, buckthorn and honeysuckle in the shrub layer, with sedges, marsh meadowsweet, marsh marigold, common reed in the grass cover and moisture-loving mosses (drepanokladuom, caliergon, sphagnum) have become widespread in the republic. In the few raised bogs, only pine, willows, sedges and some other grasses, green and sphagnum mosses survive. Umbelliferous susak settles in the water off the coast, and species from the genera burr, arrowhead, chastukha, loosestrife. Deeper, common are hornwort, pemphigus, elodea, small duckweed, common watercress, egg pod, water lily, floating pondweed. In the waters, there are numerous green algae from the genera Spirogyra and Cladophora, which form mud, as well as diatoms Melozira, Flagilaria. At the bottom of reservoirs there are representatives of this systematic group of plants from the genus Chara and Nitella (characeae). The kingdom of mushrooms is represented by lower and higher mushrooms. The first group includes, for example, chytridiomycetes and osmycetes, the second group includes chanterelles, honey mushrooms, boletus, boletus, mushrooms, fly agaric.

Animal world

The fauna of Udmurtia is in many respects similar to the fauna of the middle and northern strip of the Russian Plain and the Urals. Of the mammals, there are squirrel, hare, mouse-like rodents, marten, black polecat, fox, ermine, weasel, lynx, badger, wolf, brown bear, elk, beaver, mink, hedgehog bats, otter and muskrat. Nightingales, warblers, finches, starlings, blackbirds, swallows, rooks, woodpeckers, warblers, buntings, hazel grouses, black grouses, capercaillie, sandpipers, crows, black kites, hawks, owls enliven the Udmurt forests with their presence and trills. Larks, quail, gray partridge, lapwing, wagtail, harrier live in open spaces. Reptiles are represented by lizards (fast and viviparous), snakes, vipers. Of the amphibians, you can meet the sharp-faced and common frog, the gray toad. The lakes are rich in fish. Sterlet, Russian sturgeon, beluga, taimen, grayling, roach, dace, rudd, tench, gudgeon, bleak, bream, white-eye, blue bream, crucian carp, catfish, pike perch, bersh, perch, ruff, burbot are typical. In forests and meadows, there are countless insects of butterflies, beetles, mosquitoes, flies, bedbugs, wood lice, ants and many others. Udmurtia is characterized by land (naked slugs, ambers) and aquatic mollusks (toothless, barley, pond snails, coils). Arachnids are represented by spiders, soil and water mites. Round, flat and annelids are permanent inhabitants of water bodies and soils. The lower multicellular protozoa of our places include sponges, hydras. An integral part of the humid environment are unicellular protozoa.

The republic is located in the western part of the Middle Urals, in the basins of the Kama and Vyatka rivers. The territory of Udmurtia is a low plain composed of sedimentary Upper Permian deposits, which has a general depression from north to south and from east to west. It is part of the Russian platform and the western flank of the buried Cis-Ural trough. The highest point - 332 meters, is located in the north-east of the republic on the Verkhnekamsk Upland. The lowest point of the republic is 51 meters, in the southwestern part, almost on the border with the Republic of Tatarstan, in the floodplain of the Vyatka River.

The eastern half of the republic is an elevated zone of the vast Verkhnekamsk swell, a weakly expressed tectonic uplift extending in a direction close to the meridional one. The western part of the territory is formed by the gentle outer slopes of this swell, transformed by denudation processes. The Verkhnekamskaya upland is located in the north-east of the republic. The absolute marks of the area are reached here 323-330 m. The area is characterized by significant ruggedness, due to denudation processes, with a height difference of up to 100 meters or more.

The relief was significantly influenced by the composition, the nature of the occurrence of rocks emerging on the surface, and the conditions of the external environment. The relief morphology of the interfluve spaces is determined by its tiered stepped structure. The relief undergoes a significant change due to erosional dismemberment and leveling under the climate conditions of the ice ages.

On the territory of Udmurtia, on the Paleozoic deposits, which are the ancient basement, deposits of the Permian period and modern Quaternary sediments occur. The upper section of the Permian deposits is represented by deposits of the Kazan and Tatar stages. These deposits are widespread and form elevated watershed spaces. The depth of their occurrence varies from several meters (on watersheds, in the sides of valleys) to tens of meters (in the bottoms of valleys). They are represented by an interbedded stratum of clays, sandstones, siltstones, limestones, dolomites with a total thickness of about 200-280 meters. These deposits are associated with fresh groundwater used for domestic drinking water supply of the city.

In addition to Permian deposits, areas with Upper Neogene sediments are found in the western and southwestern regions, and Triassic formations are observed in the northern regions.

The deposits of the Kazanian stage are common in the southern regions, where the main mass is made up of isoclays, sandstones, less often marls, and very rarely intercalations of limestone up to 0.5 m thick. The deposits of the Kazanian stage are very irregular along strike and across the strike. Characteristic of these deposits is that at the base they have a sandstone thickness of up to 15-20 m. Then it is replaced by a sandy-clayey stratum of red-colored deposits, and above it lies a clayey-marl suite of red-brown color. The total thickness of these sediments reaches 100-200 m.

The Tatarian stage on the territory of the republic is represented from the lower to the upper horizons with a total thickness of up to 350 m. In general, the deposits of the Tatarian stage are represented by intercalation of red-colored isoclays, silts with thin interlayers of sandstones, less often marls and limestones.

Quaternary deposits of various origins are developed everywhere. These are eolian, eluvial-deluvial, alluvial and swamp sediments. Eolian deposits are developed in the northern and southeastern parts of the urban area and lie on bedrock. As a rule, they are represented by uneven-grained sands with a thickness of 2 to 4 m. Alluvial deposits compose floodplains and above-floodplain terraces of rivers. The alluvium of the floodplain terraces of the Izh and Pozim rivers is represented by sands with gravel and pebbles, in the upper part by loams and clays. Their total thickness is from 2 3 to 10-20 m. Eluvial-deluvial deposits are widespread on the watershed slopes, in the sides of ravines. They are represented mainly by loams and clays with a thickness of 1 to 19 m (usually 2-5 meters). Swamp sediments are developed within the river floodplains and are represented by peat, silty clays with a thickness of 2-4 m.

Tectonically, the territory of Udmurtia is located within the Volga-Kama anteclise, one of the large positive structures of the Russian platform. The Volga-Kama anteclise extends from the Moscow region to the Urals and from the Lower Volga region to Timan; it is bounded on all sides by negative structures: the Moscow and Caspian syneclises, the Ryazan-Saratov, Cis-Ural and Cis-Timan troughs. The VCA consists of a number of smaller positive and negative structures. Within Udmurtia are presented: Tatar vault(expressed for all structural floors); Kaltasinsky aulacogen(expressed by the crystalline foundation); Verkhnekamsk depression(expressed in the sedimentary cover, somewhat larger than the Kaltasinsky aulacogen).

In conclusion of the geological characteristics of the republic, one should dwell on a brief enumeration of the main deposits of building materials.

The main resource of the subsoil of the republic is oil. Explored commercial oil reserves are approximately 300 million tons, with an annual production of 10 million tons. In total, the state balance includes 114 oil fields, 72 of which are in development, and 32 are prepared for industrial development. The largest deposits are Chutyrsko-Kiongopskoye, Mishkinskoye, Gremikhinskoye, Elnikovskoye, Vyatskoye, Karsovayskoye.

The Udmurt Republic belongs to the Volga-Ural oil and gas province. Oil prospecting on its territory began in 1945, and the first oil fields appeared in 1969.

On the territory of the Udmurt Republic, 619 peat deposits with a total reserve of 204.7 million tons have been identified and accounted for. There are 4 main peat extraction zones:

Cheptsy basin (Yarsky, Glazovsky, Balezinsky, Kezsky, Yukamensky, Debessky, Krasnogorsky, Igrinsky and Sharkansky districts), the largest deposit is Dzyakino;

Kilmezi basin (Selty, Syumsinsky, Vavozhsky and Uvinsky districts), the largest deposits are Nyurdor-Kotya, Orlovskoye, Chibyashur;

Kama lowland (Zavyalovsky, Votkinsky, Sarapulsky, Kiyasovsky, Kambarsky, Karakulinsky districts);

The southwestern flat part of the Udmurt Republic, the largest field is Karambay-Pychasskoye.

Brown and black coals are mined in the republic. The main coal-bearing regions are Kazakovsky (in the Alnash region) and Kambarsky, whose coal-bearing seams occur at a depth of 1000 - 1500 m. The largest deposit is Golyushurminskoye.

4. Solid non-metallic PI.

In the bowels of the republic there are also industrial reserves of limestone, dolomites, construction sand and crushed stone, clay for the production of bricks, building stone, sand and gravel mixture. At the beginning of 2009, the territorial balance of non-metallic mineral reserves of the Udmurt Republic included 369 deposits and 87 manifestations of minerals, including 433 sites of building materials.