To publish a work (article, book, dissertation), the author must indicate the thematic section (index) of the existing classifications to which this work belongs, and the author's mark.
The classification indices of the publication are the indices of UDC, LBC and GRNTI.
UDC - Universal Decimal Classification - information classification system. UDC is widely used throughout the world to systematize works of science, literature and art, periodicals, and various types of documents. According to UDC, one can understand the type, type of literature without reading it. The UDC index is an obligatory element of the publication's imprint. In accordance with GOST R 7.0.4–2006 “Editions. Imprint” UDC index should be placed in the upper left corner of the back of the title page. Many scientific journals require a UDC index per article for publication.
To independently determine the UDC indices, you can use the online classifier (free access), for example: UDC Handbook - http://teacode.com/online/udc/;
Universal decimal classification // Scientific journals. Conferences. Monographs: graduate student. – http://www.naukapro.ru/metod.htm .
LBC - Library and Bibliographic Classification - a system of domestic library classification of publications. LBC is designed to organize library collections, catalogs and file cabinets. GOST R 7.0.4–2006 “Editions. Imprint” requires putting the LBC index on the back of the title page in the upper left corner under the UDC index (in a separate line) and in the layout of the annotated catalog card. To independently determine the LBC indices, you can use BBK electronic standard- machine-readable copies of all editions of the Medium Tables, Abbreviated Tables and Tables for Children's and School Libraries in current versions (that is, with all corrections and additions made to the book text). We draw the attention of users to the need to first familiarize themselves with the preface and small rules for working with the standards of LBC tables.
The BBK index will be reflected in the column "see. also".
SRSTI - State rubricator of scientific and technical information (former name - SSTI Rubricator) is a universal hierarchical classification of knowledge areas adopted to systematize the entire flow of scientific and technical information. On the basis of the Rubricator, a system of local (industry, thematic, problematic) rubricators in scientific and technical information bodies was built. To independently determine the GRNTI index, go to the website: http://grnti.ru/
To obtain the UDC, LBC and SRNTI indices of their work, the author can contact the information and bibliographic department of the library:
or submit a request to electronic online reference service of the Library of Moscow State Pedagogical University
BASIC INFORMATION
about the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)
BRIEF HISTORICAL INFORMATION ABOUT UDC
STRUCTURE OF UDC AND QUALIFIERS
BASIC RULES FOR INDEXING BY UDC
ORGANIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEMATIC CATALOGS AND CARD FILE ON UDC
FOREWORD
In 1962, the country adopted the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) as a mandatory information classification, and since 1963, scientific and technical publishing houses, editorial offices of scientific and technical journals, scientific and technical information bodies, and scientific and technical libraries introduced mandatory indexing. all publications on UDC, i.e. all information materials in the field of natural and technical sciences are published with UDC indices. Reference and information funds (CIF) are organized according to the same system. UDC can be used to organize both highly specialized SIFs and diversified ones; it is the only international universal system that makes it possible to disclose in sufficient detail the content of reference and information funds and provide a quick search for information. The possibility of a unified systematization of information materials makes the UDC system the most convenient in the process of information exchange between countries.
UDC meets the most essential requirements for classification: internationality, universality, mnemonicity, the ability to reflect new achievements in science and technology without any major changes in its structure. The UDC covers all areas of knowledge, its sections are organically linked in such a way that a change in one of them entails a change in the other.
Decimal UDC is called because the decimal principle is used for its construction: division of each class into ten (or less) subclasses.
To designate classes (sections), Arabic numerals are used, which are absolutely unambiguous for all people, regardless of what language they speak and what alphabet they use. The language of numbers is clear to everyone, easy to remember, so this makes the UDC a publicly available international system. The decimal principle of the UDC structure makes it possible to expand it almost unlimitedly by adding new digits to the existing ones, without breaking the entire system as a whole. UDC indices can be linked to each other in all sorts of combinations, due to which an innumerable number of concepts can be reflected in the classification scheme.
The use of determinants expands the limits of the system almost without limit and opens up great opportunities for fractional classification of material.
The development of UDC tables is carried out by the international UDC Consortium (UDC Consortium), which is working to improve it in accordance with the development of science and technology.
In our country, the Universal Decimal Classification has been widely used as a unified classification system, which has made it possible to ensure uniformity in the organization of reference and information funds in scientific and technical information bodies, scientific and technical libraries of the country. In addition, its application contributes to wider cooperation between Russia and other countries in the field of scientific and technical information.
The 3rd complete edition of UDC tables, consisting of seven issues, was carried out in the country in 1979-1986.
Since 1997, on the basis of the machine database of complete UDC tables created at VINITI, the 4th edition of the UDC has been carried out.
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The most demanded service in our printing house is the printing of publications, among which there are many scientific works. But there is one caveat: without the UDC and LBC classification indices, books, monographs, and articles cannot be published, and many authors know about this. We are ready to provide such a service as assigning UDC and LBC to your publications.
What is and why are they needed?
In order for a publication to be published in accordance with the general requirements and rules for the design of printed publications, it must be assigned the UDC and LBC classification indices, consisting of numbers and special characters. This is the main output data (a kind of passport data) that allows you to find a publication in a huge information flow. They can be seen on the back of the title page in the upper left corner.
The UDC is placed in the first coding line. The name stands for Universal Decimal Classification. It contains complete information about the printed publication in the form of numbers and special characters. With its help, the systematization of all literature published in the world is carried out.
LBC is located in the second line. The abbreviation stands for Library and Bibliographic Classification. It is also used to encrypt the book according to the subject with the subsequent possibility of systematizing it.
The assignment of these classifications is regulated by the State Standards of Russia.
Examples of decoding classifiers
For example: a book with UDC 37.018.1+376 contains material about the home education of special people. Now let's look at how it was encrypted. According to a special table, experts determine:
- 37 - this code for all books that relate to public education, upbringing, training, leisure activities;
- 37.01 - the code says that we are talking about the basics of upbringing, education and training;
- 37.018 - on the main forms of education and training;
- 37.018.1 - on home education;
- +376 - clarifies that about the upbringing, education and training of special groups of people.
Similarly, work is underway to assign the LBC, which also looks like a table, where each number and letter has its own thematic meaning.
For example, a book that has the LBC number 81.432.1-3ya73 will contain the following material:
- 81 - a book about linguistics;
- 81.432.1 - namely, about the English language;
- -3 - topic about lexicology;
- ya73 - the manual is intended for higher educational institutions.
As you can see, classifiers can be used to determine what the book is about.
Basic rules for obtaining
In order to select a classifier for the book, it is necessary to use special tables.
For example, UDC is formed using a table that is approved by GOST R 7.0.4-2006 “Editions. output information. General requirements and rules of registration. It is divided into many thematic sections and subsections.
According to them, experts are looking for the necessary cipher. In addition to the main cipher, there are many other additional signs and symbols that have their own meanings. These are the signs “+”, “/”, “:”, “”, “*”, etc. With their help, the topic that is revealed in the publication is clarified.
Similar tables have been generated for the LBC assignment. 3 Russian libraries have copyright for its use. Therefore, any publication to which the LBC is assigned must be coordinated with the relevant structures.
Where can you buy classifiers?
As you can see, the assignment of classifiers has its own rules. Have you thought about how to arrange your work and where you can do it?
We propose to resolve this issue with the help of our specialists. After all, you can buy such a service in our printing house at a very reasonable price.
Ordering it is easy. It is enough to contact our publishing house, and the staff will assign your publication UDC and LBC in the shortest possible time according to the latest tables, which are periodically updated.
If you need to do it urgently, we will try to do everything as quickly as possible. For more detailed advice on this service, please call 266-10-69.
General methodology for applying the Universal Decimal Classification
Brief historical information about UDC
The universal decimal classification has been around for over 100 years. During this period, it has undergone great changes, has been criticized more than once, but, despite this, it still has no equal in terms of breadth of distribution. Originating as a classification system for international bibliography, UDC is currently used in many countries around the world to systematize printed works, various types of documents and organize file cabinets. The use of UDC in information retrieval systems determines the further prospects for its development.
The emergence of UDC is closely related to the creation and development of the Melville Dewey Decimal Classification. In 1876, the first, very short, edition of the tables of this classification was published. The Dewey classification enjoys wide popularity in the United States and some European countries, where it is still used mainly in public libraries. Its indices are affixed to the cards issued by the US Library of Congress.
In 1895, the First International Bibliographic Conference was convened in Brussels, at which a decision was made to create a "Universal Bibliographic Repertoire" - a card catalog of literature available throughout the world in all branches of knowledge. To carry out this great task, the International Bibliographic Institute (IBI) was organized. The initiators of the creation of the "Repertoire", as well as the organizers and leaders of the MBI were Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Henri La Fontaine (1854-1943). They are also responsible for the creation of the UDC, which was based on the Decimal Classification of M. Dewey as a tool for systematizing the "Repertoire".
Work on the creation of the classification lasted 12 years. It was carried out both along the line of further detailing the headings of the M. Dewey system, and along the path of improving its structure. New and ordered old indices were added, the wording of the headings was modified, the appearance of the indices was slightly changed, the necessary methodological instructions and explanations were introduced. The main addition that qualitatively distinguishes the new classification from the system of M. Dewey was the introduction of general and special determinants (facets) and grammatical means that allow creating new indices.
In 1905, in Brussels, the first consolidated edition of the tables of the new decimal classification was published in French. These tables were called "Guide to the universal bibliographic repertoire" (Manuel du repertoire bibliografique universel").
In 1933, the second complete edition of the tables of decimal classification was completed in French, now it was called "Universal Decimal Classification". Having lost contact with the "Repertoire", the classification acquired an independent meaning. The second edition was preceded by a large amount of work by the MBI to bring the tables in line with the level of development of science and technology and supplement them with new concepts. The leadership of this work, together with P. Otlet and A. La Fontaine, was carried out by F. Donker-Dievis.
In 1931, the International Bibliographic Institute was renamed the International Institute of Documentation, and in 1938 it was transformed into the International Federation for Documentation IFD (Federation Internationale de Documentation - FID).
The IFD has determined as its goal the development of the theory of documentation, the organization of information of all kinds and in all branches of knowledge. A large place is given to problems of classification. Under the control of the IFD, full, medium, abbreviated and trade publications of the UDC are published. Since 1991, for practical work on maintaining and developing the UDC, an independent body has been created - the UDC Consortium (UDC Consortium), which, along with the IDF, includes several large publishers of national versions of the UDC. In 2000, the All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information joined the Consortium, whose representative is a member of the Consortium's governing board.
Structure and principles of construction of the UDC
The universal decimal classification, which appeared as a result of the further development of the Dewey Decimal Classification, retained at its core the hierarchical structure inherent in the latter. At the same time, a number of additions and techniques were introduced into the UDC, which are typical for facet or analytic-synthetic classification, for example, auxiliary tables of general and special determinants, which make it possible to uniformly build section indices in accordance with the categories of place, time, language, etc. or group documents by process, product type, etc.
The universal decimal classification as a whole is characterized by several basic properties. The name itself speaks of two of them: universality and decimal. In addition, it should be noted the multidimensionality, both inherent in the structure of the main table, and arising from the use of auxiliary tables and methods for the formation of indexes that carry elements of standardization.
In numerous sections of this system, a lot of concepts are ordered in all branches of knowledge or activity. In other words, UDC covers the entire universe of knowledge. At the same time, the UDC is not a conglomeration of individual industry classifications. Although the sections of the classification corresponding to individual industries differ in their internal structure, determined by the specifics of the industry, the system is perceived as a single whole due to the existence of a single hierarchical code, general rules for constructing indices and the indispensable display of the relationships of this section and others using the methodological apparatus ("adjacent areas" , links). UDC is universal and in use. Due to the abundance of means and methods of indexing, easily reduced fractionality, it is successfully used to systematize and subsequently search for a wide variety of sources of information in funds of various sizes and purposes - from small narrow collections of special documentation to large industry and multi-industry SIFs.
The universal decimal classification is based on systematic principle.
In the UDC, the same subject is found in different places depending on the branch of knowledge and on the aspect in which it is considered. For example, "oil" appears in several sections. In Section 547 Organic Chemistry we find the concept of "Chemistry of Petroleum"; in 553 Mineral deposits - "Oil deposits"; in 622 Mining - "Oil extraction"; in 662 Explosives. Fuels - "Oil as fuel", etc.
This phenomenon, called multiple localization of concepts, reflects multidimensionalityь UDC as a property inherent in the very structure of the classification scheme. This property should always be kept in mind when indexing by UDC.
Multi-aspect indexing of the content of documents and queries is provided, in addition to the UDC structure itself, by using general and special identifiers that reflect time, place, language, parameters, equipment, processes, etc., as well as by applying some rules for combining indices.
One of the main distinguishing features of the Universal Decimal Classification is hierarchical structure most sections of the main and auxiliary tables according to the principle of division from general to particular using a numerical decimal code. In this case, the main types of relations are subordination and subordination. A subordination relationship relates classes that are subclasses of a single, larger class. The sign by which the division is made is called the base of the division and is variable. In a hierarchical system, each class occupies a definite, exactly fixed place relative to other classes.
Each class (the first stage of division) contains a group of more or less related sciences, for example, class 5 - mathematics and natural sciences, class 6 - applied sciences: engineering, agriculture, medicine.
Subsequent detailing is due to the lengthening of the indices.
UDC indices are constructed in such a way that each subsequent figure does not change the meaning of the previous ones, but only clarifies, denoting a more particular concept. For example, the index of the concept "Chemical corrosion" 620.193.4 is formed as follows:
6 Applied sciences
62 Engineering. Technique in general
620 Material testing. commodity science
620.1 Material testing. Material defects. Material protection
620.19 Defects in materials and their detection. Corrosion
620.193 Corrosion. Corrosion resistance
620.193.4 Chemical corrosion. Impact of various aggressive environments
As already mentioned, not only the main table is built along the hierarchy from general to particular, but also auxiliary tables of general and special determinants, for example:
special qualifiers
62-5 Regulation and control of machines and processes
62-55 Regulators
62-555 Regulators actuated by physical processes
62-555.5 by radiation
62-555.56 selenium photocells
At present, when detailing sections, the number 0, as a rule, is not used due to possible confusion with the special qualifier.0; the number 9 is usually reserved for the concept of "others", "others". Thus, eight digits are actively used. In the event that the number of classified concepts exceeds eight places in a row, the ninth section can be split further, and the resulting hundredths (if necessary, thousandths) indexes are equated in value to tenths (the so-called octave principle).
When detailing more or less large sections, the UDC is widely (although it cannot be argued that it is always strictly and consistently) applied standard designation of certain concepts, as well as typical and similar subdivisions: general determinants, special determinants, typical (sliding) endings, parallel subdivision, building an index using the " (apostrophe) sign, etc. All these tools and techniques allow us to present the UDC in a more compact , sometimes two-dimensional, easier to see, and reduce the volume of tables.The mnemonics achieved with their help greatly facilitate the mastery of the system and the necessary memorization of indexes in the work.
UDC is built on a systematic basis. If in the subject classification all information about the subject (concept) is concentrated in one place, regardless of the branches of knowledge to which this information relates, then in the UDC the subject (concept) can be found in many places in the classification table, depending on the branch of knowledge, on the aspect, in which it is being considered. For example, the concept of "chalk" is reflected in the sections:
Mineral deposits (chalk deposits, index 553.555)
Mining (chalk mining, index 622.355.5)
Construction earthworks (type of construction soil, index 624.131.253)
Building materials and products (type of building materials, index 691.215.5)
This phenomenon, called multiple localization of concepts, reflects the multidimensionality of UDC as a property inherent in the very structure of the classification. This property should always be kept in mind when indexing.
Components of UDC
Tables of the Universal Decimal Classification are divided into main and auxiliary. In addition, editions of the UDC, as a rule, include an alphabetical and subject index as the third integral part.
The division of tables into main and auxiliary ones is based on the features of the concepts reflected in them. As a rule, the main table includes concepts specific to certain areas of science, technology, art, etc., which have only their inherent features. Auxiliary tables (general and special determinants) include recurring concepts that are common to all or many sections, or used within one section. These concepts, attached to the main ones, clarify their content or form. At the same time, general determinants contain concepts that are used in all or many sections, and special ones are used only within one or more sections that are close in content. The introduction of the apparatus of determinants into the classification was caused by the desire for a uniform reflection of typical features, including the same aspects of the consideration of various concepts, a reduction in the volume of tables and, thereby, an increase in the possibility of reflecting specific concepts in industry sections.
The system of determinants gives the linear hierarchical scheme of decimal classification the features of a facet system, which makes it possible to use two principles of detailing different concepts simultaneously in one system: division and intersection.
Main UDC table
The main table contains concepts and their corresponding indices, with the help of which the entire amount of human knowledge is systematized. The main external sign of UDC, as mentioned earlier, is the decimal subdivision system. In accordance with this system, the totality of existing knowledge is divided into ten main sections (classes), each of which, in turn, is divided into ten smaller ones, and so on. For better clarity and readability of the entire index, after every three of its digits, starting from the left, a dot is placed.
The indexes of the main UDC table reflect various areas of knowledge. Heads the main series UDC class 0 General section. Its content is: science in general, writing, information, culture, journalism, museum work, bibliography, librarianship, etc. It was interpreted by the author of the Decimal Classification as an introductory section to the scheme as a whole.
Groups of classes at the beginning and end of the main series are assigned to the humanities: classes 1/3 (philosophy, logic, psychology, religion, politics, economics, etc.) and classes 7/9 (art, philology, history, geography).
Mathematics and the natural sciences group is in class 5, while the applied sciences group, which includes engineering, medicine and agriculture, is assigned to class 6.
Main row
0 General department
1 Philosophical sciences. Philosophy
2 Religion. Theology
3 Social sciences
4 (Free since 1961)
7 Art. Decorative and applied art. Photo. Music. Games. Sport
8 Linguistics. Philology. Fiction. literary criticism
9 Geography. Biographies. Story
Classes 5 and 6 are closely related, so when indexing, it is often difficult to choose an index. In these cases, one should be guided by the fact that the class 5 Mathematics. Natural Sciences reflects questions of a theoretical nature, the study of the general laws of physics, chemistry, biology, etc., and the class 6 Applied sciences. The medicine. Technics devoted to the practical use of these laws, their implementation in technology, medicine, and agriculture.
The hierarchical principle of division from general to particular is the main method of detailing.
In addition to the hierarchy, when detailing a number of subsections, facet analysis methods are used. An example would be building a partition 667.6 Coatings. Paints and varnishes. Coating Technology. In this section, formulations, and then finished coatings, are subdivided into different bases of division (facets):
667.633 Paints and varnishes by composition
667.634 Paints and varnishes by application or treatment
667.635 Paints and varnishes according to the method of drying coatings
667.636 Paints and varnishes by type of substrate
667.637 Paints and varnishes by properties and purpose, etc.
In the UDC, there are such collective headings, the subsections of which are built according to the enumeration method. This method is often used at lower levels.
In some cases, instead of developing a decimal classification section, an indication is given to apply for further detailing some already existing special classification or scale. For example, in the section 66-97 Thermal parameters the temperature value can be indicated in degrees of any generally accepted scale by attaching a letter symbolizing this scale and the temperature value:
66-97F32 Temperature 32 degrees Fahrenheit
In UDC, the sign * (asterisk, asterisk) is used to attach indices of other classifications to UDC indices. For example, place qualifiers use different geographic classifications, appended with an asterisk *.
In cases where the detailing given in the table does not fully satisfy, the systematizer is given the right to independently enter alphabetic (nominal, alphabetic) divisions (see Table Ih), for example:
(1-622NATO) Countries, members of NATO
629.331 "Moskvich". Cars brand "Moskvich"
Auxiliary tables
Along with the main table, the UDC contains tables of determinants, which form separate classification series. The determinants serve to further detail the index, the qualitative characteristics of documents and reflect common features that are repeated for many subjects. By combining the indexes of the main table with the determinants, a large number of complex indexes can be obtained, which expands the range of the classification as a whole.
Determinants are divided into two groups: special and general. The determinants used in all sections of the UDC are called general determinants. The determinants used only in a certain section of the UDC are called special.
Special qualifiers
Earlier it was said that special qualifiers serve to designate concepts common to one or more industries. They are a movable, separable part of the index, which can be attached to any index of this section for its further standard refinement.
There are three types of special determinants according to their distinctive symbols:
1/-9 hyphenated qualifiers (except -0 Common hyphenated qualifiers);
01/.09 qualifiers with zero point;
"1/"9 determiners with an apostrophe.
Special qualifiers are most often developed and used in the main table and are given directly in the section in which they are applied. In auxiliary tables of general determinants, special determinants are developed and used less frequently, mainly in form and place determinants.
Special determinants with a hyphen and a point zero perform a dual role:
1) a special determinant, in conjunction with the general index of the section in which it is given, denotes the general concept of a given branch of knowledge, if this concept is not among the main indexes of the section, for example:
62-52 Automatically controlled, regulated or controlled machines and processes (Engineering. Technique)
66.011 Calculation of processes... (Chemical technology)
2) the same determinant as a moving part of the index in conjunction with any detailed index of this section performs an analytical function, clarifying the specific concept expressed by this index, for example:
621.979-59 Automatic presses,
where 621.979 Presses
or 661.25.011 Calculation of sulfuric acid production processes,
where 661.25 Manufacture of sulfuric acid
The -1/-9 qualifiers (hyphenated qualifiers) are detailed in the section 62 Engineering. Technique in general. These determinants contain a number of concepts for the characteristics of machines and apparatus in terms of design, dimensions, shape, components, mode of action, control, etc., as well as characteristics of substances in terms of aggregate state, products - in form, processes - in terms of parameters, etc. .d. Qualifiers 62-1/-9 are used not only in section 62, but by a special methodological instruction they apply to the entire class 6, and are also partially used in classes 5 and 7.
Special qualifiers 62-1 / -8 are usually attached to indices denoting machines, apparatus, installations, etc., for example:
621.51-155 Radial compressors
621.924-187.4 Precision grinders
621.941.2-229.323 Lathe chucks
621.9.06-529 CNC machine tools
621.791.5.034-621.5 Acetylene welding torches
621.43-66 Solid fuel internal combustion engines.
To indices denoting technological processes, production, special determinants 62-1 / -8 can only be attached using: (relative sign). Thus, a document describing the technology of casting piston rings will receive the index 621.74.04:62-242.3.
Special qualifiers 62-9 Operating characteristics, parameters and conditions (processes and installations) and 62-52 Automatically controlled, regulated or controlled machines and processes are used with both process and hardware indexes, for example:
621.785.92-973 Deep cold heat treatment, where
62-973 Very low temperature (deep cold)
664.143.83-932 Continuous caramel polishers
Special qualifiers 62-4 are used to designate objects, products, materials according to their shape, configuration, state of aggregation, for example:
621.74.04-423 Shape casting
621.74.046-419.4 Bimetal casting
Determinants.01/.09 (determinants with point zero) are available in various sections of the UDC. In class 6, most often they denote processes, equipment, products of a particular production, for example:
621.7 Chipless machining
621.7.016 Processing conditions
621.7.016.2 Hot working
621.7.016.3 Cold working
621.7.04 Processing methods
621.7.073 Shaping tools. Stamps. permanent forms
Special qualifiers given to section 621.7 apply in all its divisions (unless otherwise stated), for example:
621.73.016.2 Hot forming
621.73.043 Forging in dies
621.74.019 Casting defects. Casting defects
621.74.043 Chill casting. Injection molding
621.74.073 Molds
621.777.073 Pressing dies
The determinants "1/"9 (determinants with an apostrophe), unlike -1/-9 and .01/.09, perform a synthetic function and serve for the complex designation of individual constituent elements, properties and other characteristics. In some cases they are presented in the form of tables, in others they must be formed from the main indices. This type of special qualifiers is widely used, for example, in sections 54 Chemistry and 66 Chemical technology to denote various kinds of chemical compounds, for example:
546.267 Hydrogen cyanide. cyanides
546.32 Potassium
546.33 Sodium
546.32"267 Potassium cyanide
546.33"257 Sodium cyanide
Alloys are systematized in a similar way by chemical composition in the section
669 Metallurgy, For example:
669.35 Copper alloys
669.4 Lead
669.5 Zinc
669.6 Tin
669.35"5 Copper-zinc alloys
669.35"5"6"4 Copper-zinc-tin-lead alloys
In section 547 Organic chemistry, for the designation of organic compounds consisting of two or more ingredients, divisions 546.1/.9 are used as special designators.
""11/19"", where the sign "1 (apostrophe one) replaces 546, and subdivisions 547.2/.9 as special qualifiers "2/"9, where the sign " (apostrophe) replaces 547, for example:
547.292 Acetic acid
547.265 Amyl alcohols
547.292"265 Amyl acetates
Special qualifiers with an apostrophe are used in many other sections: 553 Mineral deposits, 631.442 Soil classification, 81 Linguistics, 678 Polymers and etc.
In some sections such as 678.6 Synthetic polycondensates, 81 Linguistics, determinants with " (apostrophe) are given in the form of a ready-made table.
In sections like 546 Inorganic chemistry, 547 Organic chemistry, 669 Metallurgy, 553 Mineral deposits etc., determinants with " (apostrophe) are obtained from the endings of the main indices.
When using special qualifiers, it may seem that only the separable part of the qualifier index works. However, the semantic meaning of a complex index is determined by the combination of the determinant with the index of the main table, for which they are designed to refine.
Special qualifiers that have the same part can have completely different meanings in different sections, for example:
54-31 Oxides (oxides) (special definition in section 54)
82-31 Novels. Tales (special definition in section 82)
The special qualifiers in question without indexes of the main partition they serve have the same spelling. However, their value is determined depending on the section (subsection) of the main UDC table for which they are developed.
Thus, in reality, the information load is carried not only by the moving part, but by the entire index of special determinants 54-31 and 82-31.
All three types of special qualifiers can be used:
In the form of single determinants of any one type, for example:
547.29-41 Reagents for organic acids
821.161.1-31 Russian novel
821.161.1.09 Criticism in Russian literature
In the form of several identical determinants, for example:
621.4-242-436 Spherical engine pistons
As a combination of determinants of different types, for example:
821.161.1-31.09 Criticism of the Russian novel
669.15-198.017 Metal science of ferroalloys
As follows from the material presented, special determinants narrow the concepts reflected by the main indices. However, special determinants in combination with the main index of the section where they are indicated can be considered as independent indices (if there is no main index for this concept) and with their help it is possible to combine material on certain general issues without regard to the specific concepts of this section, for example:
82.09 Literary studies (in general)
62-762 Seals
62-59 Brakes
621.38.019.3 Reliability of electronic equipment
621.791.03 Welding equipment (in general)
General qualifiers
The general determinants of the UDC reflect the general categories and signs used throughout the table (time, place, language, form, etc.) and serve as a standard designation of these general categories and signs.
They can join any index of the main UDC table.
Part of the general determinants, namely the determinants of language, form, place, peoples and time, can, if necessary, be used as independent indices, detailed by directly attaching the main indices to them, as well as general determinants. another part of the general determinants, namely the determinants –02 Properties,-03 Materials and -05 Faces only apply to major indexes.
The presence of detailed tables of common determinants, which give the system flexibility and multidimensionality, is a great advantage of UDC.
General determinants according to their functions can be divided into two groups:
Qualifiers that serve to designate formal features: they include language determinants (Russian, English, German, etc.) and form determinants (textbooks, reference books, etc.);
Qualifiers that serve for an additional, more detailed reflection of the content of the information contained in the document: here we can include determinants of place and time, properties, persons and materials.
Language qualifiers (Table Ic) contain a classification of languages. They are also used to refer to multilingual documents and translations from different languages. The distinguishing character of language qualifiers =, for example:
111 English
112.2 German
161.1 Russian language
00 multilingual works
629.78(051)=112.2 Space magazine in German
The qualifier is used to designate translations. =03 Translation works. Translations, For example
61=03.111=161.1 Medical documents translated from English into Russian.
Determinants of peoples (Table If) close to linguistic determinants. They are formed from common language qualifiers enclosed in parentheses, i.e. (=...), and serve to designate nationality, nationalities or ethnic groups, for example:
(=111) English
(=112.2) Germans
(=161.1) Russians
(=214.58) gypsies
(=411.16) Jews
(=411.21) Arabs
By adding the determinants of peoples to the main indices, we obtain a new index, for example:
398(=214.58) Gypsy folklore
751.1(=161.1) Russian portrait painting
Shape qualifiers (Table Id) have a distinguishing character (0...). They serve to classify documents and other sources of information according to the form and nature of presentation: textbook, article, report, reference book, patent, etc. There are also designations for geographical materials, maps, three-dimensional images (models, dummies), for presenting the issue in a historical aspect, for example:
(075.8) Textbooks for universities
(083.74) Standards. Normals. Specifications (VTU, RTU, RTM, etc.)
(091) History of the subject
546(075.8) Textbook on inorganic chemistry for universities
621.882.2(083.74) Screw standards
61(091) History of medicine
Position locators (table Ie) serve to reflect the geographical or territorial aspect in which the topic is considered. Place determinants make it possible to allocate a place and space in general, physiographic regions and zones, rivers, seas, oceans, countries and territories of the modern and ancient world, etc. This type of qualifier is symbolized by parentheses (1/9), for example:
(100) The whole world. International
(261) Atlantic Ocean
(470+571) Russian Federation
(470.311) Moscow region
Place qualifiers are attached to the index of any section of the UDC in order to reflect the content of the document in the specified aspect, for example:
55(5) Geology of Asia
551.482(282.247.41) Hydrology of the Volga
69(213.5) Construction in the tropics (in the tropics)
The table of common determinants has the following main divisions.
(1) Place and space in general. Localization. Orientation (e.g. world, space, developing countries, etc.)
(2) Physical and geographical characteristics of the location (islands, climatic zones, oceans, seas, rivers, mountains, tundra, etc.)
(3) Countries and localities of the ancient world (Assyria, Hellas, Thrace, etc.)
(4/9) Countries and areas of the modern world (Europe, Asia, America, the Arctic, etc.).
General place qualifiers have a fairly developed system of special hyphenated qualifiers, which can be used to reflect various refinements and place restrictions, for example:
(-04) Border zones. Borders
(44-04) Borders of France
(1-87) Abroad. Foreign
82(1-87) Foreign fiction (in general)
To clarify the localization within an administrative unit, it is often enough to apply the subdivision of this unit by cardinal points, using the special qualifiers (=11/==18) and (-191..2) Central, for example:
(571.56-17) North of Yakutia
(571.56-18) North-east of Yakutia
(571.56-191.2) Center of Yakutia
In many cases, the content of the document is not related to the administrative division, but to individual cities. In such cases, it is recommended to indicate the area (state, county, province, etc.) in which the given city is located, for example:
(470.311-21 N.-F.) Naro-Fominsk
636.5/.6(470.311-21 N.-F.) Development of poultry farming in Naro-Fominsk
908(470-25) Moscow studies
Geographic identifiers are of great importance for grouping in one place economic and industry information for individual specific countries or a group of countries, as well as for organizing special parts of the fund (for example, patent) by country, for example:
338(470) Economics of the national economy of Russia
669.1(430) German ferrous metallurgy
(088.8)(410) British patents
(088.8)(430) German patents
(088.8)(44) French patents
(088.8)(470+571) Patents of Russia
(088.8)(73) US Patents
Of great importance in the systematization of scientific and technical literature are the determinants of climatic zones and regions, which clarify the main indices in terms of the operation of machines in certain conditions, the dependence of the development of hotel industries on climatic conditions, etc.
For example:
63(213.1) Agriculture in the subtropics
629.3.014.2(23) Mountain tractor
69(211) Construction in the Arctic
In the case when information refers to several countries, these countries are indicated by qualifiers separated by a plus sign (+), for example:
66(410+430) Chemical industry of England and Germany
When reflecting materials on countries interconnected by any relationship, country identifiers are given with a relation sign (:), for example:
002.62(470:438) Cooperation between National Centers for STI of Russia and Poland
The use of place markers should be reasonable and take place only when they express a necessary essential feature for the systematization of literature.
Timing Determinants (Table Ig) have the distinguishing character "..." (quotes). These determinants serve to form subdivisions in chronological order.
For example:
621.979 "1964" Press release 1964
621.979 "1968" Press release 1968
94(4) "1939/1945" History of the Second World War
As can be seen from the examples, the chronological date is indicated by enclosing the year designation in quotation marks in Arabic numerals. The date can be specified up to a month, day, etc., for example:
With the help of chronological determinants, in addition to dates, periods, epochs are indicated. To designate a period spanning a number of years, the spread sign / (slash) is used, connecting the start and end dates.
For example:
94"04"/14" History of the Middle Ages
338(4)"1945/..." Economy of post-war Europe
(if the end date is not exactly specified, an ellipsis after the slash is used).
The millennium is indicated by one digit, the century by two, the decade by three, and the year by four Arabic numerals.
The first century of the Christian (new) era is indicated by two zeros "00", therefore each digital expression of the determinant is one less than the digital designation of the century.
For example:
61(520)"09" Japanese medicine in the 10th century
52"17" Astronomy in the 18th century
621.039"2" Nuclear power in the third millennium
In addition to chronological divisions, time determinants contain designations for a number of abstract concepts related to time.
For example:
"32" Year. Seasons
"324" Winter
"342.7" Sunday
"362" Peacetime
"364" Wartime
"382/383" Holidays
"550.1" Annually. Once a year
"742" Temporary, non-permanent
"752" Unique, rare
Using the time determinants, you can, if necessary, create the appropriate divisions.
For example:
061.3"550.1" Annual congresses, conferences
338.2 "364" Economic policy during the war
331.232 "345" Remuneration for work on the night shift
Time qualifiers are not used to indicate the date of publication or publication.
Common hyphenated determiners (Table Ik)
Unlike the special hyphenated qualifiers, the symbol for these general qualifiers is -0. There are three kinds of general determinants -0...
02 Properties
03 Materials
05 Faces. Personal characteristics.
The Table of General Property Determinants basically (as intended by the authors) replaces the canceled Table II General determinants of points of view (aspects). It contains the following groups of properties: existence, relationship, quality, origin, structure, form, ordering, movement, etc.
For example:
021.4 Significance properties (quality)
021.479 n the best. Ideal. Luxury
629.331-021.479 p luxury cars
021.5 Properties of origin
021.57 Scheduled. Thoughtful
061.3-021.57 Scheduled meeting
Determinants -03 materials are used in cases where an object (product) is considered and the material from which this object (product) is made is indicated as its characteristic, i.e. "metal, glass, wood, tin, plastic", etc.
For example:
621.822 Bearings
621.822-034 Metal
621.822-036.5 Plastics, etc.
Determinants -05 Faces. Personal characteristics contain the characteristics of people depending on their position, occupation, age, gender, etc.
For example:
616-051 Medical personnel
368-051 Insurance agents
614.8-051 Rescuers
616-052 Patients. Patients
053.2 Children
82-053.2 Children's fiction
055.1 Men
055.2 Women
(051.055.2) Women's magazines
371.124-055.1 Male teachers
The general qualifiers -05 cannot be used as a viewformer. For example, the index 685.31-055.2 can have only one value - Women in the footwear industry, but in no case "Women's shoes".
It should be remembered that the UDC contains sections of the main table 331.1 Labor economics. Personnel, where frame information should be assigned if frames are the main subject of content, and the qualifier -05 is used for detail, for example:
331.108.45-057.17 Advanced training of management personnel
The description of common qualifiers presented here shows that the presence of well-developed common qualifiers makes the UDC system extremely flexible and multifaceted.
The detailing of concepts with the help of determinants makes it possible to form indices for an almost infinite number of concepts. From this point of view, it is advisable to consider UDC tables as a set of initial indices and examples of their formation by means of UDC, but in no case as a final list of indexes of concepts reflected in the scheme. Therefore, knowledge of UDC implies the ability to use the unlimited possibilities of the system for expressing any topic and, in particular, the ability to use determinants. The use of determinants significantly expands the possibilities of the scheme as a whole and ensures to a large extent its faceting as an information retrieval language.
The principle of a single division within the main sections
A characteristic feature of the UDC is the division of some subsections according to a single scheme for the entire section. Such a principle of subdivision is possible only if it does not harm individual concepts. Thanks to the application of this principle, a high mnemonicity of the system is ensured and the volume of tables is reduced. So, for example, in the section 669 Metallurgy the following subdivision of indices is preserved using type (or sliding) endings:
669 Metallurgy
669...1 General works. Properties. Receipt
669...3 Processing of ores. Extraction of metals from ores
669...4 Cleaning. Refining
669...5 Alloys
669...6 Machining and finishing certain metals and their alloys
669...7 Use of metals and their alloys
669...8 Metal and its alloys as coatings
Typical or sliding endings can be attached to the indexes of this section to obtain further uniform, standard detail. In this case, typical endings are not determinants. The dots indicate the place where the numbers after 669 are entered and which are part of the main index denoting the corresponding specific metal. Attaching a typical ending to the main index is carried out without any additional characters.
For example:
669.5 Zinc
669.53 Extraction of zinc
669.54 Zinc refining
669.55 Zinc alloys
669.569.2 Chemical coloring of zinc
669.57 Use of zinc
669.58 Galvanizing (zinc coating). Zinc coatings
A similar technique is widely used in other sections, for example, when sectioning 661.8 Compounds of metals. Salt. mineral paints, in addition to the main series indices denoting compounds of individual metals:
661.832 Potassium compounds
661.833 Sodium compounds
661.847.9 Zinc compounds,
there is a list of typical endings:
661.8...1 Compounds of particular importance
2 Oxides
3 Halogen compounds. cyanide compounds. hydrides
32 Chlorine compounds
321 Chloride
Any of the endings given in the list can be used to obtain the index of the compound of a particular metal by directly attaching (subject to the rule of putting a dot every three characters) to the index denoting the compounds of this metal. For example, having, on the one hand,
661.8...321 Chloride
532 Sulfate
etc.,
on the other side -
661.832 Potassium compounds
661.833 Sodium compounds
661.847.9 Zinc compounds
etc.,
indexes can be created:
661.832.321 Potassium chloride
661.833.321 Sodium chloride
661.847.932.1 Zinc chloride
661.832.532 Potassium sulfate
661.833.532 Sodium sulfate
661.847.953.2 Zinc sulfate
Using a list of typical endings, you can build the necessary detail for the compounds of each of the metals, and this detail will be standard and mnemonic.
Subdivision principle by analogy (parallel subdivision)
The subdivision by analogy, widely used in almost all sections of the main and auxiliary tables of the UDC, means the subdivision of this concept according to the same principle by which another related concept is subdivided, this principle in the tables is indicated by the note "subdivide as ..." The application of this principle is based on the coincidence of the division base of two or more sections, for example:
674.031.51.9 subdivided as 582.519
621.3.08 subdivided as 53.08,
where
621.3.08 Theory and methods of electrical measurements
53.08 General principles and theory of measurement
621.43.031.3 subdivided as 621.51,
where
621.43.031.3 Cylinder charging under pressure and suction. Fuel pumps. Superchargers. Blowdown pumps
621.51 Compression of air and gases
621.45.035.5 subdivided as 62-225,
where
621.45.035.5 Nozzles for rocket (jet) engines
62-225 Nozzles
A subdivision by analogy (parallel subdivision) often arises as a result of multiple localization of concepts in a system, for example, the systematization of iron ore mining by type is carried out in the same way as the systematization of ores in geology.
Divisions by analogy significantly reduce the volume of tables and provide prerequisites for using mnemonics in UDC.
UDC signs
In the UDC sign system, there is a group of signs used in compiling images to combine the main and auxiliary indices available in the tables, to indicate in the search image of the document those relationships (links) between concepts that are not indicated by the main table indexes.
To this group of signs belong:
1) apostrophe "
2) sign of accession +
3) relation sign and double relation:, ::
4) square brackets
The apostrophe sign was discussed above when characterizing special determinants.
Accession sign + (read "and" or "plus") indicates the presence in the document of two or more independent themes or independent formal features of the document. This sign is used to connect both main indices and determinants.
For example, a collection containing articles on chemistry and chemical technology would receive an index of 54+66; research on the state of the automotive industry in the USA and Canada - index 629.33 (73 + 71); textbook on chemistry containing a dictionary of chemical terms - index 54 (075 + 038). In all cases, the sign of accession requires duplication (in file cabinets and funds).
Indices with a relation sign are invertible. This means that you can write them in any order, depending on the structure of the fund and directories. The appendage sign cannot be replaced by either the extension sign or the relation sign.
Indexes formed by the append sign are called compound indexes.
spread sign / (read "slash" or "from and to") is intended to generalize a series of consecutive indices that do not have a common (generic) index. The use of this sign leads to an expansion of the value of the UDC index. Thanks to the distribution sign, several private concepts following strictly one after another merge into a general one, for example:
622.332 Brown coals. Lignites
622.333 Hard coals
622.335 Anthracite,
where
general index 622.332/.335 Coal
621.56/.59 Refrigeration technology,
where
621.56 Coolants. Refrigeration units
621.57 Refrigeration machines. Heat pumps
621.58 Ice machines. Ice technology
621.59 Ultra-low temperature equipment
Since the slash creates a generic concept, the index formed with it cannot be replaced by the sum of the individual indices.
After the index with a spread sign, general and, if necessary, special qualifiers can be used, eg 621.56/.59(075) Refrigeration Textbook.
This kind of index join is irreversible. An index with a spread sign is called complex.
attitude sign: (read "colon" or "relation to") indicates the fact of a connection between two or more concepts (in the content and / or formal part).
The relationship sign is intended to express relationships (links) between the concepts of the main content of the document, such as the whole-part, object-properties, technology-equipment, genus-type, etc.
At the same time, several equivalent concepts turn out to be interconnected with each other when a new concept arises that combines the content of these concepts.
For example:
631.14 Specialized agriculture
633.1 Grain growing
631.14:633.1 Specialized grain farming
621.74.019:620.192.46 Internal casting cracks,
where
621.74.019 Casting defects (castings)
620.192.46 Internal cracks (Defects in materials)
81:39 Ethnolinguistics
81:1 Philosophy of language
The relationship sign does not give any indication of the nature of the relationship. Indices with a relation sign become unambiguous when the itemized (first) index has a value that does not allow for different interpretations of the combined index.
Indices with a ratio sign are formally invertible, but they cannot be mechanically written in reverse order, since in doing so they may lose their meaning or acquire an undesirable meaning, and may also disrupt the structure of the section where they fall as a result of inversion.
Indexes with a relation sign are called composite.
Methods for the formation of compound indexes with a ratio sign are detailed in the Seventh Indexing Rule.
Double relation sign :: (pronounced "double relation") serves to fix the specific order of two or more components in a composite index, i.e. in cases where inversion is not possible due to a change in the meaning of the indexed information, for example:
528::629.783 Satellite geodesy
Square brackets is a sign that is used in all sections of the UDC in complex and compound indices.
This sign is used to denote heterogeneous relationships in an index with two or more relation signs, when it is necessary to show that one of the relation signs refers to a set of other indices connected by this sign and being a single concept, for example:
621.311.25: Power plants with magnetohydrodynamic generator
To shorten the index entry, in this case, a common determinant assigned to two or more indices can be placed outside the square bracket, for example, patents for radios and televisions can be indexed
(088.8),
but not
621.396.62(088.8)+621.397(088.8)
Indices with a ratio sign or with a plus sign often cannot fit on one line when written. One or another type of index can be transferred to another line, but it is obligatory in the second line to repeat the sign +, : or:: following the index before the index.
Guidelines inside the UDC tables
An essential part in the sections of the UDC tables are methodological instructions. According to the goal they pursue, they can be divided into two groups: some clarify the content of the section, others talk about its further subdivision through the use of various means and methods of UDC. indications in the auxiliary tables reveal the purpose of each type of determinant, as well as signs, and characterize the methods of their use. At the beginning of classes and major sections, the indication "Scope" is usually given (sometimes such an indication is given without a heading). It characterizes the content of the section, contains information that complements the formulation of the heading, and reports on the delimitation from related sections. References and references are closely related to the "Scope" indication. In some cases, in the UDC they replace the textual indication and delimitation of sections. A reference indicates that an item that is closely related to a given section is not in this section, but under a different index.
As for links, they provide for more distant links between sections. If the link gives the exact address of a particular topic or subject, then the link specifies a section whose indexes can be used in indexing. References and references are indicated by an arrow® , which changes its meaning depending on its position and denotes see see also.
For example:
631.8 Fertilizers
Fertilizer production® 661.15 (reference)
666 Manufacture of building materials
® 691 Building materials (Construction) (link)
The first type of guidance also includes a list of related sections, which, like "Scope", is given at the beginning of major sections. It clearly shows the connection of this section with others and helps to navigate the classification of the desired topic.
Alphabetical and subject index (APU)
The multiplicity of localization of the same concepts in the UDC, i.e. their location, depending on the aspect of consideration in various branches of knowledge, as well as the fragmentation of the scheme, make it difficult to find an index corresponding to the content of the indexed document, thereby complicating the indexing process.
In order to quickly and accurately set the concept index, UDC tables are supplied with APU. APU is a guide to tables, its main purpose is to determine by the names of the concepts of their location in the table.
In the index, the names of concepts form subject headings, aspects of concepts - subheadings. Subject headings are arranged in alphabetical order. According to their structure, they are divided into simple, complex, nested.
Physics 53
Physical chemistry 544
Solvanite (mineralogy) 549.334.3
Concepts presented in two or more sections form nested headings in the index, for example:
Analysis
Mathematical 517
Soil 631.4
Market 339.1
Numerical 519.6
Pediatric cardiology 616.1-053.2
Educational literature 087.5
Fiction (in general) 82-053.2
Encyclopedia (031.053.2)
By disclosing the contents of the tables in an alphabetical order that is easily accessible to everyone, the APA not only greatly facilitates and speeds up the search for an index, but also improves the quality of indexing, providing the opportunity to select the index that best matches the content of the indexed document.
The index contains the names of all concepts contained in these tables. To facilitate the search for names, their various verbal equivalents are included in the index: lexical (synonyms), syntactic (direct and inverse formulations) and morphological (short and long forms).
For the same purpose, along with the name of generic (general) concepts, the names of specific (particular) concepts are included in the index, for example:
Cars 629.3
ATVs 629.36
Freight 629.35
Cars 629.331
After searching and finding the index by the index, it is necessary to refer to the tables in order to check and refine the index required to reflect the content of the indexed document.
Basic rules for indexing by UDC
An indexing technique is understood as a set of techniques and rules for the formation of search images of documents or queries, i.e. techniques and rules for the formation of UDC indices that reflect the content and form of a document or request.
The main objective of the indexing technique is to ensure the uniformity of approaches to creating search images of documents, so the proposed rules can be considered as an attempt to formalize the indexing process. The uniformity of indexing makes it possible to provide a fast, complete and sufficiently accurate search for most queries typical for a given fund, and contributes to the proper organization of funds.
The subject of the general technique is the development of techniques and rules for indexing, selection of concepts for search images of documents, arising from the peculiarities of the classification as a whole.
The rules of the general methodology for indexing documents by UDC come primarily from the structure of the UDC.
Rule One
UDC is a single integrated system, and not the sum of branch, private, local schemes. The entire sum of human knowledge and practice is considered in the UDC as a kind of community of interrelated, interdependent concepts, which is divided according to a single principle into classes, sections, subsections, etc. according to the principle of their most frequent use in practical human activities.
The following rule follows from the principle of system integrity:
All sections, all parts of the UDC are equal and should be equally used for indexing, regardless of their "proximity" or "remoteness" from the section profiled for this fund.
The assignment of a particular concept to a particular division is due to the structure of the industry. All documents selected for their collection should first be indexed by the main content of the document, and then (if necessary) give a sign of relation to the industry.
So, if the publication deals with wages in the chemical industry, then the index should be 331.2:66.
Rule Two
Due to the division according to the industry characteristic of the UDC tables, there is a plurality of localizations of concepts in them, i.e. repetition of the same concept in different sections, depending on the aspect in which this concept is considered.
For example, "copper" is found in the sections: inorganic chemistry, mineralogy, mineral deposits, mining, metallurgy, etc. In these sections, "copper" is considered respectively as a chemical element, as a mineral, from the point of view of its deposit, its extraction and processing in metallurgy.
The plurality of localization of concepts is disclosed in the APU to the UDC, for example:
Mechanics
- (ground science) 624.13
- (molecular physics) 539.194
- (strength of materials) 539.3
- (Physics) 531/534
- (physical chemistry) 544
From multiple localization follows the rule:
When indexing, it is necessary to clearly define the subject and aspect of its consideration in the document in order to select the correct index in the UDC table according to this aspect.
This means that it is not enough to find the index of a given concept in the table. First of all, it should be clarified to which branch of knowledge it belongs, in what aspect this concept is considered.
Rule Three
Special qualifiers can only be used as independent indexes in combination with indexes on the main table. . In this case, they are used as main indexes, provided that there is no index for this concept in the main table. For example, special qualifiers
62-192 Reliability. Common problems
62-762 Seals
62-83 Electric drive
are used as independent indexes, since these concepts have no analogues in the main UDC table.
General determinants, as a rule, are used for their functional purpose, i.e. as determinants with indexes of the main table.
But some of them, namely the general determinants of language, form, place, peoples and time, can be used as independent indices. But this method is recommended not for centralized classification, but for organizing funds (file cabinets), placing on a "shelf", etc.
General qualifiers –02 Properties, -03 Materials, -05 Faces cannot be used as main indexes, i.e. on their own, they are always only used with indexes on the main table, e.g.; 621.9.06-529 Machine tools with program control; 621.822-036.5 Plastic bearings; 82-053.2 Fiction for children.
Thus, the determinants play, as it were, a dual role: on the one hand, these are auxiliary indices designed to refine and clarify the indexed concept, on the other hand, in the absence of the main index in combination with the index of the main table, they can act as the main ones.
Rule Four
This rule is very close to the third rule, as it is based on the division of all concepts into basic and auxiliary ones. This division is based on differences in the semantic role of concepts.
Very often, concepts that are different in their semantic role have the same verbal formulation. Thus, the concept of "bearing" can be the main subject of content if the document deals with production, sale, transportation, etc. bearings, and should be reflected by the main index UDC 621.822.
If the concept "bearing" reflects a part, a detail of a machine, then it acts as an auxiliary concept and should be indicated by an auxiliary index, i.e. special determinant 62-233.2, for example
629.3-233.2 Automotive bearings
There are many similar cases, when UDC tables have several indexes for identically verbally expressed concepts. Hence the rule:
The main informative concepts are indexed by the main table indexes or qualifiers in combination with the main indexes used as the main ones.
Auxiliary concepts, usually reflecting a part, detail, component, one of the signs, etc., are indexed mainly by determinants that are attached to the index of the main concept.
Rule Five
A number of preferred uses of UDC indices.
"/9" (special qualifiers with an apostrophe);
01/.09 (special section qualifiers with dot zero);
1/-09 (special section qualifiers with a hyphen);
02,-03;-05 and other general determinants.
This means that, starting indexing any concept, one should first of all refer to the main tables UDC 0/9. An indexed concept can be found there completely, partially or not found at all. In the first case, the indexing is completed (i.e., the index is found in the main table and fully corresponds to the indexed concept). In other cases, the search is continued in the auxiliary table, i.e. first among the special determinants, and then among the general determinants.
Rule six
Formation of complex indexes.
A complex index is understood to mean an index formed by combining the main index with a general and/or special determinant, as well as indexes formed with a forward slash (/).
To comply with the UDC indexing rules, when compiling a complex index, one should be guided by the correspondence of the meaning of the index to the meaning of the document, since the relationship between the concepts of the main content depends on the content of the document and therefore cannot be strictly regulated. Practice shows that in most cases it is possible to adhere to the following sequence of attaching determinants to the main index or a special determinant that is used as the main one:
"1/"9; .01/.09; -1/-9; -02 and/or -03 and/or -05; (0...); (...); "..."; =...; (=...)
That is, in the first place after the main index is put:
" determiner with an apostrophe;
0... special determinant with zero dot;
Special qualifier with a hyphen;
02, -03 or -05 general identifier of properties, materials or persons;
(0...) general shape qualifier;
(...) a common location identifier (geographical identifier);
"..." is a general time qualifier;
General language qualifier;
(=...) common determinant of peoples (ethnic determinants).
For example:
621.74.04-423-021.311(088.8)(493)"1990"=112.5 Belgian patent 1990 in Dutch for universal shaped casting processes,
where
621.74 Foundry, technology (methods) and equipment - (Index of the main series)
621.7.04 Formation, shaping. Methods of shaping and shaping (Special determinant)
62-423 Fasso profile items (Special identifier)
(088.8) Patent (General designator of document form)
(493) Belgium (General Placefinder)
"1990" 1990 (Common timer)
112.5 Dutch
Complex indices formed using the spread sign / (slash) can only be used by the indexer when the sequence of indexed concepts matches the sequence of the same concepts in UDC tables.
A complex index formed using a forward slash / is not reversible and is broader in value than their original components, e.g.
621.37/.39 Radio electronics,
where
621.37 Radio engineering, electromagnetic oscillation technology
621.38 Electronics
621.39 Telecommunications. Radar. Telecontrol. Television technology.
Rule Seven
Formation of composite indexes.
Composite indices in UDC are indices formed from two or more simple or complex indices using a relation sign. Since composite indexes are mainly created by the systematizers themselves, it is here that in practice the greatest inconsistency in indexing is possible. The general rule for the formation of composite indexes using the relation sign is as follows: in the first place of the composite index, an index is placed that reflects the main subject of the document. Components (indices) attached through a colon only clarify and detail the basic concept reflected in the first index. The composite index should be able to further develop (detail) the indexed topic (subject) due to the detalization of the second index. From this general rule, a number of conclusions that are significant for practice follow:
The value of a composite index is always narrower than the value of its individual components, for example:
621.794.62:669.1 Phosphating of ferrous metals
624.21:625.1 Railway bridges.
The index attached by the relation sign specifies, details the meaning of the concept reflected by the first index, for example
621.317.715:621.385 Lamp galvanometers
621.74:669.2/.8 Casting of non-ferrous metals
621.873.3:629.3 Truck cranes
In a similar way, indices can be formed for some new concepts, for example
621.35:621.38 Chemotronics
The composite index can be inverted, i.e. reversible. However, this should not be done mechanically, especially if there are determinants among the constituent elements of the index. In some cases, the inverted index requires some refinement, for example:
621.785:669.13 Heat treatment of cast iron
P After the inversion, the index should be like this:
669.136:621.785 (where 669.136 Machining of cast iron and 621.785 Heat treatment)
Indexes with a double relation sign:: represent a rigid irreversible construction.
Rule eight
First mention rule.
If the topic as a whole cannot be expressed by one UDC index, but can be expressed by their sum, then general works, where the entire problem (topic) is considered, are concentrated under the index where the topic (problem) is first mentioned.
For example, a textbook on metalworking will receive an index of 621.7(075), although there are two indexes (sections) 621.7 and 621.9 in the UDC for metalworking
The indexing technique is understood as a set of techniques and rules for the formation of search images of documents (ODD) or queries (POZ), i.e., techniques and rules for the formation of UDC indices for concepts reflecting the content of a document or query.
The main task of the indexing technique is to ensure the uniformity of approaches to creating search images of documents.
The uniformity of indexing makes it possible to provide a fast, complete and sufficiently accurate search for most queries typical for a given fund, and contributes to the proper organization of funds.
The subject of the general methodology is the development of methods and rules for indexing, selection of concepts in AML, arising from the features of the classification scheme as a whole. The specificity of individual thematic sections of the tables, reflecting the features of the distribution of concepts in these areas of knowledge, requires the introduction of special rules and methods for indexing documents on the topics of these sections. Consideration of such indexing features, typical for individual sections or subsections of the classification scheme, is the subject of industry practices.
Since the ultimate goal of indexing is to improve the efficiency of information retrieval, the main criterion for evaluating indexing is expressed in search efficiency. Indexing is always an attempt to more or less adequately reflect objective reality. Therefore, the measure of discrepancy with objective reality can be a measure of the quality of indexing. This measure gives an idea only of the capabilities of a given IEL and is usually expressed in terms of noise, recall, accuracy, and relevance of the ISI implemented using this IEL.
Let's move on to the consideration of the rules of the general methodology for indexing documents by UDC, which proceed primarily from the structure of the classification scheme itself.
Rule one. UDC is a single integrated system, and not the sum of branch, private, local schemes. The entire sum of human knowledge and practice is considered in the UDC as a certain community of interrelated, interdependent concepts, which is subdivided according to a single principle into classes, sections, subsections, etc., according to the principle of their most frequent use in human practical activity.
The following rule follows from the principle of system integrity: there are no “own” and “foreign” sections and subsections in the UDC. All sections, all parts of the scheme are equal and should be equally used for indexing, regardless of their "proximity" or "remoteness" from the profile section for this fund.
The assignment of one or another concept to one or another subsection of the UDC is conditional, as any classification scheme is conditional. In practice, this means that it makes no sense to first index all the documents selected for your collection in your industry, and then, through the relation sign, add an index that reflects the main content (main subject) of the document. It should be immediately indexed by the main content of the document. For example, a device for measuring electric current - an ammeter - should receive the index 621.317.714 Ammeters in any industry.
Rule two. The principle of integrality of the UDC entails the multiplicity of localization of concepts in the UDC tables, i.e., the repetition of the same concept in different sections, depending on the aspect in which this concept is considered. Thus, the concept of "copper" is found in the sections of inorganic chemistry, mineralogy, minerals, mining, metallurgy, etc. In these sections, respectively, copper is considered as a chemical element, as a mineral, from the point of view of its deposit, its extraction, metallurgy, etc. d.
The multiplicity of localization of concepts is revealed in the alphabetical-subject index (ASU) to the UDC tables. As mentioned earlier, in the APU, with a concept that occurs several times, the aspect of its consideration, sections, etc. is indicated.
A rule follows from the multiplicity of localizations: when indexing a document, it is necessary to clearly define the aspect in which a given subject is considered in order to select an index in the UDC table accordingly to this aspect.
This means that it is not enough to find the index of this concept in the table, you should immediately find out to which branch of knowledge it belongs, in what aspect this concept is considered.
Rule three. All general qualifiers can never be used as basic indexes, while special qualifiers can be used in combination with an index of the main table as main indexes, especially in cases where this concept is not present in the main index tables.
In practice, this means that a document describing the production of television sets, for example, cannot be indexed only by the general point of view qualifier. Televisions, then the above general point of view determinant should be attached to it. Only after that the complex index 621.397.4.002 Production of TV sets will be correct for this document.
With special determinants, the situation is different. If, for example, it is necessary to index a work devoted to mathematical problems of the reliability of technical devices, then the special determinant -192 Reliability from section 62 Engineering must be used as the main index, adding to it through the ratio sign the main index 5 1 Mathematics. As a result, we get a composite index 62-192:51 Mathematical problems of the reliability of technical devices, in which a special determinant 62-192 plays the role of an index of the main table.
At the same time, when indexing a document devoted to the problems of reliability of diesel engines, for example, the same special qualifier acts in its main role as a special qualifier with a hyphen from section 62 Technique. The document index "Diesel Reliability" will be 621.436-192, i.e. again a complex index composed of the main index 621.436 Diesel and a special qualifier 62-192 Reliability. Special qualifiers 62-592 are also used as the main ones, since there are no indexes for the concept "Brakes" in the main tables.
Rule four. A number of preferred uses of UDC indices.
"1/"9 (special qualifiers with apostrophe);
01/.09 (special qualifiers with zero point);
1/-9 (special qualifiers with a hyphen);
001/.009; -03; -05 (general qualifiers).
This means that, starting indexing any concept, one should first of all turn to the main tables UDC 0/9. An indexed concept can be found there either completely, or partially, or not found at all. In the first case, no further search is necessary. In other cases, the search for indices should be continued in the second position of the row, in the tables of special determinants with the apostrophe "1/"9. In the second position, again the same three possibilities: the indexed concept is found either completely, or partially, or not found at all. If found, then no further search is necessary. In other cases, one should continue searching in the third position of the series, in tables of special qualifiers with a zero point, then in the fourth position, in tables of special qualifiers with a hyphen, for example from section 62. In these four positions, the indexed concept must be found.
However, it should be remembered that it can be both the indexed concept itself and the parent concept that includes it. The necessary detailing of the indexed concept, the main index for which was found in the first four positions of the series, can be carried out at the expense of the fifth position of the series, at the expense of the general determinants of the point of view.001/.009 and further at the expense of all other types of general determinants. Thus, the concept of "theory of electrical machines" can be indexed in two ways: 621.313.01 and 621.313.001. The question arises, which indexing option is correct? A number of preferred use of UDC indices makes it possible to resolve this issue unequivocally in favor of the first option 621.313.01, since after the index for the basic concept of "electric machines" 621.313 was found in the first position, i.e. in the main tables, in the third position found the missing detail of the indexed concept "theory" in electrical engineering 621.3.01, which could be reflected using a general point of view qualifier.001 Theory. But the third position should be given preference over the fifth.
Rule five. The presence in UDC tables of different indexes for similar concepts often complicates the work of the systematizer, is the source of ambiguous indexing of the same document by different people. Indeed, if we turn to the tables for examples, it is easy to see that most machine parts have two or more indices; the same applies to certain technological processes, etc., for example,
- 621.822 Bearings - main index
- 62-233.2 Bearings - spec. determinant
- 62-233.27 Ball bearings - spec. determinant
- 621.822.7 Ball bearings - main index
- 62-72 Lubricators - spec. determinant
- 621.896 Lubricators - main index
UDC tables are divided into main and auxiliary. This division is based on differences in the semantic role of concepts. Since the UDC, like any library and bibliographic classification, is a tool to improve search efficiency through targeted systematization of documents within a specific collection, the use of different indices for the same concept is a reflection of the different semantic roles of the same concepts.
In the above cases, it is also a matter of reflecting various concepts that have only a similar verbal formulation.
So, the concept of "bearings", which is the main subject of content in the indexed document, which describes the features, for example, the production of bearings, is the main one and should be reflected in the main index UDC 621.822. In another case, when describing, for example, the performance characteristics of a bearing, which is a part of a screw press, the indexed concept "bearing" is a recurring feature for technical devices and machines. In this sense, it is an auxiliary, informationally ambiguous (non-informative) concept, which should be reflected by a special determinant 62-233 . 2. It will receive information uniqueness (informativeness) only as a result of a combination with the main, informationally unambiguous concept (in our example, "screw press"), which is reflected as a combination of the main index 621.979.15 Screw presses and a special determinant 62-233.2 Bearings in the index 621.979 .15-233.2 Screw press bearings.
Such a reflection of the indexed concept allows you to concentrate documents about the machine and its parts in one place in the catalog (file cabinet) and separate these documents from those that deal with the problems of the part itself, regardless of the specific machine, device where it is used. Such a division is not only legitimate, but necessary. Specialists in screw presses, as a rule, are only interested in the question of using bearings in these presses, while specialists, for example, in a bearing plant, consider bearings as production objects.
Rule five can be formulated as follows:
In the event that a concept in the UDC is represented by both an index and a determinant, the main informative concepts of the subspecific, species, generic, suprageneric and higher levels (for example, polar bear, bears, canine family, mammals, animals) are indexed mainly by main indices or special determinants used as the main indices. Auxiliary, repetitive concepts, usually reflecting a part, detail, block, component, organ, one of the signs, etc., are indexed mainly by determinants that are attached to the index of the main concept.
Rule six . Formation of complex indexes.
A complex index is understood to mean an index formed by a combination of the main index with a general or special determinant, as well as indexes formed using an apostrophe and a slash.
The order of attaching determinants, in other words, the order of the elements of a complex index, corresponds to the semantic relationships between the concepts of the main content of the document and therefore cannot be strictly regulated by the indexing rules. The main criterion for the correctness of following the elements of a complex index is the correspondence of the meaning of the index to the meaning of the content of the document, while observing the general rules for indexing according to UDC.
Experience shows that in most cases it is possible to adhere to the following sequence of attaching determinants to the main index or a special determinant used as the main index: "1" 9; .01/.09; -1/-9; .00...; -03 or -05; (0...); (...); ". . ."; =...; (=...). That is, in the first place after the signs of the main index, a special determinant with an apostrophe is placed, then with a dot zero.01 / .09 (if alphanumeric detailing of the main index is not used in this fund), then - a special determinant with a hyphen -1/- nine.
Of the general determinants, the general determinants of point of view are closest to the main index. 00..., then - determiners of form (0...), place (...), time "...", language =... Ethnic qualifiers (=...) close the sequence, e.g. 621.313.2.047.5-182.8.001.24(088.83)(493)"1972"=40 on the method of calculating the replaceable brush holders of electric DC machines, where
- 621.313.2 DC electrical machines
- 621.3 .047.5 Brush holders (special identifier with dot
62-182.8 removable, replaceable, interchangeable (special
hyphenated determiner)
001.24 Calculation (general point of view qualifier)
- (088.83) Patent (general form determinant)
- (493) Belgium (common placefinder)
"1972" 1972 (general time determinant)
40 French (general language qualifier)
The above example should be understood only as an illustration of the recommended sequence for attaching elements of a complex index, but not as an example of indexing patents according to UDC. It is easy to see that the recommended sequence is mainly based on a number of preferred use of UDC indices (rule four) and on the recommended sequence of detailing concepts using UDC.
However, it should be emphasized that if the content of the document so requires, the recommended sequence of attaching elements of a complex index may be violated. For example, the subject of the document "Reliability of miniature radios" is indicated by the index 621.396.62-181.4.019.3, where
- 621.396.62 Radio receivers, radio receivers
- 62-181.4 Miniature
- 621.3.019.3 Reliability
; If the determinants are interchanged, then the resulting index will not correspond to the meaning of the document, because it will mean "miniature reliability of radio receivers."
Deviation from the general rules is possible if it is necessary to allocate certain types of documents from the general fund - such as directories, patents, standards, etc., in order to create specialized file cabinets. Thus, we are talking about separating certain types of documents from the general flow of documents entering this fund and creating specialized file cabinets (funds) of these types, which is necessary to provide answers to the bulk of requests in the conditions of this particular enterprise or organization.
In these cases, general determinants that characterize the type of document, nationality, language, etc., are placed in the first place. Examples:
- (03)621.313 Card file of reference publications (according to
- (03)621.315.5/.61 various issues)
- (03)621.317.7
- (03)691
- (083.74/.75)62 1.313 Card index of regulatory and technical
- (083.74/.75)621.315.5/.61 documentation (GOST, OST,
- (083.74/.75)621.317.7 normals, etc.)
- (083.74/.75)691
- (085)621.313 Card file of branded materials
- (085)621.315.5/.61
- (085)621.317.7
- (085)691
- (088.83)621.313 Patent file (for various
- (088.83)621.315.5/.61 questions)
- (088.83)621.317.7
- (088.83)691
It is obvious that if the determinants of the place are placed in the first place, then the card indexes (fund) can be organized by countries. If other determinants are put in the first place, then each time you can get a different organization of file cabinets (funds), the most convenient for the conditions and requests in a given organization (in an enterprise). Even more opportunities open up when using several determinants and variations of their places in a complex UDC index, for example,
- (088.83)621.313(44) French electric machine patents
- (088.83)621.313(450) Italian electrical machine patents
- (088.83)621.313(73) US Electrical Machine Patents
Such an organization of patent materials is convenient for obtaining overviews of patents of various countries for a specific product, product, etc., especially if abstract express reviews are required, which are widely used in systems of direct management service, selective service, etc. The same form of organization of patent file cabinets (funds) are convenient for searching when checking for patent purity.
Another example:
- (08 8.83)(44)621.313 French patents for electrical machines
- (088.83)(44)621.313.2 French patents for DC electrical machines
- (088.83)(44)621.314.21/.23 French patents for transformers
- (088.83)(44)621.3 15.2/.3 French patents for wires and cables
- (088.83)(44)778.148 French patents for microphotocopy readers
- (088.83)(450)621.313 Italian patents for electrical machines
- (088.83)(450)621.313.2 Italian patents for DC electrical machines
- (088.83)(450)621.314.21/.23 Italian patents for transformers
- (088.83)(450)621.315.2/.3 Italian patents for wires and cables
- (088.83)(450)778.148 Italian patents for microphotocopy readers
In addition, such an organization of patent collections is convenient for comparing the level of patent activity in different countries, identifying trends and thematic areas of patenting in them. Thus, based on the results of the analysis of queries served by this fund, this card file can change the place of the determinant in a complex index for organizing the fund in a special context.
It is also possible in the UDC to intercolate common determinants, i.e., include common determinants in the main index, if this is required by the rational construction of the fund. So, if an organization constantly has a large number of requests for the organization of the production of ballistic missiles in the United States, then the complex index habitual in construction does not make it possible to put together all the materials specifically for the United States. Intercolation of the US common locator (73) allows this to be done, for example,
658(73).153.001.24:629.762.2 Calculation of working capital
manufacturing enterprises
ballistic missiles in the US
658(73).26:629.762.2
US ballistic missile production
658(73).284:629.762.2 Communication and signaling facilities on
manufacturing enterprises
ballistic missiles in the US
658(73).52.011.56:629.762.2 Automation of production at
manufacturing enterprises
ballistic missiles in the US
658(73).7:629.762.2 Logistics
manufacturing enterprises
ballistic missiles in the USA, etc.
It is advisable to use the intercolation method in specialized file cabinets on a narrow topic in cases where the organization of the material should allow you to quickly issue all the documents available in the fund for a given narrow thematic area (request). At the same time, the formulation of requests allows us to single out one feature that mainly limits the selection of materials for a specialized file cabinet. The country (in our example, the USA) is reflected in the UDC by a common determinant. Intercolation of special determinants is not applied.
Complex indexes formed using the spread sign / (slash) can be obtained by the systematizer only when the sequence of indexed concepts matches the sequence of the same concepts in the UDC tables. A complex index formed using the spread sign / (slash) is not invertible, for example,
621.37 /.39 Radio electronics,
where 621.37 Radio engineering, electromagnetic oscillation technology
- 621.38 Electronics. Photo electronics. Electronic lamps, tubes. X-ray technology
- 621.39 Telecommunications. Telecommunication engineering
Complex indexes using slashes are wider in meaning than their original components. In principle, the / sign can be replaced by the + sign, for example, the indices 621.37+621.38+621.39 can be replaced by the index 621.37/.39.
The use of determinants with an apostrophe for the formation of complex indices is limited to strictly defined subsections of the UDC tables and is specified in the guidelines for each of them. The technical role of the sign "(apostrophe) is often to replace the repeating part of the appended index with it. Complex indexes formed using these determinants are irreversible even in terms of the value of the original components. The rules for creating complex indexes using determinants with an apostrophe are specific for each of the subsections of tables, where their use is permitted.They are set out in sufficient detail for practice in auxiliary table II and in the relevant sections of the UDC.With these qualifiers, it is possible to designate concepts "synthesized" by adding the designations of components, properties and other characteristics, for example,
- 546.763 "32"226 Potassium chromium alum
- 629.735.33.022 "412 Aircraft with double fuselage, double hull
- 669.35 "24"28 Copper Nickel Molybdenum
- 681.327.45 "17 Checkers for punched cards
Thus, the wide possibilities for creating complex UDC indices make it possible to open documentary funds in accordance with the requirements of consumers of information, but the implementation of these possibilities depends entirely on the experience, knowledge and initiative of employees of NTI bodies and libraries and relies primarily on a systematic analysis of requests.
Rule seven. Formation of composite indices UDC.
Composite indices in UDC are indices formed from two or more simple or complex indices using relation signs: and::. Since composite indexes are mainly created by the systematizers themselves, it is here that in practice there is the greatest discrepancy in indexing.
P. Otlet, when introducing the relation sign in UDC, formulated a general rule for the formation of composite indexes: the index reflecting the main subject of the document is placed in the first place of the composite index. The components (indices) attached with a colon only clarify and detail the basic concept reflected in the first index. The composite index should be able to further develop (detail) the indexed topic (subject) due to the detalization of the second index. A number of practical conclusions follow from this general rule.
The value of a composite index is always narrower than the value of its individual components, for example,
- 621.794.62:669.1 Phosphating of ferrous metals
- 624.21:624.19 Tunnel bridges
- 624.21:625.1 Railway bridges
The index, attached with a relation sign, clarifies, details the meaning of the concept reflected by the first index,
For example,
- 621.317.715:621.385 Lamp galvanometers
- 621.317.725:621.385 Lamp voltmeters
- 621.74:669.2/.8 Casting of non-ferrous metals
- 621.873.3:629.35 Truck cranes
The properties of materials, products and their tests are indicated by attaching indices of the corresponding properties with a relation sign to the index of a given material, product, machine, device, etc., for example,
- 669.295.017:539.4 Titanium strength
- 621.822.5:539.538 Wear resistance of plain bearings
- 621.67:539.433 Vibration resistance of centrifugal pumps
- 678.01:536.2 Thermal conductivity of macromolecular substances
- 621.436.4.001 .4:620.178.53 Testing of pre-chamber diesel engines for vibration resistance
- 669.295.017:620.178.37 Titanium fatigue test at low temperatures
- 624.012.35.001 .4:620.179.16 Ultrasonic flaw detection of prefabricated reinforced concrete building structures;
Technology issues (production, manufacturing, obtaining, assembly, processing, etc.) of specific materials, machines, devices, etc. are reflected in technology indices, to which indices of materials, machines, devices, etc., are attached with a relation sign. , For example,
- 621.785:669.136 Heat treatment of cast iron
- 621.923.5:621.833 Gear honing
- 621.793.6:669.268:669.36 Diffusion chromium plating of copper
If the document deals with issues of technology and technological equipment, the index denoting technology is placed in the first place in the composite index, and the index of technological equipment is attached to it after the ratio sign, for example,
621.923.014.5 -185.4: High speed grinding with diamond stones
Concepts that are formally absent in UDC tables can be denoted by composite indices. The index of the most significant distinctive feature of this concept is attached to the index of the main, basic, concept with the help of a relation sign. This is possible in those cases when the indexed concept in its essence is one way or another a modification, one of the types, the result of a transformation or interaction of concepts that have already been reflected in the UDC tables.
First of all, this applies, for example, to the concepts of new materials. There are no indexes for construction, electrical and radio technical sound-absorbing materials in the UDC. Guided by the fact that the main feature of such materials is that they exhibit the effect of sound absorption to a greater extent than is typical for other building, electrical and radio engineering materials, composite indices can be proposed:
621.315.5 /.61:534.286.2 Electrical and radio sound absorbing materials
Obviously, by analogy with the examples given, it is possible to create composite indexes for materials with a wide variety of properties. The perspective of such a classification solution is also clear. Any new material has properties, the manifestations of which as the corresponding physical or chemical phenomena have already been established in science in due time.
The creation of new materials and theoretical studies of physical and chemical phenomena and properties make their wide use in the national economy possible. Therefore, in the overwhelming majority of cases, on the basis of knowledge of the special properties of a new material and its main field of application, it is possible to obtain a composite index for it using the corresponding divisions of the physics or chemistry subsections of the UDC tables. In a similar way, indices can be formed for some new areas in science and technology, for example,
- 621.35:621.38 Chemotronics
- 621.35:621.382.2 Electrochemical diodes
- 681.327.5 "12:535 Optical reading, optical reading devices from media with characters printed on the surface (paper, photographic films, etc.)
Composite indices for new directions in science and technology should always be considered as a temporary solution. With the further development of a new direction, if a sufficiently extensive literature on this issue appears, it usually receives an independent main index over time.
A composite index can be invested, or is said to be reversible. This means that the elements of a composite index can be swapped. The specified property, depending on the task and purpose of a particular fund, makes it possible to collect documents in the desired section. So, documents on the topic "Foundries" can be indexed in two ways: either 621.74:658.2, or 658.2:621.74.
Double-colon indices:: are a hard and irreversible construct. As mentioned earlier, the :: sign is used only in cases where the inversion of the components of a composite index in a particular fund is undesirable or significantly changes its meaning.
