The norm presupposes the evaluative attitude of the speakers. Normative aspect of speech culture

The culture of speech presupposes, first of all, the correctness of speech, i.e. observance of the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its native speakers (speaking and writing) as an “ideal”, a model. The language norm is the central concept of speech culture, and the normative aspect of speech culture is considered one of the most important.

The basis of the culture of speech is the literary language. It constitutes the highest form of the national language. In the scientific linguistic literature, the main features of the literary language are highlighted. These include: processing; sustainability (stability); mandatory for all native speakers; normalization. The main distinguishing quality of the literary language is its normativity. Each sphere of the literary language has its own system of norms, which is obligatory for all its speakers (for example, lexical, morphological norms). Lvov M.R. Rhetoric. - M., 1995. In Russian linguistics, for a long time, the norm was understood as an exemplary rule, fixed by literary works, protected by science and the state, regulating pronunciation, stress, the formation of words and their forms, the construction of sentences and their intonation. This "rule" must be understood, first of all, as an objective regularity of the very structure and system of the language, and then as its description, formulation in grammars and dictionaries. In this case, the norm is now called codification. Aleksandrov D.N. Rhetoric: Textbook for universities. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2000

For a more complete and deeper understanding of the norm, perhaps one should always take a functioning structure and take into account paradigmatics and syntagmatics as two forms of "behavior" of language signs in the process of its functioning. When speech is deployed, firstly, the choice of one member of a particular paradigm occurs, and secondly, the choice of one of the syntagmatic possibilities of a word (or another linguistic sign). The norm just prescribes what choice should be made by the author of the speech. The norm regulates the choice of one of the variants of the paradigm - in those cases, of course, when these options are in the structure of the language and when only one of them is preferred by the language community.

The problem of social preference for the paradigmatic and syntagmatic possibilities of the language becomes very acute during the formation of the national language. Fixation in the literature helped to form the national language norm, and the national language norm ensured the unity of the national language, as it eliminated the existing numerous and sharp fluctuations in the paradigmatic and syntagmatic choice associated with the interaction of dialects and interlingual influences.

The norm presupposes a certain evaluative attitude of speakers and writers to the functioning of the language in speech: this is possible, but this is not; they say so, but they don't say so; so right and so wrong. This attitude is formed under the influence of literature (its authoritative figures for society), science (it begins to describe, “codify” norms), schools, etc. better mutual understanding. It is this need that prompts people to prefer some options and reject others - in order to achieve the unity of the language system. Along with the growing need of society for such unity, the linguistic norm grows stronger, reaching its highest development in the national literary language. Aleksandrov D.N. Rhetoric: Textbook for universities. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2000

A norm is a historically accepted (preferred) choice of one of the functional paradigmatic and syntagmatic variants of a linguistic sign in a given language community. Therefore, fluctuations in the norm are inevitable, the coexistence in separate "nodes" of the old and new norms or norms coming from different subsystems of the general system of the language of the people.

The norm becomes a regulator of people's speech behavior, but this is a necessary but insufficient regulator, because compliance with the requirements of the norm alone is not enough for oral or written speech to be quite good, that is, to have the necessary finish and culture for communication. This is explained by the fact that the norm regulates, so to speak, the purely structural, symbolic, linguistic side of speech, without affecting the relations of speech to reality, society, consciousness, and people's behavior that are most important in communication. Speech can be quite correct, i.e., not violating the language norm, and inaccessible to easy understanding. It may be logically inaccurate and contradictory, but correct. It can be correct and in certain cases completely inappropriate. In addition to the norm, there are other regulators of human speech behavior, which, without dividing, can be denoted by the word "expediency". The feeling of speakers and writers, their understanding of the expediency of this or that word, this or that intonation, this or that syntactic construction and their complex linkage within integral segments of the text and the entire text - this is the powerful force that forges exemplary speech and allows you to talk about the highest degree of speech culture. Only a reasonable and lasting union of the norm and expediency ensures the culture of speech of society and the individual.

The norm acts rather rigidly, it is “given” by the system itself and the structure of the functioning language, it is objective and obligatory for those who speak and write. Expediency is “set” by the consciousness of speaking and writing people, who subjectively understand and evaluate the objective necessity of each (in addition to correctness) from the communicative qualities of good speech. The norm is the same for all members of the language community, expediency has a wide range of differences and fluctuations caused by both the variants of the functioning language (styles), and the social differences of human groups within a single society (professional, age and others), and the variety of changing communicative tasks and conditions. Expediency is objective as a necessity that necessarily arises in the process of communication, but it is also subjective as the awareness and implementation of this need by individuals.

The language norm (literary norm) is the rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. the rules for pronunciation, word usage, the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means adopted in social and linguistic practice. This is a uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

The norm is obligatory for both oral and written speech and covers all aspects of the language. There are norms: orthoepic, spelling, word-formation, lexical morphological, syntactic, intonation, punctuation.

Language- a system of signs used for human communication, i.e. for communication and information transfer. In order for information to be transmitted, it is encoded with language signs..

The coding of meanings in the language is carried out on several levels:

1) lexical- choice of words;

2) morphological- the design of words to convey additional meanings and connect words in a sentence;

3) with intactic- the choice of constructions and the formation of sentences from morphologically formed words;

4) derivational- the formation of words to designate new objects and phenomena, to express an emotional-evaluative attitude, to include a word in a syntactic construction;

5) phonetic(in oral speech) - the sound form of speech (sounds, stress, intonation);

6) spelling and punctuation(in written speech) - the image of the text according to the rules of graphics, spelling and punctuation of this text, the transmission of intonation, the expression of additional meanings.

For each level of meaning coding in the literary language, there are rules that establish uniformity and ensure the effective transmission of information - language norms.

Under culture of speech is understood as the possession of the norms of the literary language in its oral and written form, in which the choice and organization of language means are carried out, allowing in a certain situation of communication and subject to the ethics of communication to ensure the necessary effect in achieving the goals of communication. (Russian language. Encyclopedia. - M., 1997. - S. 204.)

The culture of speech has three aspects: normative, communicative, ethical.

1. Regulatory aspect culture of speech involves the possession of language norms. Language norm - this is a set of phenomena allowed by the language system, reflected and fixed in the speech of native speakers and which are mandatory for all who know the literary language in a certain period of time.(Verbitskaya L.A. Let's speak correctly. - M., 2001. - P. 15.).

The norm is historical and may change in one way or another over time. Features of the norm of the literary language - relative stability, prevalence, general use, universal validity, compliance with use, custom, and the capabilities of the language system. The main sources of the language norm include the works of classical writers and contemporary writers who continue the classical traditions; media publications; common modern usage; linguistic research data. The norms of the literary language include the rules of stress, pronunciation, the rules of word formation and grammatical norms (for example, forms of gender, number, case, degrees of comparison and others), the rules for combining words and combining them into phrases and sentences, the rules for writing words and punctuation marks, and finally, the rules for using words and stable combinations.

The norm may be imperative (lat. imperative - unselectable) and dispositive (lat. dispositivus - selective). Violation of the imperative norm is regarded as a poor command of the Russian language. For example, ringing and t - no sound about nit, pr and accepted - not accepted I l, chicken - not chicken, according to what - not according to what. The dispositive norm allows options - stylistic or completely neutral: m a Marketing and Mark e ting (colloquial), b a rust and barge a(mors.), on vacation e(neutr.) and on vacation at(colloquial).

There are norms orthoepic, accentological, grammatical and lexical.

Orthoepic norms- norms of pronunciation of sounds and norms of stress (accentological norms).

Grammar norms divided into morphological and syntactic. Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (gender forms, number of nouns, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). Syntactic norms prescribe the correct construction of the main syntactic units - phrases and sentences.

Lexical norms- this is: 1) the correct choice of a word from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or in form; 2) its use in the meanings that it has in the language; 3) the appropriateness of its use in a particular communicative situation in combinations generally accepted in the language. Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness.

2. Communicative qualities of speech is accuracy, clarity, conciseness and expressiveness.

3. Ethical aspect culture of speech is the speaker's possession of the norms of linguistic behavior accepted in a given society.

In order for speech to be correct, necessary:

1) know which language units may have non-normative variants;

2) observe the rules for the use of language units;

3) know which language units are outside the literary language, and therefore they should not be used in business and scientific communication.

REPEAT SPELLING!

The main concept of our course is the concept of the SRLA norm.

The last term needs clarification: the literary language is not the language of fiction, it is the language of cultured, educated people; protected by dictionaries, reference books, norms from distortions and deformations, rich in functional varieties; t.

E. he has special resources for business, scientific, public, everyday and other areas of communication; the Russian language is not only the language of the Russian nation, but also the language of international communication between the peoples of Russia and some countries of the near abroad, the UN language, one of the world languages; the modern Russian language developed mainly by the 40s of the nineteenth century as a result of the literary activity of A. S. Pushkin. The language of the last 168 years is called modern. We consider its variety of the 2nd half of the twentieth century. SLL is a strict hierarchical system, and each of its elements has its own system of norms studied by normative linguistic sciences. compliance

The term “norm” is used in 2 different meanings: 1) “norm” is a common usage fixed in the language; the norm is the use recommended by the grammar, reference book, dictionary (the so-called codified norm). A codified norm is stronger than an uncodified one, especially if the codification is known to the general population. It opens up opportunities to ensure greater stability of the norm, to prevent semi-spontaneous and seemingly uncontrolled changes in it.

In modern linguistic works, the hypothesis of the norm proposed by the Romanian scientist E. Coseriu has gained recognition: “The norm is a set of the most stable, traditional implementations of elements

linguistic structure, selected and fixed by public linguistic practice.

Language norms are only at first glance static and unshakable. Of course, they imply relative stability and constancy, but this does not mean at all that the norms do not change. They reflect the dynamics of the language, its slow but steady development. People of one generation hardly notice this, but from the perspective of several generations, it is possible to trace the dynamics of language norms.

The Russian linguist of the 19th century, J. Grot, spoke about this in relation to vocabulary: “In the beginning, the word is allowed by very few; others shy away from him, look incredulously, as if at a stranger ... Little by little they get used to him, and his novelty is forgotten: the next generation already finds him in use and completely assimilates him ... "

Thus, norms are dynamic. But this dynamics is dialectically combined with relative constancy, consistency: only that new is assimilated and only those changes that are really necessary for the development of the language are strengthened (for example, foreign borrowings that have flooded into Russian speech today, not all will take root in the language).

It would seem that the norm implies an unambiguous decision: this is right, and this is wrong. Indeed, in the vast majority of cases it is. But any rule is only supported by exceptions. The norms of SRLYA can be variable (for example, solemn and solemn, bile and bile, sparkling and sparkling). The variability of norms is an indicator of their dynamics, "an objective and inevitable consequence of linguistic evolution."

In the course of language development, one of the options becomes obsolete and becomes a thing of the past (for example, hall = hall = hall; turner = turner in the 19th century; beetroot = beetroot, sanatorium = sanatorium; piano - now m. R. and piano - f. R. in the 19th century; tulle - obsolete. Zh. R. and tulle - now m. R.; report card of the schoolboy - m. R. and the Table of Ranks, introduced by Peter I - f. R.).

The change in norms, which is a consequence of the development of the language, is explained by the actual linguistic (intralinguistic) and social (extralinguistic) factors. Among the intralinguistic factors we should mention unification, simplification of grammatical forms; exclusion of doublets; convergence (coincidence in the course of historical development of two sounds into one) and divergence (splitting of one sound of speech in the course of historical development into two, for example, a table and a table). In the course of the culture of speech, it is more important to consider the extralinguistic factors of language changes, and, consequently, the dynamics of norms:

1) the nature of the development of social life (in our time - words from the field of business);

2) language policy - the conscious impact of society on language development (Paul 1 and his fight against Gallicisms; for example, instead of a sergeant, he introduced the military rank of a non-commissioned officer; a citizen instead of a tradesman);

3) degree of public freedom;

4) an objectively emerging sense of proportion in the use of linguistic units (vulgarism, jargon).

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More on the topic 3. The concept of a language norm. Literary norm codification:

3. The concept of a language norm. Literary norm codification
1. The concept of literary language. Territorial and social differentiation of language and literary language. Normativity and codification as conditions for the existence of a literary language. Their historical variability.
8. The concept of a language norm. Norm dynamics. Stability, mobility, variance as conditions for the existence of a language norm. The question of the admissibility of standard deviations.

First of all, it is useful to find out whether we mean exactly speech, as opposed to language, when we talk about the culture of speech. This is all the more necessary because attempts are being made to distinguish between the culture of language and the culture of speech, and these attempts are not groundless.

It is well known that the problem of the unity and difference of language and speech is one of the most difficult theoretical problems, and it should be comprehended in its entirety in the course "General Linguistics" and in special theoretical works.

The terms and concepts of "language" and "speech" are closely related and interact with the terms and concepts of "speech activity", "text", "content (meaning) of the text".

Therefore, it is desirable to take language and speech not only in relation to each other, but also in relation to speech activity, text and the meaning of the text.

Language is a sign communication mechanism; the totality and system of sign units of communication, in contrast to the variety of specific statements of individuals.

Speech activity is a set of psychophysiological works of the human body necessary for the construction of speech.

Text is a verbal, oral or written work, which is a unity of some more or less complete content (meaning) and speech that forms and expresses this content.

The meaning of the text is specific information expressed by speech and formed in the mind of a person.

The culture of speech is a combination and system of its communicative qualities, and the perfection of each of them will depend on different conditions, which will include the culture of the language, the ease of speech activity, and the semantic tasks and possibilities of the text.

The richer the language system, the more opportunities to vary speech structures, providing the best conditions for communicative speech impact. The more extensive and freer the speech skills of a person, the better, ceteris paribus, he “finishes” his speech, its communicative qualities - correctness, accuracy, expressiveness and others. The richer and more complex the semantic tasks of the text, the greater the requirements it imposes on speech, and, responding to these requirements, speech acquires greater complexity, flexibility and diversity.

This or that text, especially a literary one, is filled with personal meanings: it is needed to express the vision and understanding of some phenomena of reality, by a separate individual - even when this individual expresses not his own, but generally accepted views.

The second theoretical prerequisite for understanding and describing the culture of speech is the solution to the problem of the language norm. In most works on the culture of speech, the central place is occupied by the correctness of speech, always associated with the norm of the literary language. Speech is correct if it does not violate the language norm.

However, upon careful consideration of the use of the term "language norm" in modern linguistic texts, some vagueness of its semantic boundaries and even ambiguity of its understanding become apparent. L.G. Skvortsov writes: “The norm of the language” is the central understanding of the culture of speech. At the same time, this is one of the most difficult problems, the multidimensionality of which is determined by historical, cultural, sociological and linguistic facts. Its lack of study is reflected primarily in the instability of terminology, in the vagueness and diversity of the definition of "language norm".

The set of rules governing the use of words, pronunciation, spelling, the formation of words and their grammatical forms, the combination of words and the construction of sentences is called the literary norm.

V.A. Itskovich in the book "Linguistic Norm" writes: "The term "norm" in linguistics is most often used in two different meanings. Firstly, the generally accepted, fixed in the language usage is called the norm. Secondly, the norm is the use recommended by grammar, dictionary, reference book, supported by the authority of a famous writer, poet, and so on. Finally, some authors do not differentiate these differences, but unite them, defining the norms as "generally accepted and legalized use." V.A. Itskovich gives with reference to the work of Yu.S. Stepanov “Fundamentals of Linguistics”, the following definition of the norm: “The norm is the meanings of words that objectively exist at a given time in a given language community, their phonetic structure, models of word formation and inflection and their real content, models of syntactic units - the word combination of sentences - and their real content ".

A norm is a property of the functioning structure of a language, created by the collective that uses it due to the constantly operating need for better mutual understanding. It is this need that prompts people to prefer some options and reject others - in order to achieve the unity of the language system. Along with the growth of society's need for such unity, the linguistic norm is growing stronger, reaching its highest development in the national literary language.

A norm is a choice of one of the functional paradekmatic and syntagmatic variants of a linguistic sign, historically accepted in a given language community. Therefore, fluctuations in the norm, coexistence in separate "nodes" of the old and new norms or norms coming from different subsystems of the general system of the language of the people are inevitable.

The norm becomes a regulator of people's speech behavior, but it is a necessary but insufficient regulator, because compliance with the requirements of the norm alone is not enough for oral or written speech to turn out to be quite good, that is, to have the finish and culture necessary for communication. This can be explained by the fact that the norm regulates, so to speak, the purely structural, symbolic, linguistic side of speech, without affecting, without capturing the most important communication relations of speech to reality, society, consciousness, and people's behavior. Speech can be quite correct, that is, not violating the language norm, and inaccessible for easy understanding. It may be logically inaccurate and contradictory, but correct. It can be correct and in certain cases completely inappropriate. That is why Pushkin, and Belinsky, and L. Tolstoy, and Gorky understood perfectly well that speaking and writing correctly does not mean speaking and writing well.

Apparently, in addition to the norm, there are other regulators of human speech behavior, which, without dividing it, can be denoted by the word "expediency". The feeling of the speaker and the writer, their understanding of the expediency of this or that word, this or that intonation, this or that syntactic construction and their complex linkage within integral segments of the text and the entire text - this is the powerful force that forges exemplary speech and allows us to speak about the highest degree of speech culture. Only a reasonable and lasting union of norms and expediency ensures the culture of speech of society and the individual.

The norm acts rather rigidly, it is “given” by the system itself and the structure of the functioning language, it is objective and obligatory for those who speak and write. Expediency is not "set" by the very structure of the language, it is "set" by the consciousness of speaking and writing people, who subjectively understand and evaluate the objective necessity of each of the communicative qualities of good speech. The norm is the same for all members of the language community, the expediency has a wide band of differences and fluctuations caused by both variants and a functioning language, and social differences of human teams within a single society, and a variety of changing communicative tasks and conditions.

Expediency is objective as a necessity that necessarily arises in the process of communication, but it is also subjective as the awareness and implementation of this need by individuals.

The third theoretical premise of the doctrine of speech culture is the understanding of language styles and their impact on speech culture. It can be assumed that the communicative qualities of speech have unequal strength and distinctness of detection in different language and speech styles. Therefore, first of all, there is a need to somehow understand, to define what is hidden behind these terms.

Let us agree to call language styles the types of its functioning, its structural and functional variants that serve different types of human activity and differ from each other in sets and systems of features sufficient for intuitive recognition of these variants in speech communication.

Specialists have few styles of language. It is usually customary to talk about artistic, scientific, business, journalistic, colloquial and everyday and industrial and technical styles.

Language styles should be taken into account when constructing a theory of speech culture, not only because they have an impact on the communicative qualities of speech, but also because speech communication is carried out, in essence speaking, not in the language as a whole, but in one or another of its functional styles, and therefore the understanding of the communicative qualities of the language should change somewhat - depending on which of the language styles is meant as functioning in the process of communication.

Language styles are actually embodied in numerous and diverse styles of speech, each of which is a typical organization and structure of it, quite stable and correlated with the styles of the language, the goals and objectives of communication, genres of literature, situations of communication and the personality of the author. The influences between speech styles and its culture require close attention and study.

Among the most important in the theory of speech culture, one should also include such a premise, such a theoretical condition as understanding the typical systemic connections of the structure of speech with non-speech structures. This can be called, if you like, a systematic approach to the study of the culture of speech, and it is this approach that promises a fairly convincing, fairly broad and fairly updated understanding of the communicative qualities of speech, which have been noticed and named a long time ago, but have not yet come into the field of close attention. linguists.

Language norm- these are generally accepted in the language practice of educated people the rules of pronunciation, word usage, the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means , as well as writing(spelling rules).

The language norm is formed historically, determined, on the one hand, by the peculiarities of the national language, on the other hand, by the development of society and its culture.

The norm is stable for a certain period and at the same time dynamic - changeable over time. Being sufficiently stable and stable, the norm as a historical category is subject to change, which is due to the very nature of the language, which is in constant development. The variance that arises in this case does not destroy the norms, but makes it a more subtle tool for selecting linguistic means.

In accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language tools, the following are distinguished norm types:

1) orthoepic (pronunciation) associated with the sound side of literary speech, its pronunciation;

2) morphological associated with the rules for the formation of grammatical forms of the word;

3) syntactic, related to the rules for the use of phrases and syntactic constructions;

4) lexical, associated with the rules of word usage, selection and use of the most appropriate lexical units.

The language norm has the following features:

sustainability and stability that ensure the balance of the language system for a long time;

ubiquity and ubiquity compliance with normative rules (regulations) as complementary moments of "management" of the elements of speech;

cultural and aesthetic perception(assessment) of language and its facts; in the norm, all the best that has been created in the speech behavior of mankind is fixed;

dynamic nature(variability), due to the development of the entire language system, which is realized in live speech;

compliance with the use, custom, capabilities of the language system. The language norm restrains the penetration into the language of various colloquial, dialectal words, jargons, colloquial words. The norm allows the language to remain itself.

The norm can be imperative, i.e. strictly obligatory, and dispositive, i.e. not strictly required. imperative the norm does not allow variance in the expression of a linguistic unit, regulating only one way of its expression. Violation of this norm is regarded as poor language skills (for example, errors in declension or conjugation, determining the gender of a word, etc.). Dispositive the norm allows variance, regulating several ways of expressing a language unit (for example, cottage cheese and cottage cheese etc.).

VARIANT OF THE LITERARY NORM

Being sufficiently stable and stable, the norm as a historical category is subject to change, which is due to the very nature of the language, which is in constant development. The variance that arises in this case does not destroy the norms, but makes it a more subtle tool for selecting linguistic means.

As noted , y the stability of norms is relative, because some of them are slowly but continuously changing under the influence of colloquial speech. Language changes lead to options some norms. This means that the same grammatical meaning, the same human thought can be expressed differently.

The norm fluctuates and changes as a result of the interaction of different styles, the interaction of the systems of language and vernacular, the literary language and dialects, the interaction of the new and the old.

These vibrations create variant norms. Bulk prevalence variant, its regular use and interaction with similar samples of the literary language gradually turns the variant into the norm. There are three main degrees of the "norm - variant" ratio:

the norm is obligatory, and the option is prohibited;

the norm is mandatory, and the option is acceptable, although not desirable;

norm and variant are equal.

Variation in the use of the same language unit is often a reflection of the transitional stage from an outdated norm to a new one. Variants, modifications or varieties of a given language unit can coexist with its main form.

There are equal and unequal variants of literary norms. In case of inequality of options, the main one is considered to be the one that can be used in all styles of speech. A secondary, non-primary variant is recognized, the use of which is limited to any one style.

By belonging to the linguistic types of units, the following options are distinguished:

pronunciation (bakery-buloshnaya), otherwise-otherwise;

inflectional (tractors-tractors, in the workshop-in the workshop, hectares-hectares);

word-formation (cutting-cutting, stuffing-packing);

syntactic (ride the tram-ride the tram, wait for the plane-wait for the plane;

lexical (import-import, export-export, film-film).

norm, being general language requires an active relationship. The outstanding philologist L.V. Shcherba regards variants and deviations from the norm as the highest criterion in assessing the culture of speech: “When a sense of the norm is brought up in a person, then he begins to feel all the charm of reasonable deviations from it.”

Therefore, in order to deviate from the norm, one must know it, one must understand why admissible retreat, for example:

people on a horse instead of horses.

A CULTURE OF SPEECH

The culture of speech as an independent linguistic discipline was formed relatively recently - in the 20s of the twentieth century. Prior to this, rhetoric dealt with the issues of the culture of speech. However, this does not mean that it is possible to put an equal sign between the culture of speech and rhetoric. Rhetoric is the science of the laws of oratory, here science and art are on an equal footing. Science takes its toll with the power of logical arguments and the accuracy of evidence, and art - with sincerity and emotionality.

The term "culture of speech" is ambiguous. Firstly, it can be understood in a broad sense, and then it has a synonym for "language culture". In this case, exemplary written texts and potential properties of the language system as a whole are implied. Secondly, in a narrow sense, the culture of speech is a concrete realization of linguistic properties and possibilities in the conditions of everyday, oral and written, communication.

It is customary to talk about two degrees of mastering the literary language: 1) the correctness of speech and 2) speech skill.

The correctness of speech implies compliance with norms at all speech levels. Estimates of the correctness of speech are clearly defined and categorical: correct / incorrect, acceptable / unacceptable, or both are acceptable.

Speech skill involves not only following the norms, but also the ability to choose from the existing options the most accurate in terms of meaning, stylistically appropriate, expressive, intelligible.

We will understand the culture of speech knowledge of the norms of oral and written literary language (rules of pronunciation, stress, grammar, word usage, etc.), as well as the ability to use expressive language means in different communication conditions in accordance with the goals and content of speech.

The culture of speech is understood as such a choice and such an organization of language means that, in a certain situation of communication, while observing modern language norms and ethics of communication, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communicative tasks.

The culture of speech implies a fairly high level of the general culture of a person, the culture of his thinking, knowledge of the language.

According to this definition, the culture of speech includes three components: normative, communicative and ethical.

The most important of them is the regulatory component, which is responsible for:

good speech and its qualities;

functional styles;
forms of speech (oral/written; monologue/dialogue/polylogue; description/narration/reasoning);
expressive means of language (tropes and figures);
analysis of errors in the use of language tools and ways to eliminate them.

Normativity, i.e. following the norms of the literary language in the process of communication is rightly considered the basis, the foundation of speech culture.

Second in importance after normativity is communicative component culture of speech, which is responsible for the maximum success of communication.

The language performs different communicative tasks, serving different areas of communication, each of which, in accordance with the communicative tasks that are set in it, makes its own requirements for the language. The communicative component plays a decisive role in achieving the goals of communication. Compliance with the norms of the language, all the rules of communication ethics does not guarantee the creation of satisfactory texts. For example, many instructions for using household appliances are oversaturated with special terminology and therefore incomprehensible to a non-specialist. If any lecture is given without taking into account what the listeners really know about its subject, the lecturer has little chance of being "accepted" by the audience.

The language has a large arsenal of tools. The main requirement for a good text is that it should use such language tools that perform the tasks of communication (communicative tasks) with maximum completeness and efficiency.

The third component of speech culture is ethical. Every society has its own ethical standards of behavior. Ethics of communication, or speech etiquette, requires compliance with certain rules of linguistic behavior in certain situations. The ethical component manifests itself mainly in speech acts - purposeful speech actions: the expression of a request, a question, gratitude, greetings, congratulations, etc. A speech act is carried out in accordance with special rules adopted in a given society and at a given time, which are determined by many factors that are not related to linguistics: the age of the participants in the speech act, official and unofficial relations between them, etc.

A special area of communication ethics is explicit and unconditional prohibitions on the use of language means, for example, in any situation, foul language is strictly prohibited. Some intonational language means may also be banned - for example, speaking in "raised tones".

Thus, the ethical aspect of the culture of speech implies the necessary level of communication ethics in different age and social groups, as well as between these groups.

The communicative and ethical aspect is responsible for:

public speaking skills;

ethics of communication (rules of everyday and business communication); the basics of polemical skill (techniques for constructing and conducting discussions, polemics, disputes)

Ensuring maximum communication efficiency is associated with all three components of speech culture.

The tasks of studying the culture of speech are to teach how to read, write and speak correctly, as well as to protect the literary language and its norms.

Portal for the student. Self-training

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