Professional self-realization of personality

Modern researchers rightly note that the trends in the development of world society cause a significant increase in attention to the problem of the innovative (transformative) potential of a person, which is considered both in relation to the surrounding reality and to itself. After all, it is a lifestyle aimed at self-realization that leads a person to reveal his potential. Some authors consider self-realization as the highest life task of a person in ontogeny.

To date, there are few studies of the phenomenon of personal (life) self-realization of a person aimed at determining its essence as a systemic phenomenon of a higher order in relation to terms that are close in meaning (self-realization, self-actualization, self-development, etc.). Studies of the phenomenon of professional self-realization, which is one of the most important components, and for most people the main form of personal self-realization, in general, have not yet been carried out. The need for such research is due to the constant acceleration of scientific and technological progress and the rapid economic, social and spiritual transformations characteristic of the current stage of development of the world community. Such studies should help to create for specialists in various professions sustainable meaningful life guidelines in a changing world, a personal meaning of professional self-realization.

Our analysis made it possible to identify the main meaningful characteristics of personal self-realization (its essence, signs and forms).

Personal self-realization can be defined as a conscious self-development of a person, in the process of which its potentialities are revealed in different areas of life, resulting in the constant achievement of personally and socially significant effects, the formation of one's own "space of life".

The main features of personal self-realization are:

- The presence of a person's own project (strategy) of life and a firm intention to implement it;

— The presence of a pronounced need for self-improvement;

– Achievement by a person of the set life goals and disclosure of his personal potential;

— Recognition of a person's personal achievements by the social environment;

- Continuity - the constant setting of new goals in accordance with the correctly defined field of application of one's own efforts and the growing capabilities of a person;

— The presence of a specifically contradictory state, in which, on the one hand, satisfaction from the existing vital personal achievements is connected, and on the other hand, deficiency in their assessment (vision of the imperfection of what has already been achieved, which leads to a desire to make it better, more creative, etc.).

Self-realization can occur in two general forms (modes):

– External (achieving socially significant effects in various spheres of life: profession, creativity, sports, art, education, political and social activities, etc.);

– Internal (self-improvement of a person in the physical, intellectual, aesthetic, moral, spiritual and professional aspects).

At the same time, the external form of self-realization is impossible without the internal one.

Professional self-realization is understood by us as one of the most important forms of life self-fulfillment, which is characterized by a high level of disclosure of the personal potential of a specialist in the chosen profession, the development of his abilities, the relationship with the profession, the constant demand for his professional qualifications, the widespread use of his professional experience and achievements by other specialists.

The following signs of professional self-realization can be distinguished:

– The specialist has a pronounced need for continuous professional improvement and a project of his own professional development;

– A high level of disclosure of personal potential and abilities of a specialist in a particular profession,

– Achievement by a specialist of the set professional goals, overwhelming satisfaction with their own professional achievements;

– Recognition of the achievements of a specialist by the professional community, wide use of his professional experience and achievements;

— Continuity — constant setting and achievement of new professional goals;

– High level of creativity in the implementation of professional activities;

- Formation of their own "life-professional space".

So, self-realization (including professional) can be understood both as a goal, and as a perspective, and as a process, and as a need, and as a result.

As in personal (life) self-realization, in professional there are two interrelated general forms (methods):

– Outwardly professional (achieving significant achievements in various aspects of professional activity);

— Internal-professional (professional self-improvement aimed at increasing professional competence and developing professionally important qualities).

A more detailed differentiation of these forms of professional self-realization, in our opinion, is possible only on the basis of empirical research. The same can be said about such characteristics of professional self-realization as its classification by levels (steps) of severity and stages.

Thus, 10 signs of professional self-realization can be distinguished:

1. Internally professional:

1.1. The need for professional development.

1.2. Presence of a project of own professional development.

1.3. Prevailing pleasure in one's own professional accomplishments.

1.4. Constant setting of new professional goals.

1.5. Formation of own "vital professional space".

1. Outwardly professional:

2.1. Achievement of set professional goals.

2.2. Recognition of the achievements of a specialist by the professional community.

2.3. Use of professional experience and achievements by other specialists.

2.4. Disclosure of personal potential and abilities in the profession.

2.5. The manifestation of a high level of creativity in professional activities.

The phenomenon of professional self-realization can be considered both in absolute terms (correlating its level to a certain specialist according to what general criteria), and in relative terms, which reflects the degree of realization of the personal and professional potential of a certain specialist in relation to his individual capabilities.

Personal self-realization is a conscious self-development of a person, in the process of which its potentialities are revealed in different areas of life, resulting in the constant achievement of personally and socially significant effects, the formation of one's own "space of life".

One of the most important forms of self-fulfillment in life is professional self-realization, which is characterized by a high level of disclosure of the personal potential of a specialist in the chosen profession, the development of his abilities, the relationship with the profession, the constant demand for his professional qualifications, the widespread use of his professional experience and achievements by other specialists.

Professional self-realization occurs through two interrelated ways: externally professional (achieving significant achievements in various aspects of professional activity) and internally professional (professional self-improvement aimed at increasing professional competence and developing professionally important qualities).

In professional self-realization, 10 main features have been identified:

1) internally professional (the need for professional improvement, the existence of a project of one's own professional development, the prevailing pleasure in one's own professional achievements, the constant setting of new professional goals, the formation of one's own "life-professional space");

2) outwardly professional (achievement of set professional goals, recognition of the achievements of a specialist by the professional community, use of professional experience and achievements by other specialists, disclosure of personal potential and abilities in the profession, manifestation of a high level of creativity in professional activities.

Personal self-realization is the path that will lead you to understanding yourself.

“Life is a process of constant choice. At every moment a person has a choice: either retreat or advance towards the goal. Either a movement towards even greater fear, fears, protection, or the choice of a goal and the growth of spiritual forces. To choose development instead of fear ten times a day means to advance ten times towards self-realization.

Abraham Maslow

What is the first difference between humans and animals? The ability to think and build relationships with your own kind? To get food by peaceful means, but also to subjugate other people, the ability to analyze and build logical conclusions?

Yes, but still The main difference between a human and an animal is the desire to know oneself and his purpose in this world, and not just survival in it. And the search for the meaning of life often leads us to the need to know our "I", which requires being realized in our own place in this world. But what is your "I"? The answer to this question will help you become a harmonious person, satisfied with your life. The process that leads to this result is called self-realization.

Human self-realization is a natural need, which psychologists A. Maslow, E. Fromm and Z. Freud point to. Some recognized the right of a person to consciously seek ways of self-realization, while others called this need unconscious - biological or instinctive. Most people see this process only as obtaining obvious benefits, such as wealth and fame, which we have talked about more than once. What are personalities?

The hierarchy of human values ​​is expressed in a pyramid built by the psychologist A. Maslow. And at the top of this is precisely self-realization, called by the specified scientist self-actualization.

Maslow's pyramid of human needs

Of course, the procedure for satisfying needs can be purely individual and depends on a number of factors, but it is obvious that wealth is only a means to satisfy other needs and cannot be the goal of a person’s self-realization. However, fame is also most often just recognition. And not always fame comes as a result of such. Can a person be realized if he became famous, for example, because of a scandal in a public place? Is this his life goal? Most truly famous people remain dissatisfied and continue to search for themselves, having received all the dividends from their fame.

It turns out that self-realization of a person is a search for oneself? Summarizing all existing scientific definitions, the answer will be in the affirmative. But the paths of people are different, which is due to the individual characteristics of each person. That is why psychology cannot offer a single model of personality self-realization for all. The ideal is considered to be a versatile development, which leads to harmony in relations with one's "I" and with the outside world.

According to psychologists, creativity opens up the greatest opportunities. Exactly creative self-realization contributes to the development of personality, and the achievement of many other goals, and most importantly - this path becomes individual. It is noted that often a person sets himself the goal of becoming like his ideal. Creative self-realization excludes this path, since in the process of such a person finds himself, reveals and develops his talent, and does not imitate someone else. It is impossible to find yourself in imitation, because this is just another role that a person tries on.

Do not deny the possibility of creative self-realization if it seems to you that you have no talent for art. Creativity is a special approach to solving certain problems, a way of activity, and not the activity itself as such.

Personal self-realization is the path that will lead you to understanding yourself., satisfaction of their needs, necessary to achieve spiritual comfort. And the ways to achieve such harmony are different for everyone ...

Considering professional activity as a subject of study in psychology, the following should be noted. Professional activity is studied as a special function of the subject in the process of labor activity. In this sense, the study of professional activity is inextricably linked with the analysis of those features of objective reality that determine its content, as well as with the analysis of changes in human development as a result of the implementation of this type of activity by the subject.

The problem of the professional development of a personality is directly related to the issues of mastering professional activities, to the development and realization of a personality at various stages of its professional path.

L.I. Belozerova interprets professional development as a process of development from the desire to realize one's creative, potential opportunities to understanding one's vocation, to the formation of professionalism. She argues that professional development is carried out through the development of self-awareness of the individual. Professional self-awareness finds expression in self-improvement, self-education of the individual. Professional development occurs as the student learns, educates, self-educates, being an integrating process in relation to him.

The term "self-realization" (self-realization) was first used in the Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, published in 1902. Currently, this term is absent in the domestic reference literature, while in foreign it is interpreted ambiguously. Most often, the concept of "self-realization" is interpreted as "the realization of one's own potential."

Personal self-realization in the professional sphere on the life path involves the following stages: professional self-determination (choosing the type and direction of activity), becoming in the chosen profession, professional growth and development of professional competence. However, from time to time a person clarifies, corrects the course of his self-realization, returning to one or another of its stages. The genesis of difficulties and difficulties of self-realization in the professional sphere is already laid down in the prerequisites for self-realization of the individual and subsequently takes place at each of the identified stages, and the specifics of the profession are reflected in the difficulties themselves.

The first stage of self-realization is self-determination. Self-determination is one of the central mechanisms for the formation of personal maturity, which consists in a person's conscious choice of his place in the system of social relations. The emergence of the need for self-determination indicates that a person has reached a fairly high level of development, which is characterized by the desire to take his own, fairly independent position in the structure of informational, ideological, professional, emotional and other ties with other people.

The concept of professional development of a personality is a process of progressive personality change under the influence of social influences, professional activities and one's own activity aimed at self-improvement and self-fulfillment.

E.F. Zeer believes that professional development is a large part of human ontogenesis, which covers the period from the beginning of the formation of professional intentions to the end of professional life. The scientist argues that the movement of the individual in the space and time of professional work is called the professional development of the subject of activity. The author gives a brief definition of professional development - it is the "shaping" of the personality, adequate to the activity, and the individualization of the activity by the personality. E.F. Zeer formulated the following conceptual provisions:

the professional development of a person has a historical and socio-cultural conditionality;

· the core of professional development is the development of the individual in the process of vocational training, mastering the profession and performing professional activities;

The process of professional development of a personality is individually unique, unique, but it is possible to distinguish qualitative features and patterns in it;

professional life allows a person to realize himself, provides the individual with opportunities for self-actualization;

The individual trajectory of a person's professional life is determined by normative and non-normative events, random circumstances, as well as irrational inclinations of a person;

Knowledge of the psychological characteristics of professional development allows a person to consciously design his professional biography, build, create his own history.

Professional development is a productive process of development and self-development of the individual, mastering and self-designing professionally oriented activities, determining one's place in the world of professions, realizing oneself in the profession and self-actualization of one's potential to achieve the heights of professionalism.

Professional development is a dynamic process of “formation” of a personality, adequate activity, which provides for the formation of a professional orientation, professional competence and professionally important qualities, the development of professionally significant psychophysiological properties, the search for optimal ways of high-quality and creative performance of professionally significant activities in accordance with individual psychological personality traits. The system-forming factor of this process at different stages of formation is the socio-professional orientation, formed under the influence of the social situation of the complex of interrelated developing professionally significant activities and professional activity of the individual.

The transition from one stage of becoming to another is initiated; changes in the social situation, change and restructuring of the leading activity, which leads to the professional development of the personality, the crisis of its psychological organization, the formation of a new integrity, followed by disorganization and the subsequent establishment of a qualitatively new level of functioning, the center of which becomes professionally conditioned psychological neoplasms.

The professional development of a personality is a process of raising the level and improving the structure of professional orientation, professional competence, socially and professionally important qualities and professionally significant psychophysiological properties through the resolution of contradictions between the current level of their development, the social situation and developing leading activity.

The process of professional development is mediated by professionally significant activities and the social situation. The dynamics of professional development is subject to the general laws of mental development: continuity, heterochrony, unity of consciousness and activity.

The effectiveness of the professional development of the individual depends on the following conditions: psychologically sound choice of profession; professional selection of optants who have an interest and a penchant for the profession, the formation of their professional orientation, giving the content and technology of the professional educational process in an educational institution of a developing nature; consistent development by a specialist and a professional of a system of interrelated activities.

At the initial stages of professional development, the contradictions between the personality and the external conditions of life are of decisive importance. At the stages of professionalization and especially professional mastery, contradictions of an intrasubjective nature, due to intrapersonal conflicts, dissatisfaction with the level of one's professional growth, the need for further self-development and self-fulfillment, acquire a leading role. The resolution of these contradictions leads to finding new ways to perform professional activities, changing specialty, position, and sometimes profession.

The transition from one stage of professional development to another is accompanied by crises. Since they are psychologically substantiated, we will call them normative. The collapse of professional intentions, the termination of professional education, forced dismissal, retraining are also accompanied by crises (let's call them non-normative). It should also be stated that any professional activity deforms the personality, leads to the formation of socially and professionally undesirable qualities, character traits.

In the process of professional development, two kinds of contradictions arise:

between the individual and the external conditions of life.

intrapersonal.

The main contradiction that determines the development of the personality is the contradiction between the existing properties, qualities of the personality and the objective requirements of professional activity.

Education, professional knowledge and skills, general and special abilities, socially significant and professionally important qualities constitute the professional development potential of a specialist. Realization of potential depends on many factors:

human biological organization

The social situation

The nature of the professional activity

activity of the individual, his need for self-development and self-actualization.

But the leading factor in the professional development of a personality is the system of objective requirements for it, determined by professional activity, in the process of which new properties and qualities arise. A change or restructuring of the methods of its implementation, a change in attitude to the leading activity determine the stages of personality development.

In professional development, socio-economic conditions, socio-professional groups and the activity of the individual himself are also of great importance. The subjective activity of a person is determined by a system of steadily dominant needs, motives, interests, orientations, etc.

The determination of the professional development of a personality is interpreted differently by various psychological schools.

Socio-psychological theories consider professional development as the result of social selection and socialization preceding the choice of profession.

Psychodynamic theories consider instinctive urges and emotionally colored experience gained in early childhood as determinants of a person's professional development. An important role is played by the real situation in the world of professions, which a person observes in childhood and early adolescence.

Representatives of developmental psychology consider the previous (before choosing a profession) education and mental development of the child to be factors of professional development.

L.M. Mitina identifies two models for the formation of professional activity:

· an adaptive model, in which a person's self-consciousness is dominated by a tendency to subordinate professional labor to external circumstances in the form of fulfilling prescriptions, algorithms for solving professional problems, rules, and norms. The adaptive model reflects the formation of a specialist who is the bearer of professional knowledge, skills and experience.

· a model of professional development, which is characterized by the ability of an individual to go beyond the established practice, to turn his activity into a subject of practical transformation and thereby overcome the limits of his professional capabilities. The model of professional development characterizes a professional who owns a professional activity in general, is capable of its self-design and improvement. The driving forces behind the development of a specialist are the contradictions between the increasingly complex requirements of professional work and individual style, experience and abilities. The main driving force behind the development of a professional is the intrapersonal contradiction between the “I-acting” and the “I-reflected”. The experience of this contradiction encourages the professional to search for new ways of self-fulfillment.

The following trajectories of professional formation can be distinguished:

1. Smooth, conflict-free and crisis-free professional development within the same profession.

2. Accelerated development at the initial stages of formation, followed by stagnation and decline. It is realized, as a rule, also within the same profession.

3. Stepwise, spasmodic personal and professional development, leading to peak achievements (not necessarily within the same profession) and accompanied by crises and conflicts of professional development.

A change in the pace and vector of development occurs mainly with a change in the stage of formation. In this case, changes in the social situation of development, leading activity and the individual's own activity are of decisive importance. Each of the three main variants of becoming has various versions.

Difficulties may arise during professional development, which, in turn, are superimposed on previously existing difficulties in the course of professional self-determination (choosing a profession). At the same time, the personality is either “redefined” and adapted in the course of professional development, or finds itself in a situation of unemployment. It is also possible to acquire a new profession in which a person can fulfill himself in a more adequate way than before. However, in this case, it is necessary to have a significant personal potential and the ability to reach a different, higher level of self-realization.

The stage of professional growth includes the development of professional competence and the subsequent adaptation not of oneself to the profession, but of the profession to oneself (E.P. Ilyin). Of course, there is continuity, a smooth mutual transition between the stages of professional development and professional growth. The latter corresponds to a high level of self-realization of the individual - the level of meaningful and valuable realization (essential authenticity). In the structural-functional model of self-realization of the individual, there is a balance between the blocks of the model with a certain prevalence of the “I want” block interconnected with life-meaning and value orientations. At the same time, the “I want” block contains a pronounced component of authenticity. A low level of self-realization is distinguished by the predominance of this block, primitively expressed, with a prevailing need component. It is at this level that various kinds of difficulties in self-realization in the professional sphere accumulate.

The concept of personal maturity and its formation is connected with the levels of self-realization, the genesis of self-realization of the individual, which is especially important in the professional sphere as one of the main spheres of life. A characteristic that is attributively inherent in a personality self-actualizing in the professional sphere is personal autonomy. Thus, autonomy can serve as one of the conditions for personal maturity and, accordingly, a high level of self-realization of the individual.

Close concepts to the concept of professional development, self-determination is the concept of "professional self-realization", disclosed by A. Maslow "through the passion for meaningful work", K. Jaspers through the "business" that a person does. This concept also emphasizes the activity of the individual in the process of professionalization of a person. But the concept of "professional self-realization" is narrower than the concept of "professional self-determination" and characterizes only one stage of professional self-determination.

So, E.F. Zeer argues that the professional development of a person enriches the psyche, fills a person's life with special meaning, and gives significance to a professional biography. Professional development is a productive process of development and self-development of the individual, mastering and self-designing professionally oriented activities, determining one's place in the world of professions, realizing oneself in the profession and self-actualization of one's potential to achieve the heights of professionalism.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

self-realization personality autosympathy

For modern society, the problem of self-realization seems to be the main, key one. At present, a special interest in the problem of self-realization of the individual is due to the understanding that self-realization is a certain determining factor in the development of the individual. Today, the requirements for a modern person are quite high. Socio-economic conditions (high competition in the labor market) determine the prerequisites for self-development and self-improvement. According to the fair statement of E. V. Fedosenko, “only a successfully self-realizing specialist with a harmonious, versatile personality can affect the successful self-realization of a child.” That is why the problem of self-realization of the individual has been so actively developed recently, both by foreign and domestic psychologists.

R. R. Ishmukhamedov notes that the recent special interest in the psychology of self-realization is due to two classes of reasons: socio-historical and scientific.

The psychohistorical context of understanding the problem of self-realization defines the essence of the basic concept as "the process of realizing one's own capabilities gradually realized by people, which is becoming more and more understandable to people as something that provides the meaning and value of their own human existence." The need for self-realization is closely connected with the evolution of man himself, the development of humanistic principles of existence in him. We can say that this is an inevitable process of the development of civilization.

Interest is caused by the fact that in actual public life the self-realization of the individual becomes a kind of norm, social standard, "almost a cultural stereotype". The difference between a modern person and people representing other eras lies in the value-semantic foundations of his life, in other determinants of behavior. As a result, "an integral part of the motivational-required sphere of many people of our time living in developed countries has become the need for individual self-realization." All of the above determines the relevance of our work.

The problems of self-realization have been and are being dealt with by both established classical psychologists and young scientists. Among those who laid the foundation for the study of self-realization of the individual, one can single out B. G. Ananiev, L. S. Vygotsky, A. N. Leontiev. D. A. Leontiev, A. G. Maslow, A. K. Osnitsky, S. L. Rubinshtein and others.

Our study is conducted on university graduates of the last 3 years. As a result, the purpose of the study is to determine the severity of professional self-realization of the personality of graduates. The object of the study is the self-realization of the individual, and the subject is the features of the self-realization of the individual in professional activities.

Based on the foregoing, a working hypothesis of the study is formed: the degree of involvement of a person in professional activities affects the formation and severity of self-fulfilling characteristics of graduates.

In accordance with the purpose and hypothesis, the following research tasks were set:

1. Theoretical analysis of research on the problem of personality self-realization in domestic and foreign psychology

2. Empirical study of the formation of self-realization of graduates.

Research methods: Methods of express diagnostics of situational self-actualization of personality (SSL); self-actualization test (E. Shostrom - A. Maslow); observation; theoretical analysis.

The theoretical foundations of the work were the following sources:

A. Maslow "Far Limits of the Human Psyche", "Motivation and Personality"; K. Rogers “A look at psychotherapy. The formation of man"; E. Fromm "The Soul of Man"; A. Asmolov "Psychology of personality"; B. Bratus "Anomalies of personality"; R. R. Ishmukhametov "Problems of self-realization of the individual."

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.

1. Theoreticalbasicsself-realizationpersonalities

1.1 historicalandtheoreticaljustificationProblemsself-realizationpersonalities

The first appearance of the term "self-realization" is noted in the Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, published in 1892 in London. However, self-realization becomes an independent subject of scientific research only in the middle of the 20th century. The development of the problem of self-realization of the individual is attributed to the 50s of the XX century. The rejection of the analytical approach to a person and the general intention to consider the personality in its integrity and indivisibility led European scientists to delve into the problem of self-realization of the personality, without dwelling in detail on the theoretical substantiation of the original thesis. They understood personality as a unique system, which is not something predetermined, but an “open possibility” of self-actualization.

It is absolutely obvious that the very idea of ​​self-realization of the individual arises in humanistic psychology, the main postulates of which can be considered the following statements:

1) a person as an integral being exceeds the sum of his components: the study of his particular manifestations does not allow him to be understood in integrity;

2) human existence unfolds in the context of human relations: a person and his manifestations cannot be explained by a theory that does not take into account interpersonal experience;

3) a person is aware of himself and cannot be understood by science that does not take into account his continuous, multi-level self-consciousness;

4) a person has a certain degree of freedom from external determination: a person has a choice and is not a passive observer of the process of his existence, he himself tories his own experience, thanks to the meanings and values ​​that guide him in his choice;

5) a person is endowed with the potential for continuous development and self-realization, which are part of his nature.

However, the idea of ​​self-actualization itself arose long before the formation of humanistic psychology. It comes from the works of K-G. Jung, A. Adler, K. Horney and others. Consonant ideas can be found in the works of psychologists in the 1930s-1950s.

For K-G. Jung, self-realization, which he included in the process of individuation, acts as a person's desire to become himself, to become a single, homogeneous being. Self-realization is the evolution of the self from the unconscious to moral ideals. This is one of the main life tasks of a person.

A. Adler sees the purpose of a person in overcoming his own inferiority, in the urge to improve himself, to develop his abilities. Achieving your goals in work, friendship and love allows a person to live life to the fullest. Having substantiated the concept of a "life style" and "life plan" unique for each person, A. Adler in many respects anticipated the ideas of humanistic psychology about the self-realization of the individual.

In domestic science, the "starting point" in the development of many complex issues of psychology, including the methodological foundations of the problem of self-realization of the individual, is rightly considered the concept of JI. S. Vygotsky. He was the first to abandon the principle of mental reflection in the process of human interaction with the world in favor of the principle of generating a new reality of a dual nature - "subjectively distorted objective reality". It is this reality that becomes for a person the very “outside”, from where he can influence himself. The function of the psyche, according to L. S. Vygotsky, is to change the world in such a way "so that one can act." J.I. S. Vygotsky substantiates the principle of systemic determination of the psyche and human behavior.

In the development of the ideas of system determination, the concept of S. JI is of particular importance. Rubinstein. First of all, the very introduction of the personality principle into psychology served as the basis for actualizing attention to personal problems. And the famous postulate of S. L. Rubinshtein that external conditions determine the result of the impact on a person not directly and directly, but refracting through internal specific mental and psychological conditions, connected the external and internal in a single interaction. In the first place are internal causes, and external acts only as conditions. The author unambiguously formulates this: “Strictly speaking, internal conditions act as causes (the problem of self-development, self-movement, the driving forces of development, the sources of development are in the process of development itself as its internal causes), and external causes act as conditions, as circumstances.”

The theory of determinism by S. L. Rubinshtein leads to the need to identify and study self-movement, self-development.

A. N. Leontiev made a significant contribution to the development of a systematic approach to the study of the mental. He developed the formula of S. L. Rubinshtein, shifting the pole of determination as follows: “the internal (subject) acts through the external and thereby changes itself.” It should be emphasized that A. N. Leontiev speaks of the self-change of the subject. From here it is only a step to the problem of self-realization and explanation of its sources. Personality, according to A. N. Leontiev, is not the result of “a direct layering of external influences; it acts as what a person makes of himself, asserting his human life” and further: “personality cannot develop within the framework of consumption, its development necessarily implies a shift of needs to creation, which alone knows no boundaries.” The following theses of A. N. Leontiev are also significant: “A person lives, as it were, in an ever-expanding reality for him. Initially, this is a narrow circle of people and objects directly surrounding him, interaction with them ..., assimilation of their meaning. But then a reality begins to open before him, which lies far beyond the limits of his practical activity and direct communication: the boundaries of the cognizable world he represents are moving apart. The true “field”, which now determines his actions, is not just present, but existing ... ”(emphasized by A. N. Leontiev). For A. N. Leontiev, the formation of personality is associated with the development of the process of goal formation. And the goal is always an image of the future result, the achievement of which is impossible without the realization of the essential forces of a person, without his "self-activity".

Formulated by C. JI. Rubinshtein and A.N. Leontiev, the principles of determinism set the possibility of reaching a higher level of systemic vision of psychological phenomena. V. P. Zinchenko and E. B. Morgunov write about the same, emphasizing that in the last years of his life A. N. Leontiev stopped insisting that the psyche is a reflection, and brought to the fore the problem of generating an image of the world. This is the path to a new problem field, and the contours of the problem of self-realization are marked quite clearly along this path.

In addition, it is important to understand that the origins of ideas about the self-realization of personality in Russian psychology are directly related to the introduction of the concept of personality, with the study by V. M. Bekhterev of the driving forces of its development. It is from this that the theory of understanding human potentials, formulated by B. G. Ananiev, grows. B. G. Ananiev, analyzing the current situation in the science of man, explains the genesis of the potentials of the individual by the fact that each group of properties of the human personality is a system open to the outside world. It is in interaction with the outside world that “the activity of the creative, creative activity of man, the embodiment, the realization in it of all the great possibilities of the historical nature of man” is manifested.

Thus, one can strictly agree with the statement of L. A. Korostyleva, who says that today “self-realization of the individual as a separate psychological problem has been identified and studied from the perspective of the psychology of self-realization of the individual in the main areas of life.

Based on the foregoing, we can agree on two non-contradictory, but complementary, basic definitions for our work of self-realization of the individual. One of them was proposed by R. R. Ishmukhametov, who defines the self-realization of the individual as a mental, cognitive aspect of activity, theoretical activity, work on the inner plane. Self-realization, thus, tends to manifest itself "in the construction and adjustment, restructuring of the "I concept", the picture of the world and the life plan, the awareness of the results of previous activities (the formation of the concept of the past)" .

The second definition, which in many respects supplements the above definition, is offered by L. A. Korostyleva, who points out that “personal self-realization is the realization of the possibilities of developing the Self through one’s own efforts, collaboration, co-creation with other people (near and distant environment), society and the world as a whole . Self-realization involves a balanced, harmonious development of various aspects of the personality through the application of adequate efforts aimed at the development of genetic, individual and personal potentials.

Proceeding from this, the content of self-realization models is based on the axiomatic thesis that self-realization, being the subject of self-consciousness, is conditioned by “the relationship of a person’s attitude to the situation, to himself, to other people, to society, to the world around him, to value orientations.”

The idea of ​​the psychological determinants of self-realization is based on the psychological concept of the regulatory role of consciousness in human activity. This concept assumes that self-consciousness serves as an integrating basis of human psychological activity.

The study of personality self-realization as a holistic psychological phenomenon, presented at different levels of the psyche, in its procedural aspect and manifested in the context of life, made it possible to more clearly and systematically describe its phenomena. In accordance with the specifics of the phenomenon of self-realization of the personality, the developed theoretical model includes mechanisms that regulate self-realization: motivational-semantic (characterized by an increase in meaningfulness) and personal-situational (reflecting the ability to change the situation in the direction of the course of self-realization due to involvement in the regulation of life, determined by the guiding influence of consciousness ).

An important determinant of self-realization is the main motives and meanings that guide a person in the process of self-realization. In the motive there is a conscious reflection of the future when using the experience of the past. It performs incentive, guiding, meaning-forming and stimulating functions.

Motivational and semantic mechanisms have a decisive influence on the self-realization of the individual. Values ​​and needs are especially strong motivational formations. Motivational and semantic mechanisms involve the activation of the corresponding formations. At high levels, this is characterized by an increase in the meaningfulness of motives. The low levels are characterized by the presence of simple motives - needs - and low meaningfulness.

It is important to understand that the process of self-realization of the personality is directed from within to the external environment and is carried out, first of all, through motivational and semantic mechanisms, which contain general psychological mechanisms of regulation in their basis.

Thus, "motivational-semantic and personal-situational mechanisms most directly determine the self-realization potential, affecting its increase or decrease" .

Such a clear differentiation of the mechanisms that regulate the self-realization of the individual in no way denies the structural integrity of self-realization. As a stable ability for self-development, structural integrity manifests itself in the absence or overcoming of barriers to self-realization. This quality is ensured by a certain severity and synergistic nature of the interrelationships of individual, personal and integral personal characteristics.

In the modern world, interest in the problem of self-realization of the individual is primarily due to the economic interests of society. At this stage, it is the professional self-realization of the individual that occupies the foreground, contributing to the achievement of “more significant professional and personal heights than before”, the increase and intensification of social mobility, which encourages the choice of active life strategies.

Another reason that determines the relevance of the analysis of the problems of self-realization is the desire of psychological science to reach an understanding of the most complex systemic phenomena associated with a person and the human psyche.

1.2 professionalself-realizationpersonalities

Recently, there has been an increased interest in developing the problem of professional development of the subject of activity. This problem is becoming an urgent scientific and practical task of our time. This interest is quite natural, because in modern society, not only there is a poorly visible range of professions, but also there are rapid complex innovations in the professional field, the spheres of professional activity are expanding, new organizations are emerging, socio-economic relationships are changing. This implies new requirements for the subject of activity, for the process of his development in the profession.

The scientific community has accumulated a huge number of works that reflect the essence of self-realization. The complexity of studying this phenomenon in psychological science is largely due to the complexity of its objective knowledge. Even one of the most famous theories, A. Maslow's theory of self-actualization, was criticized by the scientific community, given the difficulty of objectively interpreting research results and scientific postulates. The ambiguity and complexity of the studied phenomenon makes us look for a solid scientific platform of objective methods for studying the self-realization of a person in a profession.

In modern science, there are many similar concepts of the phenomenon we are considering: self-development, self-determination, self-improvement, self-actualization. In the works of many authors, they can be found as synonymous. However, not all scientists agree with the equivalence of these definitions.

So, for example, E. V. Fedosenko and I. S. Sedunova point to the interdependence of the dichotomy “self-development-self-realization”. Self-realization seems to them to be an obligatory moment in the development of a person in ontogenesis, without which his adequate self-development is impossible: “self-realization in its development involves the constant accumulation and integration of self-development phenomena (self-consciousness, self-knowledge, self-understanding, self-perception, etc.) as a necessary condition for its reproduction” .

The phenomena of self-determination and self-actualization realize an active connection and interdependence of self-development and self-realization. Self-determination not only provides to some extent the definition, evaluation of oneself, but also the ability to "correlate the set goals, the chosen means and the situation of action": "I am sure of success, I make a decision and begin to act." Self-actualization acts as a trigger for the deployment of self-realization. In this we see the main difference between self-realization and self-actualization.

Thus, professional self-realization is understood as "a continuous heterochronous process of development of human potentials in creative activity throughout the life path."

However, with all the difference in the declared definitions, which we, of course, will take into account in our work, it is necessary to understand that the base of test methods is being developed primarily to consider the self-actualization of the individual. This is probably due to the fact that it is extremely problematic to study the broad field of the concept of self-realization, taking into account all its components. Let us make a reservation that in the light of recent scientific trends, we also refuse to reduce these two concepts as synonymous, but the survey material, the material of methods for studying personality, will be focused on self-actualization of the personality and, based on the data obtained, an attempt will be made to enter the sphere of self-realization.

Our work is focused on considering, first of all, the professional self-realization of the individual. That is why we will specify what exactly we mean by professional self-realization.

As you know, the most complete disclosure of a person's abilities is possible only in socially significant activities. Moreover, it is important that the implementation of this activity is determined not only from the outside (by society), but also by the internal need of the individual himself. In this case, the activity of the individual becomes self-activity, and the realization of his abilities in this activity acquires the character of self-realization.

Particularly broad prospects for self-realization open up in professional activities. Professional activity occupies a central place in the lives of many people who devote most of their time and energy to it. Within the framework of the profession, abilities are developed, career and personal growth occurs, a certain social status is achieved, and the financial foundations of life are provided. Following one's profession, using professional skills is one of the essential factors in achieving a certain degree of success in life.

In the process and as a result of professional self-realization, a professional consciousness is formed in a person, which is characterized by the following features:

* consciousness of belonging to a certain professional community;

* knowledge, opinion about the degree of one's compliance with professional standards, about one's place in the system of professional roles;

* knowledge of a person about the degree of his recognition in a professional group;

* knowledge of their strengths and weaknesses, ways of self-improvement, probable areas of success and failure;

* an idea of ​​yourself and your work in the future.

According to the level of development of these traits, one can judge the degree of realization of a person in the profession.

However, not every professional occupation is perceived by a person and is a sphere of self-realization. It is not so important what the specific professional motivation of a person is, it does not always indicate active self-realization. In addition, activities carried out mainly due to volitional tension are extremely energy-consuming and therefore tiring, exhausting, quickly leading to emotional "burnout".

A professional business should be interesting, attractive for a person who realizes himself. At the same time, it is important that the basis of attractiveness be provided with an understanding of the general social and individual value of labor. The dominance of labor values ​​in the hierarchy of human values ​​is practically a guarantee of successful self-realization.

Of great importance is the orientation of a person to self-development in the profession. A person's career aspirations also determine the possibility of achieving successful self-realization in this area. Active professional self-improvement prevents the occurrence of "burnout".

However, at the present stage of development of our country, the problems of self-realization are relegated to the background, and often to the third plan. Socio-economic conditions force a person to take care, first of all, of more pressing things, of essentials. It is because of this that the general deformation of a person's professional motivation occurs. True, even in the case when a person chooses a profession without much interest, guided by other considerations, it does not always turn out that the path to full-fledged self-realization in professional activity is closed to him.

The process of professional development of a personality in domestic psychological science is studied in connection with the ontogenetic development of a person, his personal qualities, the place and role of abilities and interests, the formation of the subject of labor, the problem of life path and self-determination, the identification of the requirements imposed by the profession on a person, the formation of professional consciousness and self-awareness within various schools and directions. Professional development as the development of the subject of professional activity closely interacts with the ontogenetic evolution of mental functions and the life path of the individual in society. In domestic psychology, this theory was developed in the works of S. L. Rubinshtein and B. G. Ananiev. Do not contradict them and more modern researchers. So, for example, the question of a person as a subject in a profession, according to A.K. Osnitsky, is solved by the presence of a “complex experience”, which includes:

* valuable experience (associated with the formation of interests, moral norms and preferences, ideals, beliefs);

* operational experience (including general labor, professional knowledge and self-regulation skills);

* experience of reflection (knowledge of one's capabilities in relation to the requirements of the profession);

* experience of habitual activation (assuming preliminary preparedness, operational adaptation to changing working conditions, calculation for certain efforts and a certain level of success).

Such experience of subjectivity provides a person with a certain level of success in any field of activity, including professional. The wider the range of a person's values, the range of their competencies, the deeper the knowledge about oneself and one's capabilities, the higher the level of readiness for activity, for efforts, the more effective self-realization.

The effective performance of professional activities, when a person is good at what he does, is often accompanied by “peak experiences”, indicating a high level of satisfaction with the results obtained. Peak experiences are the states of a person at moments of upsurge, victory, inspiration, the end of a job well done. At these moments, a person feels most integrated and "filled" with positive emotions. They are available to a person in any professional field.

It is important to understand that self-realization is “a person’s choice of the direction of activity, the sphere of application of forces, the way to embody oneself”. This choice is largely determined by the image of the human world, optimistic or pessimistic attitudes, awareness of oneself, one's place in the natural world and among people.

The first path of self-realization is the path of activity, creativity: without activity, self-realization is impossible, a person has no other opportunity to incarnate himself, except by doing something. Since the types of human activity are diverse. Accordingly, the spheres of self-realization are just as diverse.

The prospects for self-realization in professional activities are especially wide. Within the framework of the profession, abilities are developed, career and personal growth occurs, a certain social status is achieved, and the financial foundations of life are provided.

A professional business should be interesting, attractive for a person who realizes himself. Of great importance is the orientation of a person to self-development in the profession. A person's career aspirations also determine the possibility of achieving successful self-realization in this area. Active professional self-improvement prevents the occurrence of "burnout".

2 . empiricalstudyprofessionaboutcashself-realizationpersonalities

2.1 Techniquesresearchself-realizationpersonalities

In our work, we will use two methods for studying the self-realization of the individual. They are quite simple, but we will consider each of them in more detail.

1. Methodology for express diagnostics of situational self-actualization of personality (SSL)

The purpose of the methodology is to diagnose the degree of self-actualization experienced by a person in various life contexts (situations). The methodology is a questionnaire that includes 14 pairs of personality characteristics that reflect the state of self-actualization of a person in accordance with the descriptions of a self-actualizing personality according to A. Maslow. The bipolar pairs of personality characteristics that make up the methodology represent (in order) the following empirical characteristics of self-actualizing people:

1) sense of humor;

2) resistance to familiarization with cultural norms; own system of values;

3) peak experiences; freshness of perception;

4) focus on the problem ("they perform a certain mission, have a certain goal of life, solve some external task, which takes them a lot of time and energy");

5) spontaneity;

6) acceptance;

7) human relationship;

8) peak experiences;

9) autonomy;

10) centering on the problem; creativity;

11) autonomy; a tendency to seclusion;

12) means and goals;

13) sense of humor; peak experiences;

14) creativity.

To increase the reliability of the results, the questionnaire is balanced by the number of positive and negative scales, which correspond to an equal number of items in the questionnaire.

High scores on the test results indicate a high level of self-actualization-self-realization of the individual, manifested in a particular situation (or life context in general). A person shows activity, his abilities to the fullest extent, receives satisfaction from this; strives for success in business and achieves them; passionate about what is happening, which is filled with meaning for him; behaves naturally and naturally; is able to control his own life, freely make decisions and implement them.

Low scores on the test results indicate a low level of self-actualization-self-realization of the individual, manifested in a particular situation (or life context in general). A person experiences depression, tension and impotence, dissatisfaction with himself and what is happening; the impossibility of realizing his abilities; inability to achieve goals; dependence on others in making decisions and in their actions, the meaninglessness of what is happening; inability to independently control their lives, freely make decisions and implement them.

Instruction

After reading the names of personality traits in the list below, choose from each numbered pair the quality that is most characteristic of you, and put in the answer sheet the number that corresponds to the degree of expression of this quality:

1 - the quality presented in the left column appears frequently;

2 - the quality presented in the left column appears periodically;

3 - it is difficult to say what quality is manifested;

4 - the quality presented in the right column is rather manifested;

5 - the quality presented in the right column appears frequently.

Be sincere. The results will be used to improve the effectiveness of the psychological service.

	Cheerful						Frustrated, easily upset
	Forced to submit to circumstances, indecisive						Able to resist circumstances, decisive
	Ironic (dissatisfied with what is happening)						Inspired
	active, active						Restrained, depressed
	Natural, relaxed						Tense
	Satisfied with oneself, with one's affairs						Dissatisfied with self, self-critical
	Torn off from important matters, experiencing disappointments						Involved in a common cause, significant for many; achieving high results in it
	weighed down by what's happening						Fascinated by what's going on
	Seeking change, influencing what is happening						Forced to adapt to what is happening
	Solving important problems, making important decisions, discovering new things for himself						Forced to adapt to what is happening, to avoid problems
	Dependent (non-free) in making decisions (in their actions)						Free (independent) in making decisions (in their actions)
	Achieving success in business, in achieving goals						Forced to deal with troubles, problems, difficult to achieve goals
	Experiencing negative feelings (easily upset)						Experiencing positive feelings, inspired
	Not showing (due to circumstances) himself						Manifesting himself, his abilities

	What am I anyway (often)	What am I in a situation of success (good luck)	What am I in a situation of failure (failure)

The situations may be taken at the discretion of the researcher.

PROCESSING THE RESULTS

The digital answers of the subjects are converted into points in accordance with the key.

Key. In paragraphs 2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, the answer digit corresponds to the score received: i.e. for the number 1, 1 point is put, for the number 2 - 2 points, for the number 3 - 3 points, etc. In paragraphs 1,4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, the numbers of answers are translated into points as follows: for the number - 5 points, for the number 2 - 4 points, for the number 3 - 3 points, for the number 4.

2 points, for the number 5 - 1 point. The points scored are summed up.

Questionnaireself-actualizationpersonalities

A. Maslow's theory of self-actualization is legitimately one of the most popular and influential concepts in modern psychology. The first attempt to measure the level of self-actualization was made by Maslow's student Everett Shostrom. published the P01 questionnaire in 1963. It included two main scales of personal orientation: the first (temporary), showing several people tend to live in the present, not putting it off for the future and not trying to return to the past, and the second (support or support), measuring the ability of a person to rely on himself, and not on the expectations or assessments of other people. In addition, there were 10 additional scales measuring such qualities as self-esteem, spontaneity, existential values, positive views on human nature, etc.

The Shostrem questionnaire was translated and improved by a group of Moscow psychologists (L.Ya. Gozman, Yu.E. Aleshina, M.V. Zagika and M.V. Kroz) and published in 1987 under the title "Self-actualization test". Below is another adaptation of the P01 test, the SAMOAL questionnaire. This technique was developed taking into account the specific features of self-actualization in our society of socialism that has not come true and bourgeois democracy that has not come true. In addition, the structure of the questionnaire (types of scales) and the formulation of diagnostic judgments underwent significant changes. The first version of SAMOAL was created in 1993-1994; the psychologist A.V. took part in its standardization and validation. Lazukin.

INSTRUCTION:

Of the two options for statements, choose the one that you like best or best agrees with your ideas, more accurately reflects your opinions. There are no good or bad, right or wrong answers, the best will be the one that is given on the first impulse.

Table. test material

1. a) The time will come when I will live for real, not like now.	b) I am sure that I am truly living right now.
2. a) I am very passionate about my professional work.	b) I cannot say that I like my work and what I do.
3. a) If a stranger does me a favor, I feel obligated to him.	b) Prin. favor of a stranger, I do not feel obliged to him.
4. a) I find it difficult to sort out my feelings.	b) I can always sort out my own feelings.
5. a) I often think about whether I behaved correctly in a given situation.	b) I rarely think about how correct my behavior is.
6. a) I am internally embarrassed when compliments are given to me.	b) I rarely get embarrassed when people compliment me.
7. a) The ability to be creative is a natural property of a person.	b) Not all people are gifted with the ability to be creative.
8. a) I don't always have enough time. to keep up with the news. and skill.	b) I adj. forces, trying to follow the news of literature and art.
9. a) I often make risky decisions.	b) I find it difficult to make risky decisions.
10. a) Sometimes I can let the interlocutor understand that he seems stupid and uninteresting to me..	b) I think it's underestimated. make it clear to people that he seems stupid and uninteresting to me ..
11. a) I like to leave pleasant things for later.	b) I do not leave pleasant "for later".
12. a) I think ignorant. interrupt the conversation if it is interesting only to my interlocutor ..	b) I can quickly and unprincipled. Prer. conversation, inter. only one side.
13. a) I strive to achieve inner harmony.	b) The state of inner harmony is most likely unattainable.
14. a) I can’t say that I like myself.	b) I like myself.
15. a) I think most people can be trusted.	b) I think that people should not be trusted unless absolutely necessary.
16. a) Poorly paid work cannot bring satisfaction.	b) Interesting, creative content of the work is a reward in itself.
17. a) Quite often I get bored.	b) I am never bored.
18. a) I will not deviate from my principles even for the sake of useful deeds that could count on people's gratitude.	b) I would rather give up my principles for the sake of things for which people would be grateful to me.
19. a) Sometimes it is difficult for me to be sincere.	b) I always manage to be sincere.
20. a) When I like myself, it seems to me that others like me too.	b) Even when I like myself, I understand that there are people who dislike me.
21. a) I trust my sudden desires.	b) I always try to think over my sudden desires.
22. a) I must strive for perfection in everything I do.	b) I don't get too upset if I don't succeed.
23. a) Selfishness is a natural property of any person.	b) Most people are not selfish.
24. a) If I do not immediately find the answer to the question, then I can postpone it for indefinitely. time.	b) I will look for an answer on inter. I have a question, do not consider. with the cost of time.
25. a) I like to reread books I like.	b) It is better to read a new book than to go back to an already read one.
26. a) I try to do what others expect me to do.	b) I am not inclined to think about what others expect of me.
27. a) Past, present and future appear to me as one whole.	b) I think my present is not very connected with the past or the future.
28. a) Most of what I do gives me pleasure.	b) Only a few of my activities really make me happy.
29. a) In an effort to disassemble. in the character and feelings of the environment, people are often tactless.	b) The desire to understand the surrounding people is quite natural and justifies some faux pas.
30. a) I know well what feelings I can and cannot feel.	b) I have not yet fully understood what feelings I am capable of experiencing.
31. a) I feel remorse if I get angry with those I love.	b) I feel no remorse when I get angry with those I love.
32. a) A person should calmly relate. to what he can hear about himself from others.	b) It is natural to be offended when you hear an unpleasant opinion about yourself.
33. a) The effort required to know the truth is worth it, because it brings benefits.	b) Effort, cat. requires pos. truths are worth it, for Ven. pleasure.
34. a) In difficult situations, it is necessary to act test. ways - this guarantees success.	b) In difficult situations it is necessary to find fundamentally new solutions.
35. a) People rarely annoy me.	b) People often annoy me.
36. a) If it were possible to return the past, I would change a lot there.	b) I am satisfied with my past and do not want to change anything in it.
37. a) The main thing in life is to benefit and please people.	b) The main thing in life is to do good and serve the truth.
38. a) Sometimes I am afraid to seem too gentle.	b) I am never afraid to seem too gentle.
39. a) I think that expressing my feelings is usually more important than thinking about the situation.	b) Do not rashly express your feelings without weighing the situation.
40. a) I believe in myself when I feel that I can do it. with tasks, standing in front of me.	b) I believe in myself even when I can't. Ref. with your problems.
41. a) Performing actions, people are guided by mutual interests.	b) By nature, people tend to care only about their own. interests.
42. a) I am interested in all the innovations in my professional field.	b) I am skeptical about most innovations in my professional field.
43. a) I think that creativity should benefit people.	b) I believe that creativity should bring pleasure to a person.
44. a) I always have my own point of view on important issues.	b) Forming my point of view, I tend to listen to the opinions of respected and authoritative people.
45. a) Sex without love is not a value.	b) Even without love, sex is a very significant value.
46. ​​a) I feel responsible for the mood of the interlocutor.	b) I don't feel responsible for it.
47. a) I easily put up with my weaknesses.	b) It is not easy for me to come to terms with my weaknesses.
48. a) Success in general. depends on how much a person is able to reveal himself to another.	b) Success in communication depends on the ability under. their dignity and hide week.
49. a) My sense of self-respect depends on what I have achieved.	b) My self-respect does not depend on my achievements.
50. a) Big. people are accustomed to act "along the line of least resistance."	b) I think that most people are not inclined to this.
51. a) Narrow specialization is necessary for a real scientist.	b) Deepening into a narrow specialization makes a person limited.
52. a) It is very important whether a person has the joy of knowledge and creativity in life.	b) In life it is very important to benefit people.
53. a) I like to take part in heated arguments.	b) I don't like arguments.
54. a) I am interested in predictions, horoscopes, astrological forecasts.	b) Such things do not interest me.
55. a) A person must work for the sake of satisfaction. their needs and the welfare of their families.	b) A person must work to realize. their abilities and desires.
56. a) In solving personal problems, I am guided by generally accepted ideas.	b) I solve my problems the way I see fit.
57. a) Will is needed in order to restrain desires and control feelings.	b) The main appointment. will - podhl. effort and increase human energy.
58. a) I am not ashamed of my weaknesses in front of my friends.	b) It is not easy for me to show my weaknesses even in front of my friends.
59. a) It is human nature to strive for something new.	b) People seek new things only out of necessity.
60. a) I think that the expression "Live and learn is wrong."	b) I consider the expression "Live and learn" to be correct.
61. a) I think that the meaning of life lies in creativity.	b) It is hardly possible to find the meaning of life in creativity.
62. a) It can be difficult for me to get to know a person who I like.	b) I have no difficulty meeting people.
63. a) It saddens me that a significant part of life is wasted.	b) I can’t say that some part of my life is wasted.
64. a) It is inexcusable for a gifted person to neglect his duty.	b) Talent and ability matter more than duty.
65. a) I am good at manipulating people.	b) I believe that it is unethical to manipulate people.
66. a) I try to avoid disappointment.	b) I do what I think is right, regardless of the possibilities. grief.
67. a) In most situations, I can't afford to fool around.	b) There are many situations where I can afford to fool around.
68. a) Criticism in my address reduces my self-esteem.	b) Criticism has almost no effect on my self-esteem.
69. a) Envy is characteristic only of losers who believe that they have been passed over.	b) Most people are envious, although they try to hide it.
70. a) Choosing an occupation for himself, a person must take into account his social. significance.	b) A person should first of all do what interests him.
71. a) I think that knowledge in the chosen field is necessary for creativity.	b) I think that knowledge is not at all necessary for this.
72. a) Perhaps I can say that I live with a feeling of happiness.	b) I cannot say that I live with a feeling of happiness.
73. a) I think that people should analyze themselves and their lives.	b) I think introspection does more harm than good.
74. a) I try to find reasons even for those of my actions that I do simply because I feel like it.	b) I am not looking for reasons for my actions and deeds.
75. a) I am sure that anyone can live their life the way they want.	b) I think that people. little chance of living your life as you would like.
76. a) It is never possible to say with certainty about a person whether he is good or evil.	b) It is usually very easy to evaluate a person.
77. a) Creative work requires a lot of free time.	b) It seems to me that in life you can always find time for creativity.
78. a) Usually it is easy for me to convince the interlocutor that I am right.	b) In an argument, I try to understand the point of view of the interlocutor, and not to convince him.
79 a) If I do something exclusively for myself, I feel embarrassed.	b) I do not feel embarrassed in this situation.
80. a) I consider myself the creator of my future.	b) It is unlikely that I have much influence on my own future.
81. a) The expression "Kindness must be with fists" I think is correct.	b) The expression "Good should be with fists" is hardly true.
82. a) In my opinion, the shortcomings of people are much more noticeable than their virtues.	b) The virtues of a person are much easier to see than his shortcomings.
83. a) Sometimes I am afraid to be myself.	b) I am never afraid to be myself.
84. a) I try not to think about my past troubles.	b) From time to time I tend to go back to memories. about past failures.
85. a) I believe that the goal of life should be something significant.	b) I do not at all consider that the goal of life is indispensable. must mean something.
86. a) People strive to understand and trust each other.	b) Closing in a circle of own. interests, people do not understand others.
87. a) I try not to be a black sheep.	b) I allow myself to be the black sheep.
88. a) In a confidential conversation, people are usually sincere.	b) Even in a confidential conversation, it is difficult for a person to be sincere.
89. a) Sometimes I am ashamed to show my feelings.	b) I am never ashamed of it.
90. a) I can do something for others without asking them to appreciate it.	b) I have a right to expect people to appreciate what I do for them.
91. a) I show my affection for a person, regardless of whether it is mutual.	b) I rarely manifest. your location. to people without being sure that it is mutual.
92. a) I think that in communication you need to openly show your dissatisfaction with others.	b) It seems to me that in communication people should hide their mutual disadvantages.
93. a) I put up with contradictions in myself.	b) Internal contradictions lower my self-esteem.
94. a) I strive to openly express my feelings.	b) I think that in an open expression. feelings there is always an element of unrestraint.
95. a) I am confident in myself.	b) I can't say that I'm sure of myself.
96. a) Achieving happiness cannot be the main goal of human relationships.	b) Achieving happiness is the main goal of human relationships.
97. a) I am loved because I deserve it.	b) I am loved because I myself am able to love.
98. a) Unrequited love can make life unbearable.	b) Life without love is worse than unrequited love in life.
99. a) If the conversation does not work out, I try to build it in a different way.	b) Usually, it is the fault of the ignorant that the conversation did not work out. interlocutor.
100. a) I try to make a good impression on people.	b) People see me for who I really am.

Table. The desire for self-actualization is expressed by the following points of the test:

Processing and interpretation of test results

The individual scales of the SAMOAL questionnaire are represented by the following items:

Time orientation: 1b, 11a, 17b, 24b, 27a, 36b, 546, 63b, 73a, 80a.

Values: 2a, 16b, 18a, 25a, 28a, 37b, 45a, 55b, 61a, 64b, 72a, 81b, 85a, 96b, 98b.

· A look at human nature: 7a, 15a, 23b, 41a, 50b, 59a, 69a, 76a, 82b, 86a.

Need for cognition: 8b, 24b, 29b, 33b, 42a, 51b, 53a, 54b, 60b, 70b.

Creativity (desire for creativity): 9a, 13a, 16b, 25a, 28a, 33b, 34b, 43b, 52a, 55b, 61a, 64b, 70b, 71b, 77b.

Autonomy: 56, 9a, 10a, 26b, 31b, 32a, 37b, 44a, 56b, 66b, 68b, 746.75a, 876, 92a.

Spontaneity: 5b, 21a, 31b, 38b, 39a, 48a, 57b, 67b, 74b, 83b, 87b, 89b, 91a, 92a, 94a.

Self-understanding: 4b, 13a, 20b, 30a, 31b, 38b, 47a, 66b, 79b, 93a.

Autosympathy: 6b, 146, 21a, 22b, 32a, 40b, 49b, 58a, 67b, 68b, 79b, 84a, 89b, 95a, 97b.

· Contact: 10a, 29b, 35a, 46b, 48a, 53a, 62b, 78b, 90a, 92a.

Flexibility in communication: 3b, 10a, 12b, 19b, 29b, 32a, 46b, 48a, 65b, 99a.

Note: Scales No. 1, 3, 4, 8, 10 and 11 contain 10 points each, while the others contain 15 points. To obtain comparable results, the number of points on the indicated scales should be multiplied by 1.5.

You can get results as a percentage by solving the following proportion:

15 points (maximum on each scale) equals 100%, and the number of points scored is x%.

1. The scale of orientation in time shows how much a person lives in the present, without postponing his life "for later" and without trying to find refuge in the past. A high result is typical for people who are well aware of the existential value of life "here and now", who are able to enjoy the current moment without comparing it with past joys and without devaluing it with anticipation of future successes. A low result is people who are neurotically immersed in past experiences, with an overestimated desire for achievements, suspicious and unsure of themselves.

2. Scale of values. A high score on this scale indicates that a person shares the values ​​of a self-actualizing personality, which A. Maslow included such as truth, goodness, beauty, integrity, lack of duality, vitality, uniqueness, perfection, accomplishments, justice, order, simplicity, lightness without effort, play, self-sufficiency. The preference for these values ​​indicates the desire for a harmonious existence and healthy relationships with people, far from the desire to manipulate them in their own interests.

3. The view of human nature can be positive (high score) or negative (low score). This scale describes faith in people, in the power of human capabilities. A high score can be interpreted as a stable basis for sincere and harmonious interpersonal relationships, natural sympathy and trust in people, honesty, impartiality, goodwill.

4. A high need for knowledge is characteristic of a self-actualizing personality, always open to new experiences. This scale describes the ability for existential cognition - a disinterested thirst for something new, an interest in objects that is not directly related to the satisfaction of any needs. Such knowledge, according to A. Maslow, is more accurate and effective, since its process is not distorted by desires and inclinations, while a person is not inclined to judge, evaluate and compare. He just sees what is and appreciates it.

Similar Documents

Analysis of the concept of "motivation" and "self-realization" in personality psychology. The relationship of self-realization and psychological health of the individual. Organization and methodology of experimental study of the role of motivation in the self-realization of the individual, analysis of the results.

term paper, added 10/13/2015


Socialization in adolescence as a condition for the self-realization of the personality of a teenager. The content of the concept is self-realization of the individual. Theoretical foundations of the process of self-realization of adolescents. Self-realization of the personality of a teenager - an empirical study.

term paper, added 12/11/2008


The essence of self-realization and its significance for the development of personality. Reflection as a key link in determining the values ​​of self-realization. Research of features of value orientations of the personality of students of faculty of the State and municipal management.

term paper, added 12/13/2009


Psychology of creativity. Creative propensity. Psychological mechanisms of artistic creativity. Principles of interpretation of creativity. Self-realization of personality. The need of the individual for self-realization.

abstract, added 04/17/2003


The problem of the influence of the environment and heredity on the development of personality. The theory of convergence of two factors by V. Stern. Methodological premises of the concept of double determination of personality development. Scheme of systemic determination of personality development.

lecture, added 04/25/2007


Psychology of creativity, the concept of a person's predisposition to it. Psychological mechanisms of artistic creativity. Principles of interpretation of creativity (philosophical, sociological, cultural aspect). The need of the individual for self-realization.

test, added 03/28/2010


Psychological approaches to the problem of personal self-realization in sports as an opportunity to show one's perfection, using physical qualities to achieve results. Research of interrelation of self-realization and motivation of sports activity.

thesis, added 02/18/2011


Psychology of creativity. Definition of imagination. Creative propensity. Psychological mechanisms of artistic creativity. Principles of interpretation of creativity. Self-realization of personality. The need of the individual for sufficient self-realization.

abstract, added 11/06/2008


The study of approaches to understanding the mental health of the individual. Essence and types of psychogenic mental disorders. Identification of the relationship between the level of mental health of the subjects (students and workers) and their assessment of the quality of their own lives.

dissertation, added 12/16/2013


Considering the role of mental health and emotional well-being in older age. The study of risk factors for mental health problems among this category of people. Dementia and depression in the elderly. Types of personality adaptation to old age.

Zueva S.P. Self-realization of a person in professional activity // Concept. -2013.- No. 02 (February). - ART 13027. - 0.4 p. l. -URL: . - State. reg. El No. FS 77-49965. - ISSN 2304-120X.

Zueva Svetlana Petrovna,

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of General Psychology and Developmental Psychology, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo zueva [email protected]

Annotation. The article is devoted to the problem of the success of personality self-realization, which is determined by a person's awareness of his own capabilities and potentials in various types of his activity. An adequate professional activity combines the instrumental and social aspects of self-realization, which allows it to be considered as the most favorable space for a person's conscious self-realization.

Key words: self-realization, consciousness, activity, personality, professional activity, goal setting, goal achievement.

At present, Russian society is focused on modernization and development, both in socio-economic terms and in relation to the individual. In this regard, studies of mental phenomena and mechanisms of self-realization of the individual are in demand. The reduction of production in the country, the change in the professional structure of society led to the need to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of professional activity and the process of human self-realization.

Self-realization of a person is manifested in the fulfillment of desires, hopes, achievement of the goals of the individual. S. I. Kudinov points out that the term "self-realization" (self-realization) was first given in the Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology. In modern studies, the concept of "self-realization" is mainly interpreted as "the realization of one's own potential." S. I. Kudinov notes that back in 1940, the Ukrainian psychologist G. S. Kostyuk, considering the idea of ​​self-development, noted “conscious purposefulness” as an essential characteristic of the process. "With such purposefulness, the person to some extent begins to direct her own mental development."

The problem of self-realization of the individual is investigated using the foundations of various psychological trends. However, it is not possible to single out a single concept of self-realization. It should be noted that the existence of a large number of theoretical studies has not led to the development of a theory of self-realization that is balanced in terms of points of view. It is also difficult to develop a single definition of this concept. Attempts are being made to consider self-realization through concepts that are close in meaning - such as life strategy in Russian psychological theory, identity in the theory of E. Erickson, self-actualization in the theory of A. Maslow. In humanistic psychology, self-realization is considered as the meaning of human life, the relationship of self-realization with the social contribution of a person is noted, both in relation to close people and to all of humanity, depending on the scale of a person’s personality.

The methodological problem is the uncertainty of the conceptual status of self-realization. The correlation of the phenomenon of self-realization with the three modes of the mental needs to be clarified - whether it should be considered as a process, state (need) or personality trait.

A number of researchers define self-realization as a phenomenon due to the desire for self-actualization inherent in human nature. In research

Self-realization of a person in professional activity

http://e-koncept.ru/2013/13027.htm

scientific and methodical electronic journal

also presents a point of view considering the possibility of procedural determination of the phenomenon of self-realization.

The impossibility of direct observation of the phenomenon of self-realization and, due to this circumstance, the need to be content with fixing the elements of its manifestation in the behavior of subjects complicate both the theoretical description of the phenomenon of self-realization and its empirical study. The difficulty of measuring self-realization is due to the high degree of its subjectivity. It is required to develop specific techniques and methods for tracking and controlling the effects of self-realization during the experiment, since it is necessary to take into account the influence of a significant number of factors.

Various approaches are found both when considering the nature of self-realization and the mechanisms for its implementation, and in the analysis and description of the conditions and factors that affect its course and success.

It is proposed to consider (R. A. Zobov, V. N. Kelasev, L. A. Korostyleva) subjective and objective factors influencing the content and dynamics of the process of self-realization.

1. Dependent on a person (subjective) - value orientations, a person’s desire and ability to work with himself, reflexivity, moral qualities, will, etc.

2. Objectives that do not depend on a person) - the socio-economic situation in the country, the standard of living, material security, the influence of the media on a person, the ecological status of a person's life).

A number of researchers (I. P. Smirnov, E. V. Selezneva) note the importance for the process of self-realization of the influence of the external environment on the human psyche in the form of the results of education, socialization, work training, interpersonal interaction, communication with other people.

It should also be assumed that the actual psychological aspect of self-realization consists in the deployment of all personal potentials of a person in any kind of activity or sphere of life. Translated from Sanskrit, the word "self-realization" literally translates as "manifestation of one's spirit." It can be assumed that human consciousness is the same spirit, the manifestation of the activity of which is the process of self-realization. It will probably be insufficient to consider the process of self-realization as a simple manifestation of human capabilities, abilities, knowledge, and skills.

The question arises - is the most complete disclosure of a person's abilities possible only in socially significant activities? Is self-realization always a process with a plus sign, a positive phenomenon, socially acceptable? In the context of the problem of freedom of choice of a person, it can be concluded that the ethical, moral, social parameters of self-realization of a person are not essential or essential. However, when considering the problem of self-realization, we find an appeal to moral categories in the statement of T. V. Skorodumova, who claims that self-realization of a person is a process of realization by a person in himself and in society of the idea of ​​goodness and truth in their ontological unity. This approach means the fact that the self-realization of the individual should be considered as a positive phenomenon that corresponds to the nature of a person and contributes to his ascent to the heights of the spirit and development.

Personal self-realization is possible provided that a person realizes the need for his life self-realization, believes in his individual destiny, sees in it the highest meaning of his life. Without a person's awareness of his ways

http://e-koncept.ru/2013/13027.htm

scientific and methodical electronic journal

Zueva S.P. Self-realization of a person in professional activity // Concept. -2013.- No. 02 (February). - ART 13027. - 0.4 p. l. -URL: http://e-koncept.ru/2013/13027.htm. - State. reg. El No. FS 77-49965. - ISSN 2304-120X.

ness, interests, life preferences, self-realization cannot be realized. Probably, an equally important condition for the self-realization of a person is the person's awareness of his integration into the world around him, his ability to harmoniously and constructively interact with other people and nature.

D. A. Leontiev proposes to consider the process of self-realization from the standpoint of personal growth, noting its social orientation towards other people, society in the form of creating spiritual, cultural content or a material object for them.

The instrumental aspect of self-realization of the individual is associated with the knowledge, skills and abilities that a person has, allowing him to perform specific work activities and build systems of relations with people and society.

Among the factors that impede the self-realization of the individual, one should note the atomicity, the solitude of a person’s being, his lack of involvement in an active life, spiritual and cultural limitations, underdevelopment of consciousness, and inadequate professional choice. Non-constructive influence on the process of self-realization of the individual is exerted by such phenomena as the priority of material and narrowly pragmatic values, going to criminal structures, drug addiction, alcoholism, etc.

If there are not enough conditions for self-realization in the community, socio-cultural and socio-economic space of a person's existence, stagnation may occur, socio-psychological grounds for a social and economic crisis may be created. E. E. Vakhromov notes: “The conduct by the power elites of a policy aimed at obstructing the processes of self-actualization is fraught with anti-social manifestations of extremism and terrorism. The growth of involutionary tendencies, the involvement of large groups of people in the processes of involution, the marginalization of individual regions and countries are fraught with a serious threat to the development of civilization and culture as a whole. The external form of self-realization of the individual is represented by the activity of the individual in the profession, creativity, sports, art, education, political and social activities, etc. The internal form is the self-improvement of a person in various aspects: moral, spiritual, physical, intellectual, aesthetic.

Thus, the professional activity of a person is one of the essential necessary conditions for the deployment of the process of self-realization of the individual. Taking into account the requirements of the activity approach, one should assume the presence in the analysis of this kind of psychological reality of the category of consciousness. It is consciousness that determines the nature of the relationship between professional activity and the process of self-realization of the individual.

V.V. Davydov defined consciousness as “the reproduction by a person of the ideal plan of his goal-setting activity and the ideal representation of the positions of other people in it.”

Conscious human behavior involves the reflection and consideration of the needs, interests and positions of other individuals. Probably, we should assume the relationship of the process of self-realization of the individual with the reflection, representation, activity of society and other people.

“Whoever and whenever acts,” noted G. P. Shchedrovitsky, “he must always fix his consciousness, firstly, on the objects of his activity - he sees and knows these objects, and secondly, on the activity itself - he sees and knows himself acting, he sees his actions, his operations, his means, and even his goals and objectives.

http://e-koncept.ru/2013/13027.htm

scientific and methodical electronic journal

Zueva S.P. Self-realization of a person in professional activity // Concept. -2013.- No. 02 (February). - ART 13027. - 0.4 p. l. -URL: http://e-koncept.ru/2013/13027.htm. - State. reg. El No. FS 77-49965. - ISSN 2304-120X.

Considering the system of consciousness functions in the context of professional activity as an activity space for human self-realization, one can single out professional goals, professional knowledge, professional attitude, professional plans and programs, professional self-awareness, etc. in the structure of professional consciousness.

Among the main conditions for the self-realization of the personality, A. I. Kataev notes the presence in a person of such derivatives of consciousness as a developed self-consciousness and reflection with an actualized ability to know and realize oneself and the world around, real and potential abilities and opportunities, interests and values, prospects for personal and professional growth.

To analyze the phenomenon of self-realization, it is necessary to provide for the parameter of goal setting and goal achievement. Self-realization is not only a manifestation of oneself, but also the realization by a person, the achievement by him of any results in the activity he realizes. The degree of a person's awareness of himself, his goals, capabilities, potentials and resources can act as a regulatory principle, a mechanism for the process of self-realization.

Professional activity, reflected in the human mind as a space for self-realization, can provide three aspects of self-realization: psychological, sociocultural and instrumental. The psychological aspect of self-realization, as noted above, acts as an awareness and expression of personal potentials in professional activities. The instrumental aspect of self-realization involves the demand for and use of potentials, resources, experience in the form of knowledge, skills, abilities, human abilities. The sociocultural aspect is manifested in the realization and fulfillment of an individual mission by a person through his professional activity in relation to other people, society, humanity. It is probably just such a construct regarding professional activity, which is formed in the mind of a person, that contributes to the successful self-realization of the individual.

The effectiveness of such a construct is determined by the value positive attitude of a person to his professional activity, the adequacy of professional choice, the optimality of professional self-determination. The purpose of professional self-determination is the gradual formation of a person's internal readiness for conscious and independent construction, adjustment and implementation of the prospects for his development (professional, life and personal). Taking into account the dynamism, variability in modern conditions of the structure of professional employment in society, one should note the openness, incompleteness, and, consequently, the relevance for the individual of the process of professional self-determination in conjunction with its self-realization.

A person's willingness to consider himself developing in time and independently find personally significant meanings in a particular professional activity largely determines the effectiveness of the self-realization process. N. R. Khakimova notes that in modern psychological research, professional self-determination is considered as “choosing oneself” in a profession, choosing a way of self-realization. The data of empirical studies confirm the significance for optants of such a motive for choosing a profession as the motive "the possibility of self-realization".

At the same time, the question arises about the relationship between the content (the purpose and meaning of professional activity as the mission of the individual in society) and pragmatic material aspects (profession as a source of income) of professional activity.

http://e-koncept.ru/2013/13027.htm

scientific and methodical electronic journal

Zueva S.P. Self-realization of a person in professional activity // Concept. -2013.- No. 02 (February). - ART 13027. - 0.4 p. l. -URL: http://e-koncept.ru/2013/13027.htm. - State. reg. El No. FS 77-49965. - ISSN 2304-120X.

values ​​that are perceived by a person. The predominance in the mind of a person of constructs associated with the pragmatism of professional activity for him makes it difficult for him to realize himself in the profession.

The content aspect of the profession is reflected in the mind of a person by a set of ideas about the objects, goals, results and meanings of professional activity. The demand for and significance for society of the results of professional activity, as well as a person’s own ideas about it, act as conscious prerequisites for the formation of a person’s attitude to his profession as a mission in society and his own being.

A person's ability to fully realize himself through a profession is determined by the adequacy of professional choice. At the same time, theoretically, one should admit the possibility of the existence of a fragmentary, partial self-realization of the individual in the profession.

Thus, it is possible to single out a number of parameters that determine the conditions for a person's self-realization in professional activity: the degree of a person's awareness of his personal potential and instrumental resources; degree of adequacy of professional choice; the level of development of society and social production, capable of ensuring the availability of professional choice for a person; the formation of a person's ideas about self-realization as a mission in relation to other people and society.

1. Kudinov S. I. Experimental and theoretical aspects of the study of basic personality traits // Personal development of a specialist in conditions of university education: Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. - Tolyatti: TSU, 2005. - S. 95-98.

3. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K. A. Strategy of life. - M.: Thought, 1991. - 299 p.

4. Erickson E. Identity: youth and crisis. - M.: Progress, 1997. - 340 p.

5. Maslow A. Self-actualization // Psychology of personality. Texts / Ed. Yu. B. Gippenreiter, A. A. Puzyreya. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982. - S.108-117.

6. Galazhinsky E. V. Systemic determination of personality self-realization. - Tomsk: Tomsk State University Publishing House, 2002. - 212 p.

7. Korostyleva L. A. Problems of personality self-realization in the system of human sciences // Psychological problems of personality self-realization. - St. Petersburg, 1997. - S. 3-19.

9. Vakhromov E. E. Psychological concepts of human development: the theory of self-actualization. - M.: International Pedagogical Academy, 2001. - 180 p.

10. Ibid.

11. Davydov VV Problems of developmental education. - M., 1996. - 240 p.

12. Shchedrovitsky G. P. Selected Works. - M., 1995. - 800 p.

13. Kudinov S. I. Decree. op.

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, associate professor at the chair of general psychology and psychology of development of Federal State Budget educational institution “Kemerovo State University" zueva [email protected]

Self-realization of man in professional activities

abstract. The successfulness of person's self-realization is defined by man's realizing of his own possibilities and potentials in different kinds of his activities. In an adequate professional activity instrumental and social aspects of self-realization are combined and it allows to examine it as the most favorite are of man’s conscious self-realization.

Keywords: self-realization, consciousens, professional activity, aim relief, aim achievement.

Gorev P. M., candidate of pedagogical sciences, editor-in-chief of the magazine "Concept"

http://e-koncept.ru/2013/13027.htm