Ancient Egypt was called "Gift of the Nile"

Geographical position

Ancient Egypt is one of the oldest world civilizations that originated in Northeast Africa, in the Nile Valley. It is generally accepted that the word "Egypt" comes from the ancient Greek "Aygyuptos". It probably originated from Het-ka-Ptah - the city that the Greeks later called. The Egyptians themselves called their country "Ta Kemet" - Black Earth - according to the color of the local soil.

Egypt occupied a favorable geographical position. The Mediterranean Sea connected it with the Asiatic coast, Cyprus, the islands of the Aegean Sea and mainland Greece. The Nile was the most important navigable artery that connected Upper and Lower Egypt and the whole country with Nubia, which the ancient authors called Ethiopia.

Formation of a single state

In more detail about the first centuries of Ancient Egypt and the formation of the state, we read in the article -.

In the era preceding the formation of the state, Egypt consisted of separate regions, as a result of their unification, two kingdoms arose - and. After a long war, the Upper Egyptian kingdom won, and both parts merged. The exact date of this event is unknown, but it can be assumed that around 3000 BC. e. a single state already existed in the Nile Valley.

The kings waged constant wars. It is known, for example, that during a campaign in Nubia, the founder of the IV dynasty (XXVIII century BC), 7 thousand prisoners and 200 thousand heads of cattle were taken away, and during a campaign against the Libyans - 1100 people. During the reign of the IV dynasty, Egypt became the sovereign owner of the area of ​​copper mines in the Sinai Peninsula. Trade expeditions were sent to Nubia for building stone, ivory, acacia and ebony (it was delivered to Nubia from the hinterland of Africa), for precious stones, incense, panther skins and exotic animals. They brought fragrant resins and "light gold". From Phoenician to Egypt there was a timber - a cedar tree.

Huge power was concentrated in the hands of the king, the basis of which was an extensive land fund. large resources of labor and food. The state was acquiring features based on an extensive bureaucratic apparatus. The first person on the hierarchical ladder after the pharaoh was the supreme dignitary, he was also the chief judge, who combined a number of government posts and managed many sectors of the economy. In the presence of, and private farms, a decisive role in the country's economy, especially during the V-VI dynasties, played where, apparently, the vast majority of the working population was employed.

In the era of the Old Kingdom, further development, especially in Lower Egypt, received horticulture, horticulture, viticulture. The Egyptians have the honor of discovering beekeeping. The pastures of the Delta provided ample opportunities for the development of animal husbandry. Its characteristic feature is the keeping in the herd, along with livestock, of fully or semi-tamed desert animals: antelopes, ibexes and gazelles. The main wealth of Upper Egypt was grain, primarily barley and emmer wheat. Part of it was transported north along the Nile. Thus, Southern and Northern Egypt complemented each other.

The period of the Old Kingdom is characterized by the rapid growth of stone construction, the culmination of which was the construction of royal tombs - huge pyramids with funeral temples and "cities" of noble tombs. With the construction of the pyramid of the king (III dynasty), carried out mainly with the help of copper tools, Egypt finally entered the copper age. But stone tools continued to be used later.

At the end of the 5th dynasty, the power of the pharaohs began to weaken. At the same time positions were strengthened . Exhausted by the construction of the pyramids, torn apart by social contradictions, by the end of the reign of the VI dynasty, Egypt began to disintegrate into semi-dependent. 70 Memphis kings of the next, VII dynasty, according to legend, preserved by, ruled for only 70 days. From the middle of the XXIII century. BC. began the period of decline of Egypt, its internal fragmentation.

By the end of the III millennium BC. the economic situation of Egypt required the unification of the country; during the turmoil, the irrigation network fell into disrepair, the population often suffered from severe hunger. At this time, two unifying centers claimed the Egyptian throne. One of them was located in the north of the country, in a fertile lowland not far from, on the western bank of the Nile. The nomarch of Herakleopolis (Akhtoy) subjugated the rulers of nearby regions to his power, simultaneously waging a struggle against Asian nomads. The rulers of all Egypt also sought to become nomarchs. The Theban rulers came out victorious, and the country was united. On one of the reliefs that have survived to this day, this ruler is depicted as the conqueror of the Egyptians, Nubians, Asians and Libyans. But the achieved unity was not yet lasting.

middle kingdom

After the reign of his heir, the throne was seized by Hatshepsut, who initially retained the minor king, her stepson, Thutmose III, as nominal ruler, but later openly declared herself pharaoh. Having come to power, Thutmose III sought to erase any reminder of Hatshepsut, destroying her images and even her name. He made many campaigns in Syria and Palestine, and his empire began to extend from the fourth threshold of the Nile to the northern outskirts of Syria.

In the first half of the XIV century. BC e. there is a reign (Akhenaton), whose name is associated with the most important religious reform. Under the two successors of Amenhotep IV, a departure from his policy began. Semneh-kere restored the cult of Amun, under the next pharaoh - Tutankhamun - the cult of Aton, approved by the reformer king, lost state support.

Under Ramesses I (XIX dynasty), long wars began with the Hittites for dominance in Syria. In the reign of Ramesses II, it took place under the walls of the Syrian city of Kadesh, in which up to 20 thousand people participated on each side. In his description of this battle, Ramesses claims that it was he who won the victory. But it is known that the Egyptians failed to take Kadesh and the Hittites, led by the king, pursued them during their retreat. The long war ended in the 21st year of the reign of Ramesses II with a peace treaty with the Hittite king Hattusilis III. The original treaty was written on silver tablets, but only copies in Egyptian and Hittite have survived. Despite the power of Egyptian weapons, Ramesses II failed to restore the borders of the empire of the pharaohs of the 18th dynasty.

Under the heir of Ramesses II, his thirteenth son, and under Ramesses III, the son of the founder of the XX dynasty of Setnakht, waves of conquerors fell upon Egypt - the "peoples of the sea" and the Libyan tribes. Having hardly repulsed the onslaught of the enemy, the country found itself on the verge of serious shocks that political life manifested themselves in the frequent change of rulers, rebellions and conspiracies, in the strengthening of the positions of the nome nobility (especially in Thebaid, in southern Egypt), closely associated with priestly circles, and in the sphere of foreign policy - in the gradual decline of the military prestige of Egypt and in the loss of its foreign possessions .

The era of the New Kingdom was for Egypt a time not only of territorial expansion, but also of rapid economic development, stimulated by the influx into the country of a huge amount of raw materials, livestock, gold, all kinds of tribute and labor in the form of prisoners.

From the 18th dynasty, bronze tools began to be widely used. But because of the high cost of copper, they still continue to use stone tools. A number of iron products have been preserved from this era. Iron was known in Egypt before. But even at the end of the XVIII dynasty, it continued to be considered almost a jewel. And only in the VII-VI centuries. BC. tools in Egypt began to be made everywhere from iron, which was extremely important for economic progress.

In the era of the New Kingdom, an improved plow, leg bellows in metallurgy, and a vertical loom began to be widely used. Horse breeding, previously unknown to the Egyptians, is developing, serving the Egyptian army with its combat. From the reign of Amenhotep IV, the first image of a water-lifting structure, the shaduf, has come down to us. His invention was of great importance for the development of horticulture and horticulture in high fields. Attempts are being made to grow new varieties of trees exported from Asia (pomegranate, olive, peach, apple, almond, cherry, etc.) or from Punta (myrrh tree). Glass production is developing intensively. Art achieves unsurpassed perfection. Internal trade is gaining more and more importance. International trade, on the other hand, for the development of which there was no incentive in Egypt during the era of conquest, because he received everything he needed for himself in the form of booty and tribute, acquires a certain significance only in the second half of the New Kingdom.

During the period of the New Kingdom, the widespread use of slave labor was noted, primarily in the royal and temple households (although slaves also served private estates). So, during his 30-year reign, Ramesses III donated over 100 thousand prisoners from Syria, Palestine and more than 1 million sechats (Greek “arur”; 1 arura - 0.28 ha) of arable land to the temples. But the main producer of material goods was still the working population of Egypt, entangled in all kinds of duties.

By the beginning of the XI century. BC. In Egypt, two kingdoms were formed: Lower Egyptian with a center in Tanis, in the northeast of the Delta, and Upper Egyptian with its capital in Thebes. By this time, Syria, Phoenicia and Palestine had already come out of Egyptian influence, the northern half of Egypt was flooded with Libyan military settlers, led by leaders who were in alliance with the local Egyptian authorities. One of the Libyan commanders, Sheshenq I (950-920 BC), founded the XXII dynasty. But his power, like the power of his successors, was not strong, and under the Libyan pharaohs (IX-VIII centuries BC), Lower Egypt broke up into a number of separate regions.

At the end of the 8th century BC. The Nubian king Pianhi captured a significant part of Upper Egypt, including Thebes. The local influential priesthood supported the conquerors, hoping with their help to regain their dominant position. But the ruler of Sais in Lower Egypt, Tefnakht, who relied on the Libyans, managed to lead the fight against the invasion. Memphis also opposed the Nubians.

However, in three battles they defeated the army of Tefnakht and, moving north, reached Memphis, taking the city by storm. Tefnacht was forced to surrender to the mercy of the victors. The next Nubian king to rule over Egypt was Shabaka. According to a legend preserved by Manetho, he captured the Lower Egyptian pharaoh Bokhoris and burned him alive. In 671 BC Assyrian king Esarhaddon defeated the army of the Nubian pharaoh Taharqa and captured Memphis.

The liberation of Egypt and its unification was carried out by the founder of the XXVI (Sais) dynasty, Psammetich I. The next pharaoh, Necho II, sought to establish his dominance in Syria. In 608 BC The Jewish king Josiah blocked the Egyptian army from Megiddo (a city in northern Palestine), but was mortally wounded. After that, Judea began to pay a large tribute in gold and silver to the Egyptian king. The power of the Egyptians over Syria and Palestine lasted three years, and in 605 BC. The Egyptian army was driven back to its border by the Babylonians. Under Apria (589-570 BC), one of the successors of Psammetichus I, Egypt supported Judea in the struggle against Babylonia. Apries defeated the fleet of Sidon, one of the largest Phoenician cities. In 586 BC The Egyptian army appeared under the walls of Jerusalem, but was soon defeated by the Babylonians.

By that time, to the west of Egypt, on the Libyan coast of the Mediterranean Sea, the Hellenes had created their own state - Cyrene. Apries decided to subdue him and sent a significant military force against him, but they were defeated by the Greeks. A rebellion broke out in the Egyptian army against Apries, and Amasis (570-526 BC) was elevated to the throne.

Persian rule

In 525 BC In the battle of Pelusium, the Persian army, led by King Cambyses, defeated the Egyptians. Then Cambyses was proclaimed king of Egypt (XXVII dynasty). To give the seizure of Egypt a legal character, legends were created about the matrimonial ties of the Persian kings with the Egyptian princesses and about the birth of Cambyses from the marriage of his father Cyrus with Nitetis, the daughter of Pharaoh Apria.

Capture of Egypt by Alexander the Great

Egypt several times sought independence from the Persian rulers (XXVIII-XXX dynasties), until it was conquered in 332 BC. Alexander the Great, in whom the Egyptians initially saw a liberator from the oppression of the Persians. Egypt's time for pharaohs is over. An era has begun.

Egypt - general information about the country

Egypt Map

Egypt

Egypt is a state in northeastern Africa and on the Sinai Peninsula.
It borders with Israel, the Palestinian National Authority (Gaza), Sudan and Libya. In the north, the territory is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean, in the east - by the Red Seas. Both seas are connected through the artificially constructed Suez Canal.

Geography

Egypt borders Libya in the west, Sudan in the south, Palestine and Israel in the east, and also has a maritime border with Saudi Arabia and Jordan.
It is washed in the north by the Mediterranean Sea, in the east by the Red Sea. Egypt owns the largest artificially constructed canal - the Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas, thus opening a short route from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean.
Throughout the territory of Egypt, one of the two longest rivers in the world, the Nile, flows from south to north.
The Nile River is one of the largest rivers in the world (6671 km). This great river became the cradle of civilization in the region.

About 96% of the country's territory is occupied by deserts, 4% falls on the Delta and the Nile River Valley.

The fauna of Egypt is characterized by: gazelle, fox, jerboa, hyena, jackal, hippopotamus, crocodile, a large number of birds, insects, lizards and snakes.

Climate

The climate of Egypt is throughout the tropical desert, Egypt is part of the Sahara desert. The summer is very hot, the thermometer can sometimes approach the 50-degree mark in the shade, but at night it is always much cooler, the daily temperature drops are very large, the off-season ones are smaller. On the seas, fluctuations between daily and interseasonal are somewhat less. Winters are cooler, the temperature during the day in January usually varies between 20-25 °C. The nights are cold, the average temperature is 10 ° C, but in the deserts slight frosts are also possible (up to -5 ° C).

History of Ancient Egypt

In the 4th millennium BC. e. from many small territorial entities - nomes - two political associations arose - Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt (with capitals in Hierakonpolis and Buto). The creation of a single state is attributed to the ruler of Upper Egypt, Menes. The capital of the united state around 3000 BC. e. became Memphis in the southern part of the Nile Delta. By the end of the 4th - beginning of the 3rd millennium are the first monuments written in Egyptian hieroglyphic writing.
In the 30-28 centuries, clashes began with neighbors: the Kushites (Nubians) - in the south, with the Libyans - in the west and nomads from the Sinai Peninsula - in the northeast.
In the XXVIII-XXIII centuries BC. formed the ancient Egyptian civilization. The unity of Egypt was embodied in the power of the pharaohs - the unlimited masters of the whole country. The pharaoh was the head of the cults of all the gods of Egypt and was himself deified. An expression of this was the construction of pyramids during this period - the tombs of the pharaohs Djoser, Snefru, Cheops (Khufu), Khafre (Khafre) and Mikerin (Menkaur). The significance of the Heliopolis cult of the sun god Ra, whose sons all the pharaohs called themselves, increased.
In the XXIII-XXI centuries BC. Egypt is divided into many nomes. The new unification of Egypt began with the rise of the nomarchs of Heracleopolis (in Central Egypt), later the rulers of the southern city of Thebes strengthened. The Theban pharaoh Mentuhotep I became the ruler of a united Egypt.
In the 21st-18th centuries BC, the god Amun was declared the patron of the pharaohs. Amenemhat I moved the capital from Thebes to Ittaui in the Faiyum oasis. New disintegration of Egypt.
In the XVIII-XVI centuries BC. The Hyksos seized power in Lower Egypt and made their capital the city of Avaris in the eastern part of the Nile Delta. Ahmose I succeeded in destroying the dominion of the Hyksos. Pursuing them, he invaded Palestine and Syria. His successors established the rule of Egypt in Palestine, Phoenicia, Syria; the country of Kush until the 4th Nile threshold became a province of Egypt.
Under Amenhotep III, Ancient Egypt reached its greatest power. From the provinces in Asia and in the country of Kush, Ancient Egypt received tribute in timber, copper, tin, lead, silver, as well as cattle, slaves, wine, jewelry, and ivory. From the country of Punt, where Queen Hatshepsut sent an expedition, incense came to Ancient Egypt. During this period, the army of Egypt became regular. The religious reform of Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) proclaimed the cult of the single god Aten (solar disk) for the Egyptians. In honor of this god, a new capital, Akhetaton, is being built. After the death of Akhenaten in 1335 BC. e. the veneration of the former gods was restored, and Thebes again became the capital of Egypt. Carried away by religious reform, Akhenaten abandoned government. The decline continued after his death, but around 1290 BC. e. Pharaoh Ramesses II restored the power of Egypt. He fought hard against the Hittites and their Syrian allies. The capital of Egypt under Ramses II was Per-Ramses, built on the site of Avaris.

Regarding dating in Egyptology, there are many independent and relatively equally well-founded theories. Due to the insufficiency of the source base, today we cannot be one hundred percent sure of the absolute dates of this or that event in ancient Egyptian history. Most of the facts can only be spoken of relatively. So, the beginning of the ancient Egyptian civilization is the beginning of the Early Dynastic period, which happened, according to modern Egyptologists, in the 4th millennium BC. e. The end of Classical Egypt is known for sure - it is 31 BC. e., when the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, Caesarion, ended his reign, and Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire.

State structure
Egypt is a republic. The head of state is the president, who is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The head of government is the prime minister. The highest legislative body is the bicameral National Assembly. The lower house of parliament, the People's Assembly (Majlis Ash-Shaab), consists of 518 deputies, 508 of whom are elected by the majority system, and 10 are appointed by the president; in the People's Assembly there are quotas for workers and peasants, as well as for women. On January 29, 2011, the post of vice president, de facto abolished in 1981, was reanimated, to which the former head of intelligence of Egypt, Omar Suleiman, was appointed. On February 11, 2011, President Mubarak handed over power to the Supreme Military Council. The last elections were held on November 28 (1st round) and December 5, 2010 (2nd round). The National Democratic Party, led by President Hosni Mubarak, won about 80% of the seats in the elections. The largest opposition movements - the Muslim Brotherhood (banned; activists participate as independent candidates) and the New Wafd - boycotted the second round of elections.

Population

The population is 80.5 million (July 2010 estimate, 16th in the world).
Annual increase - 2% (fertility - 3 births per woman).
The average life expectancy is 69.8 years for men, 75.1 years for women.
The ethnic composition is 98% Arabs, as well as Nubians, Bejas, Berbers and others.
Literacy - 83% of men, 59% of women (2005 estimate).
Urban population - 43% (in 2008).

Religion

The bulk of the population speaks Arabic and practices Sunni Islam; there are also Coptic Christians. In Egypt, the positions of officially banned radical Islamic organizations are quite strong. Many ideologists of Wahhabism and radical Islam studied at Cairo University. During the last 30 years there has been a rather peaceful time in the religious life of Egypt. However, despite this, from time to time conflicts flare up between radical Islamists and Copts. January 1, 2011 in Alexandria during the New Year's Liturgy in the Coptic church in Alexandria, a terrorist attack was committed - a bomb was detonated, killing more than 20 people, more than 100 people were injured.
Copts consider themselves descendants of the first Egyptian Christians. Christianity originated in Egypt in Alexandria and from there spread throughout the country. Copts believe that Jesus Christ has a divine-human nature. The Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon in 451 condemned Monophysitism as an erroneous doctrine. Thus, the Coptic Church of Egypt broke away from the Orthodox Christian Church.
The head of the Coptic Church is the patriarch, currently Shenouda III. The residence of the patriarch is in Alexandria.
Islam is a later religion. Today, Islam has an immeasurably greater influence on the family and society than Christianity. The basis of secular legislation in Egypt is formed by a set of norms of Islamic law - Sharia, which, however, operates in a relaxed form.

culture

Egypt is known as the country of the pyramids, but Egyptian culture is not limited to them alone.

Egyptian ceramics is very diverse and is generally divided into two types: clay and faience. Pottery has been known in Egypt since the beginning of the Neolithic. Faience products are one of the achievements of artistic crafts in Egypt. Since the 1st Dynasty, faience beads and small round gambling tables have existed. In addition to decorative elements of architecture, the Egyptians made a wide variety of faience products: necklaces, canopies, figurines for burials, incense vessels, goblets and bowls. It is permissible to consider the Egyptians the first manufacturers of glass. Glass products are characterized by harmonious forms, uniformity of material, beauty, freshness and brightness of colors. The Egyptians never sought to achieve transparency of the material.

Jewelery and jewelry making also belonged to the number of artistic crafts in which the Egyptians reached a high level of perfection. Royal breast decorations are typical works of Egyptian art. In the classical period of Egyptian history, goldsmiths achieved a virtuoso perfection in technique that has never been surpassed since. So, for example, they were remarkable chasers and were able to achieve a layer of metal 20 times thinner than the thinnest one is being achieved today. They used casting, molding, soldering, forging. To cut the ornament, notch, engraving, gilding by stamping, embossing, inlay, granulation, etching, coloring were used.
From wood, the Egyptians made mostly only furniture. Linen was the main textile material.

Sculpture in Egypt appeared in connection with religious requirements and developed depending on them. The eyes were often inlaid with bronze and stones. The bodies of the statues were made exaggeratedly powerful and developed, giving the statue a solemn elation. Statues were created in tombs. They also played a big role in the architectural design of the temples: they bordered the roads leading to the temple, stood at the pylons, in the courtyards and in the interior. The statues, which had a large architectural and decorative load, differed from purely cult ones. They were made in large sizes, interpreted in a generalized way.

Egypt is rich in its architecture. Many places in this country are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. From the time of the ancient world, the ruins of the ancient city of Memphis and its cemetery, located south of Cairo, next to the pyramids of Giza, have been preserved; the city and burials at Thebes in Upper Egypt, the villages of Karnak and Luxor; and a number of other ancient monuments of Egypt. The old city of Cairo is often called "Islamic Cairo" - it is filled with mosques, Islamic educational institutions, baths and fountains. In Alexandria and Cairo, you can see a large number of mansions, hotels, made in European style. Western influence was also reflected in public buildings - for example, the building of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. In 2002, the Library of Alexandrina was opened on the site of the ancient Library of Alexandria.

Tourism

Tourism is one of the main income items of Egypt. Therefore, the state in every possible way contributes to the development of this industry. Resort complexes are being intensively built and modernized on the sea coast, in the resort cities of Sharm el-Sheikh, Hurghada, etc. Numerous representatives of the tourist police (Tourism & Antiquities Police) are found on all the streets. Their task is to help and promote visitors in every possible way, which they successfully cope with.
In Egypt, there are monuments of various eras and civilizations: ancient Egyptian, Christian (Coptic), medieval Arabic. Most visited attractions:
Ancient Egyptian necropolises (the pyramids of Giza and others, the Valley of the Kings and Queens in Luxor, the tombs of the nobility).
Temples of the pharaohs, especially in Luxor and Abu Simbel.
Monuments of the Middle Ages - Islamic and Old Cairo.
On the Red and Mediterranean Seas there are numerous resorts for lovers of diving, surfing and similar hobbies.
A characteristic feature of Egyptian tourism is communication with local residents. The habitual manner of haggling, imposing one's services and asking for baksheesh (tips) often takes newcomers by surprise. It is interesting that well-established methods of deception are often applied to tourists here, the knowledge of which makes it easier to travel around the country.

Kitchen

The dishes here are simple and hearty, made from ripe vegetables and fruits and flavored with fresh spices. The cuisine of the south of Egypt is closer to the North African and more spicy than the northern one, but neither one nor the other is particularly hot. Fouls are the favorite bean dishes of the Egyptians. Pork is banned, but lamb is delicious. It is grilled, stewed with vegetables, all kinds of dishes are made from minced meat. Hamam-makshi is a pigeon stuffed with rice and spices and grilled over coals. A special delicacy of Egyptian cuisine is grilled fish with tomatoes and sweet green peppers.
For dessert, menenas are buns stuffed with dates, almonds, pistachios and cinnamon, with orange blossom infused water added to the dough. Or fatir - pancakes with a variety of fillings - from eggs to apricots. Umm-ali: the puff pastry is torn into small pieces, mixed with almonds, raisins, grated coconut, the mass is spread on a baking sheet and poured with hot milk and sugar. Topped with whipped cream, baked in the oven and served hot.

The shops

Shops are usually open seven days a week from 09:00 to 20:00, or even until midnight. Supermarkets usually open longer lunch hours from at least 12:00 to 14:00. Shops in hotels can open after 18:00 and work until the last customer leaves. In summer, the lunch break often lasts from 14:00 to 16:00.

Tips

Tips (baksheesh) in Egypt will be expected from you by porters, taxi drivers, porters and many others. Carry some 50 piastres and 1 pound banknotes with you - a small amount is enough. It is customary to leave about 10% in the restaurant (in addition to taxes and service fees included in the bill).

Beaches

Egypt has resorts - Hurghada, Sharm El Sheikh, El Gouna, Nuweiba, Taba, Makadi Bay, Soma Bay, Dahab, Safaga, El Quseir, Marsa Alam.
1. Hurghada - the beaches are gentle, but the open sea, fine and clean sand. Entertainment: aquascope ride, submarine ride (only in Hurghada), yacht fishing, a trip to Luxor and the Valley of the Pharaohs, Singing Fountains, a thousand and one nights oriental show, a trip to Cairo, a trip to Cairo and to the Pyramids of Giza, Cairo - Alexandria, diving, "jeep safari", four-wheel motorcycle safari, a trip to the Monastery of St. Catherine, coral islands, a trip to the Monastery of St. Anthony and St. Paul, a water park.
2. Sharm El Sheikh - the only sandy beach where you can swim barefoot - this is Sharm El Maya Bay, on all other beaches the entrance to the water is inconvenient - corals and sharp stones, you can enter only in slippers.
3. In the resort of El Gouna, hotels are located on the islands, along the channels between which small boats with tourists ply. Swimming in the canals is not allowed everywhere, but only in specially adapted areas. On the beaches of El Gouna, the sea has shallows up to 500-600 m long. This is suitable for families with children, but adults who like to swim, especially do not accelerate.
4. Nuweiba - sandy beach, in some places strips of small pebbles. Cobblestones are present, but there is no other misfortune of hedgehogs and corals. The entrance to the water is very convenient.
This resort is for families and also for lovers of water sports. The main entertainment is dolphins, with which you can swim.
5. Taba - you can enter the water without shoes thanks to the sand strip. Taba resort is distinguished by the beauty of corals, coral reefs are located very close to the coast. This resort is for a quiet family holiday with children. There is almost no entertainment outside the hotel.
6. Makadi Bay - the beaches and the entrance to the sea are sandy, there is a coral reef not far from the coast. Suitable for families.
7. Soma Bay: beaches - sandy, very beautiful coral reefs. Suitable for a relaxing holiday. Entertainment: water sports, diving, golf club, the third largest spa center in the Middle East with thalassotherapy and mud therapy.
8. Dahab has golden sandy beaches. This is one of the best resorts for families with children. The beaches have playgrounds, the sea is a comfortable gentle slope. Entertainment: surfing.
9. Safaga - luxurious sandy beaches are available. Clean fine sand of Safaga beaches has a unique property to cure diseases of the musculoskeletal system and skin diseases (including psoriasis).
Compared to Hurghada, hotels usually have a large territory and a very long beach. Entertainment: windsurfing, diving.
10. El Quseir - sandy beaches. Entertainment - diving.
11. Marsa Alam - sandy beaches. Entertainment: diving, surfing and windsurfing.

Attractions

More than six thousand years of history, the remains of ancient civilizations, the great pyramids and pharaohs, ancient temples and the richest museums - the sights of Egypt have been attracting many tourists for more than a century. Ancient Egypt left to descendants an invaluable heritage, a unique opportunity to touch which we have today.
Egypt offers informative and varied excursions to everyone who wants to get acquainted with the history of this amazing country.

Luxor
Luxor without exaggeration can be called the archaeological treasury of Egypt. Here you should definitely see the "city of the dead", where the ancient Egyptian kings are buried, and the "city of the living" with its magnificent temples of Karnak and Luxor. Luxor is Ancient Egypt, preserved to our times, a unique open-air museum.

pyramids
If you travel to Egypt, excursions to the pyramids are a must on your sightseeing program. The majestic pyramids, the only surviving of the seven wonders of the world, are the most famous Egyptian landmark, which is visited by thousands of tourists every year. Pyramids are the largest structures built by human hands. Almost a hundred of these impressive buildings are located in the Cairo suburbs of Saqqara, Dahshur and Abu Sir. The most famous pyramids, Cheops, Khafre and Menkaure, can be seen in Giza.

Mount Moses
A huge number of pilgrims strive to climb Mount Moses and meet the dawn on it. You can do this as an excursion from Hurghada or Sharm el-Sheikh. To make the ascent, you will have to wake up in the dead of night and climb 3750 steps in the dark to a height of almost three thousand meters.

Roman fortress
Not far from Cairo are the ruins of the Roman fortress of Babylon from the time of Emperor Trajan. The best-preserved part of the fortress is the two towers. Near one of the towers is a Greek monastery, and on one of them is the Church of St. George. It was from here that the history of Cairo, which in ancient times was called Fustat, began.

Egyptian Museum
Excursions in Egypt are not complete without visiting the famous Egyptian Treasury Museum, which is located in Cairo. Its wealth boggles the imagination: sarcophagi, mummies, statues, frescoes, papyri, treasures from the tomb of Tutankhamen, the statuette of Nefertiti - the total number of exhibits is 150,000! Museum opening hours: from 9 am to 4 pm, Friday break from 11.30 am to 1 pm. The entrance ticket costs 20 Egyptian pounds, the entrance to the hall of mummies is paid separately and costs 40 Egyptian pounds.

Jeep safari
Excursion in the desert of Garkana by jeeps, with a visit to the Nabek National Park and the mangrove forest. Also during this trip you can ride camels and get acquainted with the life of the Bedouins.

Holidays in Egypt
January 1: New Year.
April 25: Sinai Liberation Day (in the October War of 1973).
May 1: Labor Day.
June 18: Liberation Day from British Raj.
July 23: Revolution Day 1952
September 23: Victory Day over Israel in 1956
October 6: National holiday - anniversary of the Yom Kippur War (Day of the passage of the Suez Canal into the hands of the Egyptians).
October 24: Day of the capture of Suez by the Egyptian army in 1973.
December 23: Egyptian army enters Port Said in 1956
Muslim (New Year, the birth of the Prophet, etc.) and Coptic should be added to the official holidays.

Interesting Facts

Paradoxically, in Egypt, with a forty-degree heat, men still wear white clothes, and women wear black. They say that this is especially so that women return home from walks faster.
Egypt does not receive the most income from tourism, but from duties levied on ships passing through the Suez Canal. Tourism is only in third place, leaving behind oil production.
Many wonder why the roofs of almost all the houses in Egypt are unfinished, and some are even missing. The fact is that while there is no roof, the house is considered unfinished, and therefore, it is not necessary to pay property tax.
The Suez Canal is the largest in the world. It was built in 1869 and connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Shipping stopped here only in the period 1967-1975 during the war with Israel. No less famous, the Panama Canal is exactly two times shorter than the Suez Canal.
The Aswan Dam, built to protect fields from the floods of the Nile, is the most massive building in the world. In terms of the amount of material spent on construction, it surpassed the Great Pyramid of Cheops by 17 times.
After the construction of the Aswan Dam, Lake Nasser appeared - the largest man-made reservoir in the world. And although during the construction of the dam all issues between Egypt and Sudan were agreed upon, it very often causes conflicts between these countries. In some years, when the Nile is very full-flowing, Egypt refuses to artificially lower the water level in Lake Nasser and save Sudan from destruction.
The tomb of Alexander the Great has not yet been found. Dying, Alexander bequeathed to bury himself in the Siwa oasis in Egypt. However, there is a theory that his commander Ptolemy Lag violated the will of his king and buried him in the vicinity of Alexandria, a city founded by Macedon.
Ninety-five percent of Egypt is desert. Knowing this, it is not difficult to understand why the majority of the population of Egypt lives on five percent of the territory.

Task number 22. Fill in the missing words

Egypt - that was the name of the country that was located (on the banks of which river? From which place and to which sea?) along the banks of the Nile River from the first rapids to the Mediterranean Sea(on which continent? In what part of it?) in northeastern Africa.

The city became the first capital of the Egyptian state Memphis.

The kings of ancient Egypt are called Pharaoh

Task number 23. Answer the questions and complete the task

In the ancient Egyptian "Tale of Two Brothers", the elder brother says to the younger: "Let's prepare a plow and a team of bulls, because the grain field has come out of the water..."

Explain these words of the elder brother. What does he propose to do? In what month, according to our calendar, the fields in ancient Egypt were freed from water? What natural phenomenon was this associated with? Describe it

He offered to plow. In July, the Nile began to flood, which is associated with the season of tropical rainfall in the areas of the river's sources. The current brought decayed tropical plants and salt precipitation, which served as excellent fertilizer. By November, the water was subsiding and it was time to plow

Task number 24. Complete the task on the drawing of our time

An ancient Egyptian text says: “Woe to the farmer! He is bound, his wife and children are bound."

Describe the drawing of tax collection in Egypt. Guess who this Egyptian is in white robes and with a staff in his hand. What kind of people accompany him (on the right)? What is a cross-legged man sitting on the ground doing? To the right of it are two empty baskets: what will they be filled with? Who was put on their knees and why (center)? Who is this woman with children (on the left)? Why what is happening became a grief for the farmer?

A tax collector is depicted in white clothes. He is accompanied by armed guards and porters. A scribe sits on the ground, in whose documents it is written how much grain should be withdrawn, for which they prepared baskets depicted to the right of the scribe. The peasant, probably, cannot hand over the grain, because he was put on his knees. On the left we see his wife and children. In ancient Egypt, even natural disasters did not exempt from tax and the peasant faces severe punishment.

Task number 25. Fill in the "time line"

Mark on the "timeline" the year of the formation of a single state in Egypt. Calculate how many years ago that was. Do the calculations in writing

3000+2013=5013 (years)

Answer: It was 5013 years ago

Task number 26. Fill in the contour map "Ancient Egypt"

1. Inscribe the name of the river that flows through Egypt and mark the 1st threshold on it

2. Fill in green the agricultural areas in Egypt (the borders of the areas are indicated by the dotted line)

3. Write the names of the two seas closest to Egypt

4. Fill in the circle representing the ancient capital of Egypt and write its name

5. Mark the area with the pyramids

Task number 27. Fill in the missing dates

A single state in Egypt was formed around 3000 BC

Pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops was built around 2560 BC

Pharaoh Thutmose's conquests were made around 1500 BC

Task number 28. Fill in the contour map "Military campaigns of the pharaohs"

1. Designate with arrows the directions of the aggressive campaigns of the Egyptian troops

2. Trace the boundaries of the Egyptian kingdom around 1500 BC.

3. Inscribe the name of the Asian river, which reached the borders of the Egyptian kingdom in the north (Euphrates)

4. Fill in the circle indicating the city in Asia, which was besieged by the troops of Pharaoh Thutmose for more than six months, and write the name of this city (Megiddo)

5. Fill in the circle indicating the capital of Egypt during the time of Pharaoh Thutmose, and write the name of this city (Thebes)

6. The countries and the peninsula conquered by the pharaohs outside of Egypt are indicated on the map by numbers. Write their names

2. Sinai Peninsula

3. Palestine

4. Phoenicia

Task number 29. Fill in the missing words

The largest conquests were made by 1500 BC Pharaoh by name Thutmose.

Among the Egyptian warriors spearheads, hatchets and blades were made of bronze. This is the name of the alloy of two metals: copper and tin.

The armies of the pharaohs conquered a country rich in gold in Africa Nubia, in Asia - rich in deposits of copper ore Sinai peninsula and countries:

1. Palestine

2. Phoenicia

3. Syria

The borders of the Egyptian kingdom in Asia reached the river Euphrates, and in Africa up to 5 rapids on the river Nile

Task number 30. Fill in the "time line"

Mark on the "timeline" the dates associated with the reign of the pharaohs Cheops and Thutmose. Could these rulers of Egypt know anything about each other? Explain why you think so

Only Thutmose could know about Cheops, since he lived after him

Task number 31. Fill in the missing letters in the names of the gods and sacred animals revered by the ancient Egyptians

Amun - god of the sun

Apop - the god of darkness

Geb - god of the earth

Nut - goddess of the sky

Thoth is the god of wisdom

Bastet - patroness of women and their beauty

Apis - sacred bull

Set - god of the desert

Osiris - pharaoh and judge in the realm of the dead

Horus is the patron god of the pharaoh ruling in Egypt.

Isis - goddess - wife of Osiris

Anubis - the patron god of the dead

Maat - Goddess of Truth

Task number 32. Remember the myths about the gods and answer the questions

1. How did the Egyptians call the Cat and the Serpent, depicted in the first drawing of our time? Who always wins in a fight between the Cat and the Serpent? Where does it take place? How long does it take?

In the form of a cat, the god of the sun Ra is depicted, in the form of a snake - the god of darkness and evil Apep. Every night they fight underground and Ra always defeats Apophis

2. Describe the second picture of our time. What is shown on it? Whose names of those depicted in the picture do you know? What do you know about each of them? What is the purpose of the wooden box?

According to the myth, Set brought a sarcophagus to the house of Osiris and invited the guests to find out who he would be in height. When Osiris lay down in the sarcophagus, Seth slammed it shut and threw it into the Nile. Osiris and Set were brothers. Osiris then became the king of the underworld, and Set the god of chaos, destruction, war, became the personification of evil, Satan

Task number 33. Answer the questions

Remember the tales of the gods. Who could say such words about himself? For what reason?

1. I hid him, I hid him out of fear that he would not be killed. I called the inhabitants of the swamps to help me. One wise woman told me: “Do not be discouraged and do not be afraid! Your child is inaccessible to his adversary: ​​the thickets are impenetrable, death does not enter through them!

Isis. After the death of her husband, Osiris, Isis was forced to hide with her son Horus in order to save him from Set.

2. Envy and malice torment me. The one whom I envy is handsome, kind, commands thousands of people. They all curse and hate me. For the sake of seizing power in the country, I will do anything, up to murder

Set. He was the brother of Osiris, who ruled Egypt. Seth was jealous of his brother and sought to seize power

3. My name is Amamat, which means "Eater". Those of you who have not done evil and have not been the cause of other people's tears need not be afraid of my sharp teeth. But woe to envious people, liars and thieves! Sooner or later we'll meet them

A mythical creature in the form of a hippopotamus with the paws and mane of a lion and the head of a crocodile. Lived in the underworld. At the trial of Osiris, she devoured the souls of sinners

Task number 34. Answer the questions to the drawing of our time

Night ... Where are two Egyptians sneaking? "I fear the wrath of the gods!" one trembles with fear. "Don't be a coward - we will propitiate the gods with sacrifices! Hurry, I know how to get inside!” - hurries another.

What are they up to? What attracts them to stone masses? You will give an answer if you remember what archaeologists found in the unplundered tomb of Tutankhamun, carved into the rocks on the west bank of the Nile

They make their way to the pyramids to rob them. After the death of the pharaoh, they buried in a sarcophagus, which was made of pure gold, but in addition to the sarcophagus itself, the tomb was filled with jewelry, jewelry, and valuables.

Task number 35. Answer the questions

In ancient Egypt, there was a huge number of hieroglyphs (more than 500), the writing system was very complex, so learning it seemed to be a huge task.

2. Who found it easier to learn to read and write: a boy in Ancient Egypt or a Russian schoolchild today? Explain why you think so

It is easier for a student of our days. There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet, and in addition to consonants, there are vowels. In Egyptian writing, there were no hieroglyphs denoting vowels, in addition to this, the number of hieroglyphs was huge, and, in addition, special signs were used to correctly read combinations of hieroglyphs. All of this made writing much more difficult.

3. On what and with what did the students of Egyptian schools write?

At first they wrote on shards of pottery. When a student mastered writing, he was given papyrus to write. They wrote with a thin reed stick, using black and red paint.

4. Why could the Egyptians who graduated from school afford to wear white clothes, and they did not have calluses on their hands?

The profession of a scribe was considered prestigious and very profitable, they were part of the court of the pharaohs and were exempt from taxes, military service and any kind of physical work.

Task number 36. Solve an ancient problem and answer questions

In the ancient Egyptian task book written on papyrus for the school, there is the following task: “There were seven houses, each with seven cats, each cat ate seven mice, each mouse ate seven spikelets, each ear eaten could give seven measures of grain. Find the sum of the total number of houses, cats, mice, ears of corn and measures of grain"

1. Let's find this amount together.

How many cats lived in seven houses? 7x7=49

How many mice did the cats eat? 49х7=343

How many spikelets did the mice eat before they were eaten by the cats? 343х7=2401

How many measures of grain would the spikelets eaten by mice give? 2401x7=16807

Now add up the numbers:

spikelets 2401

measures of grain 16807 So, what is the total amount? 19607

2. Cats were revered by the Egyptians as sacred animals. If not for them, then the entire population of Egypt would be threatened with starvation. Think why.

They exterminated rodents, the eternal enemies of the crop, for which they were especially revered by the Egyptians.

3. Who did the graduates of the school in ancient Egypt become? Where could they use the ability to multiply, add, subtract, and divide every day?

Scribes, who then served at the court of the pharaohs, noble nobles, at temples and were mainly engaged in accounting for taxes and fees. Literacy opened the way to high government positions

Task number 37. In your textbook, the sun god is called Amon-Ra. In other books, the same god is called differently - Amun-Ra. Do we know how to pronounce ancient Egyptian names correctly? If not, why not?

Most likely we do not know, since in the ancient Egyptian writing there were no hieroglyphs denoting vowel sounds. All words were written in consonants only.

Task number 38. Solve the chainword "On the banks of the Nile"

1. The god of darkness, whose appearance is reproduced by the chainword (Apop). 2. The oldest writing material made from the Nile reed (papyrus). 3. A papyrus book rolled up into a tube (scroll). 4. A stone pillar supporting the ceiling in the temple (column). 5. Sacred bull with a white mark on his forehead (Apis). 6. A richly decorated coffin made of wood or stone (sarcophagus). 7. The son of Osiris, who defeated the evil Set (Horus). 8. One of the names of the sun god (Ra). 9. Another name for the sun god (Amon). 10. Goddess of the sky (Nut). 11. The famous conquering pharaoh (Thutmose). 12. A huge stone figure depicting a lion with a human head (Sphinx). 13. Number of small states that originally emerged in Egypt (forty). 14. An animal in the guise of which the god Amon-Ra fights every night with a ferocious serpent (cat). 15. God of wisdom, who taught people to write (Thoth). 16. Pharaoh, whose tomb archaeologists found unlooted (Tutankhamun). 17. Pharaoh's wife, whose sculptural portrait has survived to this day (Nefertiti). 18. Egyptian letter icon (hieroglyph). 19. The word by which the rulers of Egypt are called (pharaoh). 20. River in Egypt (Nile)

Task number 39. Solve the crossword "In Ancient Egypt"

If you solve the crossword puzzle correctly, you will read the name of a French scientist who solved the mystery of hieroglyphs at the beginning of the 19th century in the horizontally framed cells

Vertically: 1. A special device with which the Egyptians watered high-lying gardens and orchards (shaduf). 2. Goddess of truth (Maat). 3. The first capital of the Egyptian kingdom (Memphis). 4. A literate Egyptian in the service of the pharaoh or his noble (scribe). 5. Pharaoh, for whom the largest tomb (Cheops) was built. 6. Particles of half-decayed plants and rocks remaining on the banks of the Nile after the flood (silt). 7. An area in northern Egypt that looks like a huge triangle (delta). 8. One of the stone pillars that stood in front of the entrance to the temple (obelisk). 9. Jackal-headed god of the dead (Anubis)

Task number 40. Solve the crossword puzzle by remembering the words from the ancient Egyptian text "Instruction of scribes to students." If you have forgotten this text, look it up in your textbook.

Determine which words are missing in the following passages from the "Instruction of the Scribes to the Disciples". Write these words in the cells of the crossword puzzle in the same number and case in which they should be in the text

Horizontally: 1. Be a scribe - he is freed from work as a hoe. 5. Read your book daily. 7. Solve problems silently. 8. Do not spend a single day in idleness. 9. If you wander the streets, you will be beaten with a hippopotamus whip. 11. The monkey understands the words too. 13. The scribe will not be flogged with rods.

Vertical: 2. You will walk around in white clothes. 3. Be a scribe so that your body is smooth. 4. Be a scribe - you will not carry baskets. 6. I'm tired of repeating instructions to you. 7. The boy's ears are on his back. 10. Even lions are trained, but you do it your way. 12. I will hit you a hundred times

Task number 41. Answer the questions

Who do the Egyptians think said these words? To whom were they told?

1. I didn't kill, I didn't steal, I didn't lie, I didn't envy

These are the words of the deceased, which he uttered in the face of Osiris at the trial in the kingdom of the dead.

2. Do not spend a single day in idleness, otherwise they will beat you. The boy's ears on his back

Scribes instructing their students

3. You are like a pig that eats its own pigs.

God of the earth Geb. The Egyptians represented the stars as the children of the sky goddess Nut and Geb. Every morning Nut swallowed the stars, and Geb was angry with her husband, saying these words

4. I take the shortest route to Megiddo to surprise my enemies

Pharaoh Thutmose. Upon learning that the opponents had joined forces, Thutmose decided to take the shortest route through the gorge and caught the enemy by surprise.

5. The son of the sun invites his nobleman to return: you will not die in a foreign land. You will have a stone tomb

The words of Pharaoh Senusret I, addressed to the nobleman Sinuhe, who lived in Syria for many years

Task number 42. Find the bugs

One liar and braggart claimed that with the help of the "time machine" he visited Ancient Egypt

When I got to this country, - he told his friends, - I learned that the Egyptians had great grief. The Nile has not flooded for several years and has become quite shallow. All the other rivers of Egypt could be forded... The sailors took me up the Nile to the first threshold. I generously paid with it, took change - a handful of small coins and went down to the right bank. In this place, the largest of the pyramids was erected, in which, as everyone knows, Tutankhamen is buried. As soon as I went to the pyramid, a downpour poured down, and I had to hide from him in an oak grove. After waiting for the rain, I began to look for the entrance to the pyramid. However, the Egyptians told me that the tomb of Tutankhamen had been plundered for a long time and not a single thing had been preserved ...
- Stop inventing, - listeners interrupted the narrator, - you have never been to Ancient Egypt! There are a dozen historical errors in your story

Describe these errors

a) The Nile flooded every year, b) The Nile is the only river in Egypt, c) there was no money in ancient Egypt, as such, no coin was minted, d) Tutankhamun's tomb was located in the Valley of the Kings west of Thebes, this is much north of 1- e) the largest pyramid in Egypt - Cheops and was located in the north near Memphis, f) Tutankhamun himself was almost unknown for a long time and the discovery of his tomb in 1922 is the greatest discovery of archeology, g) rainfall in southern Egypt is an extremely rare occurrence nature and lasts only a few minutes, h) oak does not grow in Egypt, and) Tutankhamen's tomb was not plundered and has survived to our time in its original form, j) items from the tomb are now in museums around the world

Task number 43. Think of an ending to the story

In ancient Egypt, a fairy tale about an enchanted prince was created. Its end has not survived. Here is the beginning of this story:

“There was a pharaoh. A son was born to him. This was the only and long-awaited son whom the pharaoh begged from the gods. But the prince is bewitched, and already at his birth the goddesses predict that he will die young either from a crocodile, or from a snake, or from a dog. Such is the fate that no one can change.
But the prince's parents want to outwit fate. They separated their son from all living things - they placed the boy in a large tower and assigned a faithful servant to him.
Years pass. The boy grows and begins to take an interest in the world around him. Somehow he notices some strange creature on four legs downstairs ... "It's a dog," the servant explains to the surprised child. “Let them bring me the same one!” - asks the prince. And they give him a puppy, which he raises in his tower.
But now the boy becomes a young man, and his parents are forced to explain to him why he lives alone, strictly guarded, in this tower. The prince convinces his father that fate cannot be avoided. And he lets him go on a long journey.
Accompanied by his faithful servant and a dog, the prince on a chariot reaches the country of Syria. Here, too, a beautiful princess lives in a high tower. It will go to the one who shows heroic strength and jumps to a height of 70 cubits right into the window of the tower, from which the princess looks out.
No one succeeds, and only our hero makes a jump and gets to her. At first sight they fell in love with each other. But the father of the princess does not want to give his daughter as a wife to some obscure Egyptian. The fact is that the bewitched prince hid his origin and pretended to be the son of a warrior who fled from an evil stepmother. But the princess does not want to hear about anyone else: “If this young man is taken away from me, I will not eat, I will not drink, I will die at the same hour!” My father had to give in.
Young people got married. They're happy. But the princess began to notice that her husband was sometimes sad. And he reveals a terrible secret to her, speaks about the prediction of the goddesses: "I am doomed to three destinies - a crocodile, a snake, a dog." Then his wife said to him: "Order to kill your dog." He answered her: "No, I will not order to kill the dog, which he took as a puppy and raised."
The princess decides to prevent the terrible fate that hangs over her husband, and she succeeds twice. The first time she saves him from a snake that crawled into the bedroom. Anticipating the danger threatening the prince, the princess put a cup of milk in the bedroom, and the snake, before stinging the prince, attacked the milk. Meanwhile, the princess woke up, called a maid for help, and together they crushed the reptile.
The newlyweds go to Egypt, and here the princess again saves her husband - this time from a crocodile. And then the next day came...

At this point the text on the papyrus breaks off. How do you think the story ended? Suppose that in your answer the end of the fairy tale takes place in Egypt. Remember that the young wife of the prince was in this country for the first time. What could strike her in the nature of Egypt? What buildings, what statues could the heroes of the fairy tale see? What kind of reception in the palace could their father-pharaoh give them? What did he look like? Finally, did the prince die or survive?

Once in Egypt, the princess was struck by the Nile, she had never seen such a big river. As if at a miracle, she looked at the huge pyramids, at the formidable sphinx, as if guarding the peace of the deceased pharaohs. She was struck by the majestic temples and splendor of the palaces of the pharaoh. The father joyfully received his son and his young wife. The next day the prince went for a walk with his dog. "Are you capable of betraying me?" - asked the prince. Suddenly the dog bared its teeth and rushed at the prince. But the young wife saved her husband here too by stabbing the dog with a knife. She was very smart and protective of her husband. So several years passed. The prediction began to be forgotten. One day, an empty quarrel arose between the spouses and the wife pushed the prince away, he stumbled and, falling, hit his head on a stone. "You, who delivered me from three fates ..." - he whispered and expired

Task number 44. Look at the painting from the ancient Egyptian tomb on the front cover of the notebook, answer the questions, fill in the missing words

1. Which of the Egyptian gods is depicted on the right? What did this god look like according to the ideas of the Egyptians? To what place will he one day lead every person living on earth?

God of Ancient Egypt Anubis, with the head of a jackal and the body of a man. He was the guide of the dead to the afterlife

2. What oath were the Egyptians preparing to take at this place? How, according to their beliefs, was it known if they were lying?

The Egyptians swore that they did not commit sins. The heart of the deceased, that is, the soul, was weighed on the scales by Thoth and Anubis. On the other side of the scale lay the feather of the goddess of truth, Maat. If the soul was lighter than a pen, then the Egyptian was telling the truth

3. Determine by the headdress who the person depicted on the left was. Describe his clothes and jewelry

This is the pharaoh. He wears a loincloth with an ornate apron. Jewelry on the shoulders - a necklace-mantle and bracelets on the arms

4. Guess why there are small drawings on the wall of the tomb. Who or what do they represent? Why are some of them surrounded by an oval box?

The Egyptians believed that everything depicted on the walls accompanied the deceased in the afterlife, therefore they depicted themselves, their home, family and everything that surrounded a person during his lifetime. Only the names of the pharaoh and his wives were circled in an oval frame.

5. Remember how in Egypt it was customary to depict a person on reliefs and murals. We kind of look at it from different points of view. On some parts of his body - in front (on which ones exactly?): On the shoulders and eyes, and on others - on the side (on which ones?)

On the head and legs

Task number 45. Look at the ancient Egyptian statues on the back cover of your notebook, complete the tasks and answer the questions

1. Why were the statues of the nobleman and his wife placed in the tomb? Why did the statues have to look like people buried in a tomb?

According to the beliefs of the Egyptians, the soul of the deceased from time to time returns from the kingdom of Osiris and moves into the mummy. If the soul, arriving in the tomb, does not find the mummy, it will die and its afterlife will end. Therefore, a stone or wooden statue of the deceased was placed in the tomb, exactly reproducing his appearance. They believed that the soul can move into the statue if the mummy is not preserved

2. Suggest why the nobleman and his wife are depicted as young people, although they may have died in old age

According to the Egyptians, in the "fields of Osiris", that is, in paradise, everyone is young and beautiful.

3. Describe each of the statues. What are the positions of the nobleman and his wife? What position are their arms and legs in?

The statues are in a sitting position, legs are placed together, and the right hand is on the heart.

4. Why are the nobleman and his wife depicted with skin of different colors?

It has to do with painting technique. Men have always been depicted with darker skin.

Pictured is the capital of Egypt

Capital: Cairo

Cairo is the capital of Egypt, one of the most popular resorts in the world. The city was founded in 969, just by this time the territories were conquered by the Arabs. The city stands on both banks of the Nile - by the way, one of the main attractions of the city. The river is one of the largest, with which the mass is associated historical events, legends. In the middle of the river is the small island of Gezilra, where expensive villas and houses of rich people of Cairo are located.

The area occupied by the city is 214 km², and the population is 8,026,454 people (2009 census data). The time difference with Moscow is +2 hours, in summer the difference is +3 hours, which to a small extent affects the process of adaptation to changing time zones.

The national currency of the state is the Egyptian pound (EGP). The exchange rate of the Egyptian pound to the Russian ruble is: 10 EGP = 54 RUR. Government organizations are located in the western part of the city, as well as new buildings with modern architecture, the eastern part of the city will be of the greatest interest, where many ancient buildings and temples have been preserved, which are of cultural and historical value. In general, the capital of the state was built up chaotically, ancient sights are located in the vicinity of overpopulated areas and streets of the city, and modern buildings can also be found here.

On the territory of Cairo there are a large number of temples and mosques - the main attractions of the city. For example, the Blue Mosque, which is located in the very center of the capital, is a sacred place and a tomb; Shamas ad Dina and one of the sons of Sultan Muhammad himself are buried on its territory. The name of the temple was due to the color of the tiles that adorn the walls of the sanctuary. But, as it turned out, the tiles were brought 300 years later, after the construction of the mosque.

The Cairo TV Tower is another attraction of the capital of the state. The television tower is one of the tallest buildings, 43 meters higher than the famous Pyramid of Cheops. In general, the height of the tower is 187 meters. The design of the television tower resembles a lotus flower - at night the tower is illuminated with different colors, which especially attracts the attention of guests of the capital.

Egypt is a Muslim country, so the way of life of the Egyptians is determined by religion. Religion has greatly influenced culture, traditions and customs. It follows from this that tourists visiting the capital and other resort areas must adhere to certain rules of behavior in society. In tourist areas, tourists may behave normally, but in public places, there are

Choose the correct answer. Enter your answer in the table.

1.1. Historians study the past of mankind in cooperation with scientists -
representatives of a wide range of scientific disciplines. Specify the scientific
discipline that helps in the study and restoration of the physical
appearance of ancient people.

1. archeology
2. ethnology
3. anthropology
4. paleography

1.2. Indicate the area where the remains of Sinanthropus were first discovered in 1927.

1. Western Asia
2. South East Africa
3. East Asia
4. Southern Europe

1.3. Specify the most ancient tool of labor.

1. hoe
2. chopped

1.4. Indicate when the transition of mankind from primitive to civilization began.

1. 100 thousand years ago
2. 12 thousand years ago
3. in the middle of the 4th millennium BC. e.
4. in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. e.

Answer:

1.1.	1.2.	1.3.	1.4.
3	3	3	3

For each correct answer - 2 points.

Total per task 8 points.

Task 2

On what basis are the rows formed? Write the most accurate answer.

• 2.1. river floods, oases, fertile silt, reeds;
• 2.2. Memphis, Thebes, Akhetaten, Alexandria.

Answer :

• 2.1. natural conditions of Ancient Egypt;
• 2.2. capitals of ancient Egypt.

By 2 points for each correct answer.

Total per task 4 points.

Task 3

What unites three of the four concepts, which is superfluous? Explain your answer.

• 3.1. Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Eneolithic;
• 3.2. gathering, hunting, cattle breeding, fishing. Answer :
• 3.1. Eneolithic - Copper Age, because the rest are periods that stand out inside
  stone age;
• 3.2. cattle breeding, since the rest were types of appropriating economy.

By 3 points for each correctly indicated extra concept with the correct
explanation. Only full answers are accepted.

Total per task 6 points.

Task 4

Arrange the events in chronological order. Enter your answer in the table as a sequence of letters.

• A) the beginning of the ice age
• B) the conquest of fire by ancient people
• C) the beginning of the migration of the most ancient people from Africa to Asia and Europe
• D) the appearance of a skilled person
• D) the emergence of agriculture

Answer :

G

AT

B

BUT

D

The task is considered completed correctly only if all
positions.

Total per task 5 points.

Task 5

Are the following statements true? (“Yes” - “no.”) Fill in the answers
to the table.

• 5.1. The lunar calendar began to be used earlier than the solar one.
• 5.2. The term "Neanderthal" comes from the name of the gorge in the territory
  West Germany.
• 5.3. Hoe farming has replaced plow farming.
• 5.4. Barley and wheat were the first agricultural crops.
• 5.5. Ceramics appeared in the Paleolithic era.
• 5.6. The formation of a tribal community led to the emergence of a property
  inequalities.
• 5.7. Hapi is the god of the Nile River in the religion of the ancient Egyptians.

Answer :

5.1.	5.2.	5.3.	5.4.	5.5.	5.6.	5.7.
Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes

For each correct answer - 2 points.

Total per task 14 points.

Task 6

Read an excerpt from a post on the Modern Traveler's Blog and complete the assignments.

“Scientific research of the XX century. allowed to recreate the history of one of
mysterious peoples of antiquity. Tribes ______, having conquered most of
peninsulas of Asia Minor, by the 17th century. BC e. united into a single __________
kingdom. According to some researchers, it is ___________ before others
nations entered the Iron Age. Reaching the highest power
in the XIV-XIII centuries. BC e., __________ subjugated a significant part
Middle East. They also fought with ancient Egypt. So, in the fifth year
reign of Ramesses II (1279‒1213 BC), his troops converged
with _____________ at the Battle of Kadesh. The results of the battle are contradictory
- the leader of each army participating in the battle considered himself
winner. Only after 20 years between the Egyptian pharaoh and the king _______
an agreement was concluded - the oldest international agreement that has come down to us
peace treaties.

Indicate the people whose name is repeatedly omitted in the text.
Solve chronological problems. Be sure to provide the necessary calculations.
How many years ago did the battle mentioned in the passage take place? What year was
the peace treaty in question?

Answer :

• hittites;
• 2016 + (1279 - 5) = 3290 years ago the Battle of Kadesh took place;
• (1279 - 5) - 20 = 1254 BC e. a peace treaty was signed.

2 points the correct name of the people;

2 points each for each correctly solved chronological problem.

Total 6 points for the task.

Task 7

Answer the questions:

In 1923, the English archaeologist Howard Carter discovered a tomb with the mummy of a young king. The archaeologist made a curious statement: "In the present state of our knowledge, we can say with certainty only one thing: the only remarkable event in his life was that he died and was buried."

7.1 Consider the illustration, which shows the most famous
items discovered by Howard Carter in the tomb he opened.

Indicate the name of the object of religious worship depicted in the foreground at the bottom of the illustration.

Answer: sarcophagus. (1 point)

7.2 The researchers of the discovered mummy managed to establish the age of the find - according to scientists, the mummy was made in 1323 BC. e., and the pharaoh died, whose mummified body was found in the tomb, in the 9th year of his reign. Give the name of the pharaoh whose tomb was discovered by Howard Carter. Determine the approximate age at which the pharaoh's life ended if it is known that he lost his father in 1332 at the age of about 10 years.

Answer: Tutankhamun, at the time of his death he was about 19 years old. ( 2 points)

7.3 Since the time of the above statement by Carter, historical science has made significant progress in the study of the history of Ancient Egypt. Despite the short duration of his reign, according to modern historians, this ruler carried out a religious reform, moved the capital of the Egyptian kingdom to another city, achieved success in military conflicts with Syria and the Nubians ...

What was the essence of the religious reform of the young pharaoh? What city was the capital of Egypt at the time the young king came to power? Indicate the name of the city to which the capital of Ancient Egypt was moved during his reign.

Answer: return to the old gods and restoration of the cult of Amun; ( 2 points) Akhetaton; Memphis. ( 2 points)

7.4 In 2016, the latest hypotheses based on the study of the tomb discovered by Carter were presented to the public by Egyptian researchers. According to modern Egyptian scientists, the young pharaoh died of a genetic disease, and the tomb itself for the tomb of the pharaoh looked made very hastily. The fact that the tomb was originally intended not for the royal person was evidenced not only by its modest size, but also by its sloppy finish: there were spots of paint on the wall paintings that no one bothered to erase. Some items of utensils, which so amazed the world with their sophistication, in fact, apparently, were taken from the burial warehouse, since, upon careful examination, traces of inscriptions of the names of other people were found on them.

What other alternative version of such an early death of the king do you know? Specify the reason why the burial complex of the pharaoh could look like this?

Answer: murder; death from injury resulting from a fall from a chariot; ( 2 points)

Tutankhamun was young and died very suddenly, so his tomb was not prepared. ( 3 points)

Total per task 12 points.

Task 8

Look at the map carefully and complete the tasks.

Figure 8

8.1 Shade on the map the proposed area of ​​the human ancestral home.

8.2 Circle on the map the area where the oldest area of ​​agriculture was located.

8.3 Mark on the map with a cross the area where the remains of Homo habilis were first discovered in 1960 by archaeologists Mary and Louis Leakey. Sign the name of the geographical object (gorge) in the area of ​​which the sensational find was discovered.

8.4 Mark with an asterisk the area on the map where the remains of the Cro-Magnon were first discovered.

Answer :

8.1. South East Africa. (3 points)

3 points

8.3. Olduvai Gorge.

By 3 points for each element of the answer. 6 points.

3 points

Total per task 15 points.

Maximum 70 points for work.