The most important type of contact between the speaker and the audience. Language tools and features

The highest manifestation of the skill of public speaking is contact with the audience, that is, the commonality of the mental state of the speaker and the audience. This community arises on the basis of joint mental activity, similar emotional experiences. The attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech, his interest, conviction evoke a response from the listeners. As the saying goes, the word belongs half to the one who speaks and half to the one who listens. The main indicators of mutual understanding between the communicants are a positive reaction to the words of the speaker, the external expression of attention from the listeners (their posture, focused gaze, exclamations of approval, head nods, smiles, laughter, applause), “working” silence in the hall. Contact is a variable value. It can be complete (with the entire audience) and incomplete, stable and unstable in different fragments of the speech.

To win an audience, you need to establish and constantly maintain eye contact with it. The speaker usually looks around the audience slowly.

Before the start of speech, a short psychological pause is maintained - 5 - 7 seconds.

No matter how interesting the topic is, the attention of the audience dulls over time. It must be supported by the following oratory techniques:

Question-answer reception. The speaker raises questions and answers them himself, raises possible doubts and objections, clarifies them and comes to certain conclusions.

The transition from a monologue to a dialogue (controversy) allows you to involve individual participants in the discussion process, thereby activating their interest.

Reception of creation of a problem situation. Listeners are invited

a situation that raises the question: “Why?”, which stimulates their cognitive activity.

The reception of novelty of information, hypotheses makes the audience assume, reflect.

Reliance on personal experience, opinions that are always interesting to listeners.

Showing the practical significance of information.

Using humor allows you to quickly win over an audience.

A short digression from the topic gives the audience an opportunity to "rest".

Slowing down with a simultaneous decrease in the strength of the voice can draw attention to the responsible places of the speech (the "quiet voice" technique).

An effective means of contact are special words and expressions that provide feedback. These are personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person (I, you, we, we are with you), verbs in the 1st and 2nd person (let's try to understand, make a reservation, note, please, mark for yourself, think, specify, etc.), appeals (dear colleagues, my dears), rhetorical questions (you want to hear my opinion, don't you?). The listed linguistic means of contact help to overcome the "barrier", serve to unite the speaker with the listeners.

§3 Posture, gestures, facial expressions of the speaker

Posture, gestures, facial expressions - belonging to an individual style. These elements of the kinetic communication system act on the visual channel of perception, focus on the content of information coming through the auditory channel, increase emotionality and thus contribute to a better assimilation of the expressed thoughts. According to psychologists, 25% of speech is perceived visually.

The speaker must achieve a sense of stability, balance, lightness, mobility and naturalness on the podium, in front of the audience. The sight of a person who stands motionless for a long time tires the listeners. During a long presentation, an experienced speaker changes position. A step forward at the right moment enhances the significance of a particular place in speech, helps to focus attention on it. Stepping back, the speaker, as it were, gives the audience the opportunity to "rest" and then moves on to another position of speech. You should not walk around, move to the sides during the performance.

The skill of the speaker is manifested in the strengthening of the impact of gestures, facial expressions. Excessive virtuosity does not decorate the speaker and causes irony, hostility. From meaningful gestures that contribute to the success of speech, it is necessary to distinguish meaningless, mechanical ones (shaking the head, straightening hair, clothes, turning a pen, etc.). It is argued that the best and most perfect gesture is the one that the listeners do not notice, i.e., which organically merges with the content of the speech. Oratory uses:

rhythmic gestures. They emphasize logical stress, slowing down and speeding up speech, the place of pauses. For example, slow movement to the right when saying the phrase "He says that he is sipping water."

Emotional ones convey shades of feelings (a clenched fist, an oval movement of the hand, a hand “chopping off” the phrase).

Fine visual representation of an object, show it (for example, a spiral staircase).

Symbolic carry certain information. This group includes a categorical gesture (a saber wave with the right hand), a gesture of opposition (the hand performs a “here and there” movement in the air), a separation gesture (palms open in different directions), a generalization gesture (an oval movement with both hands at the same time), unification gesture (fingers or palms of the hands are connected).

The importance of gestures is evidenced by the fact that in rhetoric, since ancient times, special chapters have been devoted to it.

The main indicator of the speaker's feelings is facial expression. The speaker's facial expressions stimulate the emotions of the audience, are able to convey a range of experiences: joy and sorrow, doubt, irony, determination ... The facial expression should correspond to the nature of the speech. A good speaker, as A. F. Koni noted, "face speaks with the tongue." The person and the whole appearance of the speaker should express a benevolent and even friendly attitude. The audience does not like angry or indifferent people.

Mini-lecture "Techniques for establishing contact with the audience".

The speech begins not when the speaker takes a seat behind the podium and begins to speak, but already from the moment he is given the floor. The speaker only rises from his seat or crosses the threshold of the hall, as the audience already begins to evaluate him. To become interesting to the audience, you need to show your interest in it. You won't get a second chance to make a first impression. Therefore, when you go to the podium, then move confidently. Show with all your appearance that this is an important moment for you and you want to communicate with the audience.

To be interesting to the audience, you needshow your interest in her . One of the psychotechniques for this ismaking eye contact .

After you have taken the starting position for the speech, do not rush to immediately begin your speech. Helpful for a start

maintain a short pause of 5-7 seconds. and calmly look around the audience . Take a few seconds for this. By making eye contact with your listeners, you are showing them that you are there for them. And if you don’t look at the audience at all during a speech, you are telling them that you are not interested in them. At the same time, it is important that the formation of eye contact is not just looking around the hall, but it is eye-to-eye contact with the audience. A person subconsciously recognizes the meeting of a glance, even if it lasts for a split second.

When forming and maintaining eye contact, it is useful to understand that eye contact is of particular importance.emotional component . What do you convey with your eyes: goodwill, irritation, indifference or fear? Eyes are the mirror of the soul. And in your eyes, the audience can also see what is in your soul.

Having established eye contact with those present, you can begin the presentation.

The success of a speech is largely determined by its beginning, that is, the introduction. At this point, many determine whether they should listen to this person or whether it is better to focus on their thoughts, talking with a neighbor, etc. Various methods of attracting and holding attention are used in the process of speaking. Here is some of them:

Interesting fact . The technique is to form the interest of the audience in your speech by drawing their attention to an interesting fact that is directly related to the topic: “Do you know that ...” or “Have you ever thought about the fact that ...”, etc. You know you that rhetoric originated in ancient Greece? In the 5th century BC!!!

Performance presentation . In this case, the speaker presents the structure and rules of his speech. This may be the designation of the main topic of the speech and the formulation of "rules of interaction". For example: “I have twenty minutes to tell you about… In the course of the presentation, I will identify the problem, and then I will formulate proposals. If you have any questions during my talk, please write them down to ask at the end of the talk.”

Question or chain of questions . Any questions (if they are accepted) trigger the activity of thinking to form answers. However, one should not count on the activity of the audience at the very beginning of the speech and wait for answers. Therefore, at this stage it is useful to ask questions that do not require a verbal answer.

Audience Compliment . By definition, a compliment is an expression of approval, respect, recognition, or admiration. A well-spoken compliment causes the audience to respond with a sense of gratitude. However, it should be remembered that when constructing it, one should not exaggerate the merits of the object too much, otherwise the compliment may be perceived as a mockery. It should be short, sincere, unambiguous, reflective of reality and not look like flattery. In this case, it is not necessary to express a compliment to directly present persons. It can also be expressed in relation to objects that are significant for them, with which they identify themselves (their professions, the company in which they work, the mission they fulfill, their children, etc.)

Contrasting stimuli . Reception consists in a contrast change in information access signals. At the same time, it is not so much the absolute as its relative intensity that matters. Both auditory and visual signals are subject to change. For example, the speaker spoke loudly, then fell silent for a few seconds and continued. It is also possible to slow down and sharply increase the rhythm of speech. Examples of contrasting changes in visual signals - standing still, and then began to move, or vice versa - walking around the stage, and then stopped for a while.

Turning to Authoritative Sources . The method consists in referring to authoritative sources, citing famous people, deep thoughts. The success of the reception depends on the novelty of the information, the depth of the thought expressed and the credibility of the source for the participants.

Use of humor . A successful joke expressed by the speaker evokes pleasant emotions, sympathy, and interest in the group. The use of humor helps to relieve tension in the group and encourage a positive perception of the information that follows. Although humor draws attention not so much to the content of the work as to the personality of the presenter, this attention can later be used by directing it in the right direction.

P . S. "If a speaker can't get it done in 20 minutes, he'd better get off the podium and sit down to write a book."

Closing the speech and answering questions

At the end of the speech, it is useful to briefly summarize the speech and repeat key thoughts and phrases. This way you can lead the audience to the relevant questions. It should be understood that the answers to questions can significantly affect the overall impression of the listeners from the speech. Therefore, they must be treated with particular care.

If questions do not immediately appear at the end of the speech, then it is better to pause a little and give the audience time to form them. In the absence of questions, you can use the technique: “I am often asked the following question ... After that, a pre-prepared answer is given to it.

When answering questions, it is useful to observe the following rules:

When you get a question, be sure to thank for it, but don't answer it right off the bat. even if you already have an answer. After a short pause (2-3 seconds), you will note the significance of the question and allow other listeners to better understand it.

If a question is asked, but you are not sure that you understood it correctly, then you should not answer at random, but ratherask again : "Have I understood correctly, you ask ...".

If the questioner is verbose and not so much asking a question as commenting or even speaking himself, then you can:ask (politely) what the question is ?

● If it became clear to you from the first words what the essence of the question is,do not interrupt or stop the questioner and begin to answer without listening to what he wanted to say. By doing this, you show disrespect and demonstrate that you supposedly think faster than the questioner is able to formulate a thought. In addition, the audience may not understand what question you are answering.

If you don't have an answer, don't be afraid to admit it.

After the answer is sometimes helpfulask the questioner : Did I answer your question? Just don't overuse it.

Before finally leaving the podium or stage, do not forget to thank those present.

And now I will conduct a fun exercise with you “Meet by clothes”

Target: develop active group communication. Time: 15 min.

Description of the exercise:

Participants sit in a circle. Everyone receives a card with an inscription, for example: "I can't hear well", "I'm rich", "Praise me", "I solve all problems", "I love to fight", "I'll give you money", "I can do everything", "Pity me" , "I'm deceiving you", etc. The cards are held so that the owner does not see the inscription, while it is visible to everyone else. Participants actively communicate with each other in accordance with what is written on the card. Communication with the owner of the card is built in the form of questions, requests or statements veiled, indirectly, hints, and not “on the forehead” and at the same time he must guess what exactly (preferably verbatim) is written on his card. Naturally, while receiving information, he does not answer questions, requests, statements, and does not ask any leading questions to anyone.

Discussion: conducted by searching for answers to questions:

 What helped you to guess the content of the inscription on the card?

 What were the most subtle and witty remarks or questions addressed to cardholders?

Exercise "All attention"

Target: development of the ability to combine verbal and non-verbal means of communication, the formation of skills to focus the attention of others through various means of communication.

Time spending: 15 minutes.

Description of the exercise:
All participants in the game are invited to perform the same simple task: By any means, without resorting to physical actions, you need to attract the attention of others. The task is complicated by the fact that all participants perform it simultaneously,

Discussion: who managed to attract the attention of others and by what means.

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Donetsk National Technical University

by discipline:

"Oratory"

"Techniques for establishing contact and maintaining the attention of the audience"

Performed:

student gr. EF-06a

Shelestyuk O.S.

Checked:

Levchenko G.G.

Donetsk - 2009

Introduction

1 Eye contact with the audience

2 Speech techniques to maintain the attention of the audience

3 Posture and facial expressions of the speaker

4 Speaker gestures

Conclusion

List of sources

Introduction

By many definitions, oratory is the strongest lever of influence on listeners. One can observe the origins of oratory as early as the 5th century. BC, when "rhetoric" arose. Rhetoric is one of the oldest arts, which appeared as a response to the practical needs of society. Issues of society were decided at meetings, the court was publicly heard, the festivities were quite crowded. Rhetoric became necessary for every person. Its creators are called Plato and Aristotle; and their predecessors, who created the first works on rhetoric, are Lysias, George. Among the most famous orators of that time are Demosthenes, Socrates, Pericles. Rhetoric is needed today as well. It is impossible to overestimate its role in politics, commerce and in everyday life.

The activity of a person whose profession is associated with the constant delivery of speeches, lectures and reports is simply unthinkable without a thorough knowledge of the principles and rules of oratory. These people include professors, teachers, prosecutors, lawyers, etc. For them, public speech is their main weapon.

It is unconditional that speech, first of all, requires thoughts. But something else is undeniable: the most meaningful and interesting speech will not be successful and will not make a strong impression if it is delivered in a gray language, and even sluggish and boring. What to say - the speaker will be indicated by logic on the basis of an accurate knowledge of the subject in question. How to speak - this is taught by the art of speech.

A real speaker must be able not only to speak correctly, - he must master the skill of public speaking, that is, to know the most advanced methods of constructing speech, to comprehend the art of pronouncing it, to be able to speak concisely, impressively, figuratively. It's not about being able to cover up poor content with a beautiful presentation. A bright, interesting idea should be expressed in a good form. This is achieved by the constant improvement of oratory, the study of the best examples of oratory and literature in this field of knowledge.

Public speech can be regarded as a kind of work of art that affects both the feeling and consciousness at the same time. If speech acts only on the ability of logical perception and evaluation of phenomena, without affecting the sensory sphere of a person, it is not capable of producing a strong impression. The skill of public speech consists in the skillful use of both forms of human thinking: logical and figurative. A true orator must be armed with knowledge of the principles and methods inherent in art. Naked logical constructions cannot affect a person emotionally. The idea of speech, its content reach consciousness through the emotional sphere. The task of the speaker is to influence the feelings of the listeners. A strong feeling, human experiences always affect the mind, leaving an indelible impression. That is why the most important condition for oratory is the ability to use images and pictures. Without this, speech is always pale and boring, and most importantly, it is unable to influence the senses and, through them, the mind.

Speech, consisting of reasoning alone, cannot stay in people's heads; it quickly disappears from memory. But if there were pictures and images in it, this cannot happen. Only colors and images can create a living speech, one that can impress listeners. A living depiction of reality is the soul of truly oratory. This idea is clearly expressed in the book of the English author R. Harris: “The impression that remains in the minds of the audience after a real oratory is a series of images. People do not so much listen to a great speech as they see and feel it. As a result, words that do not evoke images tire them. A child leafing through a book without pictures is exactly the same as a listener in front of a person who is only capable of verbiage.

One of the important aspects of a successful speaker's speech, according to experts, is establishing and maintaining contact with the audience, including with the help of visually perceived elements of speech (poses, gestures). In this regard, the purpose of the work is to consider the most common methods of establishing contact with the audience, which will be useful to anyone who wants to learn how to speak confidently in front of an audience.

1 EYE CONTACT WITH THE AUDIENCE

One of the important components of a successful speech is the ability of the speaker to establish eye contact with the audience. It is impossible to start a performance without establishing emotional and visual contact with the audience. It is necessary, first of all, to demonstrate a benevolent facial expression with a half smile. It is important not to overdo it here. "American smile" in this situation is not appropriate. In our tradition, a smile is not on duty and mandatory. From the whole range of smiles, you should choose the one that is most appropriate for the occasion. Without changing facial expressions, we slowly and thoroughly look around the room. We slide over the faces, lingering for a moment on each (or almost on each). If you managed to catch a friendly look or a return smile, you can make a barely noticeable mimic movement: “Hello, and you are here! I am very glad to see you!". Even if you see a person for the first time in your life. So you stretch invisible strings from the eyes of the audience to your eyes.

What if the room is big? What about soffits? Then eye contact must be imitated. Here we should remember how a ballet dancer enters the stage. Frozen, he scans the hall from left to right. And only after a pause, he begins his first pas. He does not see anything under these spotlights, but the viewer has an absolute certainty that he sees him and dances only for him.

First, we make eye contact with those who are already looking at us, then those who are used to going about their business look up when the speaker begins to speak. Make eye contact with them. They won't lower their eyes for a long time now. Next, you need to wait until those who almost never look at the speaker look at you. Make eye contact with them. You should wait until there is not a single pair of eyes directed not at you. This is essential to the success of public speaking. You can imagine that between your eyes and the eyes of those sitting in the hall there are wires stretched along which important information flows, and if these wires break, the information is lost.

Eye contact is not only a way to establish relationships with the audience and convey the necessary information to it, but also a way to get feedback from the audience: how much the audience understood what was said (maybe you need to repeat something); whether the audience is tired (maybe you need to take a break); whether the audience is interested in the topic (isn't it time to move on to other questions); whether the audience is interested in you (or is it time to change the speaker).

In establishing and maintaining eye contact, the most neglected parts of the hall are the gallery (the last rows) and the flanks (the extreme places on the left and right). It is from there that the most tricky questions are heard. It is there that they rustle and cough. Why? We don't pay enough attention to those sitting there. The field of view of a novice speaker is 30-35 degrees, an experienced speaker is 40-45. Thus, we grab with our eyes only the central part of the hall, with which we actually communicate. It is with those sitting there that excellent eye contact is maintained throughout the performance. That's where they listen to us. It is there that they nod and express agreement in other ways.

How to choose a place to speak in such a way that it is possible to establish eye contact with the entire audience? The halls are different, it's just difficult to characterize the hall in meters. Most often they are rectangular. The speaker usually stands on the narrow side. It is necessary to stand in such a way that an equilateral triangle forms between the speaker and the extreme left and right spectators in the first row. It is equilateral, not just isosceles. This will be the ideal distance. This rule will help you with other room configurations. It is from this point of the hall that it is best to start the performance. Start, because during the speech, the speaker will move around the stage - come closer, move further away, move either to the left or to the right edge of the stage.

Particular attention should be paid to those places where the speaker receives signals of loss of attention: stirring, rustling, whispering, snoring. Attention is restored instantly. Communicating with those deprived of eye contact, you gain the most faithful allies. You should come closer and say a few phrases, addressed, for example, to the right edge. When asking questions, it is necessary to show with a gesture and a look the expectation of an answer from those sitting in the last rows. By establishing and maintaining eye contact during the presentation, the speaker keeps these risk groups in the field of attention. Under no circumstances should this contact be lost. The speaker can look at the floor for a moment, at the table he is demonstrating, at his hands. But only for a moment. Even if he lost his way, forgot the text, his shifty glance will immediately give out a puncture. If the speaker continues to look at the audience, this will give the impression of a planned pause. And the meaning of what he says after a pause will even increase.

SURGUT STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Abstract on the topic:

"Speaker's contact with the audience"

Completed by: Subbotina D.

Gr.7191

Checked by: Safonova N.N.

Surgut 2009

speaker and audience.

Public speaking is an oral monologue with the aim of influencing the audience. In the field of business communication, the most commonly used genres are reports, informational, welcoming and sales speeches.

1) Rationally - logical. Speakers of this type are inclined to analyze phenomena, to reasoning and strict argumentation of their own and other people's actions. Their preparation for any statement is distinguished by a consistent selection and strict systematization of materials, reflection and development of a detailed plan. This long-term plan, as it were, “sits inside them,” and speakers do not use it during a speech. They are often concerned about something else: how to make their speech more vivid, emotional, what examples to choose to interest the audience. "Logicians" are most often sanguine.

1) Emotionally - intuitive. Representatives of this type speak passionately, enthusiastically, sprinkling their speech with witticisms, puns, but they cannot always follow the rigid logical sequence of speech and “make ends meet”. The plan of their performances is not always written, believing that it binds them. There is a coincidence of emotional speech type with choleric temperament.

2) Philosophical. Speakers - "philosophers" are more or less emotional, prone to analysis, sometimes they are very organized in their work, and sometimes without any visible organization they reveal any one question, get to the root, and suddenly, like a ray of light, illuminate everything with the found idea. . Their common feature is the desire for research, a deep understanding of phenomena right in front of the audience, the desire and ability to involve the audience in this process. Most often, this group is made up of people of a phlegmatic temperament.

Lyrical, or artistic - figurative. Deep emotionality, lyricism, inner excitement, acute impressionability, penetration are features characteristic of the type. Most often, it is based on a refined, melancholy character.

Preparing and conducting a public speech.

The classical scheme of oratory is based on 5 stages:

1. Selection of the necessary material, the content of a public speech;

2. Drawing up a plan, distribution of the collected material in the required logical sequence;

3. Verbal expression", literary processing of speech;

4. Memorization, memorization of the text;

5. Pronunciation.

As can be seen from the above, 4 out of 5 stages in the activities of the speaker are assigned to the preparation of a speech. The Greeks said that the speeches of Demosthenes were saturated with the oil of the night lamp, by the light of which he prepared them. Yes, and he himself said about this: “I, the citizens of Athens, admit and will not deny that I thought over and learned my speech as much as possible.”

For a modern orator, Demosthenes' industriousness is not just instructive.

It says that oratorical eloquence in the best sense of the word does not visit the lazy.

pre-communicative stage.

Definition of the topic and purpose of the speech.

Preparation for any oratorical monologue begins with the definition of its topic and purpose.

The topic is determined either by the author himself or by those who invite him to speak. The title of the presentation should be clear, concise, and as short as possible. It should reflect the content of the speech and attract attention. When developing the agenda for meetings, special attention should be paid to the wording of the topics of reports and messages. Topics should orient people to participate in the discussion of specific issues. Therefore, it is advisable to “decipher” the agenda item “Miscellaneous”, “About Miscellaneous” - a person will have the opportunity to prepare and think over his speech in advance. Some of the speeches do not have titles: welcome, rally and others.

Starting to develop the text, it is necessary to determine the purpose of the speech.

The speaker must clearly understand what kind of reaction he is seeking. The main goals of a public monologue are communication and impact. An important fact in the process of preparing a speech is the setting of a super-task and tasks that will help to realize it. The speaker can set the task of informing the audience, giving certain information.

Assessment of audience and environment.

It is important to assess the composition of the future audience, tune in to your listeners in advance, taking into account such factors: educational level, direction of education (humanitarian, technical ...), cognitive interests, gender, age, attitude to the topic and to the speaker.

It is always easier to speak, referring to a homogeneous (homogeneous) composition

(amateurs, specialists, colleagues, students, people of the same political views, etc.). The more homogeneous the audience, the more unanimous the reaction to the performance.

When addressing young people, one should not flirt, flatter, teach, reproach for ignorance, incompetence, emphasize one's superiority, evade acute problems and questions.

It is impossible to speak to listeners with a high level of professional or scientific training if there are no new views, approaches to solving the problem, repetitions, trivial judgments, demonstrating one's superiority, abusing numbers, quotations, avoiding the essence of the problem.

In a heterogeneous (heterogeneous) audience, it is more difficult to deliver a speech.

If the audience is different in composition, it is necessary, if possible, to address some fragment to each group. You should think in advance about what to say to individual, especially authoritative, important people, if you know that they will come.

You also need to figure out the size of the audience. A large number of listeners is more difficult to manage. In a huge mass, a person is gullible, prone to depersonalization, incapable of criticism, sees everything in black and white colors, reacts to emotions. The larger the audience, the simpler, clearer, more figurative one should speak.

Knowing your listeners, “targeted” preparation of a speech are of particular importance when discussing some difficult issue in a narrow circle of specialists, business people.

You should find out in what environment the performance will take place - in the hall, in the office, is there a pulpit, a table, a microphone ...

The pulpit helps to concentrate attention on the speaker, behind it one should be located freely, at ease, establishing and trying to maintain a constant distance of 20 - 30 centimeters between the mouth and the microphone.

You also need to find out after what other speeches you plan to speak. After all, each subsequent speech should be more interesting in content and form than the previous one. You need to feel the audience and be able to adjust your speech depending on its reaction. The speaker must have a wide range of knowledge on many issues, and be able to lead a discussion on any topic.

Material selection. Composition of the text.

The next stage of the pre-communicative stage - "coding" - compiling a text - begins with the selection of material. To make the speech meaningful, it is better to use not one source, but several. Sources of material are divided into groups:

Knowledge, practice;

Personal contacts, conversations, interviews;

Imagination is the mental creation of new paintings, images, projects based on past experience with elements of creativity.

2. Indirect:

A) official documents:

B) scientific and popular science literature;

B) fiction;

D) newspaper and magazine articles;

D) radio and television broadcasts;

E) reference literature: encyclopedias, dictionaries;

G) the results of sociological surveys.

It should be remembered that "live" experience is always well received by the listeners, it is convincing and they believe it.

The material of a public speech can be theoretical and factual. The saturation of speech with one or another type of material depends on the genre. So, in the report report, it is required to cite a lot of facts in order to prove the position and convince the listeners. The presentation material must be authentic. Pre-check the accuracy of information, numbers, dates, quotes, names.

By systematizing the material, the speaker creates a plan, thinks over the composition, the logic of presentation, composes and edits the text.

Preparing a written text has many advantages. Written speech can be checked, corrected; it is easier to remember and longer retained in memory. It should be written on separate sheets, on one side. An experienced speaker may confine himself to drawing up abstracts, abstracts or a detailed plan of speech.

The rehearsal is the pronunciation of the text mentally or aloud, preferably in front of a mirror. You need to find a position in which you feel easy and comfortable, and try to remember it; study the face - straighten frowned eyebrows, mimic wrinkles running over the forehead; think over gestures, methods of establishing contact. Practice shows that for every minute of performance there are 20 - 25 minutes of preparation. If the speech is carefully designed, then at the moment of meeting with the audience, the speaker will be confident. According to experienced speakers, invisible work is the basis of the lecturer's confidence. The size of his excitement is inversely proportional to the spent pile.

Communicative.

The presentation consists of three parts: introduction, evidence and conclusion.

The introduction should include a summary of the idea, the correctness of which will be proved in the second part of the speech. There are different types of entry. And his choice depends on the most important task and the audience in which the speaker speaks.

The most important quality of the effectiveness of public speaking is its consistency and evidence. A real speaker cannot rely on common sense and improvisation alone. It is necessary to master the logical laws of evidence, reasoning. These laws primarily apply to the verbal definition of concepts, logical conclusions, and proof of one's point of view in the process of polemics.

The more convincing the speech of the speaker, the more effective the perception of the listeners, the more confidence is created in the reliability and reliability of the information heard. It is generally accepted that he who thinks logically speaks logically clearly. Therefore, the first task of the speaker, even in the process of preparing for a public speech, is to think through to the smallest detail the logic of his speech, the argumentation of his conclusions and generalizations.

The logical scheme of the proof is most often composed of 3 elements:

1. The thesis is the starting position, the truth of which the speaker seeks to prove. Conversely, if the truth of the thesis is doubtful for the speaker, then it is unlikely that the thesis will be convincing for others. When formulating a thesis, it should be remembered that it must be clear and precise, not contain contradictions. The vagueness of the thesis or its substitution are the most typical mistakes in the speech of an insufficiently experienced speaker.

2. An argument is a logical argument, the truth of which has been tested and proven by practice. An argument is a necessary part of any proof. The most powerful argument in the process of proof are facts, the truth of which is not questioned.

3. Evidence according to the method of reasoning can be direct or indirect. When relying on a direct method of proof, the arguments directly substantiate the truth of the thesis. With the indirect method, the evidence of truth is substantiated by proving the falsity of a contradictory position.

Logical argumentation on a particular issue in the process of public speaking can be deployed in 3 options: inductively

(from particular factors to general conclusions), deductively (from general provisions to particular conclusions) and in combination, i.e. inductively and deductively at the same time.

With the inductive nature of the proof, the speaker relies on individual facts, individual, most often pre-selected examples, hypotheses and ideas put forward by him. With inductive proof, it is necessary to think over and select at the stage of preparation for the speech:

The most significant facts, separate, most often pre-selected examples;

Such a number of facts and examples so that their analysis and generalization give a convincing conclusion, conclusion;

Facts and examples should be close and understandable to the audience, the level of education and training of students.

There can be many inductive conclusions in the process of public speaking. This may be a statistically verified or established fact by sociologists, an interesting article in a newspaper, a relevant joke, a fragment from a book, a movie, etc.; it is important that a series of particular facts and examples illustrate your idea and lead listeners to the generalizations and conclusions you need.

With the deductive nature of the proof, the deployment of the argument proceeds from general to particular conclusions. Deductive proof requires that the initial theoretical position, law, principle be either universally recognized or so convincing that it does not cause doubts among listeners. And for this it is necessary that:

The listeners were previously familiar with the initial theoretical knowledge on the basis of which the deductive proof is built, or it should not cause any doubts in them;

The transition of reasoning from the general position to the particular should be accompanied not by any examples, but by the most convincing and vivid, memorable ones.

With mixed inductive-deductive proof, all the above recommendations should be taken into account at the same time.

In the process of logically correct, evidence-based reasoning, certainty, clarity, consistency and validity of conclusions and conclusions are inevitably achieved.

In order for the speaker's speech to be correct and conclusive, he needs to know and systematically rely on the basic laws of logic.

Law of sufficient reason. The essence of this law is that any correct thought must be substantiated by other thoughts (arguments, statements), the truth of which has been verified by practice.

In general, the speaker should always and in everything adhere to the rule: practice is the highest criterion of truth!

The law of identity. The essence of the law of identity lies in the fact that each thought in the process of a single reasoning retains the same specific content, no matter how many times it is repeated. The law of identity should be especially taken into account in a dispute, discussion, when using insufficiently clearly defined concepts.

The law of exclusion of the third. This law is formed as follows: two contradictory thoughts about the same object, taken at the same time and in the same respect, cannot be both true and false at the same time: one of them is true and the other is false, and There is no third. The essence of this law will be clear if we say that one cannot simultaneously agree with two opposite statements.

In the process of logical substantiation, evidence-based judgment, the selection of facts and examples plays an important role. It is important that the facts and examples be quite typical, convincing, and reveal the phenomena systematically and comprehensively.

In conclusion, the speaker sums up, briefly repeats the key ideas of his speech, reiterates the main idea of the speech, and can also call on the audience to take concrete actions to implement it.

Pronunciation of a speech.

There are three ways to make a speech:

Reading text;

Reproduction from memory with reading of individual fragments (based on text);

Free improvisation (impromptu).

They read such speeches, from the text of which it is impossible to deviate: diplomatic, solemn, reports and co-reports of official content.

The rest of the types, as a rule, are pronounced based on a written basis. It is enough to look down at the page to restore the course of presentation, find the right number, etc. Such a speech creates the impression of fluency in the material, and allows the speaker to confidently communicate with the audience. The speaker, however, does not always have the opportunity to pre-prepare the text.

Sometimes at meetings, meetings, meetings, meetings, you have to speak impromptu. This requires a large mobilization of memory, energy, will. Improvisation is possible only on the basis of great knowledge, possession of rhetorical skills.

Almost always, when speaking in public, the speaker needs to defend his point of view in front of his opponents. At the same time, one should not justify oneself, but accuse; not to explain, but to declare; hear the opponent in the most beneficial way. When refuting someone else's idea, you need to speak briefly, do not forget about the intonation scale. The defeated opponent must be pressed throughout the discussion. You need to repeat your idea as often as possible so that it is deposited in the subconscious of the listeners.

Answering questions, conducting debate.

After the speech, the speaker often answers questions from the audience, argues with them. This form of communication requires a quick reaction from the speaker, possession of humor. The speaker's answer is intended not only for the questioner, but for everyone present.

The technique of oratory recommends not rushing to answer, but first making sure that the question is correctly understood; answer concisely, clearly and to the point, not give unreasonable or dubious answers; have reference material handy for those who want more detailed justification for your assumptions.

Techniques for establishing contact with the audience.

The speaker must have a wide range of knowledge on many issues, and be able to lead a discussion on any topic.

The main indicators of mutual understanding between the communicants are a positive reaction to the words of the speaker, the external expression of attention from the listeners (their posture, focused gaze, exclamations of approval, head nods, smiles, laughter, applause), “working” silence in the hall. Contact is a variable value. It can be complete (with the entire audience) and incomplete, stable and unstable in different fragments of the speech.

To win an audience, you need to establish and constantly maintain eye contact with it. The speaker usually looks around the audience slowly.

Before the start of speech, a short psychological pause is maintained - 5 - 7 seconds. The speech of the speaker should not be monotonous. Phrases should be pronounced with different intonation. They are separated by pauses. There is a gross pause, it is done at the semantic transition, for emotional effect, and to emphasize the importance of the previous or subsequent phrase. It is necessary to pour as much force and energy as possible into each word of speech.

For modern oratory, a combination of logical-analytical and emotional-figurative language means is characteristic.

The practice of the best speakers shows that a dry business speech, reduced to the transfer of "bare" information in a modern, well-informed audience, as a rule, remains unattended, and often causes boredom and even irritation.

Bibliography:

1. Druzhinina G. A., Chaika G. L. Ways of forming the professional qualities of a lecturer. Lecture propaganda: questions of theory, organization and methodology. - K., 1989.

3. Ivanova S. F. Specificity of public speech. - M., 1978.

4. Carnegie D. How to develop self-confidence and influence people by speaking in public. - M., 1995.

5. Nozhin E. A. Fundamentals of Soviet oratory. - M., 1981.

6. Soper P. Fundamentals of the art of speech. - M., 1992.

7. Andreev V. I. Business rhetoric, Public education, M.: 1995.

As the saying goes, the word belongs half to the one who speaks and half to the one who listens.

To win an audience, you need to establish and constantly maintain eye contact with it. The speaker usually looks around the audience slowly.

Before the start of speech, a short psychological pause is maintained - 5 - 7 seconds.

No matter how interesting the topic is, the attention of the audience dulls over time.

It must be supported by the following oratory techniques:

Question-answer reception. The speaker raises questions and answers them himself, raises possible doubts and objections, clarifies them and comes to certain conclusions.

The transition from a monologue to a dialogue (controversy) allows you to involve individual participants in the discussion process, thereby activating their interest.

Reception of creation of a problem situation. Listeners are offered a situation that raises the question: “Why?”, which stimulates their cognitive activity.

The reception of novelty of information, hypotheses makes the audience assume, reflect.

Reliance on personal experience, opinions that are always interesting to listeners.

Showing the practical significance of information.

Using humor allows you to quickly win over an audience.

A short digression from the topic gives the audience an opportunity to "rest".

Slowing down with a simultaneous decrease in the strength of the voice can draw attention to the responsible places of the speech (the "quiet voice" technique).

The listed linguistic means of contact help to overcome the "barrier", serve to unite the speaker with the listeners.

Posture, gestures, facial expressions of the speaker.

Stepping back, the speaker, as it were, gives the audience the opportunity to "rest" and then moves on to another position of speech. You should not walk around, move to the sides during the performance.

The skill of the speaker is manifested in the strengthening of the impact of gestures, facial expressions.

Excessive virtuosity does not decorate the speaker and causes irony, hostility. From meaningful gestures that contribute to the success of speech, it is necessary to distinguish meaningless, mechanical ones (shaking the head, straightening hair, clothes, turning a pen, etc.). It is argued that the best and most perfect gesture is the one that the listeners do not notice, i.e., which organically merges with the content of the speech.

Oratory uses:

Emotional ones convey shades of feelings (a clenched fist, an oval movement of the hand, a hand “chopping off” the phrase).

Fine visual representation of an object, show it (for example, a spiral staircase).

Symbolic carry certain information. This group includes a categorical gesture (a saber wave with the right hand), a gesture of opposition (the hand performs the movement “here and there” in the air), a gesture of separation (palms open in different directions), a gesture of generalization

(an oval movement with both hands at the same time), a gesture of association (fingers or palms of the hands are connected).

The importance of gestures is evidenced by the fact that in rhetoric, since ancient times, special chapters have been devoted to it.

The main indicator of the speaker's feelings is facial expression. The speaker's facial expressions stimulate the emotions of the audience, are able to convey a range of experiences:

joy and sorrow, doubt, irony, determination ... Facial expression should correspond to the nature of speech. A good speaker, as A. F. Koni noted, "face speaks with the tongue." The person and the whole appearance of the speaker should express a benevolent and even friendly attitude. The audience does not like angry or indifferent people.

After the presentation, an analysis is needed. First of all, in order to find, highlight and take into account shortcomings in the future.

Conclusion

As a result of writing this work, we can summarize and draw the following conclusions: mastering business communication skills is necessary for future business people: managers, economists and others. It's not as easy as it seems, but it's not difficult either. These skills can play an important role in the future when closing a deal or signing a contract.

The contradiction between ethics and business is very sharply manifested in business communication, and at its most diverse levels: both between the organization and the social environment, and within the organization itself. Between managers, entrepreneurs and business people in general in relation to the specified

There are two main points of contention.

Those who consider themselves pragmatists believe that ethics in itself is not needed in business communication and in business in general. The only duty of the manager of a corporation, employed by the owner of the business, is to maximize profits by any means available, "to make as much money as possible", adapting in every possible way to the norms of society, embodied in laws and ethical traditions.

From this position, which can be called "business Machiavellianism", ethical norms and the very language of ethics are seen as a hindrance in business communication. It tries to avoid talking about morality, ethical ideals, duty and social obligations, because as a result, "unnecessary", "irrelevant" problems concerning moral and social responsibility appear.

The extreme case of unethical behavior of businessmen, heads of enterprises is the violation of the law. But unethical behavior should also be considered various kinds of actions of companies that do not take various measures to eliminate defects in their products, which can lead to harmful consequences for the population. Therefore, the concept of business communication ethics also includes the concern of business leaders about the quality of their products, responsibility for the harm that it can cause to the population.

Ethics of business communication covers a wide range of issues related to the goals and means of doing business. In this regard, it should be noted that representatives of business pragmatism sometimes use unsuitable means to achieve their goals, such as bribes, bribery, etc. But besides this, the very goals of business communication can be unethical. At the same time, communication can be considered unethical not because it is illegal, but because business communication is incompatible with moral values. An example is the conclusion of transactions, contracts for the construction of environmentally harmful enterprises.

The second position in relation to the contradiction between ethics and business is that the observance of ethical standards in business communication is recognized as important not only from the point of view of the responsibility of businessmen to society and themselves, but also necessary for the efficiency of production. In this case, ethics is seen not only as a necessary moral imperative of behavior,

but also as a means of helping to increase profitability, helping to strengthen business ties and improve business communication.

It seems that this approach is more civilized and, in the end, more effective, since the enterprise is a component of society, and by affirming the ethical standards of communication in itself, it at the same time contributes to their dissemination in society, the surrounding social environment. And the more

the ethical atmosphere in society becomes more prosperous, the more favorable the environment is created for business. At the same time, unethical behavior and communication will sooner or later result in, if not direct economic losses, then at least social and moral costs for both the enterprise and the social environment.

Portal for the student. Self-training

§3 Posture, gestures, facial expressions of the speaker

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