Vsevolod ruled twice in Kyiv. The first period of reign (01.01.1077-07.1077) was short, but after the death of Izyaslav Yaroslavich (October 1078), he sat on the princely throne for a long time and ruled until April 1093.
Important events of the Kyiv reign of Vsevolod Yaroslavich took place in the south-west of Russia and ended with the fact that, according to the wording of the decision of the Lyubech Congress, the cities were distributed: Davyd - Vladimir, Rostislavichs: Volodar - Przemysl, Vasilka - Terebovl. Outcasts, the sons of Rostislav Vladimirovich, the elder great-grandchildren of Yaroslav the Wise, fled from Yaropolk Izyaslavich and occupied the Cherven cities. Davyd Igorevich, having intercepted the trade artery at the mouth of the Dnieper, achieved an inheritance from Vsevolod, moreover, in Volhynia. Thus, the interests of Yaropolk Izyaslavich clashed with the interests of Vsevolod, and soon Yaropolk died at the hands of a hired killer in a campaign against the Rostislavichs (1086). In 1088, Vsevolod gave Turov to Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, planting his 12-year-old grandson Mstislav Vladimirovich in Novgorod.
Foreign policy under Vsevolod was marked by intense contacts with the Holy Roman Empire, whose emperor Henry IV the prince married his daughter, Eupraxia-Adelheida, and later with Pope Urban II, Henry's opponent. Probably, the transition of Russia to the camp of the opponents of the emperor was associated with the scandalous conflict between Eupraxia and Henry: Vsevolod's daughter fled from Germany to Verona and appeared before the pope, accusing her husband of bullying her, orgies and participating in satanic rituals.
CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS
1077 The reign in Tmutarakan of Oleg Svyatoslavich, the younger brother of Roman Svyatoslavich, then the outcast prince Boris Vyacheslavich.
1077 July Return to the Kyiv table of Prince Izyaslav Yaroslavich with the support of the Polish King Boleslav II.
1078-1088 Abbess of Nikon of the Caves (the Great) in the Kiev Caves Monastery.
1078-1094 The reign in Chernigov of Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh.
1079 The Kyiv prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich repulsed the invasion of the Polovtsy, led by Oleg and Roman Svyatoslavich.
1079 The campaign of the Tmutarakan prince Roman Svyatoslavich against the Kievan prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich. The death of Roman Svyatoslavich in the battle with the Polovtsy. The reign of Oleg Svyatoslavich in Tmutarakan.
1079 Captivity by the Khazars at the instigation of the Kyiv prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich and the export to Byzantium of the Tmutarakan prince Oleg Svyatoslavich. The transfer of power in Tmutarakan to the mayor - the Kyiv boyar Ratibor.
OK. 1080 Foundation of the Panteleimon Monastery on Mount Athos.
1080 Battle of Pereyaslavl with Torks.
May 1081 The capture of Tmutarakan by the nephews of the Kyiv prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich Davyd Igorevich and Volodar Rostislavich.
1083 Enthronement in Tmutarakan of Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich, who returned from Byzantine captivity. Expulsion of princes Davyd Igorevich and Volodar Rostislavich.
1084 Battle of Priluki and Belaya Vezha with the Polovtsy.
1084 Vladimir Monomakh's campaign against the Poles.
OK. 1086 Founding in Kyiv of the female Andreevsky monastery, the first abbess of which was the daughter of Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich, Yanka Vsevolodovna.
The exact date of birth of Vsevolod Mstislavich is unknown. Historians say that he was born around 1095. Prince Vsevolod was the eldest son of Mstislav the Great and the grandson of Vladimir Monomakh. His maternal grandfather Inge was a Swedish king.
Beginning of government in Novgorod
If in Russia the old order of succession was still preserved, then Vsevolod could become the ruler of Kyiv. However, in the XII century, the East Slavic state finally passed into the stage of feudal fragmentation, when there was no single power, but there were several centers of influence. One of them was It was the second largest city of Russia, its unofficial northern capital.
It was there that young Vsevolod was sent in 1117. However, the citizens of Novgorod were distinguished by the most freedom-loving and restless character. Here, as before, the importance of the veche was still strong - the people's meeting in the central square of the city, where the most important decisions were made. The princely power here competed with the power of the posadniks. It was an elective position. Most often, local merchants or boyars became posadniks.
In the very first year of Vsevolod's reign, Novgorodians began to make independent decisions without asking the young governor about it. Such behavior enraged Vladimir Monomakh, who ruled in Kyiv and was conditionally considered the eldest and most important prince. He called the Novgorod boyars to the southern capital, half of whom he left as hostages. The rest returned to their city and persuaded their fellow citizens to accept the posadnik appointed by Monomakh.
Trekking
In 1131, Vsevolod united with his younger brothers from other principalities (Izyaslav, Rostislav and Yaropolk) and went on a campaign against the Baltic Chud. These were the ancestors of modern Estonians. The first campaign was successful. Russian troops burned many villages, took captives and booty. However, the second campaign ended in defeat and the death of a large number of Novgorod soldiers.
Prince of Pereyaslavl
When Vsevolod's father Mstislav died in 1132, Kyiv passed to his uncle. Even during the life of his older brother, he promised that he would give his nephew his former possession - Pereyaslavl. Vsevolod briefly left Novgorod to get the southern city.
However, he never managed to start ruling there. His other uncle, Yuri Dolgoruky, drove his nephew out of Pereyaslavl. He was afraid that Vsevolod would become Yaropolk's heir in Kyiv. According to the new order, power in the "mother of Russian cities" was transferred by seniority.
The exiled Prince Vsevolod returned to Novgorod. However, the townspeople did not want to accept him, accusing him of betrayal. The prince left them to rule in Pereyaslavl, which means he broke his promise to die with them.
Again the Novgorod prince
However, the Novgorodians soon changed their minds. They returned the prince to the city. However, now his power was limited by the posadniks. They turned from servants and assistants to the prince into his co-rulers.
Meanwhile, the western borders of the Novgorod land continued to be disturbed by the raids of the wild monster. Prince Vsevolod decided to put an end to this. On February 9, 1033, he captured the city of Yuryev. This fortress was founded by Yaroslav the Wise. He called her by his Christian name given to him at baptism. In 1061, the local tribes regained control of the site, while the Russian rulers continued
The news of Yuryev's return was received with great joy by the people of Novgorod. However, there was still no peace inside the city. The people, continuing to worry, fought including local officials. One of them was even thrown from the bridge to Volkhov. This place was for Novgorod akin to a rock in Sparta, where they got rid of frail babies.
War with Yuri Dolgoruky
Therefore, Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich urgently needed something that could distract the restless people. Soon such a reason was found. Wars between warring princes continued in Southern Russia. The younger brother of Vsevolod Izyaslav ruled in Turov, from where he was expelled by his uncles.
The fugitive found refuge in Novgorod. The brothers decided to oppose Yuri Dolgoruky, with whom they had old scores. In addition, the Novgorod people were dissatisfied with the Suzdal prince. The bread they bought in the land of Yuri Dolgoruky was now subject to an additional duty, which caused its price to jump sharply.
The inhabitants themselves demanded a campaign from their prince. The army left the city on December 31, 1134. The journey to the land of the enemy took about a month. The brothers agreed that if successful, Izyaslav would become the prince of Suzdal.
Battle of Zhdana Mountain
On January 26, 1135, the opponents met. Novgorodians stopped at Zhdana Gora. Suzdal had to knock out the enemy from a occupied height. In order to do this, it was decided to allocate a detachment, which went around behind enemy lines.
Finally, the Novgorodians rushed down, trying to defeat the enemy. At first, the Suzdal people found themselves in a very difficult situation, even the princely banner was captured. However, at the most decisive moment, a detachment sent to the rear came to the rescue. Novgorodians found themselves between two fires. Many people were killed, including the city posadnik and the thousand.
Prince Vsevolod Novgorodsky fled the battlefield. In honor of the dead, he ordered the construction of the Church of the Assumption. On the eve of the campaign, the Kyiv Metropolitan Mikhail arrived in the city, who urged the Novgorodians not to start bloodshed. He was detained. After the defeat, the Novgorodians released the servant of the Church with honors. In the Suzdal Principality, a monastery was erected in its place in memory of the battle at Zhdana Mountain. Fearing Western neighbors, he founded Moscow a few years later.
Exile from Novgorod
However, Prince Vsevolod, whose brief biography already knew ups and downs, could not recover from the defeat. Citizens were unhappy with his flight from the battlefield. In 1136 they announced to Vsevolod that they were depriving him of power. Reasons were also given: dislike for the people, leaving for Pereyaslavl a few years ago, flight during the battle at Zhdana Gora, an inconsistent policy in which he supported either the Kievan or Chernigov princes.
Vsevolod and his family were sent to prison, where he stayed for 7 weeks, waiting for his fate. At this time, the Novgorodians decided to call on the princes by decision of the veche. This was the end of the classical monarchy in this city. Novgorod became the first republic in Russia - later a similar system will appear in Pskov.
The first to be called was Svyatoslav Olgovich, the son of the Chernigov prince. Only after he arrived in the city, Vsevolod, by decision of the veche, was released and banished forever.
Prince of Vyshgorod and Pskov
He arrived in Kyiv to his uncle Yaropolk. He gave him a small Vyshgorod to manage. However, the reign of Prince Vsevolod in Novgorod did not pass without a trace. There he had many supporters, including the local posadnik. At first they almost killed the new prince Svyatoslav Olgovich, but in the end they themselves went to Vyshgorod to their ruler.
Among them were Pskovites. It was they who called Vsevolod to rule in their city, which was in a semi-dependent position from Novgorod. The prince loved the Russian north, in the south he was uncomfortable among the endless strife of local destinies. He happily went to Pskov, on the way enlisting the support of the Polotsk prince Vasilko. He was exiled in 1129 by Vsevolod's father to Constantinople. Therefore, Vasilko even had a serious reason to take revenge on the guest. However, he generously forgot the insult to Mstislav and even accompanied Vsevolod with his army to Pskov.
He was gladly received in the city, which from that moment became an independent principality. However, in Novgorod, this news infuriated the people. Residents of the city plundered the houses of the remaining well-wishers of Vsevolod. In addition, they raised money to buy the necessary weapons needed in the campaign against Pskov. Svyatoslav called for help from his brother, Prince Gleb of Kursk. The nomadic Polovtsy, who were allies of the Chernigov rulers, went to the north. Never before had they plundered the northern borders of Russia, and now they were looking forward to this campaign with joy.
However, the Pskovites did not lose heart. They armed themselves and blocked all roads to the city. To do this, felled trees and built fortifications. Finally, Svyatoslav reached Dubrovna and turned back, not daring to shed blood.
The conflict persisted, but the biography of Prince Vsevolod was interrupted at this point. He died of health problems in 1138. His place was taken by the younger brother Svyatopolk. Thus, Vsevolod managed to stay the Pskov prince for exactly a year. He had a son, Vladimir, and a daughter, Verkhuslava, who married the Polish ruler Boleslav IV the Curly.
Canonization
It is known that Vsevolod Mstislavovich, Prince of Novgorod, actively invested in the construction of Orthodox churches. In 1127, he founded the Church of John the Baptist in honor of the birth of his son Ivan, who soon died in infancy. Also known is his other temple - the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Both buildings have survived to this day. Za was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in the 16th century.
Rostislav Vladimirovich
After the death of Yaroslav the Wise in 1052, the division of possessions between his sons took place.Initially, the Rostov-Suzdal principality was taken over by Prince Rostislav Vladimirovich.
Rostislav Vladimirovich (baptized Mikhail; 1038? - February 3, 1067) - son of Vladimir Yaroslavich, Prince of Novgorod. N. A. Baumgarten considers the daughter of the Staden Count Leopold Oda to be the prince's mother. Although this version was accepted by some historians, the hypothesis that Oda was the wife of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich is now more common).
Prince of Rostov - 1052 - 1057
After the death of his father (1052), Rostislav was excluded from the list of contenders for the great reign (becoming an outcast).
The first principality ruled by Rostislav was Rostov.
Prince Volynsky - 1057 - 1064
In 1057, after the death of Vyacheslav Yaroslavich and the transfer of Igor Yaroslavich to Smolensk, he received the Vladimir-Volyn principality from his uncles.
Prince Tmutarakansky - 1064 - 1067
Dissatisfied with his position, in 1064 Rostislav left Volhynia and captured Tmutarakan, driving out his cousin Gleb Svyatoslavich from there. In this he was helped by Vyshata and Porey, Novgorod close associates of the deceased father. However, Rostislav's success was short-lived, and when the troops of Gleb's father, Prince Svyatoslav of Chernigov, approached, he left Tmutarakan. But as soon as Svyatoslav's troops left, Rostislav Vladimirovich again drove Gleb out of the city and began to rule in it, collecting tribute from neighboring peoples.
The strengthening of Rostislav worried the Greeks of Chersonesos, and soon Rostislav was poisoned by a sent kotopan (commander).
According to the message of V.N. Tatishchev, at the beginning. 1060s Rostislav married the daughter of the Hungarian king (probably in Lanka, the daughter of King Bela I). Other sources do not confirm or deny this information. From this marriage, Rostislav had three sons: Rurik (d. 1092) - prince of Przemysl from 1085; Volodar (d. 1124) - prince of Przemysl from 1092; Vasilko (d. 1124) - Prince of Terebovl from 1085
Vsevolod Yaroslavich
Vsevolod Yaroslavich is the fourth son of Yaroslav the Wise and Ingegerda of Sweden. Father's favorite son; during his lifetime he had no inheritance and lived in Kyiv with his parents.
Prince Pereyaslavsky - 1054 - 1073
Prince of Rostov-Suzdal - 1057 - 1093
From 1054 to 1073 - Prince of Pereyaslavl (Pereyaslavl-Russian) and the Rostov land, a member of the so-called "triumvirate of the Yaroslavichs" (together with his older brothers Izyaslav of Kyiv and Svyatoslav of Chernigovsky), took an equal part with them in government (the new edition of Russkaya Pravda, campaigns against nomads , struggle with Vseslav Polotsky). The Pereyaslav diocese (as well as Chernigov) was elevated during this period to the metropolitanate.
Apparently, the Zalessky possessions of Vsevolod were ruled by princely posadniks; he himself did not visit the Rostov land.
Prince of Chernigov - 1073 - 1078
In the beginning. 1070s the triumvirate broke up: Vsevolod entered into an agreement with Svyatoslav against his elder brother Izyaslav, and he was forced to flee to Europe. Svyatoslav occupied the Kievan table (1073), and Vsevolod, in the course of the redistribution of possessions between them, somewhat expanded his lot.
Grand Duke of Kyiv - 1076 - 1077
In December 1076, Svyatoslav died suddenly. Vsevolod became his heir.
Prince of Chernigov - 1078
Six months later, he returned the throne to Izyaslav, who returned to Kyiv, and he himself received the possession of the late Svyatoslav - Chernigov.
Grand Duke Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Portrait from the Royal Titular. 1672
14th Grand Duke of Kyiv - 1078 - 1093On October 3, 1078, Izyaslav died in the battle on Nezhatina Niva against the exiled princes Oleg Svyatoslavich and Boris Vyacheslavich, and Vsevolod again took the throne of Kyiv, now for the rest of his life. In 1079, Oleg and his brother Roman again moved from Tmutarakan to Kyiv, but Vsevolod bribed the Polovtsy, who killed Roman, and Oleg was sent to Byzantium on the island of Rhodes, where he stayed for another fifteen years; Tmutarakan came under the control of Kyiv.
His reign was overshadowed by Polovtsy raids and constant internecine wars between Vsevolod's nephews and cousins, caused by the imperfection of Yaroslav's inheritance laws. During his reign, the Rostislavichi were especially active - the grandchildren of the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise, Vladimir, who died during the life of his father, because of which his descendants did not receive any destinies (see outcast) and constantly tried to forcibly capture one or the other city. Vsevolod did not always know how to put an end to these strife and behaved like a weak ruler, who was on the occasion of the younger combatants. However, compared with the large-scale crisis of the 1090s, which began after the death of Vsevolod, his times were still relatively stable, and he earned the praise of the chronicler in The Tale of Bygone Years, written in the 1110s.
Foreign policy under Vsevolod was marked by intense contacts with the Holy Roman Empire, whose emperor Henry IV the prince married his daughter, Eupraxia-Adelheida, and later with Pope Urban II, Henry's opponent. Probably, the transition of Russia to the camp of the opponents of the emperor was associated with the scandalous conflict between Eupraxia and Henry: Vsevolod's daughter fled from Germany to Verona and appeared before the pope, accusing her husband of bullying her, orgies and participating in satanic rituals.
At the initiative of the prince (apparently, as a result of contacts with Rome), the feast of the transfer of the relics of St. Nicholas of Myra in Bari (“St. Nicholas of the Spring”), unknown to the Greek Church (which has always regarded this transfer as a kidnapping).
Vsevolod Yaroslavich is one of the most educated people of his time. His son, Vladimir Monomakh, writes in his "Instruction" that his father, "sitting at home", spoke five languages. Apparently, among these languages were Swedish (the language of Vsevolod's mother), Greek (the language of his wife), and also, possibly, English (the language of his daughter-in-law, Vladimir's wife, Gita of Saxony) and Polovtsian.
Since 1093 Vladimir Monomakh owned the Rostov-Suzdal land. Vladimir often traveled to the Rostov-Suzdal land.
Having become the owner of the Rostov land in 1093, Monomakh sent his son Mstislav here.
reign: 1078-1093)
VSEVOLOD YAROSLAVICH(in baptism - Andrew) (1030-13.04.1093) - Prince of Kyiv in 1078-1093.
The fourth son of the Kyiv prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise. After the death of his father, he received the city of Pereyaslav-Yuzhny, Rostov, Suzdal, Beloozero and lands in the Upper Volga region. In 1055, Vsevolod Yaroslavich fought with the Torks, repulsed the attack of the Polovtsians, having agreed with them on peace. In 1060, together with the brothers Izyaslav of Kyiv, Svyatoslav of Chernigov and Prince of Polotsk Vseslav Bryachislavich, he inflicted a tangible defeat on the Torks, who no longer tried to threaten Russia. But the very next year, Vsevolod was defeated by the Polovtsy. In 1067, he participated in the campaign of the Yaroslavichs against the Polotsk prince Vseslav Bryachislavich, who captured Novgorod; the allies ravaged Minsk and defeated Vseslav in the battle on Nemiga, and then deceived him into captivity. In September 1068, Vsevolod and his brothers were defeated by the Polovtsians in a battle on the river. Alta. Together with Izyaslav Yaroslavich, he fled to Kyiv, where he witnessed the uprising of the townspeople against Izyaslav and the establishment on the Kiev table of Vseslav Bryachislavich, released by the rebels from prison. In 1069, Vsevolod and Svyatoslav acted as mediators in the negotiations between the people of Kiev and Izyaslav.
Vsevolod was one of the compilers of Pravda Yaroslavichi. In 1072, he participated in the transfer of the relics of the holy princes Boris and Gleb to a stone church built in Vyshgorod. The union of the brothers was fragile. Already in March 1073, Vsevolod helped Svyatoslav expel Izyaslav from Kyiv. Together with Svyatoslav, Vsevolod helped the Polish king Boleslav in his struggle against the Czechs. In January 1077, after the death of Svyatoslav, Vsevolod occupied Kyiv, but already in July of this year he ceded the capital city to Izyaslav Yaroslavich, who relied on the support of the Poles, and took Chernigov for himself. In 1078 he was expelled from Chernigov by Svyatoslav's son Oleg and nephew Boris Vyacheslavich. Vsevolod turned to Izyaslav for help. In the battle on Nezhatina Niva, Oleg and Boris were defeated, and Vsevolod not only returned Chernigov, but also acquired Kyiv, since Izyaslav fell in the same battle. Having become the prince of Kyiv, Vsevolod gave Chernigov to his son Vladimir Monomakh. His reign was not calm. The children and grandchildren of his deceased brothers Vladimir, Svyatoslav and Igor Yaroslavich were deprived of his possessions and constantly fought with him, demanding the return of hereditary inheritances. In 1079, Vsevolod Yaroslavich repulsed the invasion of the Polovtsy, led by Oleg and Roman Svyatoslavich. The cunning prince of Kyiv bribed the nomads, and they betrayed their brothers, and Roman was killed. In the same year, Vsevolod managed to annex Tmutarakan, the refuge of exiled princes, to his possessions, but already in 1081, the young princes Davyd Igorevich and Volodar Rostislavich again occupied this remote area. During these years, his eldest son Vladimir Monomakh became an assistant to the aging Vsevolod. Vsevolod Yaroslavich also had two daughters: Yanka (Anna) Vsevolodovna and Evpraksia Vsevolodovna, who left their mark on the history of Europe. Vsevolod Yaroslavich was a highly educated person, knew five languages. In old age, he preferred to consult with young warriors, neglecting the advice of more experienced boyars. Vsevolod's favorites, having received important positions, began to commit abuses about which the sick prince knew nothing, but which aroused dissatisfaction with him among the people of Kiev.
VSEVOLOD I Yaroslavich (1030 1093), Old Russian prince, Grand Duke of Kyiv (c1078), fourth son of Yaroslav the Wise (see Yaroslav the Wise). He was one of the most educated people in Russia; knew five languages. After the death of his father (1054) he received an inheritance ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Prince Lutsky, son of Yaroslav Izyaslavich Lutsky. In 1180, Vsevolod Yaroslavich went with Rurik Rostislavich, at his invitation, to his rival Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, Prince of Chernigov, and in 1182 with this latter and other princes on ... ... Biographical Dictionary
- (1030 93), Grand Duke of Kyiv (since 1078). Son of Yaroslav the Wise. Married 1st marriage to the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomakh (presumably Mary). Knew 5 languages. He reigned in the city of Pereyaslavl South (since 1054), in 1077 78 he fought ... ... Modern Encyclopedia
VSEVOLOD I YAROSLAVICH (1030 93) Prince of Pereyaslavl (from 1054), Chernigov (from 1077), Grand Duke of Kyiv (from 1078), son of Yaroslav the Wise. Together with the brothers Izyaslav and Svyatoslav, he fought against the Polovtsy, participated in the compilation of Pravda ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Prince of Lutsk, son of Y. Izyaslavich of Lutsk. In 1180, V. Ya. went with Rurik Rostislavich, at his invitation, against his rival Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, Prince of Chernigov, and in 1182 with this latter and other princes against the Polovtsians. "Full…… Big biographical encyclopedia
- (1030 1093) Russian prince, 4th son of Yaroslav the Wise (See Yaroslav the Wise), after whose death (1054) he received Pereyaslavl South, lands along the Volga, Rostov, Suzdal and Beloozero. V. Ya. entered into an alliance with the older brothers Izyaslav and ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Prince of Lutsk, son of Y. Izyaslavich of Lutsk. In 1180, V. Ya. went with Rurik Rostislavich, at his invitation, against his rival Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, Prince of Chernigov, and in 1182 with this latter and other princes against the Polovtsians. Complete… … Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
- (1030 93) Russian prince, 4th son of Yaroslav the Wise. After his death (1054) he received Pereyaslavl South, lands along the Volga, Rostov, Suzdal and Beloozero. V. Ya. entered into an alliance with the older brothers Izyaslav and Svyatoslav. Together they opposed the Torques, ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
Vsevolod Yaroslavich, son of Yaroslav I, was born in 1030. After the death of his father, as the third in seniority, he sat in Pereyaslavl. In 1073, together with his brother Svyatoslav, he drove Izyaslav out of Kyiv and moved to Chernigov. After the death of Svyatoslav for some time ... ... Biographical Dictionary
Vsevolod Svyatoslavovich Chermny (d. 1212 or September 1215) Prince of Novgorod Seversky (1202 1204), Prince of Chernigov (1204 1210 (according to another version, 1202 1210), 1214 1215), Grand Duke of Kyiv (1206 1207 and 1210 1214). In November 1178 ... ... Wikipedia
Books
- History of the Russian state in 12 volumes (DVDmp3), Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich. The publication contains the famous "History of the Russian State", written by an outstanding Russian poet, prose writer and historian, a member of the Russian Academy (1818), an honorary member of the St. Petersburg ...
