Southern dialect. The southern dialect of the Russian language and its group of dialects

Russian language and its dialects .

"Peoples of the European part of the USSR".
Volume 1, M. Science-1964.

Dialects of the Russian language ( clickable).

The modern Russian language is complex in its structure. In oral and written speech in a highly developed normalized form (literary language), the language of science, the language of fiction, business language, etc. are distinguished. One of the types of oral speech - colloquial speech - exists in the Russian language both in a literary processed form and in less normalized forms characteristic of popular colloquial speech. In the latter, in turn, various social varieties are distinguished (professional languages, jargons, etc.) and territorial varieties - dialects, or folk dialects, which represent a very significant ethnographic feature of the population of various localities.

The territorial dialects of the Russian language are manifested mainly in the colloquial speech of the rural population and, to some extent, in the speech of the townspeople. Russian territorial dialects in our time are losing their specific features. This process, which began a long time ago, in connection with the movement of the population within the country. The bearers of the traditional features of folk dialects are now mainly the older generations of the rural population. Most of the dialectal differences are usually associated with those eras when the integrity of a given nationality, its territorial and social structure, did not yet exist or was violated. generality.

In the history of the East Slavic languages, these differences began to emerge in the early medieval period, under the conditions of the existence of separate East Slavic tribes. However, most of the dialectal differences emerged in Russian in the late Middle Ages. The oldest written monuments testify that the Novgorod dialect of the 11th-12th centuries. “clattering” was already characteristic, which was absent in the Kievan land. To the same or earlier time, a difference in sound quality is erected - G-(plosive or fricative formation) and some other dialect differences.

The reasons for the formation of dialect differences could be both internal (new formations that arose as a result of the internal development of dialects in conditions of feudal fragmentation) and external (for example, outside influence or assimilation of a foreign-speaking population). In the course of the formation of the Russian centralized state, which united more and more Russian lands, the mutual influence of dialects intensifies.

The allocation of dialect groups is based mainly on dialectal differences in phonetics and morphology. The syntactic differences in the dialects of the modern Russian language lie in the fact that certain dialects are characterized by special patterns of phrases, sentences, or special meanings of any models that are understandable, but uncommon in others.

For example, in some dialects they say “stand on right side" or " get a calculation on 20s number"- designate this construction action in space and time; in others - they can also say " went on milk"," left on firewood", denoting the purpose of the action. Dialectal differences in vocabulary most often consist in the fact that there are different words to denote one concept in different dialects, or one word expresses different concepts in different dialects. So, to designate a rooster in dialects, there are words: rooster kochet, peun, peven etc.

If you put the isoglosses of all dialect differences on one map, the entire territory of the distribution of the Russian language will be cut by isoglosses going in different directions. This does not mean that groupings of dialects representing dialectal units do not exist at all. A northerner can be easily recognized by the “reprimand on about”, a resident of the southern regions - according to his special pronunciation of the sound - G- (so-called g fricative) or soft pronunciation - t- in verb endings. According to the totality of features, one can also distinguish the inhabitants of the Ryazan region. from a resident of Oryol, a Tula from a Smolyan, a Novogorodsk man from a Vologda man, and so on.

The dialectal units of the Russian language do not, as a rule, have clearly defined boundaries, but are determined by zones of isogloss bundles. Only when any one phenomenon is recognized as an obligatory feature of an adverb, such as, for example, okanye for the Northern Russian dialect, can we draw a clear border of the adverb in accordance with the isogloss of okanye. Akanye is a sign of both the South Russian dialect and Central Russian dialects, and - G- explosive (a common feature of North Russian dialects) also characterizes most of the Central Russian dialects.

In Russian, two main dialects are distinguished: the main North Russian and South Russian and a strip of Central Russian dialects between them.

The Northern Russian dialect is typical for the northern and eastern regions of the European part of the country. Its southern border runs from west to southeast along the line of Lake Pskov - Porkhov-Demyansk; then it departs north from Vyshny Volochek, then turns south and east and passes through Tver - Klin - Zagorsk - Yegorievsk - Gus-Khrustalny, between Melenki and Kasimov, south of Murom, Ardatov and Arzamas, through Sergach and Kurmysh, turns sharply to the south a little east of Penza and goes to the Volga north of Samara.

The South Russian dialect borders on the Ukrainian language in the southwest, and on the Belarusian language in the west. The boundary of its distribution can be outlined along the northern limits of the Smolensk region; east of Sychevka, it turns southeast, passes west of Mozhaisk and Vereya, then through Borovsk, Podolsk and Kolomna it goes northeast to Ryazan, through Spassk-Ryazansky, north of Shatsk, between Kerensky (Vadinsky) and Nizhny Lomov, east of Chembar and Serdobsk, through Atkarsk, to Kamyshin along the Volga, and then south from Volgograd, entering the North Caucasus.

As part of the North Russian dialect, five groups are distinguished: Arkhangelsk, or Pomor, Olonets, Western, or Novgorod, Eastern, or Vologda-Tver, and Vladimir-Volga; in the southern Russian dialect, the southern, or Oryol, Tula, eastern, or Ryazan, and western groups stand out. Central Russian dialects are divided into subgroups: Pskov (transitional dialects from the North Russian dialect to the Belarusian language), Western and Eastern. There is practically no dialectal border between the southern Russian dialect of the Russian language and the northeastern dialect of the Belarusian language, there is a wide zone in the dialects of which from east to west there is a gradual increase in features typical of the dialects of the Belarusian language.

The Northern Russian dialect is distinguished on the basis of okanya, -G - explosive (as in the literary language), - t- solid in the endings of the 3rd person of verbs ( he goes, they listen, but not: you go listen, as in the South Russian dialect) and the genitive-accusative case of personal pronouns: me, you, and return: myself, (but not me, you, yourself, as in the South Russian dialect). The peculiarities of the Northern Russian dialect are also the contraction of vowels in the endings of verbs and adjectives: byvat, think, red, blue(instead of happens, thinks, red, blue), the use of grammatically combined postpositive particles ( house-from, hut-ma, at sister-ti), the ending of the comparative degree of adjectives - ae (louder, blacker).

The Pomorskaya, or Arkhangelsk, group of the Northern Russian dialect, which occupies most of the Arkhangelsk region and some areas of the Vologda region, is characterized by the fact that in those words where (according to pre-revolutionary orthography) the letter b was written, they pronounce the vowel - e - closed (something between - e- and - and-) - snow, animal. In the same place: daydream sounds instead dirt, uncle instead of uncle, in shlepe instead of in hat, but they say: dirty, hat, that is, they replace the sound under stress - a- sound - e- only between soft consonants.

Here they say: chiai, chiashka, end, sheep, that is, the so-called soft clatter is common. Missing combination - day-, -bm- (changeable, lanno, omman, instead of copper, OK, deception). These speeches say: I'll go to my wife, worked on the side, i.e. use the ending - s- instead of - e- for female nouns. kind in dates. and suggestion. pad. units hours; at nouns in creation. pad. pl. h. common endings - and we- or - am - (plows plowed or plowed plows), and for adjectives - ma-, -m- (dry mushrooms or dry mushrooms, instead of dry mushrooms). Here they can say: young, whom (With - G - fricative), or even without a consonant at all: young, coo.

The Olonets group is represented by dialects on the territory of Karelia to the east of Lake Onega. These dialects differ from the dialects of the Pomeranian group in some features: a special sound - e- closed in those words where the letter b was previously written will be pronounced only before hard consonants: bread, faith, measure; before soft consonants they pronounce the sound - and-: Zvir, in hlibi, virit, ommirit. Here they say: dougo, would, instead of for a long time, was, i.e. instead of - l- sound at the end of a syllable y- non-syllabic. Instead of: deception, smear, they say: omman, ommazat. Sound - G- fricative (close to - X-), is noted not only at the end of the genitive case, but also in other words in place of the letter - G -: many, okhorod, brave, khnali. Unlike other dialects of the Northern Russian dialect, in some Olonets dialects they use the ending - t- in the 3rd person of verbs: go, say, sleep. The combination of sounds oh- in some cases, the combination corresponds - hey- : to another, golden, sister .

The Western, or Novgorod, group covers the dialects of most of the Leningrad and Novgorod regions. In place of the old Ъ, it is pronounced here - and- or - e "-: snig, did, bread, peace, virit, beast or snow'g, de'd etc. Here they say dirt, hat, that is, the sound is preserved - a -. The clatter is currently absent in most dialects. In creative pad. pl. h. nouns and adjectives use the ending - m-: with clean hands. Unlike the dialects of the Pomeranian and Olonets groups, endings are not used here - wow-, -oho- but only - ovo- (dry, dry, good etc.). The remaining features of the dialects of the Novgorod group basically coincide with the features of the Pomor group.

The eastern, or Vologda-Kirov, group of North Russian dialects includes dialects of Vologda, Kirov ( Vyatka) , Perm regions, the northern parts of the Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod regions, as well as some areas of the Novgorod and Arkhangelsk regions. It should be noted that in the east the boundary of this group is pushed beyond the Urals. In the dialects of this group, various sounds are pronounced in place of the old b: in most dialects - e'- or - ie - only before hard consonants, and -and- before soft: bread or khlieb, but Khlibets, beast. In some dialects, a diphthong -ie- pronounced in all cases: Khlieb, Khliebets, Zviyor etc. In part of the dialects of this group there is a special sound - about'-(sound like -u- and called -about- closed) or diphthong -woo-: vo'la or voola, koro'va or koruova, sister or sister.

In this area they say: dream, in a slap, but dirty, hat, as in the Arkhangelsk dialects. pronounce chiashka, chiai, sheep or ts shashka, ts sh yay, sheep sh i and so on, i.e., a soft and lisping clatter is observed. Non-syllabic -u- in part of these dialects, it is pronounced not only on the spot -l- before a consonant and at the end of a word, as in the Olonets dialects, but instead of -in- in the same terms: dougo, would, spider, kou, domou, pride, deuka. In these dialects they say Fedya, tsyaikyu, skate, i.e. soften -to- if it is after a soft consonant. In most of the dialects of this group they pronounce: omman, ommazal, in some also changeable, lanno, trunno etc. The instrumental plural ends in -m-: cried burning tears. In the eastern part of the Vologda-Kirov dialects, the following forms are noted: he is a guardian, you're pissed off etc.

The Vladimir-Volga group covers dialects in the north of the Tver, Moscow and Ryazan regions, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions south of the Volga, Nizhny Novgorod (without Zavetluzhye), Vladimir region, and the surrounding dialects of Simbirsk, Penza, Saratov and other regions of the Lower Volga region. In the dialects of this group, in place of the old b, they pronounce the sound -e-, as in the literary language: grandfather, bread, white, beast etc. Okane in them is somewhat different than in other dialects of the Northern Russian dialect - here they pronounce clearly -about- or -a- only in cases like: water, mow, cow, grass, old man where these sounds are in the first syllable before the stress; in all other cases, the same sound is pronounced as in the literary language ( milk, pguvorim, proud, okal, under parm, old people, pgvori, udal, vypl etc). A feature of the considered dialects is the pronunciation: drown, missed, Ugorod, deceived, that is, in the second syllable before the stress at the beginning of the word instead of -about- pronounce -u-.

Vladimir-Volga dialects are characterized by the ending - ovo- in the genitive case: good, bad, bad. Most dialects of this group say: plowed; only in the northern regions will they say: plowed plows, as in the Vologda-Kirov dialects. In some dialects, the forms are marked: Rodney, firewood- plural adjectives. Common verb forms such as: he is a steregoth mother pekot etc.

The South Russian dialect is distinguished by a complex of such features as akanye, fricative -G -(average between -G- and -X-), soft -t - in 3rd person endings of verbs ( he sit, they listen), forms: me, you, yourself- in the genitive-accusative case. In the vast majority of South Russian dialects there is no clatter. South Russian dialects are also characterized by the ending -mi- in creativity. pad. pl. h. nouns ( plowed).

The dialects of the South Russian dialect are divided into four groups. The grouping is based on the most complex feature of the South Russian dialects - type of yakanya. Its essence lies in the fact that in the first pre-stressed syllable, sounds in place of letters -e-(including the old b) and -I- do not differ, and in certain cases, in place of all these letters, a sound is pronounced -I-: syalo, spot, varsts , weasels.

The southern, or Orel, group covers the dialects of the southwestern part of the Tula region, the Oryol region, the eastern half of the Bryansk, Belgorod, Kursk regions, the west of the Voronezh regions, as well as dialects along the lower reaches of the Don and in the North Caucasus. It is characterized by the so-called dissimilative yak- a type of vocalism in which there is a replacement of vowels -e- or -I- in a pre-stressed syllable to a vowel opposite in rise to the vowel that is stressed in the syllable: sister,- but sister, simya, - but samyu, syami, cry, - but I dance, dance etc.

dissimilative yak is represented by many subtypes, resulting from the fact that various substressed mid-rise vowels, which are pronounced in place of letters -about- and -e-, act on pre-stressed vowels in some cases as high vowels, in others - as low vowels. This group is characterized -u- on the spot -in- before a consonant and at the end of a word: lauca, drow - instead of bench, firewood. Some dialects have sounds -o^- and -e^-(or diphthongs): will, cow, bread etc.

The Tula group is represented by dialects of most of the Tula region, some areas of the Kaluga, Moscow and Ryazan regions. In Tula dialects, the so-called moderate yak. They say there: sistra, byada, syalo, piasok, varsts and so on, but family, trityak, plans are accepted, family, ribina, i.e. always pronounced before a hard consonant -a- in place of vowels -e- or -I-, and before soft in place of the same letters they pronounce -and-. In most dialects of the Tula group -in- always pronounced as in a literary language.

The eastern, or Ryazan, group of dialects occupies the territory of the Ryazan region, south of the Oka, the Tambov and Voronezh regions (without the western regions). The same group includes the South Russian dialects of the Penza, Saratov regions, as well as some areas of the Volgograd region. The dialects of this group are characterized by the so-called assimilative-dissimilative type, which differs from dissimilative yakanya the fact that in all words with a substressed -a- vowels in place of letters -e- or -I- in a prestressed syllable are replaced by a vowel -a-. Thus, in the pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letters -e- or -I- in the vast majority of cases they pronounce a vowel -a-, and only if there are letters -e- or -about- in a stressed syllable, a vowel can be pronounced in a pre-stressed syllable -and- : village, turquoise, by force etc. In some part of the Ryazan dialects, vowels are stressed -about- and -e^-, or -woo-, -ie-; in many Ryazan dialects they say: oats, flax, brought, -but not oats, flax, brought.

The western group of dialects of the South Russian dialect occupies the Smolensk region, the western half of the Bryansk region and the western regions of the Kaluga regions. It is typical for her dissimilative akanye and yak"zhizdrinsky", or Belarusian type, in which in a syllable before stress in place of letters -e- or -I- the sound is pronounced and- if the vowel is stressed - a-; in all other cases, the sound is pronounced -a- : sister, prila, rica, tilat, tweet, glancing, - but sister, sistroy, to the sister, at the sistry, spinning, at the Ryaki, calf, girl. On site -in- before the consonant and at the end of the word in these dialects, as well as in the dialects of the southern group, it is pronounced -u-; the same sound is pronounced on the spot - l- in words like: long, wolf, and in masculine past tense verbs: dougo(for a long time), wok(wolf), dhow(giving or giving), etc. This group is also characterized by some features that unite it with part of the western group of the Northern Russian dialect and with Pskov dialects: these are the form of names, pad. pl. h. personal pronouns of the 3rd person on -s- (ony, yen), verb forms: rinse, rinse- instead of: rinse, rinse and so on, form: to the sister instead of: to Sister.

The South Russian dialect is also characterized by some other features that are not associated with individual groups, but are available in different parts of the dialects of this dialect: softening -to- after soft consonants ( Vanka, hostess), which is also characteristic of the dialects of the Vologda-Kirov group; replacement -f- on the -X- or -hv- : sarakhvan, kokhta, the ending -oho- in the genitive case of adjectives and pronouns (a feature also found in some dialects of the Northern Russian dialect); agreement of neuter nouns with adjectives in feminine: my dress, big bucket.

Central Russian dialects, occupying the territory between the North Russian and South Russian dialects, are characterized by a combination of Akanya with North Russian features. By origin, these are mainly northern Russian dialects that have lost their okan and have adopted some features of the southern dialects.

Among the Central Russian dialects, an array of Pskov dialects stands out (southwestern regions of the Leningrad region and most of the Pskov region), which have a northern basis and Belarusian layers. It is characterized by strong yap, at which in place of letters -e- and -I-, in a syllable before stress is always pronounced -a- (sistra, syalo, weasels, babysitter, toss). These speeches say: evil, dig, wash, or zley, Ray, meiu- instead of: evil, dig, mine. The clatter is widespread -u- instead of -in- (lauka, drow- instead of bench, firewood); creation pad. pl. numbers on -m-: let's go for mushrooms, plowed plows. Instead of: woods, houses, eyes, they say here: forests, houses, eyes .

The remaining Central Russian dialects are characterized by various combinations of North Russian and South Russian features, depending on which dialects of the North Russian or South Russian dialect they adjoin. The western and eastern subgroups are not clearly demarcated from each other, but still some dialect features characterize each of them.

So, in part of the dialects of the Western subgroup, a special type is common yakanya- the so-called assimilative-moderate, which is not common anywhere else in a compact territory. Here they say: okay, onna, as well as: omman, ommeril- instead of: okay, one, cheating, measured. Common forms " in sixth grade" instead of: " in the sixth..." and so on. The eastern subgroup is characterized skunk, or moderate yak, pronunciation: Vanka, gull, pronoun forms: thea, sowing, tee, see.

The penetration of some South Russian phenomena to the north and North Russian to the south also occurs outside the boundaries of the Central Russian dialects proper. In particular, in the Vladimir-Volga group, a significant number of South Russian forms penetrate. On the other hand, dialectal units identified by one phenomenon are often violated by others. which characterize only part of the dialects of a given dialect and at the same time can combine these dialects with dialects of any other dialects.

For example, the western and partly Olonets groups of dialects of the Northern Russian dialect according to the forms of 3rd person pronouns - th he-,- th ena- and -th eno- are combined with the Pskov subgroup and part of other Central Russian dialects, with the dialects of the western and southern, or Oryol, groups of the South Russian dialect.

The Oryol and Western groups of the South Russian dialect on the basis of hard labial consonants at the end of the word in accordance with soft labials in other dialects and in the literary language ( sam, dove instead of seven, dove), are combined with the Pskov subgroup and part of the western subgroup of the Central Russian dialects and with almost the entire Northern Russian dialect, excluding the Vladimir-Volga dialects, and some dialects of the Vologda-Vyatka group.

In many cases, dialect groupings, which are territorially more extensive, contain small, narrowly local groupings of dialects. One of these local groupings, the so-called "Gdov Island", is located in the northern part of the distribution of the Pskov group of dialects in the territory adjoining Lake Peipsi from the northeast. It is characterized by a special type of vocalism, transitional from okanya to acanyu(Gdovskie akanye and yakane). The forms of names are characteristic of the "Gdov Island". pad. pl. h. nouns wives. R. on the -ya-(pits, beds) and some other unique features. In the north of the Ryazan region and in Meshchera there is also a peculiar grouping of dialects.

At the junction of the western, Tula, and southern groups of the South Russian dialect, a peculiar and very heterogeneous territory stands out. Within its boundaries are the dialects of the Kaluga Polissya with a closed -o^- and -e^- or diphthongs in place of vowels -about- and -e- (voila - will, myera - measure), and strong stretching of various unstressed vowels. To the northeast and east of the Kaluga Polissya there are dialects in which they pronounce: shai- instead of tea, Kurisa- instead of chicken, as in a large part of the dialects of the southern group. In all these dialects they will say: I walk, - but not I go, love, - but not I love, which is also observed in the dialects of the southern group.

The study of the geographical distribution of lexical differences showed that among them there are those that can serve to characterize the adverbs and groups of dialects described above. So, for the entire North Russian dialect, the words are characteristic: unsteadiness(cradle), ladle, sourdough, fork, frying pan, also threshed or thresher(chain), winter, pregnant , lambs(about a sheep) and some others; for South Russian - the words: current- ground for threshing, cradle(cradle), deja(sauerkraut), loin(ladle), chapel or heron, chaplya, chapels(and other words of the same root meaning frying pan), chain, greenery , greenery- in accordance with the northern winter; boiler room , buzzing , lambed(about a sheep). A large number of dialect differences is manifested in the fact that the same concept is conveyed by different words, common in many micro-territories.

Most of the outlying territories, gradually settled by the Russian population, are characterized by dialectal diversity. Such are the Russian dialects of Mordovia, the eastern part of the Penza region, and partly the Samara and Saratov regions.

Under special conditions, the dialects of various groups of the Cossacks developed; in each of them, a more or less homogeneous dialect was formed over the centuries from heterogeneous elements. Thus, the dialects of the Don and Kuban Cossacks were the result of the interaction of the Ukrainian and Russian languages. The Ural Cossacks formed a dialect based on the North Russian.

Among the Russian dialects of Siberia, the territory of a relatively late Russian settlement, there are dialects old-timers and dialects new settlers. The old-timer dialects are of the Northern Russian type, since the colonization waves to Siberia originally came from the northern European regions of Russia. Dialects of this type are widespread in the western, as well as in the northern part of Siberia along the old waterways.

Dialects of new settlers who settled from the middle of the 19th century. along the main Siberian tract and to the south of it, they are distinguished by great diversity. These are South Russian and Central Russian dialects, which have largely retained their features. A special place is occupied by the dialects of the Altai " Poles"(near Zmeinogorsk and Biysk) and" family"(in Transbaikalia).

The peculiarities of the settlement of Siberia by Russians led to the close mutual influence of both different Russian dialects among themselves, and Russian dialects with different languages of the local population. As a result of interaction with non-Slavic languages, Russian dialects in Siberia acquired some features that are absent in the dialects of the European part. In areas where communication with the non-Slavic population was especially close, Russian dialects were replenished with local words, for example: marlin(hunter) - in Tobolsk dialects, torbaza(fur boots) - in Yakutia, shurgan(blizzard in the steppe) - in the southeast of Siberia, etc.

Under the influence of the Ostyak, Nenets, Tungus, Yukaghir and other languages, a mixture of whistling and hissing consonants developed in dialects, mainly in the north-east of Siberia: - with -, -sh-, -z-, -zh-. « sweet tongue', which means that instead of -R- or -l- pronounced -th-: goyova, yevet (head, roar), as well as the pronunciation of hard labial consonants instead of soft ones: Mad, ima, maso, biru, pie, vyzhu .

The study of dialect differences provides interesting and valuable material for clarifying the ethnic history of the Russian people, migration processes and phenomena, as well as the problems of cultural mutual influences between the individual peoples of our country.

[* Isoglosses are the boundaries of the distribution of phenomena or words that make up dialect differences.
* The grouping of Russian dialects (see the map) and their characteristics are given mainly according to the work “Experience of the dialectological map of the Russian language in Europe with an essay on Russian dialectology. Compiled by Η. N. Durnovo, Η. N. Sokolov, D. N. Ushakov ”(“ Proceedings of the Moscow Dialectological Commission, issue 5, M., 1915), but taking into account some significant clarifications that modern materials provide, collected in connection with the compilation of atlases of Russian folk dialects.
*Cm. also "Atlas of Russian folk dialects of the central regions east of Moscow" M-1957] .

Russian language and its dialects. Features of the South Russian dialect.

Southern, or Oryol, group of dialects. Middle Russian dialects.

"Peoples of the European part of the USSR".

vol 1. Moscow, Nauka-1964.

Dialects of the Russian language (clickable).

In the history of the East Slavic languages, these differences began to emerge in the early medieval period, under the conditions of the existence of separate East Slavic tribes. However, most of the dialectal differences emerged in Russian in the late Middle Ages. The oldest written monuments testify that the Novgorod dialect of the 11th-12th centuries. “clattering” was already characteristic, which was absent in the Kyiv land, where the dialect was close to the Balkan group. To the same or earlier time, a difference in sound quality is erected -G-(plosive or fricative formation) and some other dialect differences.

In the Old Russian language, dialect zones are distinguished in the general picture: southwestern (Kyiv and Galician-Volyn dialects), western (Smolensk and Polotsk dialects), southeastern (Kursk-Chernigov-Oryol-Ryazan dialects), northwestern (Novgorod and Pskov dialects), northeastern (Rostov-Suzdal dialects) Sometimes the northern zone (Yaroslavl and Kostroma dialects) is distinguished, formed as a result of the "imposition" on the northwestern dialects of the northeastern, as well as southeastern and southwestern dialects.

Old Russian dialect differences do not always coincide with modern East Slavic ones. For example, in the Old Russian language there was no "akanya", which has been noted since the 14th century ( although the question of its possible origin in an earlier historical period has not been finally resolved).

"Clicking", on the contrary, has existed since very ancient times - an example is the Old Novgorod and Old Pskov dialects. Very ancient is the opposition between stop [g][g] in northern dialects and fricative [h] in southern ones. Nasal vowels (õ, ẽ) in Old Russian were lost in the pre-literate period. In the XII-XIII centuries, the Old Russian language underwent a radical restructuring due to the drop of the reduced vowels (ъ, ь). The adoption of writing also influenced the Russian language - the Church Slavonic language of chronicles (from which Russian literature later developed back in the 16-17 centuries) - there is a dialect of the South Bulgarian - Thessalonica language with separate elements of Greek borrowings.

The reasons for the formation of dialect differences could be both internal (new formations resulting from the internal development of dialects in the Middle Ages) and external (for example, outside influence or assimilation of a foreign-speaking population). During the formation of the Russian centralized state, which united more and more Russian lands, the mutual influence of dialects increased.

If you put the isoglosses of all dialect differences on one map, the entire territory of the distribution of the Russian language will be cut by isoglosses going in different directions. This does not mean that groupings of dialects representing dialectal units do not exist at all. A northerner can be easily recognized by the “reprimand on about”, a resident of the southern regions - according to his special pronunciation of the sound - G- (so-called g fricative) or soft pronunciation - t- in verb endings. According to the totality of features, one can also distinguish the inhabitants of the Ryazan region. from a resident of Orlovskaya, Tulyak from Smolyanin, Novogorodets from Vologda, and so on.

The dialectal units of the Russian language do not, as a rule, have clearly defined boundaries, but are determined by zones of isogloss bundles. Only when any one phenomenon is recognized as an obligatory feature of an adverb, such as, for example, okanye for the Northern Russian dialect, can we draw a clear border of the adverb in accordance with the isogloss of okanye. Akanye is a sign of both Central Russian dialects, and partly of the South Russian dialect, and - G- explosive (a common feature of North Russian dialects) is also characteristic of most Central Russian dialects.

In Russian, two main dialects are distinguished: North Russian and South Russian, and a strip of Central Russian dialects between them.

The South Russian dialect is distinguished by a complex of such features as akanye, fricative -G -(- h- ), soft -t - in 3rd person endings of verbs ( he sit,they listen), forms: me, you, yourself- in the genitive-accusative case. In the vast majority of South Russian dialects there is no clatter. South Russian dialects are also characterized by the ending -mi- in creativity. pad. pl. h. nouns ( plowed).

The dialects of the South Russian dialect are divided into four groups. The grouping is based on the most complex feature of the South Russian dialects - type ofyakanya. Its essence lies in the fact that in the first pre-stressed syllable, sounds in place of letters -e-(including the old b) and -I- do not differ, and in certain cases, in place of all these letters, a sound is pronounced -I-:syalo,spot,varsts,weasels.

The southern, or Oryol, group covers the dialects of the southwestern part of the Tula region, the Oryol region, the eastern half of the Bryansk, Belgorod, Kursk regions, the west of the Voronezh regions, as well as dialects along the lower reaches of the Don and in the North Caucasus.

It is characterized by the so-called dissimilative yak- a type of vocalism in which there is a replacement of vowels -e- or -I- in a pre-stressed syllable to a vowel opposite in rise to the vowel that is stressed in the syllable: sister,- but sister,simya, - but samyu,syami,cry, - but I dance,dance etc.

dissimilative yak is represented by many subtypes, resulting from the fact that various substressed mid-rise vowels, which are pronounced in place of letters -about- and -e-, act on pre-stressed vowels in some cases as high vowels, in others - as low vowels. This group is characterized -u- on the spot -in- before a consonant and at the end of a word: lauca,drow - instead of bench, firewood. Some dialects have sounds -o^- and -e^-(or diphthongs): will, cow, bread etc.

The Tula group is represented by dialects of most of the Tula region, some areas of the Kaluga, Moscow and Ryazan regions. In Tula dialects, the so-called moderate yak. They say there: sistra,byada,syalo,piasok,varsts and so on, but family,trityak,plans are accepted, family,ribina, i.e. always pronounced before a hard consonant -a- in place of vowels -e- or -I-, and before soft in place of the same letters they pronounce -and-. In most dialects of the Tula group -in- always pronounced as in a literary language.

The dialects of this group are characterized by the so-called assimilative-dissimilative type, which differs from dissimilative yakanya the fact that in all words with a substressed -a- vowels in place of letters -e- or -I- in a prestressed syllable are replaced by a vowel -a-. Thus, in the pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letters -e- or -I- in the vast majority of cases they pronounce a vowel -a-, and only if there are letters -e- or -about- in a stressed syllable, a vowel can be pronounced in a pre-stressed syllable -and-:village,turquoise,by force etc. In some part of the Ryazan dialects, vowels are stressed -about- and -e^-, or -woo-,-ie-; in many Ryazan dialects they say: oats, flax, brought, -but not oats, flax, brought.

The western group of dialects of the South Russian dialect occupies the Smolensk region, the western half of the Bryansk region and the western regions of the Kaluga regions. It is typical for her dissimilative akanye and yak"zhizdrinsky", or Belarusian type, in which in a syllable before stress in place of letters -e- or -I- the sound is pronounced and- if the vowel is stressed - a-; in all other cases, the sound is pronounced -a- : sister,prila,rica,tilat,tweet,glancing, - but sister,sistroy,to the sister,at the sistry,spinning,at the Ryaki,calf, girl. On site -in- before the consonant and at the end of the word in these dialects, as well as in the dialects of the southern group, it is pronounced -u-; the same sound is pronounced on the spot - l- in words like: long, wolf, and in masculine past tense verbs: dougo(for a long time), wok(wolf), dhow(giving or giving), etc.

This group is also characterized by some features that unite it with part of the western group of the Northern Russian dialect and with Pskov dialects: these are the form of names, pad. pl. h. personal pronouns of the 3rd person on -s-(ony, yen), verb forms: rinse,rinse- instead of: rinse,rinse and so on, form: to the sister instead of: to Sister.

The South Russian dialect is also characterized by some other features that are not associated with individual groups, but are available in different parts of the dialects of this dialect: softening -to- after soft consonants ( Vanka,hostess), which is also characteristic of the dialects of the Vologda-Kirov group; replacement -f- on the -X- or -hv-:sarakhvan,kokhta, the ending -oho- in the genitive case of adjectives and pronouns (a feature also found in some dialects of the Northern Russian dialect); agreement of neuter nouns with adjectives in feminine: my dress,big bucket.

For example, the western and partly Olonets groups of dialects of the Northern Russian dialect according to the forms of 3rd person pronouns - th he-,- th ena- and -th eno- are combined with the Pskov subgroup and part of other Central Russian dialects, and simultaneously with the dialects of the western and southern, or Oryol, groups of the South Russian dialect.

The Oryol and Western groups of the South Russian dialect on the basis of hard labial consonants at the end of the word in accordance with soft labials in other dialects and in the literary language ( sam, dove instead of seven, dove), are combined with the Pskov subgroup and part of the western subgroup of the Central Russian dialects and with almost the entire Northern Russian dialect (excluding the Vladimir-Volga dialects, and some dialects of the Vologda-Vyatka group).

To the northeast and east of the Kaluga Polissya there are dialects in which they pronounce: shai- instead of tea,Kurisa- instead of chicken, as in a large part of the dialects of the southern group. In all these dialects they will say: I walk, - but not I go,love, - but not I love, which is also observed in the dialects of the southern group.

Consideration of the features of the dialect difference in the Russian language is directly related to the subject of individual differences that exist within the historical and cultural groups of the Russian people.

Historical and cultural groups of the Russian people.

Features in the material culture of the population of the southern and northern regions are noted by archaeologists even among the ancient East Slavic tribes. Differences arose as a result of the assimilation by the Eastern Slavs of the foreign-speaking non-Slavic population of Eastern Europe in the 10th-13th centuries. and in the process of settlement of Russians and the inclusion of representatives of other nationalities in their composition at a later time (XVI-XVII centuries and later). Peculiar historical and cultural groups arose as a result of various migrations from one region to another, the formation of a military population on the borders of the state (Cossacks, single palaces, etc.).

According to ethnographic and dialectological features, the Russian population of the northern and southern regions most noticeably differs. Between them there is a wide transition zone.

The characteristic northern Russian features of culture and life and the northern “surrounding” dialect can be traced in the territory approximately from the Volkhov river basin in the west to the river. Mezen and upper reaches of the Kama and Vyatka in the east (i.e. Novgorod region, Karelia, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, part of Tver, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod and other regions).

South Russian features in the culture, life of the population and the southern "akaya" dialect prevail in the territory from the basin of the river. Gums in the west to the Penza region. in the east and approximately from the Oka in the north to the Khopra basin and the middle Don in the south (most of the Ryazan, Penza, Kaluga regions, Tula, Tambov, Lipetsk, Oryol, Kursk, etc.). There are also ethnographic differences between north and south in the types of rural settlements and buildings.

The Central Russian group is, as it were, a link between the northern and southern Russian populations. Its material and spiritual culture combines northern and southern features. On the other hand, many local characteristics (in clothing, buildings, customs) are widespread in the north and south.

In the southern Russian regions. into a single ethnographicpopulation array interspersed with small groups of relatively latealiens from the central and western regions. Some of them are descendantsformer military population of the lowest rank (streltsy,gunners, Cossacks, etc.) - settled along the line of guard fortifications in the XVI-XVII centuries. to protect the state border from nomad raids(subsequently, the bulk of this population became part of the odnodvortsy, "peasants of the quarter right").

Among the later settlers were peasants who went to the "steppe" after its "pacification", as well as peasants resettled by landowners from other regions. All these groups in the recent past were clearly distinguished from each other by ethnographic features, especially by clothing. Women from the local indigenous population wore a pony and horned kitchka, odnodvorki - a striped skirt or a sundress and a kokoshnik, etc.

In the west of the South Russian territory (in the basin of the Desna and the Seim) lives a population called polehi in its culture, in addition to the main South Russian features, there is a significant commonality with the Belarusians, and partly with the Lithuanians. Apparently, a group adjoins the fields Goryunov living in Ukraine (according to the old administrative division in the former Putivl district of the Kursk province.). In the Kursk region there is a group of the population called Sayans, which differs in some features in language and life.

In the east of the South Russian territory in the basin of the middle Oka, in the culture of the population (especially in embroidery, ornamentation, clothing, types of construction, etc.), ties with the peoples of the Volga region are strongly traced. In the Zaokskaya part (north of the Ryazan and Tambov regions), the population is known by the subname miner. It has some ethnographic features in clothing, housing and clattering dialect. The Russian meshchera, apparently, developed as a result of the assimilation of the local - Finnish - by the Slavic population.

The population of the southeast (from the Khopra basin to the Kuban and Terek basins - mainly the former region of the Don Troops, the eastern part of Novorossia, the Kuban, Terek regions, etc.) is territorially and historically connected with the population of the South Russian regions, but at the same time it often differs markedly from it in language, folklore, features in the home (in the past there were differences in clothing). In general, the material and spiritual culture of the population there was not uniform due to the great diversity of the ethnic composition.

File:Russian adverbs.JPG

The territory of distribution of the southern dialect is highlighted in red (in the central part of European Russia)

Southern dialect of the Russian language- a large group of dialects of the Russian language within the European part of Russia, developed by the 15th century.

The South Russian dialect is common within the following provinces (according to the administrative division of the Russian Empire): Tula, Ryazan, Orel, Tambov and most of Kaluga, Voronezh, Kursk, partly in the southern part of Penza and the western part of the Saratov provinces, as well as in the land of the Don Army. In the 19th century, the territory of the South Russian dialect spread even further south - to the Terek region, the Kuban and the foothills of the North Caucasus, whose dialects adopted some features of the Turkic and other languages of the Caucasus, despite the fact that the South Russian dialect already had by that time a fairly powerful Eastern dialect. Iranian substrate and Kypchak-Polovtsian superstratum.

The following groups of dialects of the South Russian dialect are distinguished:

western group (Tula, Bryansk and Kaluga regions) with a Baltic substrate.

eastern group (Ryazan, Tambov, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Penza and Saratov regions (with Finno-Ugric (mainly Mordovian) substrate);

the southern group (Oryol, Kursk, Belgorod, Rostov regions, Krasnodar and Stavropol regions, as well as the southern part of the Voronezh region) with an Iranian (Scythian-Sarmatian) substratum and a Turkic (Kypchak) superstratum.

It is the largest both in terms of territory and the number of speakers. Some features of the southern dialect:

indistinguishability of non-upper vowels after hard consonants in unstressed syllables (akanye);
changing "e" to "i" in the first pre-stressed syllable;
hardening of the labial consonants before the front vowels and the preservation of the hardness of the back-lingual consonants in front of them, the pronunciation of the back “and” instead of “y” (as in Ukrainian);
only dental, whistling, as well as consonants "l" and "n" act as soft consonants; at the same time, for soft "d" and "t" there is no whistling overtone before the front vowels (unlike, for example, many dialects of the North Russian dialect, as well as some Central Russian dialects);
fricative formation of the phoneme r and its pronunciation as [γ], and at the end of the word and before the voiceless consonant as [x];
the presence of a synthetic form of the imperfect future tense, formed by adding the infinitive of the main verb and the personal forms of the verb "to have" (a similar phenomenon is also found in Ukrainian and Belarusian languages);
preservation of intervocalic j (does);
preservation of the old form of the vocative case and the alternation of consonants in the nominal declension (in most dialects);
the transition of neuter nouns with unstressed inflection into the feminine gender (fresh meat, etc.);
forms of the genitive and accusative cases of personal and reflexive pronouns me, you, myself;
soft t in the forms of the 3rd person of the singular and plural verbs (he wear, they wear);
the use of the pronouns "he", "she" and "they" when speaking only in relation to persons who are absent at that moment in front of the speaker;
coincidence of inflections of dates. and suggestion. cases of masculine and neuter adjectives (this feature is also characteristic of Ukrainian and Serbian languages);

inflection -e in the form of the genitive singular of feminine nouns on -a;
the absence of consistent postpositive particles (compare: in the northern dialect: izba-ta).

Many of these features of the southern dialect were formed under the influence of the Iranian (Scytho-Sarmatian) substrate (fricative formation of the phoneme r, hardening of consonants before “i”, etc.). Southern Russian dialects are still used today, but their features have been smoothed out under the influence of the media and school education.

Features of speech in some rural areas of the Oryol region

This table shows the words used in some settlements of the Verkhovsky district of the Oryol region.

literary word	Dialect
today	to-day, to-day
tomorrow	tomorrow
yesterday	a long time ago, davicha, yesterday, anodys
now	now, now
no (no)	netuti
it's getting colder	getting colder
it's getting cooler	cooler
it is getting warmer	getting warmer
meet	shake off
meet	shoot
in (preposition)	uh, uh
house (private)	hut
small shed	kildim
television	TV set
lie	brehat (second meaning: barking dogs)
shows	seems
went (departed)	leaned
to taste	eat
happened/done last night	evening
put in order	depict
blanket	blanket
okroshka	kvass
Bowl	a cup
liquid mashed potatoes	divorcee, slut
a shot of vodka	reading
moonshine (as a fee)	magarych
stale	hard
wash clothes	wash, wash
wash	bathe
funnel (for pouring liquid)	watering can
adult chicken	chicken
small forest ants	mosquitoes
mole	ferret
bear (insect)	kret
very	hefty
cart	wagon
own (product of own production)	own
rotten (only pears)	stale
fold	fold
deal with (someone)	I'll settle

File:Russian adverbs.JPG

The territory of distribution of the southern dialect is highlighted in red (in the central part of European Russia)

Southern dialect of the Russian language- a large group of dialects of the Russian language within the European part of Russia, developed by the 15th century.

The following groups of dialects of the South Russian dialect are distinguished:

western group (Tula, Bryansk and Kaluga regions) with a Baltic substrate.

eastern group (Ryazan, Tambov, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Penza and Saratov regions (with Finno-Ugric (mainly Mordovian) substrate);

It is the largest both in terms of territory and the number of speakers. Some features of the southern dialect:

indistinguishability of non-upper vowels after hard consonants in unstressed syllables (akanye);
changing "e" to "i" in the first pre-stressed syllable;
hardening of the labial consonants before the front vowels and the preservation of the hardness of the back-lingual consonants in front of them, the pronunciation of the back “and” instead of “y” (as in Ukrainian);
only dental, whistling, as well as consonants "l" and "n" act as soft consonants; at the same time, for soft "d" and "t" there is no whistling overtone before the front vowels (unlike, for example, many dialects of the North Russian dialect, as well as some Central Russian dialects);
fricative formation of the phoneme r and its pronunciation as [γ], and at the end of the word and before the voiceless consonant as [x];
the presence of a synthetic form of the imperfect future tense, formed by adding the infinitive of the main verb and the personal forms of the verb "to have" (a similar phenomenon is also found in Ukrainian and Belarusian languages);
preservation of intervocalic j (does);
preservation of the old form of the vocative case and the alternation of consonants in the nominal declension (in most dialects);
the transition of neuter nouns with unstressed inflection into the feminine gender (fresh meat, etc.);
forms of the genitive and accusative cases of personal and reflexive pronouns me, you, myself;
soft t in the forms of the 3rd person of the singular and plural verbs (he wear, they wear);
the use of the pronouns "he", "she" and "they" when speaking only in relation to persons who are absent at that moment in front of the speaker;
coincidence of inflections of dates. and suggestion. cases of masculine and neuter adjectives (this feature is also characteristic of Ukrainian and Serbian languages);

inflection -e in the form of the genitive singular of feminine nouns on -a;
the absence of consistent postpositive particles (compare: in the northern dialect: izba-ta).

Features of speech in some rural areas of the Oryol region

This table shows the words used in some settlements of the Verkhovsky district of the Oryol region.

literary word	Dialect
today	to-day, to-day
tomorrow	tomorrow
yesterday	a long time ago, davicha, yesterday, anodys
now	now, now
no (no)	netuti
it's getting colder	getting colder
it's getting cooler	cooler
it is getting warmer	getting warmer
meet	shake off
meet	shoot
in (preposition)	uh, uh
house (private)	hut
small shed	kildim
television	TV set
lie	brehat (second meaning: barking dogs)
shows	seems
went (departed)	leaned
to taste	eat
happened/done last night	evening
put in order	depict
blanket	blanket
okroshka	kvass
Bowl	a cup
liquid mashed potatoes	divorcee, slut
a shot of vodka	reading
moonshine (as a fee)	magarych
stale	hard
wash clothes	wash, wash
wash	bathe
funnel (for pouring liquid)	watering can
adult chicken	chicken
small forest ants	mosquitoes
mole	ferret
bear (insect)	kret
very	hefty
cart	wagon
own (product of own production)	own
rotten (only pears)	stale
fold	fold
deal with (someone)	I'll settle

Isoglosses of the southern dialect

Classification of dialects of the South Russian dialect

According to a number of similar features, the dialects of the South Russian dialect are territorially combined into three groups, between which there are also transitional interzonal groups:

Map of adverbs of the Russian language

Western group

Bryansk
Pskovskaya (south)
Smolensk
Tverskaya (south)

Central

Belgorodskaya
Kaluga (south and west)
Kursk
Orlovskaya
Tulskaya (south and west)

The central and western regions have similar features in a number of ways.

Eastern group

Voronezh
Lipetsk
Ryazan
Kaluga (north and east)
Tambov
Tulskaya (north and east)

Phonetics

In the field of consonants

In the area of vowels

In the first prestressed syllable

Distribution map of dissimilative acaña

In stressed and second (and further) prestressed syllables

Morphology

Verb

Pronouns

Western dialect zone

Noun and adjective

Other

Vocabulary

One of the features of the vocabulary of South Russian, as well as other oral dialects, is the preservation of original Russian forms, which were replaced in Russian literary by Church Slavonic: Rus. and tssl. clothes, South Russian clothing and etc.

Below is a list of some words from the dialect of the village of Deulino, Ryazan district, Ryazan region, as of 1960-1963. Some words are written based on etymological spelling, some - on phonetic, so you should always take into account such things as the reduction of unstressed vowels and the assimilation of consonants.

Some dialect words of the dialect of the village of Deulino, Ryazan district, Ryazan region

Adverbs, pronouns and more

atsel, azzel, azzela - from here
attada, anteda, antuda, antudava, antel, antela - from there
tomorrow - tomorrow
vcharas, charas, vcharasya - yesterday
dave, davicha, davish - some time ago (within the same day)
de, ide - where
dei something - somewhere
dokel - 1. bye, 2. until what time, to what place
hefty - very strongly
hefty - big or too big
entot, entot - this
tomorrow, tomorrow, tomorrow, tomorrow, tomorrow
ihy, yihy, iha - belonging to them, their
kab, kob, if only
kady, kada - when
say, everyone - everyone
koi, skoi - 1. to what extent, to what extent 2. how? to what extent?
how much [kolk, kolki, kolka], coca, how much, lope - how much
where - where
somewhere, somewhere - somewhere
lie, climb, climb, leslie, lesie, lie, eat, if, eat - if
lyzya - it is possible
me, change - less
at all - at all
nadys, nadas - in the recent past
nikali - never
nowhere - nowhere
onta, ontas, ontas, anita, anitas, anitasya, anata, anatas, anatasya, anadas - let yourself, let yourself
ontelny [antelnay] - not local, local
tady, tada - then
tadyshny, tadyshny, tadashny - former
now, now; tipericha, tipericha, tipercha - now
there - there

Nouns

adezha - clothes
arzhanoy - rye
bullshit - swearing, swearing
haiduk - about a tall tall man
gutar - 1. conversation, conversation, 2. conversation, speech, characteristic of some. team
desma - gum
doctor [dokhtar] - doctor
daldon - 1. woodpecker, 2. about an annoying person
doshsh, dazhzhya - rain, rain
drochena, drochena - a thick pancake, often made from wheat flour, smeared with an egg on top
zhamka - gingerbread
jug - a jug with a lid, as well as a can
zherelo [zhryalo] - 1. hole, 2. trans. throat
like a calf (flow, pour, etc.) - flow strongly, pour, etc.
pole - pole
zhirok, ryapivnik - a child born out of wedlock
fairy tale
potatoes - less often potato potato garden plant
kvass - 1. kvass, 2. okroshka
kobyzyok, kobysyok - about a self-confident, impudent person
mosquito, kumar - mosquito
mosquito - about the multitude of mosquitoes
kopets - end, kaput
cinnamon - cinnamon
nettle - nettle
christenings - christenings
blacksmith - 1. blacksmith, 2. grasshopper
kulaga - a kind of tyuri made from flour mixed with water with the addition of black bread and sugar
kulesh - millet soup with lard
passenger car [lihkavichka] - passenger car
lobuda - about smth., smth. bad, unworthy
lohon - rag, flap
lyudva - people, people
lyapalka - talker, gossip
mommy, mommy - mom (children's)
Muscovite [masco] - Muscovite
ant, murash - ant
mouse - mouse
myatki, myatka - a dish of mashed boiled potatoes seasoned with milk, butter, etc.
pillowcase, pillowcase, pillowcase - cloudiness, clouds
lunch - breakfast
hostel - hostel
society, society - rural community, world
obuzha - shoes
dressed - blanket
daddy, daddy - daddy (baby)
away, away - away
afternoon, afternoon snack - lunch
help, help - help, assistance, assistance support
salamada, salamata - a kind of liquid porridge made from buckwheat flour brewed with boiling water
Wednesday [seryada] - Wednesday (day of the week)
pine - pine
shame - cold, cold
neighbor - neighbor
tepets - the beating part of the flail
cold - cold
cup - 1st cup, 2nd bowl

Interjection

vsa-vsa [fsafsa], vso-vso [fsofso] - distant words for pigs
dyutka - call sign for pigs (usually repeated several times)
kukri-kukri, vach-vach - call words for sheep
kyt-kyt, kytya-kytya, kat-kat - call words for sheep
pryn, pryn - beckoning for calves

adjectives

sharp - sharp
talkative - talkative, talkative
Russian - 1. sociable, open-minded, 2. bold, 3. artless, simple

Verbs

to lie - 1. bark, 2. lie, 3. scold, scold
to own - 1. to own someone, something, 2. to be able to operate the organs of the body
to meet, to meet - to meet
to meet, to strive - to meet with someone, to get caught by someone. towards
help - help
go - go
to say - to say, to communicate something, to express something. opinion
credit - economic, prudent, thrifty, business
to baptize - to baptize
to baptize - to be baptized
bark - scold, scold someone.
bark [layazza] - swear, scold
wash - 1. wash, 2. wash
like - like
to portray - to give to someone, to something. proper look; wash, dress up, clean, etc.
sort out - put oneself in order
dig - make double weaving on the sole of the bast shoes
eat - 1. eat, 2. try
fold, fold - fold

Notes

Literature

Avanesov R. I. Part one // Essays on Russian dialectology. - M .: Uchpedgiz, 1949. - 336 p.
Bukrinskaya I. A., Karmakova O. E. and others. The language of the Russian village. School Dialectological Atlas. - M .: BSMP "Eleks-Alpha", 2003.
Dialectological atlas of the Russian language: Center of the European part of the USSR. Issue. 1 / Ed. R. I. Avanesova and S. V. Bromley. - M .: Nauka, 1986. - 215 p. - 2000 copies.
Dialectological atlas of the Russian language: Center of the European part of the USSR. Issue. 2. - M., 1989.
Zakharova K. F., Orlova V. G. Dialect division of the Russian language. - M .: Nauka, 1970.
Zakharova K. F., Orlova V. G. Dialect division of the Russian language. 2nd ed. - M .: Editorial URSS, 2004. - ISBN 5-354-00917-0, 978-5-354-00917-6
Ivanov V.V. Historical grammar of the Russian language. - 2nd ed. - M .: Dedication, 1983. - 399 p.
Kolesov V. V., Ivashko L. A., Kaporulina L. V., Trubinsky V. I., Cherepanova O. A. Russian dialectology / ed. V. V. Kolesova. - M .: Higher School, 1990. - 207 p. - 25,000 copies. - ISBN 5-06-000785-5
Kotkov S. I. Monuments of the South Great Russian dialect. Late 16th - early 17th century - M .: Nauka, 1990. - 232 p. - ISBN 5-02-010975-4
Kotkov S. I. South Great Russian dialect in the seventeenth century: Phonetics and morphology. - M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1963. - 234 p.
Lyapunov B. M. The unity of the Russian language in its dialects. - 1919.
Russian folk dialects. Sounding anthology. South Russian dialect / ed. R. F. Kasatkina. - M .: Nauka, 1999. - 206 p. - ISBN 5-02-011591-6
Russian dialectology / Edited by R. I. Avanesov and V. G. Orlova. - M .: Nauka, 1964.
Trubachev O. N. In search of unity. A philologist's view of the problem of the origins of Russia. - M .: Nauka, 2005. - 287 p. - ISBN 5-02-033259-3

Dictionaries

Big explanatory dictionary of the Don Cossacks. About 18,000 words and set phrases / Rostov state. un-t, Faculty of Philology and Journalism. - M .: Astrel, 2003. - 608 p.
Dictionary of modern Russian folk dialect (village Deulino, Ryazan district, Ryazan region) / Ed. I. A. Ossovetsky. - M .: Nauka, 1969. - 612 p.

Dialects of the Russian language

Dialects of early formation

Northern Russian dialect

Western North Russian dialects	Ladoga-Tikhvin group
Interzonal dialects of the northern dialect	Onega group \| Lach dialects \| Belozersko-Bezhetsky dialects \| Pomeranian (Arkhangelsk) group¹
Eastern North Russian dialects	Vologda group \| Kostroma group \| Vyatka dialects ¹ \| Perm dialects¹

Central Russian dialects

Portal for the student. Self-training

Southern dialect. The southern dialect of the Russian language and its group of dialects

Features of speech in some rural areas of the Oryol region

Features of speech in some rural areas of the Oryol region

Classification of dialects of the South Russian dialect

Western group

Central

Eastern group

Phonetics

In the field of consonants

In the area of vowels

In the first prestressed syllable

In stressed and second (and further) prestressed syllables

Morphology

Verb

Pronouns

Noun and adjective

Other

Vocabulary

see also

Notes

Literature

Dictionaries

Portal for the student. Self-training

Features of speech in some rural areas of the Oryol region

Features of speech in some rural areas of the Oryol region

Classification of dialects of the South Russian dialect

Western group

Central

Eastern group

Phonetics

In the field of consonants

In the area of ​​vowels

In the first prestressed syllable

In stressed and second (and further) prestressed syllables

Morphology

Verb

Pronouns

Noun and adjective

Other

Vocabulary

see also

Notes

Literature

Dictionaries

RELATED ARTICLES

In the area of vowels