Characteristics of the style of fiction. Artistic and conversational style

Instruction

This style can otherwise be called the style of fiction. It is used in verbal and artistic creativity. Its main goal is to influence the feelings and thoughts of readers and listeners with the help of images created by the author.

Artistic style (like any other) involves the selection of linguistic means. But in it, unlike the official business and scientific styles, all the richness of vocabulary, special figurativeness and emotionality of speech are widely used. In addition, he uses the possibilities of different styles: colloquial, journalistic, scientific and official business.

The artistic style is distinguished by a special attention to the random and the particular, behind which the typical features and images of the time are visible. As an example, we can recall "Dead Souls", where N.V. Gogol portrayed landowners, each of whom is the personification of certain human qualities, but all of them together are the "face" of Russia in the 19th century.

Another distinctive feature of the artistic style is the subjective moment, the presence of the author's fiction or the "re-creation" of reality. The world of a literary work is the world of a writer, where reality is presented through his vision. In a literary text, the author expresses his preferences, rejections, condemnation and admiration. Therefore, the artistic style is characterized by expressiveness, emotionality, metaphor and versatility.

To prove the artistic style, read the text and analyze the language used in it. Pay attention to their diversity. Literary works use a large number of tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons, hyperboles, personifications, paraphrases and allegories) and stylistic figures (anaphoras, antitheses, oxymorons, rhetorical questions and appeals, etc.). For example: “a man with a marigold” (litote), “a horse runs - the earth trembles” (allegory), “streams ran from the mountains” (personification).

In the artistic style, the ambiguity of words is clearly manifested. Writers often discover additional meanings and meanings in them. For example, the adjective "lead" in a scientific or journalistic style will be used in its direct meaning "lead bullet" and "lead ore", in an artistic style, most likely, it will act as a metaphor for "lead twilight" or "lead clouds".

When parsing the text, be sure to pay attention to its function. If the conversational style serves for communication or communication, the official business and scientific style are informative, and the artistic style is intended for emotional impact. Its main function is aesthetic, to which all linguistic means used in a literary work are subject.

Determine in what form the text is implemented. Artistic style is used in drama, prose and poetry. They are respectively divided into genres (tragedy, comedy, drama; novel, story, short story, miniature; poem, fable, poem, etc.).

note

The basis of the artistic style is the literary language. But often it uses colloquial and professional vocabulary, dialectisms and vernacular. This is due to the desire of writers to create a special unique author's style and give the text a vivid imagery.

Useful advice

Style can be determined only by the totality of all features (functions, set of language tools, form of implementation).

Sources:

Artistic style: language and features
how to prove that the text

Tip 2: Distinctive features of the official-business style of the text

The language used in different areas of activity differs, in addition, it can be very different from spoken language. For such spheres of public life as science, office work, jurisprudence, politics and the media, there are subtypes of the Russian language that have their own characteristic features, both lexical and morphological, syntactic and textual. It has its own stylistic features and official business text.

Why you need a formal business style when writing

The official business style of the text is one of the functional subtypes of the Russian language, which is used only in one specific case - when conducting business correspondence in the field of social and legal relations. It is implemented in lawmaking, managerial and economic activities. In writing, its document and can, in fact, be a letter, and an order, and a normative act.

Business documents can be presented to the court as evidence at any time, since they, due to their specifics, have legal force.

Such a document has legal significance, its originator acts, as a rule, not as a private person, but is an authorized representative of the organization. Therefore, any official business text is subject to increased requirements to eliminate ambiguity and ambiguity of interpretation. Also, the text should be accurate communicatively and adequately reflect the thoughts that the author expresses.

The main features of the official business style

The main feature of official business communication is the standardization of phraseological units used, it is with its help that communicative accuracy is ensured, which gives legal force to any document. These standard phrases make it possible to exclude ambiguity of interpretation, therefore, in such documents, repeated repetition of the same words, names and terms is quite acceptable.

An official business document must necessarily have details - output data, and specific requirements are also imposed on their location on the page.

The text written in this style is emphatically logical and unemotional. It should be extremely informative, so thoughts have strict wording, and the presentation of the situation itself should be restrained, using stylistically neutral words and expressions. The use of any phrases that carry an emotional load, expressions used in vernacular, and even more so slang, is excluded.

To eliminate ambiguity in a business document, personal demonstrative pronouns (“he”, “she”, “they”) are not used, since in a context with two nouns of the same gender, ambiguity of interpretation or contradiction may appear. As a consequence of the obligatory condition of logic and argumentation, when writing a business text, complex sentences are used with a large number of conjunctions that convey the logic of relations. For example, constructions that are not often used in ordinary life are used, including conjunctions such as: “due to the fact that”, “for what”.

Mandatory wardrobe items for a Parisian.

Many of the fair sex, who strive to look stylish and sophisticated every day, have a set of basic, must-have items in their wardrobe. What kind of items can be found in the closet of a Parisian?

1. Ballerinas. Contrary to popular belief, high heels are not always preferred. In everyday life they wear comfortable ballet flats with thin soles.

2.Bag with long strap. A handbag thrown over one shoulder is a habit of a large number of residents of the fashionable capital.

3.The scarf is large. A variety of voluminous scarves are preferred by residents of many countries. However, most Parisians believe that this is an indispensable and absolutely necessary accessory in the cold season.

4. Fitted jacket, raincoat or jacket. A truly French style is to wear fitted jackets. They are decorated with thin straps or worn wide open.

5.Large sunglasses. In combination with hair pulled up in a tight ponytail, bun or updo, these glasses look especially stylish and elegant.

6. Black clothes. The black color for the inhabitants of Paris is not the color of mourning. For them, he is the personification of style and grace. Therefore, to create a Parisian look, you must have black T-shirts, T-shirts, sweaters and other items of clothing in your wardrobe.

Which is unacceptable for the Parisian style.

There are things that a lady with truly French views on fashion will never allow herself to buy, much less wear. In one of the first places on the list of bad manners were too long bright false nails. Many representatives of France prefer naturalness and neutrality in everything. Including in .

A miniskirt in combination with a deep neckline is also not in the style of a resident of the fashion capital. The true one is unlikely to allow herself to look too frank and too sexy.

Bright hair color, multi-colored highlighting, flashy accessories, all kinds of bouffants and a huge amount of hair styling products. In most cases, a lady living in Paris will bypass this entire list and will only be surprised that it occurred to someone to experiment with their appearance in such a way.

The main criterion that distinguishes a true Parisian is harmony in everything: in clothes, style, look, hairstyle, accessories. She does not seek to repeat someone's image and is of the opinion that each person is unique.

Actually scientific style of speech

Most research monographs and solid scientific articles belong to the proper scientific style. The peculiarity of this genre is that such texts, as a rule, are written by professional scientists for the same specialists. Such an academic style is very often found in scientific works devoted to one issue, as well as in small-sized essays, where the author presents the results of scientific research.

Texts written in the proper scientific style are distinguished by the accuracy of presentation, verified logical constructions, an abundance of generalizing terms and abstract concepts. A standard academic text composed in this genre has a strict structural composition, which includes a title, introductory and main parts, conclusions and a conclusion.

Scientific and informative genre of scientific style

The scientific-informative genre is considered a secondary form of the scientific style of speech. It, as a rule, is compiled on the basis of some basic, supporting text. In this case, original monographs or articles are often taken as a basis. An example of texts made in the scientific and informative genre can be theses, or.

A scientific-informative text is a creatively revised presentation of the primary material, which completely coincides with it in meaning. However, it does not contain all, but only basic information, only the most essential information about the subject. Writing works in this genre requires the ability to work with scientific literature, evaluate sources and transmit their content in a compressed form without distortion.

Other genres of scientific style of speech

Linguists often combine texts of scientific-reference, educational-scientific and popular science genres of scientific style into one large group. These sub-styles are characterized by the focus of information not so much on specialists, but on those who are far from the specifics of the subject placed at the center of the publication. In this case, not only the results of scientific research are important, but also the form.

In the educational and scientific genre, textbooks and lecture texts are most often written. The scientific reference genre, characterized by extreme clarity and conciseness, is typical for reference publications, scientific dictionaries, encyclopedias and catalogues. Texts compiled in the popular science genre are less tied to special terminology. They are often used in books intended for a mass audience, as well as in television and radio programs covering scientific topics.

The artistic style of speech as a functional style is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. In order to understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech.

Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through feelings and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks, first of all, to convey his personal experience, his understanding and understanding of a particular phenomenon.

For the artistic style of speech, attention to the particular and the accidental is typical, followed by the typical and the general. Remember the well-known Dead Souls by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personifies certain specific human qualities, expresses a certain type, and all together they were the "face" of contemporary Russia to the author.

The world of fiction is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnation, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful versatility of the artistic style of speech. Let's analyze a short excerpt from the story of L. N. Tolstoy "Foreigner without food":

“Lera went to the exhibition only for the sake of her student, out of a sense of duty. Alina Kruger. Personal exhibition. Life is like loss. Free admission". A bearded man with a lady wandered in the empty hall. He looked at some of the work through a hole in his fist, he felt like a professional. Lera also looked through her fist, but did not notice the difference: the same naked men on chicken legs, and in the background the pagodas were on fire. The booklet about Alina said: "The artist projects a parable world onto the space of the infinite." I wonder where and how they teach to write art history texts? They are probably born with it. When visiting, Lera loved to leaf through art albums and, after looking at a reproduction, read what a specialist wrote about it. You see: the boy covered the insect with a net, on the sides the angels are blowing pioneer horns, in the sky there is a plane with the signs of the Zodiac on board. You read: “The artist views the canvas as a cult of the moment, where the stubbornness of details interacts with an attempt to comprehend everyday life.” You think: the author of the text rarely happens in the air, keeps on coffee and cigarettes, intimate life is complicated by something.

Before us is not an objective representation of the exhibition, but a subjective description of the heroine of the story, behind which the author is clearly visible. The story is built on the combination of three artistic plans. The first plan is what Lera sees in the paintings, the second is an art history text that interprets the content of the paintings. These plans are stylistically expressed in different ways, bookishness and abstruseness of descriptions are deliberately emphasized. And the third plan is the author's irony, which manifests itself through the display of the discrepancy between the content of the paintings and the verbal expression of this content, in the assessment of the bearded man, the author of the book text, the ability to write such art history texts.

As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, make up two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. Here is the beginning of V. Larin's novel "Neuron Shock":

“Marat's father, Stepan Porfirievich Fateev, an orphan from infancy, was from the Astrakhan bandit family. The revolutionary whirlwind blew him out of the locomotive vestibule, dragged him through the Michelson plant in Moscow, machine-gun courses in Petrograd and threw him into Novgorod-Seversky, a town of deceptive silence and goodness.

In these two sentences, the author showed not only a segment of an individual human life, but also the atmosphere of an era of great changes associated with the revolution of 1917. The first sentence gives knowledge of the social environment, material conditions, human relations in the childhood years of the father of the hero of the novel and his own roots. The simple, rude people who surrounded the boy (the bindyuzhnik is the vernacular name of the port loader), the hard work that he saw from childhood, the restlessness of orphanhood - that's what stands behind this proposal. And the next sentence includes private life in the cycle of history. Metaphorical phrases the revolutionary whirlwind blew ..., dragged ..., threw ... they liken human life to a grain of sand that cannot withstand historical cataclysms, and at the same time convey the element of the general movement of those “who were nobody”. Such figurativeness, such a layer of in-depth information is impossible in a scientific or official business text.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. Among the words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, are the figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life. For example, L.N. Tolstoy in "War and Peace" used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes; we will find a significant number of words from the hunting lexicon in I.S. Turgenev, in the stories of M.M. Prishvin, V.A. Astafiev, and in The Queen of Spades by A.S. Pushkin has a lot of words from the lexicon of the card game, etc. In the artistic style of speech, the verbal ambiguity of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular. Let us give an example of the use of such a technique by B. Okudzhava in Shipov's Adventures:

“In Evdokimov’s tavern, they were already about to turn off the lamps when the scandal began. The scandal started like this. At first, everything in the hall looked fine, and even the tavern clerk, Potap, told the owner that, they say, now God has mercy - not a single broken bottle, when suddenly in the depths, in the semi-darkness, in the very core, there was a buzzing, like a swarm of bees.

- Fathers of the world, - the owner was lazily amazed, - here, Potapka, your evil eye, damn it! Well, you should have croaked, damn it!

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry specific sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning ( lead ore, lead bullet), and artistic forms an expressive metaphor ( lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see is Pavlovsk is hilly ...". Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to the general plan.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. So, L. Petrushevskaya, in order to show the disorder, “troubles” of the family life of the heroine of the story “Poetry in Life”, includes several simple and complex sentences in one sentence:

“In Mila’s story, everything went on increasing, Mila’s husband in a new two-room apartment no longer protected Mila from her mother, her mother lived separately, and there was no telephone either there or here - Mila’s husband became himself and Iago and Othello and with mockingly, from around the corner I watched how men of his type, builders, prospectors, poets pester Mila on the street, not knowing how heavy this burden is, how unbearable life is if you fight alone, because beauty in life is not a helper, so roughly one could translate those obscene, desperate monologues that the former agronomist, and now a researcher, Mila's husband, shouted both on the night streets, and in his apartment, and drunk, so that Mila was hiding somewhere with her young daughter, found shelter, and the unfortunate husband beat the furniture and threw iron pans.

This proposal is perceived as an endless complaint of an uncountable number of unfortunate women, as a continuation of the theme of a sad female lot.

In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible due to artistic actualization, i.e. the author highlighting some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. Especially often this technique is used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image. Consider an example from the work of B. Okudzhava "The Adventures of Shipov":

“Ay, dear,” Shipov shook his head, “why is that so? No need. I can see right through you, mon cher... Hey, Potapka, why did you forget a man on the street? Lead here, wake up. And what, mister student, how does this tavern seem to you? It's dirty indeed. Do you think I like him?... I've been to real restaurants, sir, I know... Pure Empire style... But you can't talk to people there, but here I can find out something.

The speech of the protagonist characterizes him very clearly: not very educated, but ambitious, wanting to give the impression of a gentleman, master, Shipov uses elementary French words (mon cher) along with colloquial wake up, hello, here, which do not correspond not only to the literary, but also to the colloquial form. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.

Art style

Art style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. In this style, it affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.

Trope(from other Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

The main types of trails:

Metaphor(from other Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. (Nature here is destined for us to cut a window into Europe).

Metonymy-other Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα / ὄνυμα - “name”) - a kind of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or another (spatial, temporal and etc.) connection with the subject, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, receptacle instead of content or vice versa, etc.), and the metaphor is "by likeness". Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy. (All flags will visit us, ”where flags replace countries)
Epithet(from other Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (second life).

An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose. (timid breath; magnificent sign)

Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - a trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. (Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird; We all look at Napoleons; In the roof for my family;

Well, sit down, luminary; Best of all, save your penny.)

Hyperbola(from other Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of explicit and intentional exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said. (I've said this a thousand times; We have enough food for six months.)
Litota is a figurative expression that downplays the size - the strength, the meaning of what is being described. A litote is called a reverse hyperbole. (Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble).
Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement. (A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell; My house is my fortress; He walks like a gogol; An attempt is not torture.)

In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, paraphrase; from other Greek. περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by not naming it, but by describing it. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, creation of Peter!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

allegory (allegory)- conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example: “The nightingale is sad at the defeated rose, hysterically sings over the flower. But the garden scarecrow also sheds tears, loving the rose secretly.

personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - tropes, the assignment of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features.

For example:

And woe, woe, grief! And the bast of grief was girded, The legs were entangled with bast.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you can’t run away, because it’s impossible to take your motherland with you - a suffering mother.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov, Visa Response

Irony(from other Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the obvious meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems. (Where can we, fools, drink tea).
Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “to tear [meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the increased contrast of the implied and expressed, but also on the immediate intentional exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can open with a positive judgment, but in general it always contains a negative connotation and indicates a lack of a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to what it is happening. Example:

The capitalists are ready to sell us a rope with which we will hang them. If the patient really wants to live, doctors are powerless. Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite, while I have doubts about the first of them.

Genres of artistic speech: epic (ancient literature); narrative (novels, novellas, short stories); lyrical (poems, poems); dramatic (comedy, tragedy)

Fiction-Fiction

Fiction style has an aesthetic effect. It most clearly reflects the literary and, more broadly, the national language in all its diversity and richness, becoming a phenomenon of art, a means of creating artistic imagery. In this style, all the structural aspects of the language are most widely represented: the vocabulary with all the direct and figurative meanings of words, the grammatical structure with a complex and branched system of forms and syntactic types.

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See what "Artistic style" is in other dictionaries:

art style- the way the language functions, fixed in fiction. Heading: Style Genus: Style of language Other associative links: Language of fiction Literary works that are distinguished by their artistic content and ... ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

art style- a kind of literary language: one book style of speech, which is an instrument of artistic creativity and combines the language means of all other styles of speech (see functional styles of speech). However, in X. with. these pictorial... Dictionary of literary terms

artistic style of speech- (artistically pictorial, artistically fiction) One of the functional styles that characterize the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of artistic style is ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Artistic speech style- (artistically pictorial, artistically fiction). One of the functional styles that characterize the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of artistic style is ... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-Reference

Artistic style of speech, or artistic and graphic, artistic and fiction- - one of the functional styles (see), characterizing the type of speech in the aesthetic sphere of communication: verbal works of art. The constructive principle of H. s. R. – contextual translation of the word concept into the word image; specific stylistic trait - ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

speech style- ▲ style of expounding style of speech character of presentation. conversational style. book style. art style. journalistic style. scientific style. scientific. formal business style. clerical style [language]. protocol style. protocol... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

- (from the Greek stylos a stick for writing) eng. style; German Style. 1. The totality of ideological and ethical norms and characteristic features of activity, behavior, method of work, lifestyle. 2. The totality of signs, traits, features inherent in h. l. (in particular … Encyclopedia of Sociology

Functional styles of speech is a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication. There are 5 functional styles ... Wikipedia

App., use. comp. often Morphology: artistic and artistic, artistic, artistic, artistic; more artistic; nar. artistic 1. Artistic is everything that relates to art and works of art. ... ... Dictionary of Dmitriev

Fiction style

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words.

Fiction is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, objective, logical-conceptual reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by the perception through feelings and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks, first of all, to convey his personal experience, his understanding or understanding of a particular phenomenon. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, and the like. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.

The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. The words that form the basis of this style primarily include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.

In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image comes to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead noz, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases play an important role, which create a certain figurative representation.

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word, or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see is hilly Pavlovsk ..." Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to a common plan. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.

6. Aristotle on six qualities of "good speech"

The term "rhetoric" (Greek Retorike), "oratory" (Latin orator, orare - to speak), "vitia" (obsolete, Old Slavonic), "eloquence" (Russian) are synonymous.

Rhetoric - a special science of the laws of "invention, arrangement and expression of thoughts in speech." Its modern interpretation is the theory of persuasive communication.

Aristotle defined rhetoric as the ability to find possible beliefs about any given subject, as the art of persuasion, which uses the possible and probable in cases where real certainty is insufficient. The business of rhetoric is not to convince, but in each given case to find ways of persuasion.

Oratory is understood as a high degree of skill in public speaking, a qualitative characteristic of oratory, skillful use of the word.

Eloquence in the dictionary of the living Great Russian language by V. Dahl is defined as eloquence, science and the ability to speak and write beautifully, convincingly and captivatingly.

Corax, who in the fifth century BC. opened a school of eloquence in Syrocusa and wrote the first textbook of rhetoric, defined eloquence as follows: eloquence is the servant of persuasion. Comparing the above concepts “rhetoric”, “oratory”, “eloquence”, we find that they are united by the idea of persuasion.

Aesthetics and self-expression of the orator in oratory, the ability and ability to speak fascinatingly inherent in eloquence, as well as the scientific laws of rhetoric, all serve the same purpose - to convince. And these three concepts of “rhetoric”, “oratory” and “eloquence” differ in different accents that emphasize their content.

Oratory emphasizes the aesthetics, self-expression of the author, in eloquence - the ability and ability to speak in a fascinating way, and in rhetoric - the scientific nature of principles and laws.

Rhetoric as a science and academic discipline has existed for thousands of years. At different times, different content was invested in it. It was considered both as a special genre of literature, and as a mastery of any kind of speech (oral and written), and as a science and art of oral speech.

Rhetoric, as the art of speaking well, needed an aesthetic assimilation of the world, an idea of the elegant and the clumsy, the beautiful and the ugly, the beautiful and the ugly. The origins of rhetoric were an actor, a dancer, a singer who delighted and convinced people with their art.

At the same time, rhetoric was based on rational knowledge, on the difference between the real and the unreal, the real from the imaginary, the true from the false. A logician, a philosopher, a scientist participated in the creation of rhetoric. In the very formation of rhetoric, there was also a third principle; it united both types of knowledge: aesthetic and scientific. Ethics was such a beginning.

So the rhetoric was triune. It was the art of persuading with the word, the science of the art of persuading with the word, and the process of persuasion based on moral principles.

Even in antiquity, two main trends developed in rhetoric. The first, coming from Aristotle, connected rhetoric with logic and suggested that persuasive, effective speech be considered good speech. At the same time, efficiency also came down to persuasiveness, the ability of speech to win recognition (consent, sympathy, sympathy) of listeners, to make them act in a certain way. Aristotle defined rhetoric as "the ability to find possible ways of persuading about any given subject."

The second direction also arose in Dr. Greece. Among its founders are m Socrates and other rhetors. Its representatives were inclined to consider richly decorated, magnificent speech, built according to aesthetic canons, to be good. Persuasiveness continued to matter, but was not the only and not the main criterion for evaluating speech. Therefore, the direction in rhetoric, originating from Aristotle, can be called "logical", and from Socrates - literary.

The doctrine of the culture of speech originated in ancient Greece within the framework of rhetoric as a doctrine of the merits and demerits of speech. In rhetorical treatises, prescriptions were given for what speech should be and what should be avoided in it. These papers provided guidance on how to correctness, purity, clarity, accuracy, consistency and expressiveness of speech, as well as advice on how to achieve this. In addition, even Aristotle urged not to forget about the addressee of the speech: "Speech consists of three elements: the speaker himself, the subject he speaks about, and the person to whom he refers and which is, in fact, the ultimate goal of everything." Thus, Aristotle and other rhetoricians drew the attention of readers to the fact that rhetorical heights, the art of speech can be achieved only on the basis of mastering the basics of speech skill.

At school literature lessons, we all studied speech styles at one time. However, few people remember anything on this issue. We propose to refresh this topic together and remember what the literary and artistic style of speech is.

What are speech styles

Before talking in more detail about the literary and artistic style of speech, you need to understand what it is in general - the style of speech. Let's touch on this definition briefly.

Under the style of speech, it is necessary to understand the special speech means that we use in a particular situation. These means of speech always have a special function, and therefore they are called functional styles. Another common name is language genres. In other words, this is a set of speech formulas - or even clichés - that are used in different cases (both verbally and in writing) and do not coincide. This is a speech manner of behavior: at an official reception with high-ranking officials, we speak and behave in this way, but when we meet with a group of friends somewhere in a garage, cinema, or club, it is completely different.

There are five in total. Let us briefly characterize them below before proceeding in detail to the question of interest to us.

What are the styles of speech

As mentioned above, there are five styles of speech, but some believe that there is also a sixth - religious. In Soviet times, when all styles of speech were distinguished, this issue was not studied for obvious reasons. Be that as it may, there are five official functional styles. Let's look at them below.

scientific style

Used, of course, in science. Its authors and addressees are scientists, experts in a particular field. The writing of this style can be found in academic journals. This language genre is characterized by the presence of terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary.

Journalistic style

As you might guess, he lives in the media and is designed to influence people. It is the people, the population that is the addressee of this style, which is characterized by emotionality, conciseness, the presence of commonly used phrases, often the presence of socio-political vocabulary.

Conversational style

As its name suggests, it is a style of communication. This is a predominantly oral language genre, we need it for a simple conversation, expression of emotions, exchange of opinions. It is sometimes even characterized by vocabulary, expressiveness, liveliness of dialogues, colorfulness. It is in colloquial speech that facial expressions and gestures often appear along with words.

Formal business style

It is mainly a style of writing and is used in a formal setting for paperwork - in the field of legislation, for example, or office work. With the help of this language genre, various laws, orders, acts and other papers of a similar nature are drawn up. It is easy to recognize it by its dryness, informativeness, accuracy, the presence of speech clichés, and the lack of emotionality.

Finally, the fifth, literary and artistic style (or simply - artistic) is the subject of interest of this material. So let's talk about it in more detail later.

Characteristics of the literary and artistic style of speech

So, what is this - an artistic language genre? Based on its name, one can assume - and not be mistaken - that it is used in literature, specifically in fiction. This is true, this style is the language of fiction texts, the language of Tolstoy and Gorky, Dostoevsky and Remarque, Hemingway and Pushkin ... The main role and purpose of the literary and artistic style of speech is to influence the minds, the minds of readers in such a way that they begin to reflect, so that the aftertaste remains even after reading the book, so that you want to think about it and return to it again and again. This genre is designed to convey to the reader the thoughts and feelings of the author, to help see what is happening in the work through the eyes of its creator, to feel it, to live their lives together with the characters on the pages of the book.

The text of the literary and artistic style is also emotional, like the speech of its colloquial "brother", but these are two different emotionalities. In colloquial speech, we free our soul, our brain with the help of emotions. While reading a book, we, on the contrary, are imbued with its emotionality, which acts here as a kind of aesthetic means. We will describe in more detail about those features of the literary and artistic style of speech by which it is not at all difficult to recognize it, but for now we will briefly list those literary genres that are characterized by the use of the aforementioned style of speech.

What genres are

The artistic language genre can be found in fable and ballad, ode and elegy, story and novel, fairy tale and short story, essay and story, epic and hymn, song and sonnet, poem and epigram, comedy and tragedy. So both Mikhail Lomonosov and Ivan Krylov can all equally serve as examples of the literary and artistic style of speech, regardless of how different works they wrote.

A little about the functions of the artistic language genre

And although we have already voiced above what task is the main one for this style of speech, we will nevertheless give all three of its functions.

Influencing (and a strong impact on the reader is achieved with the help of a well-thought-out and prescribed "strong" image).
Aesthetic (the word is not only a "carrier" of information, but also constructs an artistic image).
Communicative (the author expresses his thoughts and feelings - the reader perceives them).

Style features

The main stylistic features of the literary and artistic style of speech are as follows:

1. Using a large number of styles and mixing them. This is a sign of the author's style. Any author is free to use in his work as many linguistic means of various styles as he likes - colloquial, scientific, official business: any. All these speech means used by the author in his book add up to a single author's style, according to which one can easily guess one or another writer later. This is how it is easy to distinguish Gorky from Bunin, Zoshchenko from Pasternak, and Chekhov from Leskov.

2. Use of words that are multi-valued. With the help of such a technique, a hidden meaning is embedded in the story.

3. The use of various stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, allegories and the like.

4. Special syntactic constructions: often the word order in a sentence is built in such a way that it is difficult to express it in oral speech in a similar way. Without difficulty, even on this basis, you can find out the author of the text.

The literary and artistic style is the most flexible and borrowing. It takes literally everything! You can find in it neologisms (newly formed words), and archaisms, and historicisms, and swear words, and various argots (jargons of professional speech). And this is the fifth feature, the fifth hallmark of the aforementioned language genre.

What else you need to know about art style

1. One should not think that the artistic language genre lives exclusively in writing. This is not true at all. In oral speech, this style also functions quite well - for example, in plays that were first written and are now read aloud. And even listening to oral speech, one can well imagine everything that happens in the work - thus, one can say that the literary and artistic style does not tell, but shows the story.

2. The above-mentioned language genre is perhaps the most free from any kind of restrictions. Other styles have their own prohibitions, but in this case there is no need to talk about prohibitions - what restrictions can there be, if the authors are even allowed to weave scientific terms into the outline of their narrative. However, it is still not worth it to abuse other stylistic means and pass everything off as your own author's style - the reader should be able to understand and understand what is in front of his eyes. The abundance of terms or complex constructions will make him bored and turn the page without finishing it.

3. When writing a work of art, you need to be very careful in choosing vocabulary and take into account what situation you are describing. If we are talking about a meeting of two officials from the administration, you can screw in a couple of speech clichés or other representatives of the official business style. However, if the story is about a beautiful summer morning in the forest, such expressions will be clearly inappropriate.

4. In any text of the literary and artistic style of speech, three types of speech are approximately equally used - description, reasoning and narration (the latter, of course, occupies a large part). Also, in approximately the same proportions in the texts of the aforementioned language genre, types of speech are also used - be it a monologue, dialogue or polylogue (communication of several people).

5. An artistic image is created using all the means of speech available to the author in general. In the nineteenth century, for example, the use of "speaking surnames" was very widespread (remember Denis Fonvizin with his "Undergrowth" - Skotinin, Prostakov, and so on, or Alexander Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" - Kabanikh). A similar method made it possible, from the very first appearance of a character in front of readers, to indicate what this hero is like. At present, the use of this technique has somewhat departed.

6. In every literary text there is also the so-called image of the author. This is either the image of the narrator, or the image of the hero, a conditional image that emphasizes the non-identity with him of the "real" author. This image of the author actively takes part in everything that happens to the characters, comments on events, communicates with readers, expresses his own attitude to situations, and so on.

Such is the characteristic of the literary and artistic style of speech, knowing which one can evaluate works of fiction from a completely different angle.

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