(1 option)
A.S. Pushkin appreciates Peter I for his ability to make the right decision. In 1828, A.S. Pushkin wrote the poem "Poltava", in which, along with a love, romantic plot, he brought out a historical plot line related to the socio-political problems of Russia during the time of Peter the Great. Historical figures of that time appear in the work: Peter I, Charles XII, Kochubey, Mazepa. The poet characterizes each of these heroes as an independent person. A. S. Pushkin is primarily interested in the behavior of the heroes during the Poltava battle, which was a turning point for Russia.
Comparing the two main participants in the Battle of Poltava, Peter I and Charles XII, the poet pays special attention to the role played in the battle by two great commanders. The appearance of the Russian Tsar before the decisive battle is beautiful, he is all in motion, in the feeling of the upcoming event, he is the action itself:
... Peter comes out. His eyes
Shine. His face is terrible.
He's all like God's thunderstorm.
By his personal example, Peter inspires Russian soldiers, he feels his involvement in the common cause, therefore, when characterizing the hero A.S. Pushkin uses verbs of motion:
And he rushed in front of the shelves,
Powerful and joyful, like a fight.
He devoured the field with his eyes ...
The complete opposite of Peter is the Swedish king - Charles XII, depicting only the semblance of a commander:
Carried by faithful servants,
In a rocking chair, pale, motionless,
Suffering from a wound, Karl appeared.
All the behavior of the Swedish king speaks of his bewilderment, embarrassment before the battle, Karl does not believe in victory, does not believe in the power of example:
Suddenly with a weak wave of the hand
He moved regiments against the Russians.
The outcome of the battle is a foregone conclusion by the behavior of the generals. Describing two military leaders in the poem "Poltava", A.S. Pushkin characterizes two types of generals: the phlegmatic, caring only for his own benefit Swedish king - Charles XII and the main participant in the events, ready for a decisive battle, and subsequently the main winner of the Poltava battle - the Russian Tsar Peter the Great. Here A.S. Pushkin appreciates Peter I for his military victories, for his ability to make the only right decision at a difficult moment for Russia.
(Option 2)
The images of the two emperors in the poem "Poltava" are opposed to each other. Peter and Karl have already met:
Severe was in the science of fame
She was given a teacher: not one
Lesson unexpected and bloody
Asked her by a Swedish paladin.
But everything has changed, and with anxiety and anger, Charles XII sees before him
No more upset clouds
Unfortunate Narva fugitives,
And the thread of the regiments is shiny, slender,
Obedient, fast and calm.
In addition to the author, both emperors are characterized by Mazepa, and if A.S. Pushkin describes Peter and Karl during and after the battle, then Mazepa recalls their past and prophesies their future. Peter, in order not to make an enemy for himself, did not have to humiliate his dignity by pulling Mazepa by the mustache. Karl Mazepa calls “a lively and courageous boy”, lists well-known facts from the life of the Swedish emperor (“ride to the enemy for dinner”, “respond to the bomb with laughter”, “exchange a wound for a wound”), and yet “it’s not for him to fight against autocratic giant. "Autocratic giant" - Peter, leading the Russian troops into battle. The characterization given to Karl Mazepa would be more suitable for a young man than for an eminent commander: "He is blind, stubborn, impatient, / And frivolous, and puffy ...", "warlike tramp." The main mistake of the Swedish emperor, from the point of view of Mazepa, is that he underestimates the enemy, "he only measures the new forces of the enemy by the success of the past."
Pushkin's Karl is still "mighty", "brave", but then "battle broke out", and two giants collided. Peter comes out of the tent "surrounded by a crowd of favorites", his voice is sonorous.
… His eyes
Shine. His face is terrible.
The movements are fast. He is beautiful,
He's all like God's thunderstorm.
Goes. They bring him a horse.
Zealous and humble faithful horse.
Feeling the fatal fire
Trembling. Eyes askance
And rushes in the dust of battle,
Proud of the mighty rider.
How unlike the heroic portrait of Peter before the battle, the description of Karl.
Carried by faithful servants,
In a rocking chair, pale, motionless,
Suffering from a wound, Karl appeared.
The leaders of the hero followed him.
He quietly sank into thought.
Confused look depicted
Unusual excitement.
It seemed that Karla was bringing
The desired battle in bewilderment ...
Suddenly with a weak wave of the hand
He moved regiments against the Russians.
Only the last two lines, breaking the picture, the rhythm, speak of how dangerous and unpredictable this person is, how much power and threat is hidden in Karl. Peter is powerful and joyful, Karl is pale and motionless, but both are in anticipation of a fight. Next to the Russian emperor are "chicks of Petrov's nest", with the Swedish - "the leaders of the hero." For the duration of the battle, everything was mixed up: "Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts." The leaders, who started the battle in such different ways, behave in the same way in the heat of battle: “In the midst of anxiety and excitement // At the battle with the gaze of inspiration // The calm leaders look, // The movements of the military follow ... ". But the moment of victory is near, and the Swedes are broken.
Peter is feasting. And proud and clear
And his eyes are full of glory.
And his royal feast is beautiful.
At the cries of his troops,
In his tent he treats
Their leaders, the leaders of others,
And caresses the glorious captives,
And for their teachers
Raises the health cup.
One of Peter's teachers was Charles XII. Where is he? How does a teacher react when defeated by his student?
Danger close and malice
Give strength to the king.
He is a heavy wound
Forgot. bowed his head,
He is galloping, we are chasing the Russians ...
“One hundred years have passed,” but are these strong and proud men remembered? "In the citizenship of the northern state, // In its warlike fate, //... you erected, hero of Poltava, // A huge monument to yourself." And Karl?
Three recessed in the ground
And moss-covered steps
They talk about the Swedish king.
The heroes of Narva and Poltava could tell a lot about glory and defeat, poets will tell, will be read and remembered by many generations of readers.
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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
higher professional education
"Siberian State Industrial University"
Department of History
Peter I and Charles XII
Completed: Art. gr. MTA13 Donishchenko S.A.
Scientific adviser: Antidze T.N.
Novokuznetsk 2013
Introduction
1. Biography of Peter I Charles XII
1.2 Charles XII
2. Assessments of the activities of Peter I and Charles XII
3. Reforms of Peter I
4. The beginning of the northern war
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
Peter I and Charles XII played a great role as inspirers and symbols after their death. Peter, together with the people, had a huge impact not only on the subsequent historical fate of Russia, but also partly of Europe. The personality of Peter I can be attributed to the number of the brightest historical figures of the world scale. Peter had more than two meters in height, was famous for his enormous capacity for work. His desire for knowledge was boundless. He wanted Russia to learn as much as possible from Western Europe.
Peter I used the experience of Western European countries in the development of industry, trade and culture. He supervised the construction of the fleet and the creation of a regular army. At the initiative of Peter I, many educational institutions, the Academy of Sciences were opened, and the civil alphabet was adopted. Being the creator of a powerful state, he achieved recognition for Russia of the authority of a great power.
Charles XII went down in history as a great warrior king; this primarily refers to his war with Peter and Russia. Peter is known as a great reformer and as a monarch who brought Russia closer to the rest of Europe. But Peter is also known for his martial arts with Karl. Since the struggle between Russia and Sweden lasted from 1700 to 1721. The period should be compared with the time of Peter's reign, which can be designated by the years 1689 - 1725. It was the outcome of this struggle that made Russia one of the great powers of Europe.
It is enough to look at the titles and military ranks of Peter to understand how important the war with Sweden was. After the Poltava victory, Peter became a general. After the end of the Northern War, he was already an admiral.
People of different cultures, temperaments, mentality, Karl and Peter were surprisingly similar at the same time. But this similarity is of a special nature - in dissimilarity to other sovereigns. To acquire such a reputation in an age when extravagant self-expression was in vogue is not an easy task. But Peter and Karl overshadowed many. Their secret is simple - both did not strive for extravagance at all. They lived without fuss, building their behavior in accordance with the ideas of what should be. Therefore, much that seemed so important and necessary to others played almost no role for them. And vice versa. Their actions were perceived by the majority of contemporaries at best as eccentricity, at worst as ignorance, barbarism.
The purpose of this essay is to analyze the activities of Peter I and Charles XII.
Abstract tasks:
Consider the personal characteristics of Peter I and Charles XII;
Analyze their state activities;
Consider the results of the Northern War for Russia and Sweden;
Assess the military talent of Peter I and Charles XII
1. Biography of Peter I and Charles XII
Peter I (Peter Alekseevich; born May 30 (June 9), 1672 - died January 28 (February 8), 1725) - Tsar from the Romanov dynasty (since 1682).
In the royal family, he was the fourteenth child. Peter was not prepared to be the heir to the throne, and for this reason he did not receive special education. Having lost his father in 1676, Peter was brought up under the supervision of his older brother until he was ten years old. He studied willingly and smartly. In his spare time he liked to listen to different stories and look at books. Later, he was given "historical books", manuscripts with drawings from the palace library.
An addictive and restless nature, Peter found himself doing things that he devoted himself to with the passion of an obsessed one. Three hobbies absorbed the energy of Peter. One of them was an attachment to crafts. He mastered them easily, as if effortlessly, and in his mature years, without stress, he could perform the work that the craftsmen could do, he was a carpenter and a bricklayer, a blacksmith and a plasterer, a shipbuilder and a shoemaker. In his youth, Peter had another passion - military affairs. But most of all, Peter was attracted by the maritime business. Contemporaries and descendants were always surprised how Peter, living in Preobrazhenskoye, never having seen not only the sea, but also a large lake, became so addicted to the maritime business that it pushed all other hobbies into the background.
Peter's personal life turned out to be richer and more dramatic than Karl's personal life. Unlike his opponent, the king knew family happiness. But he also had to fully drink the cup of family adversity. He went through a conflict with his son, Tsarevich Alexei, the tragic outcome of which placed on Peter the stigma of a son-killer.
On January 28, 1725, Peter the Great died. He was buried in the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.
Descendants called him the Great, and he fully deserves this title for all that he did for Russia. Throughout his long and active reign, Peter constantly tried to bring Russia closer to Europe, sought to awaken energy and love for work in his subjects, encouraged them to study and pointed out the benefits of teaching so that the Russians themselves could begin to develop the natural resources of vast Russia. . At the same time, Peter took care of the enlightenment of the people, taught the people new, useful crafts and crafts. In addition, Peter worked tirelessly to improve the internal administration of the state and to eradicate abuses in various areas. To this end, Peter undertook a number of transformations in Russia, affecting almost all aspects of Russian state, public and national life.
1.2 Charles XII
King of Sweden (1697_1718) Charles XII was born on June 17, 1682. Son of King Charles XI of Sweden and Queen Ulrika Eleonora, Princess of Denmark. The king of Sweden is a general who spent most of his reign on long wars in Europe. He received a good classical education, spoke several foreign languages.
When King Charles XI died at the age of 41, his 14-year-old son was well prepared to take the throne. Until the king reached the age of 18, his actions were to be controlled by the regency council, but it soon became clear that Charles intended to be a full monarch; he was crowned when he was only 15 years old.
Charles XII got his industriousness from his father, King Charles XI, who became a model of behavior for the young man. The example was reinforced by the efforts of the enlightened educators of the heir. From early childhood, the king's day was filled with work. Most often, these were military concerns. But even after the end of hostilities, the king did not allow himself any indulgences. Karl got up very early, sorted out papers, and then went to inspect regiments or institutions.
Charles led Sweden to the pinnacle of power, securing the country's enormous prestige through his brilliant military campaigns. However, his ambitious desire for a victorious continuation of the war with Russia, which was supported by the restored anti-Swedish coalition, eventually brought Sweden a defeat and deprived it of its status as a great power.
On November 30, 1718, near Fredriksten, Charles XII, who was watching his soldiers dig trenches, was killed by a musket ball that hit him in the left temple. According to another version - he became a victim of a conspiracy of the Swedish ruling circles, dissatisfied with the ruin of the country by endless wars, and was killed as a result of an assassination attempt.
Charles XII passed away without marrying or leaving an heir. This turned into new difficulties for Sweden. Charles XII became the last monarch of Europe to fall on the battlefield.
2. Evaluation of the activities of Peter I and Charles XII
The Swedish and Russian monarchs were distinguished by hard work. Moreover, with the light hand of the Moscow sovereign, the image of a monarch was formed, whose virtues were determined not by prayerful zeal and indestructible piety, but by labors. Actually, after Peter, work was made the duty of a true ruler.
In the perception of contemporaries, the industriousness of both sovereigns, of course, had its own shades. Charles appeared to them primarily as a soldier king, whose thoughts and works revolved around the war. Peter I is the sovereign who is forced to do everything.
The industriousness of Peter and Karl is the flip side of their curiosity. In the history of transformations, it was the tsar's curiosity that acted as a kind of perpetual motion of reforms. The inexhaustible inquisitiveness of the king is surprising, his ability to be surprised until his death is not lost.
Carl's curiosity is more restrained. She is devoid of Petrine ardor. The King is prone to cold, systematic analysis. This was partly due to the difference in education. It is simply incomparable - a different type and focus. The father of Charles XII personally developed a plan for education and upbringing for his son. The prince's teachers were some of the most intelligent officials and professors. Charles XII showed a penchant for mathematical sciences. There was someone to develop his talent - he communicated with the best mathematicians. Against this background, the modest teachers of Peter lost a lot. And this was not enough in terms of future reforms. The paradox, however, was that neither Peter himself nor his teachers could even guess what kind of knowledge the future reformer needed. Peter was doomed to the lack of a European education; it simply did not exist. Peter has been self-educating all his life - and his results are impressive. However, the king clearly lacked a systematic education, which he had to fill with common sense and great labors.
Karl and Peter were deeply religious people. The religious upbringing of Charles was distinguished by purposefulness. The extraordinary perseverance and stubbornness of Karl, who did not want to go to the world under any circumstances, and his failures are just tests of strength sent down by God. The religiosity of Peter is devoid of the earnestness of Charles. It is lower, more meaningful. The king believes that faith always turns to the visible benefit of the state. While remaining a deep believer, Peter did not have a deep respect for the church and the church hierarchy. That is why he began to remake the church dispensation in the right way. With the light hand of the tsar, a period began in the history of the Russian church when the highest administration of the church was reduced to a simple department for spiritual and moral affairs under the emperor.
Both loved the military. The war, which completely captured Karl, played a cruel joke with him. The king very soon confused ends and means. And if the war becomes the goal, then the result is almost always sad, sometimes self-destruction. And this is what the Northern War cost the Swedes themselves, but Charles himself burned down in the fire of war, and Sweden overstrained itself, unable to withstand the burden of great power.
Unlike Charles, Peter never confused ends and means. The war and the transformations connected with it remained for him a means of exalting the country. Starting at the end of the Northern War for "peaceful" reforms, the tsar considers his intentions, how to instill military art.
Karl liked to take risks, usually without thinking about the consequences. Whatever episode from the life of Karl we have not subjected to consideration, the insane courage of the hero-king, and the desire to test himself for strength, are everywhere visible. He, without bowing, walked under the bullets.
Peter's personal life turned out to be richer and more dramatic than Karl's personal life. Unlike his opponent, the king knew family happiness. But he also had to fully drink the cup of family adversity. He went through a conflict with his son, Tsarevich Alexei, the tragic outcome of which placed on Peter the stigma of a son-killer. war swedish russian
A mature 28-year-old husband, having started a war with a 17-year-old Swedish king, Peter found in him an enemy, at first glance, strikingly different in character, the direction of political will, and understanding of people's needs. A more careful consideration and comparison of the circumstances of their lives, the most important personality traits, reveal much in common in them, an obvious or hidden relationship of destinies and mindsets, which gave additional drama to their struggle.
3. Reforms of Peter I
All state activity of Peter can be conditionally divided into two periods: 1695-1715 and 1715-1725. The peculiarity of the first stage was haste and not always thoughtful nature, which was explained by the conduct of the Northern War. The reforms were aimed primarily at raising funds for the conduct of the Northern War, were carried out by force and often did not lead to the desired result. In addition to state reforms, at the first stage, extensive reforms were carried out to change the cultural way of life. In the second period, the reforms were more systematic and aimed at the internal arrangement of the state. In general, Peter's reforms were aimed at strengthening the Russian state and familiarizing the ruling stratum with European culture while strengthening the absolute monarchy.
Over the course of more than 35 years of his reign, he managed to carry out many reforms in the field of culture and education. Thus, the monopoly of the clergy on education was abolished, and secular schools were opened. Under Peter, the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), the Medical and Surgical School (1707) - the future Military Medical Academy, the Naval Academy (1715), the Engineering and Artillery Schools (1719), schools of translators at the colleges. In 1719, the first museum in Russian history began to operate - the Kunstkamera with a public library.
ABC books, educational maps were published, a systematic study of the country's geography and cartography was laid. The spread of literacy was facilitated by the reform of the alphabet (cursive was replaced with civil type, 1708), the publication of the first Russian printed newspaper Vedomosti (since 1703). In the era of Peter I, many buildings were erected for state and cultural institutions, the architectural ensemble of Peterhof (Petrodvorets).
However, the reforms of Peter I aroused the resistance of the boyars and the clergy.
By the end of the reign of Peter I, a powerful Russian empire was created, headed by the emperor, who had absolute power. In the course of the reforms, Russia's technical and economic backwardness from European states was overcome, access to the Baltic Sea was won, and transformations were carried out in all spheres of life in Russian society.
4. The beginning of the northern war
1700 - Peter realizes that the only way out to Europe for Russia is through the Baltic Sea. But the Swedes, led by the king and the talented commander Charles XII, are in charge of the Baltic. The king refuses to sell the Baltic lands to Russia. Realizing the inevitability of war, Peter goes to the trick - he unites against Sweden with Denmark, Norway and Saxony.
For the state, obtaining access to the Baltic Sea was an important economic task. By the beginning of the Northern War, the only port providing trade relations with Europe was Arkhangelsk on the White Sea. But navigation in it was irregular and very difficult, which made trade difficult.
The Northern War has been going on for almost the entire life of Peter, sometimes fading away, then resuming again.
Carl's love of risk is his weakness and strength. Indeed, this character trait of Karl gave him an advantage over his opponents, since they were guided by a logic that eliminated risk. Karl appeared there and then, when and where he was not expected, acted as no one had ever acted. A similar thing happened near Narva in November 1700.
The victory of the King of Sweden Charles XII over Peter I in the Battle of Narva in 1700 was the beginning of the Great Northern War. The invincible Swedish army had an unhindered path to Moscow. However, Charles XII, who had won the glory of a hero, suddenly stopped. For nine years, the Swedish king waged grueling campaigns against less serious opponents. During this time, Peter managed to create a modern army, as well as build a fleet. In the decisive Battle of Poltava on June 28, 1709, the Swedish troops were defeated, and their proud king was wounded and forced to seek refuge on the outskirts of the Ottoman Empire.
For Russia to enter the war, it was necessary to make peace with the Ottoman Empire. After reaching a truce with the Turkish Sultan for a period of 30 years, on August 19, 1700, Russia declared war on Sweden under the pretext of avenging the offense against Tsar Peter.
The main reasons for the northern war were the following:
Peter's desire to turn Russia into a maritime power
Gaining control over the Baltic Sea, which ensures not only trade interests, but also the security of the northwestern borders of the state
The nobility wanted to get new lands
For the development of trade, the merchants needed access to the seas
The attempt to capture the fortress of Narva ended with the defeat of the Russian army. On November 30, 1700, Charles XII with soldiers attacked the camp of Russian troops, and completely defeated the fragile Russian army. Considering that Russia was sufficiently weakened, Charles XII went to Livonia.
However, Peter, having hastily reorganized the army, resumed hostilities. Already in 1702 (October 11 (22)), Russia captured the Noteburg fortress (renamed Shlisselburg), and in the spring of 1703, the Nienschanz fortress at the mouth of the Neva. Here, on May 16 (27), 1703, the construction of St. Petersburg began, and the base of the Russian fleet, the Kronshlot fortress (later Kronstadt), was located on Kotlin Island. The exit to the Baltic Sea was broken. In 1704, Narva and Derpt were taken, Russia was firmly entrenched in the Eastern Baltic.
Peter again focused on the war with the Swedes, in 1713 the Swedes were defeated in Pomerania and lost all possessions in continental Europe. However, thanks to the dominance of Sweden at sea, the Northern War dragged on. The Baltic Fleet was just being created by Russia, but managed to win the first victory in the Gangut battle in the summer of 1714. In 1716, Peter led the combined fleet from Russia, England, Denmark and Holland, but due to disagreements in the camp of the allies, it was not possible to organize an attack on Sweden.
As the Russian Baltic Fleet strengthened, Sweden felt the danger of an invasion of its lands. In 1718, peace negotiations began, interrupted by the sudden death of Charles XII. The Swedish queen Ulrika Eleonora resumed the war, hoping for help from England. On August 30 (September 10), 1721, the Treaty of Nystadt was concluded between Russia and Sweden, which ended the 21-year war. Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea.
Thus, as a result of Peter's foreign policy, Russia turned from a weak and almost unknown country into an empire firmly established on the shores of the Baltic Sea. The army, raised by Peter, did not know defeat in big battles for more than a hundred years.
After the victory in the Northern War and the conclusion of the Peace of Nystadt in September 1721, the Senate and the Synod decided to present Peter with the title of emperor of all Russia. October 22 (November 2), 1721, Peter I took the title, not just honorary, but testifying to the new role of Russia in international affairs.
But the pay for these conquests was also great. The country was devastated by the unbearable burden of twenty years of hostilities, many people died during the war, disappeared in the swamps during the construction of St. Petersburg. Peter's transformations and conquests that pushed Russia forward.
Conclusion
The fate of Peter and Charles is the story of the eternal dispute about which ruler is better: an idealist who put principles and ideals above all else, or a pragmatist who stood firmly on the ground and preferred real rather than illusory goals. Karl in this dispute acted as an idealist and lost, because his idea of punishing, in spite of everything, treacherous opponents from the absolute turned into absurdity.
Karl was sure that a person is saved by faith alone. And he believed in it unshakably. In the perception of his destiny, the Swedish king is a more medieval sovereign than Tsar Peter.
Karl, in his incredible stubbornness and in his talent, contributed a lot to the reforms in Russia and the formation of Peter as a statesman. This required the incredible efforts of Peter and Russia. Had Sweden yielded sooner, and who knows how strong the formation of reforms and the imperial ambitions of the Russian Tsar would have been? Charles, with all his skills to win battles and lose the war, was a worthy rival to Peter.
Literature
1. Russian history. Full course of lectures in 3 books. Book 2. - M.: Thought, 1993, p. 458.
2. Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great and his time: textbook.-2nd ed., extra-M.: Education, 1989.- 175p.
3. Belikov K.S. History of Russia: textbook / K.S. Belikov, S.E. Berezhnoy, M.N. Krot. - 3rd ed., add. and revised. - Rostov-on-Don .: Phoenix, 2005.- 351p.
4. Tsvetkov S.E. Charles XII. The last viking. 1682 - 1718 / S.E. Tsvetkov. -M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2005. - 79 p.
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The study of the life path and state activities of Peter I the Great - the Russian tsar and the first Russian emperor, the creator of the Russian fleet, commander and diplomat, who managed to carry out the most radical transformations (reforms) in the history of Russia.
write an essay on the topic of Poltava, a comparative description of Peter 1 and Charles 12
- The image of Peter I interested, fascinated Pushkin all his life. Ptr I is a commander, a patriot of his Fatherland, a decisive, impetuous, ideal military leader. Ptr I acted in the name of the interests of peace and unity within the country and its strengthening as a great power. Ptr hero. He has beauty, strength, greatness, power. And he rushed in front of the regiments, powerful and joyful, like a battle .... In the poem Poltava, the image of Peter is perceived as a demigod, the arbiter of the historical destinies of Russia. Here is how Peter's appearance on the battlefield is described: Then Peter's resounding voice was heard from above inspired. The combination of terrible and beautiful in the image of Peter emphasizes his superhuman features: he both delights and inspires horror with his greatness to ordinary people. Already one of his appearances inspired the army, brought it closer to victory. Beautiful, harmonious this sovereign, who defeated Charles and was not puffed up with luck, who knows how to take his victory in such a royal way: In his tent he treats His leaders, the leaders of strangers, And caresses glorious captives, And raises a healthy goblet for his teachers. The significance of the role of Peter the Great in the poem confirms
epilogue. A hundred years after the Battle of Poltava, there was nothing left of these strong, proud men .... Only the history of a huge monument to Peter the Great remained. The monument is the main thing in the epilogue,
the main thing that remains after the battle. Therefore, Peter the Great becomes, one might say, an ideal hero.
The image of Peter in the poem is contrasted with the image of another commander, Charles 12.
The poet is accurate in the image of Karl. The young king was a warrior by vocation. With his immense thirst for battle and courage, he inspired his warriors by personal example. They believed in him and bowed before him.
It was a soldier king who lived only for the army, war, campaigns. He simply had no personal life in the proper sense of the word.
Pushkin does not hide his personal courage, but he is waging an aggressive war, he has no progressive goals, he acts out of ambitious considerations. This is how Karl is described in Mazepa's poem: he is blind, stubborn, impatient, And frivolous, and arrogant. His defeat is predetermined, and Karl himself feels it. : It seemed that Charles was perplexed by the Desired battle Falling from the highest degree of military glory and greatness, wounded and tormented by sorrow and annoyance, Charles crossed the Dnieper with Mazepa and a small retinue, and sought refuge in the Turkish Empire. But even there he did not find support. The epilogue of Poltava brings the whole content of the poem together:
A hundred years have passed and what is left
From these strong, proud men,
So full of passions?
Their generation has passed
And with it the blood trail disappeared
Efforts, disasters and victories.
The triumph of the cause of Peter is embodied in the historical fate of Russia, in whose name he worked; the memory of Charles XII is inextricably linked with the memory of his infamy
A mature 28-year-old husband, having started a war with a 17-year-old Swedish king, Peter found in him an enemy, at first glance, strikingly different in character, the direction of political will, and understanding of people's needs. A more careful consideration and comparison of the circumstances of their lives, the most important personality traits, reveal much in common in them, an obvious or hidden relationship of destinies and mindsets, which gave additional drama to their struggle.
First of all, it is striking that neither one nor the other received a systematic, complete upbringing and education, although the educational and moral foundation laid in Karl by his teachers seems to be more solid. Peter, up to ten years old, that is, until the bloody events pushed him out of the Kremlin, only had time to learn the skill of Church Slavonic letters under the guidance of the deacon Nikita Zotov. The same sciences that Karl studied with experienced teachers - arithmetic, geometry, artillery, fortification, history, geography, and so on - Peter made up for himself, without any plan, with the help of Jan Timmerman's doctor (a very mediocre mathematician who more than once did mistakes, for example, in multiplication problems) and other no more knowledgeable teachers. But with a desire for learning and agility in independently acquiring knowledge, Peter far surpassed his opponent. The upbringing of the Swedish king can be called book-heroic, the upbringing of Peter - military-craft. Both sovereigns loved military amusements in their youth, but Charles treated military affairs idealistically, seeing in it a way to satisfy his ambition, and the tsar approached the same subject purely practically, as a means of solving state problems.
Karl early found himself torn from the circle of children's ideas due to the loss of his parents, Peter - due to a palace coup. But if Karl firmly mastered the traditions of Swedish statehood, then Peter broke away from the traditions and traditions of the Kremlin palace, which formed the basis of the political worldview of the old Russian tsar. The concepts and inclinations of Peter in his youth took an extremely one-sided direction. According to Klyuchevsky, all his political thought was for a long time absorbed in the struggle with his sister and the Miloslavskys; his whole civil mood was formed from hatred and antipathy towards the clergy, boyars, archers, schismatics; soldiers, cannons, fortifications, ships took the place of people, political institutions, people's needs, civil relations in his mind: The area of concepts about society and public duties, civil ethics "remained an abandoned corner in the spiritual economy of Peter for a very long time." It is all the more surprising that the Swedish king soon despised public and state needs for the sake of personal inclinations and sympathies, and the Kremlin outcast put his life in the service of the Fatherland, expressing his soul in immortal words: “And about Peter, know that life is not dear to him, if only Russia would live in blessedness and glory for your well-being."
Both Charles and Peter turned out to be autocratic sovereigns of huge empires at a very early age, and both as a result of a political upheaval (in the case of Peter, however, more dramatic). Both, however, managed to subordinate events to themselves and did not become a toy in the hands of palace parties and influential families. Peter felt hesitation under his throne for a long time and after the Streltsy uprising he was wary of leaving Russia for a long time, while Charles could not visit Sweden for fifteen years without any fear for the fate of his crown. The very same desire to change places was equally characteristic of both: both the king and the king were eternal guests both abroad and at home.
In the same way, they also had a tendency to unlimited government - neither one nor the other never doubted that they were God's anointed and were free to dispose of the life and property of their subjects at their own discretion. Both severely punished any attempt on their power, but Peter at the same time easily fell into a rage and outright butchery. The hand-made massacre of the archers and Tsarevich Alexei are textbook examples of this. True, a noticeable difference in relation to his rank can be seen in the fact that Peter was not ashamed to make his own power the subject of a joke, magnifying, for example, Prince F.Yu. Romodanovsky as the king, sovereign, “your most radiant royal majesty”, and himself as “always a slave and serf Piter” or simply in Russian Petrushka Alekseev. It is difficult to pinpoint the exact source of addiction to such buffoonery. Peter inherited from his father, “who also loved to joke, although he was wary of being a jester.” However, rather, a comparison with similar antics of Ivan the Terrible in relation to Simeon Bekbulatovich(*). Apparently, here we are dealing with a purely Russian phenomenon - fits of foolishness in an autocratic sovereign, to whom his power sometimes seems exorbitant. Another distinguishing feature of Peter's autocracy was the ability to listen to good advice and back away from his decision if, on mature reflection, it is wrong or harmful - a feature completely absent from Charles with his almost maniacal mania for infallibility and fidelity to a decision once made.
* Simeon Bekbulatovich (? -1616) - the name adopted after baptism by the Kasimov Khan Sain-Bulat; he became the nominal ruler of the Russian state from 1575, when Ivan the Terrible pretended to lay down his royal crown.
In close connection with Peter's buffoonery in relation to his dignity were his obscene to the point of blasphemy parodies of church rituals and hierarchy, and these amusements were regular, dressed in clerical uniforms. The collegium of drunkenness, established earlier than others, or, according to the official definition, “the most extravagant, all-joking and all-drunk cathedral”, was chaired by the greatest jester, who bore the title of prince-pope, or the most noisy and most joking patriarch of Moscow, Kukui and all Yauza. Under him there was a conclave of 12 cardinals and other "spiritual" ranks, who bore nicknames that, according to Klyuchevsky, would not appear in the press under any censorship charter. Peter bore the rank of protodeacon in this cathedral and himself composed a charter for him. The cathedral had a special order of clergy, or, rather, drunkenness, "serving Bacchus and honest treatment with strong drinks." For example, a newly accepted member was asked the question: “Do you drink?”, Parodying the church: “Do you believe?” On Maslenitsa in 1699, the tsar arranged a service for Bacchus: the patriarch, prince-pope Nikita Zotov, a former teacher of Peter, drank and blessed the guests kneeling before him, overshadowing them with two chibouks folded crosswise, just as bishops do dikirium and trikirium*; then, with a staff in his hand, the "master" began to dance. Characteristically, only one of those present, the foreign ambassador, who left the meeting, could not bear the foul spectacle of Orthodox jesters. In general, foreign observers were ready to see in these outrages a political and even educational trend, allegedly directed against the Russian church hierarchy, prejudices, and also against the vice of drunkenness, which is presented in a ridiculous form. It is possible that Peter really vented his annoyance at the clergy, among whom there were so many opponents of his innovations, by such foolishness. But there was no serious attempt on Orthodoxy, on the hierarchy, Peter remained a pious man who knew and honored the church rite, loved to sing on the kliros with choristers; in addition, he perfectly understood the protective significance of the Church for the state. In the meetings of the most joking council, the general rudeness of the Russian customs of that time, the habit rooted in the Russian person to joke in a drunken minute over church objects, over the clergy, is rather visible; even more visible in them is the feeling of permissiveness of imperious revelers, revealing a general deep decline in church authority. Charles set a completely opposite example to his subjects; but he was brought closer to Peter by the fact that he also did not tolerate the claims of the clergy to authority in the affairs of the state.
* Dikiriy, trikiriy - two or three candles, respectively, with which believers in the church bless.
The instinct of arbitrariness completely determined the nature of the reign of these sovereigns. They did not recognize the historical logic of social life, their actions were not consistent with an objective assessment of the capabilities of their peoples. However, one cannot blame them too much for this; even the most outstanding minds of the century had difficulty understanding the laws of social development. Thus, Leibniz, who, at the request of Peter, developed projects for the development of education and public administration in Russia, assured the Russian tsar that the easier it was to plant science in Russia, the less it was prepared for this. All the military and state activities of the king and king were guided by the thought of the necessity and omnipotence of imperious coercion. They sincerely believed that everything was subject to force, that a hero could direct people's life in a different direction, and therefore they strained people's forces to the extreme, wasting human strength and life without any thrift. The consciousness of one's own importance and omnipotence prevented one from taking other people into account, from seeing in a person a person, a personality. Both Karl and Peter were excellent at guessing who was good for what, and used people as working tools, remaining indifferent to human suffering (which, oddly enough, did not prevent them from often showing justice and generosity). This feature of Peter was perfectly captured by two of the most educated ladies of that time - Elector Sophia of Hanover and her daughter Sophia Charlotte, Elector of Brandenburg, who paradoxically described him as a sovereign “very good and very bad at the same time”. This definition applies to Karl as well.
Peter I and Charles XII. German engraving from 1728
Their appearance corresponded to their imperious natures and made a strong impression on those around them. The noble appearance of Karl bore the patrimonial imprint of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken dynasty: sparkling blue eyes, a high forehead, an aquiline nose, sharp folds around a beardless and beardless mouth with full lips. With a small stature, he was not stocky and well built. And this is how Peter was seen during his stay in Paris by the Duke of Saint-Simon, the author of the famous Memoirs, who carefully looked at the young king: “He was very tall, well-built, rather lean, with a roundish face, high forehead, beautiful eyebrows ; his nose is rather short, but not too thick, towards the end; the lips are rather large, the complexion reddish and swarthy, fine black eyes, large, lively, penetrating, beautifully shaped; a look majestic and welcoming when he watches himself and restrains, otherwise severe and wild, with convulsions in the face, which are not often repeated, but distort both the eyes and the whole face, frightening all present. The convulsion usually lasted only an instant, and then his eyes became terrifying, as if bewildered, then everything immediately assumed its usual form. His whole appearance showed intelligence, reflection and greatness, and was not without charm.
As for the habits of everyday life and personal inclinations, here, too, a certain similarity of these people is set off by striking contrasts. The Swedish and Russian sovereigns were people of hot temperament, sworn enemies of court ceremonial. Accustomed to feeling like masters always and everywhere, they were embarrassed and lost in the solemn atmosphere, breathing heavily, blushing and sweating at audiences, listening to high-flown nonsense from some envoy who presented himself. Neither of them had delicate manners and were very fond of ease in conversation. They were characterized by simplicity of getting around and unpretentiousness in everyday life. Peter was often seen wearing worn shoes and stockings mended by his wife or daughter. At home, getting out of bed, he received visitors in a simple "Chinese" dressing gown, went out or went out in an unpretentious caftan made of coarse cloth, which he did not like to change often; in the summer, when he went out not far, he almost never wore a hat; he usually traveled in a one-wheeler or a bad pair, and in such a convertible, in which, according to the remark of a foreign eyewitness, not every Moscow merchant would dare to leave. In all of Europe, only the court of the Prussian king-miser Friedrich Wilhelm I could argue in simplicity with Peter's (Karl, with his personal asceticism, never counted state money). The splendor with which Peter surrounded Catherine in her last years, perhaps, was simply supposed to make those around her forget her too simple origin.
This stinginess was combined with Peter's violent intemperance in food and drink. He had a sort of invincible appetite. Contemporaries say that he could eat always and everywhere; whenever he came to visit, before or after dinner, he was now ready to sit down at the table. No less striking is his passion for drinking and, most importantly, incredible endurance in drinking wine. The first commandment of the aforesaid most drunken order was to get drunk every day and not to go to bed sober. Peter honored this commandment sacredly, giving hours of evening leisure to cheerful gatherings over a glass of Hungarian or something stronger. At solemn occasions or meetings of the cathedral they drank terribly, a contemporary notes. In the palace built on the Yauza, an honest company was locked up for three days, according to Prince Kurakin, "for drunkenness so great that it is impossible to describe, and many happened to die from it." The journal of Peter's travel abroad is full of entries like: "We were at home and had enough fun," that is, they drank all day after midnight. In Deptford (England), Peter and his entourage were assigned a room in a private house near the shipyard, having equipped it accordingly by order of the king. After the embassy left, the landlord filed a proper account of the damage caused by the departing guests. This inventory is the most disgraceful monument to drunken Russian swine. The floors and walls were spat-stained, stained with traces of fun, the furniture was broken, the curtains were torn, the paintings on the walls were used as targets for shooting, the lawns in the garden were trampled as if a whole regiment was marching there. The only, albeit weak, justification for such habits is that Peter adopted the drunken customs in the German Quarter, communicating with the dregs of the world into which he so stubbornly aspired.
As for Karl, he seemed to hold some kind of state post and in his mature years was content with a plate of millet porridge, a slice of bread and a glass of weak dark beer.
The king did not avoid female society, unlike Charles (who died a virgin), but in his youth he suffered from excessive shyness. In the town of Coppenburg, he had to see the Electors we already knew. They tell how the king at first did not want to go to them. True, later, after much persuasion, he agreed, but on the condition that there were no strangers. Peter entered, covering his face with his hand, like a shy child, and to all the courtesies of the ladies he answered only one thing:
- I can not talk!
However, at dinner he quickly recovered, talked, got everyone drunk in Moscow style, admitted that he did not like music or hunting (although he danced diligently with the ladies, having fun with all his heart, and the Moscow gentlemen mistook the corsets of German ladies for their ribs), and he loves to sail the seas, build ships and fireworks, showed his callused hands, with which he raised his ears and kissed a ten-year-old princess, the future mother of Frederick the Great, ruining her hair.
The Northern War finally determined the character and way of life of both Charles and Peter, but each of them chose a role in it that corresponded to his usual occupations and tastes. Interestingly, both of them abandoned the role of the sovereign-ruler, directing the actions of subordinates from the palace. The role of the military commander-in-chief also could not fully satisfy them. Karl, with his notions of Viking prowess, will soon prefer the glory of a reckless fighter to the glory of a commander. Peter, leaving his generals and admirals to conduct military operations, will take over the technical side of the war that is closer to him: recruiting, drawing up military plans, building ships and military factories, and preparing ammunition and ammunition. However, Narva and Poltava will forever remain great monuments of the military art of these crowned enemies. It is also worth noting a curious paradox: Sweden, a maritime power, brought up an excellent land commander who set foot on a ship almost twice in his life - when sailing from Sweden and when returning there; while Russia, cut off from the seas, was ruled by an unsurpassed shipbuilder and skipper.
The war, which required tireless activity and strain of all the moral forces of Peter and Charles, forged their characters one-sided, but in relief, made them national heroes, with the difference that Peter's greatness was not affirmed on the battlefields and could not be shaken by defeats.
Home > LessonSpeech development lesson
Comparative characteristics of Peter I and Charles XII (according to an excerpt from A.S. Pushkin's poem "Poltava").
1. Conversation on the questions:
2. Reading passages depicting commanders during the battle:
| Then something over inspired Peter's sonorous voice rang out: "For business, with God!" From the tent, Surrounded by a crowd of favorites, Peter comes out. His eyes Shine. His face is terrible. The movements are fast. He is beautiful, He is like a thunderstorm of God ... And he rushed in front of the shelves, Powerful and joyful as a fight. He devoured the field with his eyes. Behind him followed the crowd ... His comrades, sons... | And in front of the blue rows Their vicious squads, Carried by faithful servants, In a rocking chair, pale, motionless, Suffering from a wound, Karl appeared. The leaders of the hero followed him. He quietly sank into thought. Confused look depicted Unusual excitement. It seemed that Karla was bringing The desired battle in bewilderment ... Suddenly with a weak wave of the hand He moved regiments against the Russians. |
3. Comparative portrait characteristics of two commanders. Planning.
The appearance of the generals. How does Peter appear? Charles? What verbs of "appearance" does the poet use?
Hero portraits. What does the poet emphasize in the guise of Peter? (eyes, face, movements) What draws our attention to the portrait of Charles? (pallor, embarrassment, suffering) What means of expression do portraits of heroes create?
Poses. (Peter rushed on a horse, Karl was carried out on a stretcher).
Environment. How do Peter's associates appear? What verb characterizes their swiftness? What does Pushkin write about Karl's associates? What verb refers to their movement?
behavior in battle. Whose side is the moral superiority? Who gets pleasure from participating in the battle?
The mood of the characters.
Is it possible to judge the attitude of the author to the characters from these descriptions?
4. Tell the plan about one of the heroes.
Homework: oral story about one of the characters, supported by quotations from the text.
GuidelinesThe sponge-catcher was returning from her traditional North African fishing grounds to her home on Symi Island, off Rhodes, when a storm hit
DocumentOn Easter 1900, a group of Greek sponge-catchers were returning from their traditional fishing grounds in North Africa home to the island of Symi, off Rhodes, when a storm hit.
Explanatory note Planning was compiled in accordance with the program of educational institutions in literature for grades 5-11 of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (3)
LessonThe planning was compiled in accordance with the program of educational institutions in literature for grades 5-11 of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, edited by G.
N. G. Chernyshevsky Balashov branch Department of the Russian language Shumarin S. I., Shumarina M. R. Theory and practice of scientific speech special course for non-humanitarian specialties of universities Educational and methodological complex
Training and metodology complexThe requirements of the State Educational Standards of the Higher Professional Education for the professional readiness of specialists and bachelors of non-humanitarian specialties determine that a university graduate must be able to solve problems related to analysis
Literature work program Grade 7 MBOU "Gymnasium No. 2"
Working programmThis literature program for grade 7 was created on the basis of the federal component of the state standard for basic general education and the program of educational institutions "Literature" edited by V.
