Social progress, its criteria and features in modern conditions.

Progress - this is an upward development associated with the improvement of the content and forms of organizing the social life of people, the growth of their material and spiritual well-being. Progress is most often understood as a progressive movement towards a specific goal. If there is progress, then in society there is a noun: a directed movement towards the realization of the goal, there is an accumulation of innovations, continuity is carried out, stability in the development of society is maintained. If there is a return to obsolete forms and structures, stagnation, and even the collapse and degeneration of any significant functions, then we can definitely say that the regression.

Social progress - this is a transition from less perfect forms of organization of human activity to more perfect ones, this is the progressive development of the entire world history.

Types of social progress:

1) antagonistic: the progress of one part of society occurs largely due to the exploitation, oppression and suppression of its other part, advancement in some areas - due to losses in others;

2) non-antagonistic, characteristic of a socialist society, where progress will be carried out for the benefit of the whole society, through the efforts of all social groups, without the exploitation of man by man.

2). Revolution - this is a complete or complex change in all or most aspects of public life, affecting the foundations of the existing social order

Reform - it is a transformation, a reorganization, a change in some aspect of social life that does not destroy the foundations of the existing social structure, leaving power in the hands of the former ruling class. Understood in this sense, the path of gradual transformation of existing relations is opposed to revolutionary explosions that sweep away the old order to its foundations. Marxism: the evolutionary process is too painful for the people + if reforms are always carried out "from above" by forces that already have power and do not want to part with it, then the result of reforms is always lower than expected: transformations are half-hearted and inconsistent.

To determine level of progressiveness of this or that society are used three criteria: A society in which these indicators are quite high is characterized as progressive.

1. labor productivity level- a criterion that reflects the state of the economic sphere of society. Although today it is extremely important to take into account the fundamental changes that are taking place in this area

2. level of individual freedom- has long been considered to reflect the progressiveness of socio-political changes in society.

3. level of morality in society- an integral criterion that brings together all the diversity of approaches to the problem of progress, reflecting the trend of harmonization of social changes.

Of course, we must not forget that in his real life the process of development itself is contradictory, and the path of its direction is correspondingly contradictory. In the real life of every society, there should be a breakthrough (progress) in some areas of society and a lag or even regression in others.

The search for a general criterion of social progress in philosophy led thinkers to the conclusion that such a meter should express an inseparable connection in the development of all spheres, processes of people's social life. The following were put forward as a general criterion of social progress: the realization of freedom, the state of people's health, the development of morality, the achievement of happiness, etc.
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All these are undoubtedly important criteria for social progress, but with the help of these indicators it is still difficult to assess the achievements and losses of the modern movement of history.

Today, the ecological comfort of human life is put forward as the most important criterion of social progress. As regards the general universal criterion of social progress, here the decisive role belongs to the productive forces.

Specific features of social progress:

1. global, the universal nature of modern civilization, its unity and integrity. The world is connected into a single whole: a) the all-encompassing nature of scientific and technological progress; b) the processes of internationalization of world economic relations in production and exchange; c) the new worldwide role of the media and communication; d) global problems of mankind (the danger of war, environmental catastrophe and the extreme importance of their prevention).

2. multipolarity, segmentation.

Mankind realizes itself in various types of societies, ethnic communities, cultural spaces, religious beliefs, spiritual traditions - all these are poles, segments of world civilization. The integrity of the world does not contradict its multipolarity. There are values ​​that we refer to as universal: morality; a way of life worthy of the humane essence of man; kindness; spiritual beauty, etc.
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But there are values ​​that belong to certain societies or social communities: classes, individuals, etc.

3. inconsistency. Contradictions are built on top of one another: between man and nature, the state and the individual, strong and weak countries. The contradictions of the progress of the modern world give rise to global problems of mankind, that is, those problems that affect the vital interests of all the peoples of the planet and pose a threat to its survival, and therefore require an urgent solution, moreover, by the efforts of the peoples of all countries. Among the most serious global problems, one should name the problems of preventing a world slaughter, an ecological catastrophe, developing and improving education and healthcare, providing the Earth's population with natural resources, eliminating hunger, poverty, etc.

The concept of progress applies only to human society. As for animate and inanimate nature, in this case the concepts of development or evolution (animal nature) and change (inanimate nature) should be used.

Social progress, its criteria and features in modern conditions. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Social progress, its criteria and features in modern conditions." 2017, 2018.

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Progress is the progressive movement of mankind towards one higher rational goal, towards the ideal of the good, worthy of universal desire.

The idea of ​​social progress is a product of modern times. This means that it was at this time that it took root in the minds of people and began to form their worldview, the idea of ​​the progressive, upward development of society. There was no such representation in antiquity. The ancient worldview, as is known, was of a cosmocentric nature. And this means that the man of antiquity was coordinated in relation to nature, the cosmos. And man had to find his place in this eternal cosmos, and not in history.

The idea of ​​social progress is established in the Age of Enlightenment. This era raises the mind, knowledge, science, human freedom to the shield and evaluates history from this angle, opposing itself to previous eras, where, in the opinion of the enlighteners, ignorance and despotism prevailed. The Enlighteners in a certain way understood the era of their time (as the era of "enlightenment"), its role and significance for man, and through the prism of the modernity understood in this way, they considered the past of mankind. The opposition of modernity, interpreted as the advent of the era of reason, to the past of mankind, contained, of course, a gap between the present and the past, but as soon as an attempt was made to restore the historical connection between them on the basis of reason and knowledge, the idea of ​​an upward movement in history immediately arose, about progress. The development and dissemination of knowledge was seen as a gradual and cumulative process. An indisputable model for such a reconstruction of the historical process was the accumulation of scientific knowledge that took place in modern times. The mental formation and development of the individual, the individual, also served as a model for them: being transferred to humanity as a whole, it gave the historical progress of the human mind.

Progress (from lat. progressus - moving forward) is such a direction of development, which is characterized by a transition from lower to higher, from less perfect to more perfect. The credit for putting forward the idea and developing the theory of social progress belongs to the philosophers of the second half of the 18th century, and the formation of capitalism and the maturation of European bourgeois revolutions served as the socio-economic basis for the very emergence of the idea of ​​social progress. By the way, both creators of the initial concepts of social progress - TURGO and CONDORCE - were active public figures of pre-revolutionary and revolutionary France. And this is quite understandable: the idea of ​​social progress, the recognition of the fact that humanity as a whole, in the main, is moving forward, is an expression of the historical optimism inherent in progressive social forces.

Three characteristic features distinguished the original progressive concepts.

FIRSTLY, this is idealism, i.e. an attempt to find the reasons for the progressive development of history in the spiritual beginning - in the infinite ability to improve the human intellect (the same Turgot and Condorcet) or in the spontaneous self-development of the absolute spirit (Hegel). Accordingly, the criterion of progress was also seen in the phenomena of a spiritual order, in the level of development of one or another form of social consciousness: science, morality, law, religion. By the way, progress was noted primarily in the field of scientific knowledge (Bacon, Descartes), and then the corresponding idea was extended to social relations in general.

SECONDLY, a significant shortcoming of many early concepts of social progress was the non-dialectical consideration of social life. In such cases, social progress is understood as a smooth evolutionary development, without revolutionary leaps, without backward movements, as a continuous ascent in a straight line (Comte, Spencer).

THIRD, the upward development in form was limited to the achievement of any one chosen social system. This rejection of the idea of ​​unlimited progress was very clearly reflected in Hegel's assertions. He proclaimed the Christian-German world as the pinnacle and completion of world progress, affirming freedom and equality in their traditional interpretation.

If we try to define in general terms CAUSES OF PUBLIC PROGRESS, then they will be the needs of man, which are the product and expression of his nature as a living and no less as a social being. These needs are diverse in nature, nature, duration of action, but in any case they determine the motives of human activity. In the process of real life, people are driven by needs generated by their biological and social nature; and in the course of realizing their vital needs, people change the conditions of their existence and themselves, because each satisfied need gives rise to a new one, and its satisfaction, in turn, requires new actions, the consequence of which is the development of society.

CRITERIA FOR PROGRESS

The direction of development, which is characterized by a transition from lower to higher, from less perfect to more perfect, is called in science PROGRESS(a word of Latin origin, meaning literally moving forward). The concept of progress is opposed to the concept REGRESS. Regression is characterized by movement from higher to lower, degradation processes, return to obsolete forms and structures.

Condorcet(like other French enlighteners) considered the criterion of progress mind development. Utopian socialists put forward moral criterion progress. Saint Simon believed, for example, that society should adopt a form of organization that would lead to the implementation moral principle: all people should treat each other like brothers. A contemporary of the utopian socialists, the German philosopher Friedrich WILHELM SHELLING wrote that the decision of the survey on historical progress is complicated by the fact that supporters and opponents of faith in the perfection of mankind are completely confused in disputes about the criteria for progress. Some talk about the progress of mankind in the field of morality, others - about the progress of science and technology, which, as Schelling wrote, from a historical point of view, is rather a regression, and offered his own solution to the problem: the criterion in establishing the historical progress of the human race can only be a gradual approximation to legal device. Another point of view on social progress belongs to Hegel. He saw the criterion of progress in consciousness of freedom. As the consciousness of freedom grows, the progressive development of society takes place.

As you can see, the question of the criterion of progress occupied the great minds of modern times, but did not find a solution. The disadvantage of all attempts to overcome this problem was that in all cases only one line (or one side, or one sphere) of social development was considered as a criterion. And reason, and morality, and science, and technology, and the legal order, and the consciousness of freedom - all these indicators are very important, but not universal, not covering the life of a person and society as a whole.

In our time, philosophers also hold different views on the criterion of social progress. One of the current points of view is that the highest and universal objective criterion of social progress is the development of productive forces, including the development of man himself. Conclusion about the universal criterion of social progress: progressive is that which contributes to the rise of humanism.

The most important criterion of progress is the level of humanism of the society, i.e. the position of the individual in it: the degree of its economic, political and social liberation; the level of satisfaction of its material and spiritual needs; the state of her psychophysical and social health. According to this point of view, the criterion of social progress is the measure of freedom that society is able to provide to the individual, the degree of individual freedom guaranteed by society. The free development of a person in a free society also means the disclosure of his truly human qualities - intellectual, creative, moral. The development of human qualities depends on the living conditions of people. The more fully the various needs of a person in food, clothing, housing, transport services, his requests in the spiritual field are satisfied, the more moral relations between people become, the more accessible for a person are the most diverse types of economic and political, spiritual and material activities. The more favorable the conditions for the development of the physical, intellectual, mental forces of a person, his moral principles, the wider the scope for the development of individual qualities inherent in each individual person. In short, the more humane the conditions of life, the more opportunities for the development of the human in a person: reason, morality, creative forces.

It is very important to understand the direction in which our society is constantly changing and developing. This article is dedicated to this goal. Let's try to determine the criteria for social progress and answer a number of other questions. First of all, let's understand what progress and regression are.

Consideration of concepts

Social progress is such a direction of development, which is characterized by a progressive movement from simple and lower forms of organization of society to more complex, higher ones. Opposite to this term is the concept of "regression", that is, a reverse movement - a return to obsolete relations and structures, degradation, the direction of development from higher to lower.

The history of the formation of ideas about the measures of progress

The problem of criteria for social progress has long worried thinkers. The idea that changes in society are precisely a progressive process appeared in ancient times, but was finally formed in the works of M. Condorcet, A. Turgot and other French enlighteners. These thinkers saw the criteria for social progress in the development of the mind, the spread of enlightenment. This optimistic view of the historical process in the 19th century was replaced by other, more complex concepts. For example, Marxism sees progress in changing socio-economic formations from lower to higher ones. Some thinkers believed that the consequence of moving forward is the growth of the heterogeneity of society, the complication of its structure.

In modern science, historical progress is usually associated with such a process as modernization, that is, the transition of society from agrarian to industrial and further to post-industrial.

Scientists who do not share the idea of ​​progress

Not everyone accepts the idea of ​​progress. Some thinkers reject it in relation to social development - either predicting the "end of history", or saying that societies develop independently of each other, multilinear, in parallel (O. Spengler, N. Ya. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee), or considering history as a cycle with a series of ups and downs (J. Vico).

For example, Arthur Toynbee singled out 21 civilizations, in each of which certain phases of formation are distinguished: emergence, growth, breakdown, decline, and, finally, decomposition. Thus, he abandoned the thesis of the unity of the historical process.

O. Spengler wrote about the "decline of Europe". "Anti-progressism" is especially bright in the works of K. Popper. In his view, progress is a movement towards a specific goal, which is possible only for a particular person, but not in general for history. The latter can be seen as both a forward movement and a regression.

Progress and regress are not mutually exclusive concepts

The progressive development of society, obviously, in certain periods does not exclude regression, return movements, civilizational dead ends, even breakdowns. Yes, and it is hardly possible to speak of an unambiguously rectilinear development of mankind, because there are clearly both leaps forward and setbacks. Progress in a certain area, in addition, can be the cause of a decline, regression in another. Thus, the development of machinery, technologies, tools of labor is a clear evidence of progress in the economy, but it is precisely this development that has put our world on the brink of a global environmental catastrophe, having depleted the Earth's natural reserves.

Society today is also blamed for the crisis of the family, the decline of morality, lack of spirituality. The price of progress is high: for example, the conveniences of urban life are accompanied by various "urban diseases". Sometimes the negative consequences of progress are so obvious that a legitimate question arises as to whether it is even possible to say that humanity is moving forward.

Criteria of social progress: history

The question of the measures of social development is also relevant. Here, too, there is no agreement in the scientific world. The French enlighteners saw such a criterion in the development of reason, in increasing the degree of rationality of social organization. Some other thinkers and scientists (for example, A. Saint-Simon) believed that the highest criterion of social progress is the state of morality in society, the approximation to early Christian ideals.

G. Hegel adhered to a different opinion. He associated progress with freedom - the degree of its awareness by people. Marxism also proposed its own criterion of development: according to the supporters of this concept, it consists in the growth of productive forces.

K. Marx, seeing the essence of development in the increasing subordination of man to the forces of nature, reduced progress in general to a more particular one - in the production sphere. Contributing to development, he considered only those social relations that at this stage correspond to the level of productive forces, and also open up scope for the improvement of the person himself (acting as an instrument of production).

Criteria of social development: modernity

Philosophy subjected the criteria of social progress to a thorough analysis and revision. In modern social science, the applicability of many of them is disputed. The state of the economic foundation by no means determines the nature of the development of other spheres of social life.

The goal, and not just a means of social progress, is the creation of the necessary conditions for the harmonious and comprehensive development of the individual. Consequently, the criterion of social progress is precisely the measure of freedom that society is able to provide to a person in order to maximize the disclosure of his potential. According to the conditions created in society to meet the totality of the needs of the individual and his free development, the degree of progressiveness of this system, the criteria for social progress, should be assessed.

Let's summarize the information. The table below will help you learn the main criteria for social progress.

The table may be supplemented to include the points of view of other thinkers.

There are two forms of progress in society. Let's consider them below.

Revolution

A revolution is a complex or complete change in most or all aspects of society, affecting the foundations of the existing system. More recently, it was regarded as a universal universal "law of transition" from one socio-economic formation to another. However, scientists could not detect any signs of a social revolution during the transition to a class system from the primitive communal one. Therefore, it was necessary to expand the concept so that it could be applied to any transition between formations, but this led to the destruction of the original semantic content of the term. And the mechanism of a real revolution could be found only in phenomena relating to the era of the New Age (that is, during the transition to capitalism from feudalism).

Revolution from the point of view of Marxism

Following the Marxist methodology, one can say that a social revolution means a radical social revolution that changes the structure of society and signifies a qualitative leap in progressive development. The deepest and most general cause of the rise of the social revolution is the otherwise insoluble conflict between the productive forces, which are growing, and the system of social institutions and relations, which remain unchanged. The aggravation against this background of political, economic and other contradictions in society, in the end, leads to a revolution.

The latter is always an active political action on the part of the people; its main goal is to transfer the management of society into the hands of a new social class. The difference between revolution and evolution is that the former is considered concentrated in time, that is, it happens quickly, and the masses become its direct participants.

The dialectics of such concepts as revolution and reform seems to be very complicated. The first, as a deeper action, most often absorbs the latter, thus, the action "from below" is supplemented by the activity "from above".

Many modern scholars urge us to abandon the excessive exaggeration in history of the significance of the social revolution, from the idea that it is an inevitable regularity in the solution of historical problems, because it has by no means always been the dominant form that determines social progress. Much more often, changes in the life of society occurred as a result of action "from above", that is, reforms.

Reform

This reorganization, transformation, change in some aspect of social life, which does not destroy the existing foundations of the social structure, keeps power in the hands of the ruling class. Thus, the understood path of a stepwise transformation of relations is opposed to a revolution that sweeps away the old system and orders to the ground. Marxism regarded the evolutionary process, which preserved the remnants of the past for a long time, as too painful and unacceptable for the people. Adherents of this concept believed that since reforms are carried out exclusively "from above" by forces that have power and do not want to part with it, their result will always be lower than expected: transformations are characterized by inconsistency and half-heartedness.

Underestimation of reforms

It was explained by the famous position formulated by V.I. Lenin - that the reforms are "a by-product of the revolution." Note: K. Marx already believed that reforms are never the result of the weakness of the strong, since they are brought to life precisely by the strength of the weak.

His Russian follower reinforced the denial of the possibility that the "tops" might have their own incentives at the start of reforms. IN AND. Lenin believed that reforms were a by-product of the revolution because they were unsuccessful attempts to stifle, weaken the revolutionary struggle. Even in cases where the reforms were clearly not the result of the actions of the masses, Soviet historians still explained them by the desire of the authorities to prevent encroachments on the existing system.

The "reform-revolution" ratio in modern social science

Over time, Russian scientists gradually freed themselves from the existing nihilism in relation to transformations through evolution, first recognizing the equivalence of revolutions and reforms, and then attacking revolutions with criticism as a bloody, extremely inefficient, full of costs and leading to inevitable dictatorship path.

Now great reforms (that is, revolutions "from above") are considered the same social anomalies as great revolutions. They are united by the fact that these ways of resolving contradictions are opposed to healthy, normal practice of gradual, continuous reform in a self-regulating society.

The "revolution-reform" dilemma is replaced by a clarification of the relationship between reform and permanent regulation. In this context, both revolution and changes "from above" "cure" a neglected disease (the first - by "surgical intervention", the second - by "therapeutic methods"), while early and permanent prevention is probably necessary in order to ensure social progress.

Therefore, in social science today, the emphasis is shifting from the antinomy "revolution-reform" to "innovation-reform". Innovation means a one-time ordinary improvement associated with an increase in the adaptive capacity of society in specific conditions. It is she who can ensure the greatest social progress in the future.

The criteria for social progress discussed above are not unconditional. Modern science recognizes the priority of the humanities over others. However, the general criterion of social progress has not yet been established.

Social Progress - it is a global historical process of the development of society from the lowest to the highest, from a primitive, wild state to a higher, civilized one. This process is due to the development of scientific and technical, social and political, moral and cultural achievements.

First theory of progress described by the famous French publicist Abbé Saint-Pierre in his book "Remarks on the Continuous Progress of the General Reason" in 1737. According to his theory, progress is laid down by God in every person and this process is inevitable, like natural phenomena. Further progress study as a social phenomenon continued and deepened.

progress criteria.

Progress criteria are the main parameters of its characteristics:

• social;
• economic;
• spiritual;
• scientific and technical.

social criterion - is the level of social development. It implies the level of people's freedoms, the quality of life, the degree of difference between rich and poor, the presence of a middle class, etc. The main engines of social development are revolutions and reforms. That is, a radical complete change in all layers of social life and its gradual change, transformation. Different political schools evaluate these engines differently. For example, everyone knows that Lenin preferred revolution.

Economic criterion - this is the growth of GDP, trade and banking, and other parameters of economic development. The economic criterion is the most important, as it affects the rest. It is difficult to think about creativity or spiritual self-education when there is nothing to eat.

Spiritual criterion - moral development is one of the most controversial, since different models of society are evaluated differently. For example, unlike European countries, Arab countries do not consider tolerance towards sexual minorities a spiritual progress, and even vice versa - a regression. However, there are generally accepted parameters by which one can judge spiritual progress. For example, the condemnation of murder and violence is characteristic of all modern states.

Scientific and technical criterion - it is the presence of new products, scientific discoveries, inventions, advanced technologies, in short - innovations. Most often, progress means this criterion in the first place.

alternative theories.

Concept of progress has been criticized since the 19th century. A number of philosophers and historians deny progress as a social phenomenon completely. J. Vico considers the history of society as a cyclical development with ups and downs. A. Toynbee cites as an example the history of various civilizations, each of which has phases of emergence, growth, decline and decay (Maya, Roman Empire, etc.).

In my opinion, these disputes are connected with a different understanding of the definitions of progress as such, as well as with a different understanding of its social significance.

However, without social progress, we would not have society in its modern form with its achievements and mores.

Social science. Full course of preparation for the Unified State Examination Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna

1.16. The concept of social progress

social development - this is a change in society, which leads to the emergence of new social relations, institutions, norms and values. The characteristic signs of social development are three features: irreversibility, direction and regularity.

irreversibility - this is the constancy of the processes of accumulation of quantitative and qualitative changes.

Orientation These are the lines along which accumulation takes place.

regularity is a necessary process of accumulating change.

An important characteristic of social development is the period of time during which it is carried out. The result of social development is a new quantitative and qualitative state of the social object, a change in its structure and organization.

Views on the direction of social development

1. Plato, Aristotle, J. Vico, O. Spengler, A. Toynbee: movement along certain steps within the framework of a closed cycle (the theory of historical circulation).

2. Religious currents: the predominance of regression in many areas of society.

3. French enlighteners: continuous renewal, improvement of all aspects of society.

4. Modern researchers: positive changes in some spheres of society can be combined with stagnation and regression in others, i.e., the conclusion about the inconsistency of progress. Humanity as a whole has never regressed, but its forward movement could be delayed and even stopped for a while, which is called stagnation (stagnation).

The process of social development is inextricably linked with the term "social progress". social progress - this is the direction of development, characterized by the transition from the lower to the higher, to more perfect forms, expressed in their higher organization, adaptation to the environment, the growth of evolutionary possibilities.

Criteria for determining progressivity: the level of labor productivity and welfare of the population; development of the human mind; improvement of people's morality; progress of science and technology; the development of productive forces, including man himself; degree of individual freedom.

Modern social thought has developed a number of other criteria for social progress: the level of knowledge, the degree of differentiation and integration of society, the nature and level of social solidarity, the liberation of man from the actions of the elemental forces of nature and society, etc. The concept of progress is applicable only to human society. For animate and inanimate nature, one should use the concepts development, or evolution(wildlife), and change(inanimate nature). Mankind is constantly improving and follows the path of social progress. This is the universal law of society. The concept of "development" is broader than the concept of "progress". All progress is connected with development, but not all development is progress. Regression (reverse movement) - the type of development from higher to lower, degradation processes, lowering the level of organization, loss of the ability to perform certain functions.

Main manifestations of inconsistency progress is the alternation of ups and downs in social development, a combination of progress in one area with regression in another. Thus, the development of industrial production, on the one hand, leads to an increase in the amount of goods produced, to the growth of the urban population, but, on the other hand, this leads to environmental problems, to the fact that young people, leaving the village for the city, lose touch with the national culture, etc.

According to its nature, social development is divided into evolutionary and revolutionary. The nature of this or that social development depends on the method of social change. Under evolution understand the gradual smooth partial changes in society, which can cover various spheres of society - economic, political, social, spiritual. Evolutionary changes most often take the form of social reforms, involving the implementation of various measures to transform certain aspects of public life. Reform- this is some degree of improvement in any area of ​​public life, carried out simultaneously, through a series of gradual transformations that do not affect the fundamental foundations, but only change its parts and structural elements.

Types of reforms:

1. by directions: progressive reforms (60-70s of the XIX century Alexander II); regressive (reactionary) (“counter-reforms” of Alexander III).

2. by areas of change: economic, social, political, etc.).

Under social revolution is understood as a radical, qualitative change in all or most aspects of social life, affecting the foundations of the existing social order. Revolutionary changes are spasmodic character and represent the transition of society from one qualitative state to another. A social revolution is always associated with the destruction of some social relations and the establishment of others. Revolutions can be short-term(February Revolution 1917), long-term(neolithic revolution).

The ratio of evolutionary and revolutionary forms of social development depends on the specific historical conditions of the state and era.

Controversy of progress

1) Society is a complex organism in which various “bodies” function (enterprises, associations of people, government agencies, etc.), various processes (economic, political, spiritual, etc.) simultaneously occur. Individual processes, changes taking place in different areas of society can be multidirectional: progress in one area may be accompanied by regression in another (for example, the progress of technology, the development of industry, chemicalization and other changes in the field of production have led to the destruction of nature, to irreparable damage to human environment, to undermine the natural foundations of the existence of society.

2) The progress of science and technology had ambiguous consequences: discoveries in the field of nuclear physics made it possible not only to obtain a new source of energy, but also to create a powerful atomic weapon; The use of computer technology not only greatly expanded the possibilities of creative work, but also caused new diseases, visual impairment, mental disorders, etc.

3) Mankind has to pay a high price for progress. The conveniences of urban life are paid for by the "diseases of urbanization": traffic fatigue, polluted air, street noise and their consequences - stress, respiratory diseases, etc.; ease of movement in the car - congestion of city highways, traffic jams. Along with the greatest achievements of the human spirit, cultural and spiritual values ​​are being eroded in the world, drug addiction, alcoholism, and crime are spreading.

Humanistic criteria for progress: average human life expectancy, child and maternal mortality, state of health, level of education, development of various spheres of culture, a sense of life satisfaction, the degree of observance of human rights, attitude towards nature, etc.

In modern social science:

* Emphasis is shifted from the reform-revolution dilemma to reform-innovation. Under innovation is understood as an ordinary, one-time improvement associated with an increase in the adaptive capabilities of a social organism in given conditions.

* Social development is associated with the process of modernization. Modernization- the process of transition from a traditional, agrarian society to modern, industrial societies.

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1.3. PARADOXES OF TECHNICAL PROGRESS Continuing the conversation about car safety, I will note that progress in the field of car safety and in the field of the automotive industry in general affects safety in an ambiguous way. Statistics show that modern cars