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Heroes and Anti-Heroes of the Time of Troubles (Through the Pages of the History of the Vidnovsky Region) To the 400th Anniversary of Overcoming the Time of Troubles
Many books and articles have been written about the main characters of the Time of Troubles - Boris Godunov, False Dmitry I, Vasily Shuisky, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and citizen Kuzma Minin. At the same time, many actors of these events have not yet received adequate coverage. The names of some of them are connected with the history of our region. Vasily Shuisky Boris Godunov False Dmitry I
Grigory Leontyevich Valuev - a nobleman and governor. His family is most closely connected with the Vidnovsky region. Already in the first half of the 14th century, the Valuevs owned the villages of Akatovo, Meshkovo, and Valuevo, which in ancient documents is called the village of Pokrovsky. The Valuev family goes back to a certain “nobleman named Val”, who came from Lithuania. Two representatives of the Gross family fell during the Battle of Kulikovo. As you can see, it was a clan, many generations of which faithfully served and died defending the Russian land
Grigory Valuev, a skillful and courageous governor, repeatedly noted by chroniclers, went down in history as the "killer of the impostor Otrepyev". “Killing Grishka,” one of them wrote, “in the ward behind the palace are two chosen warriors, Ivan Voyekov and Grigory Valuev.” In the illustration, Grigory Valuev is depicted at the prostrate False Dmitry I - in a helmet, chain mail and a squeaker in his hands.
Here is how the Russian historian N.I. Kostomarov: “Is the villain guilty? the crowd shouted. - Guilty! answered from home. -Beat, cut him - was heard in the crowd. - What a long talk with a heretic! - said the nobleman Grigory Valuev. - Here I will bless this Polish whistler. He fired at Dmitry with a short gun, which he had under his coat. The bullet killed him instantly. Then the Muscovites rushed to the corpse and beat him with sticks, stones, trampled underfoot, stabbed him with knives ... "
In 1609, Grigory Valuev participated in the battle near the Makariev Monastery. Prince M.V. Skopin-Shuisky, who led the battle, advanced the best regiments towards the Poles, commanded by the then-famous governors Semyon Golovin, David Zherebtsov, Yakov Baryatinsky, and among them Grigory Valuev. The battle lasted fiercely, but the Russian warriors defeated the enemy.
Later, Grigory Valuev participated in the liberation of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, which was besieged by the Poles for 16 months. January 9, 1610 M.V. Skopin-Shuisky sent Grigory Valuev with 500 selected soldiers to the monastery to "get to know the Lithuanian people and Russian traitors." At dawn, Valuev and the defenders of the monastery attacked the enemy and gave them a fierce battle. Already on January 12, 1610, the governors Sapega and Lisovsky lifted the siege of the monastery. Painting by V.I. Vereshchagin "Defenders of the Trinity. In the ocean of turmoil
Another battle case of Valuev received widespread news in the Moscow state, when, after the death of Prince M.V. Skopin Shuisky, together with the Swede Gorn and the Frenchman Delaval, ousted the Poles from the Joseph-Volokolamsk monastery and recaptured the Rostov Metropolitan Filaret Romanov from them.
Actions that do not color the governor are also known. In the summer of 1610, the Polish army defeated the main forces of the Moscow government with a sudden blow and surrounded the detachment of Prince Yeletsky and Grigory Valuev in the village of Tsarevo-Zaimishchevo. The governors considered it best to surrender. After that, Valuev swore allegiance to Prince Vladislav, the Polish pretender to the Russian throne, and moved along with the Poles to Moscow, in his letters urging Muscovites to recognize Vladislav as their king ... However, later, when Mikhail Romanov was elected to the kingdom in Moscow, Valuev showed himself to be a diligent servant new sovereign.
A controversial figure in the Time of Troubles was a large landowner of the Vidnovsky region, Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy (he owned the villages of Besedy, Ostrov, Mamonovo, etc.). He received his nobility from False Dmitry II. After the death of the Tushino thief, when the patriotic movement began to grow in the country, the prince, at the head of the Cossack detachments, together with other parts of the 1st Zemstvo militia, participated in the liberation campaign against Moscow.
After the failure, Trubetskoy swore allegiance to False Dmitry III (the Pskov impostor Sidorka). In subsequent events related to the liberation of Moscow from the Poles, his role was also far from ambiguous. When the decisive battle began on August 22, 1612, and the Poles pressed the troops of Dmitry Pozharsky to the Moscow River, Trubetskoy, who was standing on the other side, did not rush to help them.
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After the liberation of Moscow, a provisional government was formed of three people: Dmitry Pozharsky (he owned the wasteland of Tigolino in our region, etc.), Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Trubetskoy. Letters were sent to all cities with a proposal to send the best and most reasonable people to Moscow to elect a sovereign. Among the candidates for the royal throne (I.M. Vorotynsky, M.F. Romanov) were the names of our landowners - D.T. Trubetskoy and D.M. Pozharsky 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov - as the closest relative of the former tsars. His wedding took place on July 11. During the procession, Trubetskoy was entrusted with holding the scepter. From the young king he was granted the title of "Savior of the Fatherland." In 1625, Dmitry Trubetskoy was appointed governor in the city of Tobolsk, where he died. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1596-1645), the first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty.
Actively participated in the events of the Time of Troubles, Prince Mikhail Turenin (he owned the village of Letovo). At first, like many others, he settled in the Tushinsky camp, but then joined the militia of Minin and Pozharsky. In April 1612, together with 48 other people, he signed a letter in Yaroslavl with a call to act with common forces against the Poles, which was sent to all cities. Before the militia entered Moscow, Pozharsky sent him with a detachment to the capital to clarify the situation and order him to expect the arrival of the main forces of the militia there. The letter mentioned above was signed by the first owner of our village of Tabolovo, the boyar Vasily Morozov, who back in December 1604, as the governor of the army of Prince F.I. Mstislavsky, set out from Bryansk to stop the impostor who had crossed the border.
The owner of the Vatutinsk lands, Prince Alexander Repnin, in 1608-1611, voivodship in Nizhny Novgorod, was an active participant in the liberation of Moscow from the Poles. A fragment of a map of the southwestern Moscow region, 1907 The fate of Prince Semyon Vyazemsky (the owner of the village of Zimyonki) turned out to be tragic. Having gone over to the side of the Lithuanians, in 1608, at the head of their detachment, he besieged Nizhny Novgorod, but the besieged Nizhny Novgorod made a successful sortie, during which the Lithuanians were defeated, and the prince himself was hanged.
The fate of Prince Andrei Telyatevsky was dramatic (he owned the village of Ivanovskoye and the village of Gubkino in our region). Granted by Boris Godunov to the boyars, in May 1605, when many governors betrayed Fyodor Godunov, he remained faithful to the oath. But due to the circumstances, he was soon forced to agree to a trip together with the boyar Prince I.M. Vorotynsky to Tula to the impostor with repentance, where he was almost killed for his former loyalty to the Godunovs. With the advent of Vasily Shuisky to the kingdom, he did not hide his dislike for the new tsar and constantly opposed him. During the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov, he turned out to be the governor of his former serf and in October 1607 he was captured, but, according to N.M. Karamzin, "as a noble and therefore guilty traitor" out of respect for his eminent relatives, he was not deprived of any boyars, no freedom. Soon he was tonsured at the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where he died in 1612.
During the Time of Troubles, the moral position of each person turned out to be especially significant, as far as he is able to make a choice and, in the absence of a strong central authority, with the shattering of traditional foundations, when traditions and upbringing do not suggest a sequence of actions, personal responsibility arises for actions that are aimed either at saving one's own Fatherland or to protect their ambitions and career aspirations. What is the main lesson that can be learned from the events of the Time of Troubles?
Four hundred years ago, in Ryazan, under the leadership of Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov, the first people's militia was formed, designed to put an end to the great Troubles.
In 2012, the 400th anniversary of Russia's liberation from the invaders will be celebrated. The beginning of the 17th century was one of the most difficult periods in the history of our Fatherland. The country was on the verge of collapse. The capital of the state - Moscow - was in the hands of the Polish interventionists, detachments of foreign mercenaries roamed the country in search of booty, the Orthodox Faith was persecuted by Catholic preachers. The Polish prince Vladislav was supposed to ascend the Russian throne. In history, this period is called the Time of Troubles.
In this difficult situation, the Ryazan land became one of the main centers of the fight against foreigners. In 1611, the first people's militia was formed in Ryazan, whose members decided to put an end to the Troubles. The militia was headed by Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov.
Prokopy Lyapunov came from a noble Ryazan noble family. During the Troubles, the name of Lyapunov becomes known throughout the country. He leads armed detachments not only in Ryazan, but also in other areas, everywhere showing himself to be a true patriot of the Fatherland. Seeing how high the authority of Prokopy Petrovich among the nobility and service people, Patriarch Germogen, who is in custody, blesses him to become the leader of the all-Russian movement to expel foreigners, thus entrusting the fate of Russia into the hands of Lyapunov.
Prokopy Petrovich begins gathering the 1st people's militia. In addition to the Ryazans, it also included armed detachments from other Russian cities. Among Lyapunov's assistants, we see the future hero, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, who at that time was the governor in Zaraysk. In the summer of 1611, the militia approached Moscow and camped there. Thus, Prokopy Lyapunov becomes a national leader. A contemporary wrote about it this way: “The ruler of the entire Moscow army, Lyapunov, jumps everywhere on the shelves.”
However, Prokopy Petrovich was not destined to liberate Moscow and see the salvation of the Fatherland. The reason for this was not the interventionists, but the conflict that arose among the members of the militia. Cossack detachments under the leadership of Trubetskoy and Zarutskoy joined the militia. The Cossacks in the 17th century were not yet the heroic estate that we know from their deeds in the 19th-20th centuries. The Cossacks at that time were prone to robbery and robbery. Lyapunov mercilessly decided to fight this, which caused discontent among the Cossacks. The Cossacks accused Lyapunov of trying to exterminate the Cossacks and invited him to the circle. Close associates of Lyapunov dissuaded him from going to the camp of the Cossacks and offered to take guards. However, Prokopy Petrovich, who did not feel any guilt behind himself, decided to go alone. As a result, he was treacherously killed, despite the security guarantees promised by the chieftains.
The death of Lyapunov finally split the ranks of the militia. The city governors with detachments did not want to be in the same camp with the Cossacks and dispersed to the cities. Many of them in a year will again find themselves under the walls of Moscow as part of the 2nd people's militia, led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin.
The only place associated with Prokopy Lyapunov on Ryazan land is the Church of the Resurrection of the Word in the village of Isadi, Spassky District, built in the 17th century by a relative of the hero L.V. Lyapunov.
Another remarkable representative of Ryazan, who clearly showed himself during the Time of Troubles, was Archbishop Theodoret. In 1605, Vladyka Theodoret was appointed Bishop of Ryazan and Murom by Patriarch Hermogenes.
In 1609, Archbishop Theodoret opened the relics of St. Basil of Ryazan and transferred them to the newly built Dormition Cathedral in Ryazan. During the imprisonment of Patriarch Hermogenes, Vladyka was one of the leaders of the Russian Orthodox Church.
He was a member of the Great Local Church and Zemsky Sobor of 1613, which met after the end of the Troubles to decide the fate of the country. It was Archbishop Theodoret who, on February 21, 1613, asked the people from the Execution Ground about who should be elevated to the throne, and heard in response a common voice: “The Natural Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich!” He led the embassy of the Great Council to the Kostroma land, announcing to Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov about his popular calling to the Kingdom and begging him to accept this calling. Until his death, he was one of the associates and spiritual mentors of the first Tsar from the House of Romanov. Bishop Theodorit died on September 10, 1617 and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Ryazan Kremlin. Currently, the relics are in the Boriso-Gleb Cathedral. Archbishop Theodoret is venerated in the Cathedral of Ryazan and the Cathedral of Kostroma Saints.
Igor MITROFANOV,
One of the most heroic pages in the history of the Troubles is associated with the feat of the defenders of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in 1608-10.
A Polish detachment numbering more than 15 thousand approached the walls of the Lavra.
The main military force of the monastery garrison was a detachment of 500 archers sent by the king. In addition to them, monks and peasants of neighboring villages took part in the defense. In total, less than two thousand defenders took refuge in the monastery.
At a decisive moment, the Lavra, with its valiant standing, became an example for the people, who began to gather in a militia to liberate their land.
The first who felt a threat to the Russian state was the Patriarch of Moscow Hermogenes, who began to write appeals to the Russian people. In his letters he called for a struggle against foreign intervention. He was thrown into prison by the Poles and starved to death.
But the appeals of Hermogenes were heard by Kozma Minin, who began to collect the people's militia, and invited Prince Dmitry Pozharsky to lead the militia.
Feat of Ivan Osipovich Susanin.
For a long time there have been disputes among historians about the real existence of this hero. However, recently in the journal "Rodina" there have been publications about new studies that confirm the authenticity of this event.
... In the late winter of 1613, Tsar Mikhail Romanov, already named by the Zemsky Cathedral, and his mother, nun Martha, lived in their Kostroma estate, in the village of Domnino. Knowing this, the Polish-Lithuanian detachment tried to find a way to the village in order to capture the young Romanov. Not far from Domnino, they met the patrimonial elder Ivan Susanin and ordered to show the way. Susanin agreed, but led them in the opposite direction ... For refusing to show the right path, Susanin was subjected to severe torture, but did not give out the king's place of refuge and was hacked to death by the Poles ...
Lesson summary
(Project-based learning in history lessons)
for grade 7
History teacher: Chetkareva E.Yu.
town Kuzhener
MBOU "Kuzhenerskaya secondary school No. 2"
Project-based learning in history lessons in grade 7
Project name: Heroes and anti-heroes of the Time of Troubles
Project Manager: teacher of history and geography Chetkareva Ekaterina Yurievna
Brief summary of the project
The project is aimed at developing universal learning skills for 7th grade students.
During the project, students should consider: biographical information; to reveal a civil position in the studied events; give a reasoned assessment of the position taken.
Participation in the project allows students to gain experience in the analytical study of the historical process, the experience of presenting their position on issues not covered in textbooks, and to consolidate the skills of working with different sources.
Formation of universal learning skills.
Personal UUD.
Formation in the student of the foundations of civil, social self-identification of the individual; fostering respect for the historical heritage of Russia; feelings of pride for their people and for the heroes of the Fatherland;
His comprehension of the experience of Russian history as part of world history;
- the formation of interest in subject-research activities;
Regulatory UUD.
- development of skills to accept and maintain a learning task;
– development of skills to take a role in educational cooperation;
Cognitive UUD.
Development of skills to independently identify and formulate a cognitive goal;
Development of skills to search, analyze, compare and evaluate the information contained in various sources about events and phenomena of the past and present, the ability to determine and argue one's attitude to it;
Communicative UUD.
Development of skills to choose adequate speech means in a dialogue with a teacher, classmates; ask questions that are adequate to this situation, allowing you to evaluate it in the process of communication; negotiate, come to a common decision (when working in a group); carry out work on the development of the conceptual apparatus;
Subject UUD.
Formation of knowledge on the topic.
Problem questions:
Why do some individuals become heroes, while others become anti-heroes in difficult times for the Fatherland?
Is it easy to become an anti-hero for your country? What is the anti-heroism of the people of the Time of Troubles expressed in?
What lessons from the Time of Troubles can we draw for ourselves?
STRUCTURE OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROJECT
| COMPONENTS | ||
| Problem to be solved Heroes and anti-heroes of the Time of Troubles (through the pages of the history of the Vidnovsky region) | Formulation of the problem Putting forward hypotheses - ways to solve the problem Planning activities for project implementation | Why do some become heroes and others become anti-heroes in difficult times for the Fatherland? Is it easy to become an anti-hero for your country? What is anti-heroism? To be a hero, you have to be a patriot of your country, regardless of the circumstances. 1. Preparation (determining the topic) 2. Planning (Analysis of the problem. Determining sources of information. Setting goals and choosing criteria for evaluating the result) 3. Decision making (Collecting and clarifying information. Choosing the best option. Clarifying action plans) 4. Fulfillment (Work on the project. Registration) 5. Evaluation of the result (Analysis of the implementation of the project, the results achieved: successes, failures) 6. Protection of the project (Preparation of the presentation. Protection of the presentation) |
| Practically significant material or cultural product (product preparation) | Collection of information Structuring information Product manufacturing Product design | Use of educational literature, Internet sources. Selection and distribution of material according to the studied personalities. Presentation |
| Presentation product | Choosing a Presentation Form Presentation preparation Presentation Self-assessment and introspection | Presentation "Heroes and anti-heroes of the Time of Troubles" (through the pages of the history of the Vidnovsky region) Multimedia projector, choice of style and design. Show and protect presentation Analysis of the work performed. Discussion. |
Lesson summary
(Project-based learning in history lessons)
for grade 7
History teacher: Chetkareva E.Yu.
town Kuzhener
MBOU "Kuzhenerskaya secondary school No. 2"
Project-based learning in history lessons in grade 7
Project name: Heroes and anti-heroes of the Time of Troubles
Project Manager: teacher of history and geography Chetkareva Ekaterina Yurievna
Brief summary of the project
The project is aimed at developing universal learning skills for 7th grade students.
During the project, students should consider: biographical information; to reveal a civil position in the studied events; give a reasoned assessment of the position taken.
Participation in the project allows students to gain experience in the analytical study of the historical process, the experience of presenting their position on issues not covered in textbooks, and to consolidate the skills of working with different sources.
Formation of universal learning skills.
Personal UUD.
Formation in the student of the foundations of civil, social self-identification of the individual; fostering respect for the historical heritage of Russia; feelings of pride for their people and for the heroes of the Fatherland;
His comprehension of the experience of Russian history as part of world history;
- the formation of interest in subject-research activities;
Regulatory UUD.
- development of skills to accept and maintain a learning task;
– development of skills to take a role in educational cooperation;
Cognitive UUD.
Development of skills to independently identify and formulate a cognitive goal;
Development of skills to search, analyze, compare and evaluate the information contained in various sources about events and phenomena of the past and present, the ability to determine and argue one's attitude to it;
Communicative UUD.
Development of skills to choose adequate speech means in a dialogue with a teacher, classmates; ask questions that are adequate to this situation, allowing you to evaluate it in the process of communication; negotiate, come to a common decision (when working in a group); carry out work on the development of the conceptual apparatus;
Subject UUD.
Formation of knowledge on the topic.
Problem questions:
Why do some individuals become heroes, while others become anti-heroes in difficult times for the Fatherland?
Is it easy to become an anti-hero for your country? What is the anti-heroism of the people of the Time of Troubles expressed in?
What lessons from the Time of Troubles can we draw for ourselves?
STRUCTURE OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROJECT
| COMPONENTS | ||
| Problem to be solved Heroes and anti-heroes of the Time of Troubles (through the pages of the history of the Vidnovsky region) | Formulation of the problem Putting forward hypotheses - ways to solve the problem Planning activities for project implementation | Why do some become heroes and others become anti-heroes in difficult times for the Fatherland? Is it easy to become an anti-hero for your country? What is anti-heroism? To be a hero, you have to be a patriot of your country, regardless of the circumstances. 1. Preparation (determining the topic) 2. Planning (Analysis of the problem. Determining sources of information. Setting goals and choosing criteria for evaluating the result) 3. Decision making (Collecting and clarifying information. Choosing the best option. Clarifying action plans) 4. Fulfillment (Work on the project. Registration) 5. Evaluation of the result (Analysis of the implementation of the project, the results achieved: successes, failures) 6. Protection of the project (Preparation of the presentation. Protection of the presentation) |
| Practically significant material or cultural product (product preparation) | Collection of information Structuring information Product manufacturing Product design | Use of educational literature, Internet sources. Selection and distribution of material according to the studied personalities. Presentation |
| Presentation product | Choosing a Presentation Form Presentation preparation Presentation Self-assessment and introspection | Presentation "Heroes and anti-heroes of the Time of Troubles" (through the pages of the history of the Vidnovsky region) Multimedia projector, choice of style and design. Show and protect presentation Analysis of the work performed. Discussion. |
