Canada is the second largest state on the planet after the Russian Federation. The northern outskirts of the country are beyond the Arctic Circle, in the south it borders on the United States. The majority of the population of Canada lives in the southern regions of the state, as there climatic conditions are more convenient for life. In the northern regions, the population density is quite low.
Basic information about Canada
The political system of the state is a constitutional monarchy. Nominally, the country is ruled by the Queen of Great Britain, in fact, by the Canadian Parliament headed by the Prime Minister. Officially, the state did not declare its full independence, just like Australia. The area of the country is 9984 thousand square meters. km. The population of Canada is 34 million people. The state capital is Ottawa. Canada is a federal country made up of ten provinces and three territories. There are two official languages: English and French. Canada's economy is diversified, based on the trade in natural resources.
Geographical position
Canada is the only country in the world whose shores are washed by three oceans - the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the Arctic. For this reason, it has a very long coastline. In the south, the state borders on the United States, and in the north it deepens beyond the Arctic Circle. The highest point in the country is the city of Logan, located in northwestern Canada at an altitude of 5961 m.
The rocky Pacific coast is indented by fjords and fenced off from the main territory by the St. Elias mountain range, the Beregovoy and Boundari ridges. Prairie stretches from the southern borders to the Atlantic. On the coast of the Atlantic Ocean there are hills and vast plains. The Hudson Bay region and the entire polar territory of the country are represented by large plains, on which there are several thousand swampy rivers and lakes.
Climate of Canada
The climate in the country is mostly temperate and subarctic. The average temperature in January ranges from minus 35 degrees in the northern regions of Canada to +4 on the Pacific coast, which is located in the south. The average July temperature in the southern regions is +21, and in the north +1 degree. In Canada, annual rainfall ranges from 150 mm in the north to 2500 mm in the south.
The climate of the country is quite diverse, and this is due to the large area of the country. In a huge part of Canada, the climate is continental, in the extreme west and east it is maritime, and in the south it is subtropical. In most of the country, 4 seasons are clearly expressed: winter, spring, summer, autumn. Climatic conditions and temperatures vary in many regions depending on the seasons. In winter it is quite cold, and in summer it is very hot. In Canada, the temperature is officially measured in Celsius, unlike the same United States, where the Fahrenheit scale is used.
Population of the country
Canada's population density is quite low. The country is characterized by uneven distribution. In the vast territory of the northern regions, the density is no more than one person per 5-10 square meters. km. The main population of Canada (more than 90%) lives on a small strip that runs along the border with the States. This area, with its temperate climate, is more convenient for normal life.
The total population of Canada is a little over 30 million. The bulk are the descendants of European settlers: Anglo-Saxons, Germans, French-Canadians, Italians, Dutch, Ukrainians, etc. The indigenous people of the country - Indians and Eskimos - during the period of colonization were forced out to the northern regions. At the moment, their total number is just over 200 thousand and continues to gradually decrease.
The main population of Canada is represented by Anglo-Canadians and French-Canadians. This is due to the fact that it was England and France who fought among themselves for the colonization of this country. The rest of the nationalities inhabiting Canada are quite small.
Religion and linguistic features
More than 80% is the Christian population of Canada. Of these, 45% are Catholics, 11.5% are parishioners of the United Church of Canada, 1% are Orthodox, and 8.1% are adherents of the Anglican and other Protestant churches. Slightly more than 10% of Canadians profess Baptism, Adventism, Lutheranism and other Christian denominations. Muslims, Jews, Buddhists, Hindus - all together occupy 4% of the total population. The unbelieving population of Canada is 12.5%.
The country has adopted the concept of bilingualism. Government publications are printed in English and French. The latter is most common in the province of Quebec. At the moment, the total proportion of residents of French origin is approximately 27% of the total population, British - 40%. The remaining 33% is a group that includes residents of mixed origin: Anglo-French and a mixture of speakers of these languages with the indigenous population, as well as people of other European nationalities. Recently, many Asians and Hispanics have moved to Canada.
Canada occupies the northern part of the North American continent and some islands. It borders on the USA.
The country is washed by the Pacific Ocean in the west, by the Atlantic Ocean in the east and by the Arctic Ocean and its seas in the north. The Canadian north remains one of the least settled and least exploited parts of the world. About 2 percent of the Canadian territory is covered by glacier ice.
The eastern parts of the country are mainly valleys and plains. The western territories are occupied by the Cordilleras. They stretch from the American border to the Arctic Ocean. The Cordillera region is composed of numerous mountain groups: the Rocky Mountains, the Coast Mountains and others.
The main Canadian islands are Newfoundland, Victorian Island, Baffin Island and others. There are a lot of rivers and lakes in Canada. Among them there are the Great Bear Lake, the Great Slave Lake and the Great Lakes District. The largest rivers are the Nelson, the Ottawa, the Mackenzie and the Yukon.
The population of Canada is about 25 million people. It is mainly concentrated in large cities. The economically significant area of the country is its western part. Canada is rich in mineral resources, such as non-ferrous metals, uranium, oil, natural gas and coal. It is also exceptionally rich in forests and fur-bearing animals. All these factors led Canada to the position of a highly-developed country.
Geographic location of Canada
Canada occupies the northern part of the North American continent and some islands. It borders on the USA.
The country is washed by the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Arctic Ocean and its seas in the north. The Canadian north continues to be one of the least populated and least exploited parts of the world. About two percent of Canadian territory is covered by glaciers.
The eastern part of the country is mainly valleys and plains. The western territories are occupied by the Cordillera. They stretch from the American border to the Arctic Ocean. The Cordillera region consists of numerous groups of mountains: the Rocky Mountains, the Coastal Mountains and others.
The main Canadian islands are Newfoundland, Victoria, Baffin Island and others. There are many rivers and lakes in Canada. Among them are Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake and the Great Lakes region. The largest rivers are the Nelson, Ottawa, Mackenzie and Yukon.
The population of Canada is about 25 million people. It is mainly concentrated in large cities. The economically significant territory of the country is its western part. Canada is rich in mineral resources such as base metals, uranium, oil, natural gas and coal. In addition, it is exceptionally rich in forests and fur-bearing animals. All these factors have led Canada to the position of a highly developed country.
Canada is officially a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy, in fact it is a federal state located on the mainland of North America, borders the United States in the south and northwest (Alaska territory), has a maritime border with Greenland in the Atlantic Ocean and the French territories of St. Pierre and Miquelon in the Cabot Strait, south of Newfoundland.
The country is part of the British Commonwealth: Queen Elizabeth II Windsor is formally the head of state. Again, formally, its representative in the country is the Governor-General. Rideau Hall and the Quebec Fortress are his residences.
David Lloyd Johnson has served as Governor General since 2010. Legislative functions are performed by the Parliament, which also includes the House of Commons, the Senate and Queen Elizabeth. The representative of the party who receives the most votes in the election becomes prime minister.
Geographical position
The capital of the country is Ottawa. Of the largest cities, as well as cultural and economic centers, Montreal, Calgary, Toronto and Vancouver can be distinguished.
This state is technologically and industrially advanced, and also has a diversified economy that is based on trade (more imports go to the United States, this is also facilitated by various trade agreements (Canadian-American free trade agreement, automobile agreement and North American free trade agreement) and natural resources.
Canada is divided into 13 provinces (Ontario, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Saskatchewan, Newfoundler and Labrador) and 3 territories (Nunavut, Yukon, Northwest Territories).
One of the mottos of Canada is from sea to sea. Firstly, the country is washed by three oceans: Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic. Vancouver is considered the largest Canadian port.
The largest inland port of the country is Montreal. Canada is a country of rivers and lakes. The largest are: the Mackenzie, Fraser, Nelson, Columbia, St. John and St. Lawrence rivers and the Great Lakes of Ontario, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Superior, Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake.
Climate
Canada's climate is characterized by cold winters and cool, windy, humid summers due to winds from the Arctic Ocean and the Rocky Mountains.
But the climate varies depending on the region of the country: in the north it is polar, in the prairie regions it is milder and more temperate with frequent temperature fluctuations, and in the west the weather is rainy and mild in winter, and the climate is maritime due to the proximity of the Pacific Ocean, in the south it is moderate summer and continental climate.
Water and forest resources
In addition to water resources, which serve as a source of the country's hydropower, which is also facilitated by sparsely populated areas (the province of Quebec is the center of the country's hydropower, and the Churchill, La Grande and Manicouagan rivers are centers of powerful dams), Canada is rich in other minerals.
Various types of forests help Canada to support itself in the timber industry and import it to other countries. On the territory of the state there are deposits of: potassium salts, oil, uranium, cobalt, asbestos, sulfur, natural gas, zinc ores, platinoids, gold, silver, copper ore and lead ores.
Characteristics of the economy of Canada
Thrives in Canada and agriculture. Due to the diversity of climate, soil types are also not the same: in Ontario and British Columbia, horticulture, Quebec is the center of dairy production, crops are grown in the west, and Prince Edward Island grows most of the country's potatoes.
Content.
Introduction.
The main object of consideration in my course work, I chose the country of Canada. The purpose of this work is to study and most complete consideration of all the geopolitical characteristics of this state.
According to the goal, the following tasks are defined.
Consider:
- The geographical position of Canada;
Socio-economic development;
Canada's role in the international arena.
In accordance with the annual statistics of the UN, for several decades Canada has been among the top five countries in the world that are considered the best in the world to live in terms of a combination of the most important criteria: general standard of living, ecology, culture and art, education, crime rate, etc. In addition :
- Canada is one of the most environmentally friendly countries in the world;
Canada is one of the wealthiest countries in the world with a high per capita income;
Canada is one of the few countries in the world that, in accordance with its immigration policy, makes it quite easy and legal to obtain a residence permit for people who do not have close relatives in Canada, which is a good help for obtaining a second citizenship.
In the course of studying this country, I will try to reveal in detail all aspects of the formation, development and existence of the state, both in general and in certain segments.
Chapter I. Geopolitical position of Canada.
1.1. Description.
Area - 9976.19 thousand square meters. km.Population -34 million people (2010).
The capital is Ottawa.
The official languages are English and French.
Canada is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system, which is a bilingual and multicultural country where English and French are recognized as official languages at the federal level. A technologically advanced and industrialized nation, Canada has a diversified economy based on rich natural resources and trade (particularly with the United States, with which Canada has been cooperating comprehensively since the existence of the colonies and the founding of the Confederation). one
Canada is currently a federal state consisting of 10 provinces and 3 territories. 2 The province with a predominantly French-speaking population is Quebec, the rest are predominantly English-speaking provinces, also called "English Canada" in comparison with French-speaking Quebec.
1.2. Geographic location of Canada.
Canada is a state in North America, ranks second in the world in terms of area and has a total area of 9976 thousand sq. km. It is washed by the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Oceans, borders the United States in the south and northwest, Denmark (Greenland) in the northeast and France (St. Pierre and Miquelon) in the east (see Fig. 1). Canada's border with the United States is the longest common border in the world.Canada occupies most of the North of North America. 75% percent of the territory is the zone of the north. Most of the country is located in the same geographic latitudes as the CIS. The extreme south of Canada lies on the same latitude as Georgia, and the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are located at a distance of about 1000 km from the North Pole.
1.3. History reference.
The diversity of modern Canada is not only a consequence of its geographical diversity, but also the result of a complex historical path that the country has passed from the 16th to the 20th centuries. We cannot agree with the famous phrase of the former Prime Minister of Canada Mackenzie King: “We have too much geography and too little history…”. No, the history of this country is rich and contains many exciting pages.Near 25 thousand years ago, the territory of Canada was inhabited by the ancestors of the Indians who moved from Asia through the land isthmus that existed then on the site of the Bering Strait, and much later - 6 thousand years ago - the Eskimos appeared in its Arctic part. The first Europeans arrived in Canada in 1000 year, at the same time there was a Norman settlement on the island of Newfoundland. It lasted a little over a year. Later 5 centuries, English, French and Portuguese fishing boats began to sail to the shores of Canada, where the sea abounds with fish. AT 1497 year italian John Cabot(1443-1498), who was in the English service, reached the island of Newfoundland. pioneer"Routes to Canada" - the Gulf and the St. Lawrence River - is considered a French navigator Jacques Cartier(1491-1557). King Francis I of France (Francois I) sent him to the New World in search of gold and a sea passage to Asia. In 1534, Jacques Cartier explored and mapped St. Lawrence Bay. A year later, he went up the St. Lawrence River on 3 ships to the Indian village of Stadakony, declared the surrounding lands to be the possessions of the French crown and called them Canada (in the Iroquois language, this simply meant "village"). Later, a lot of gold was found in Canada, and more recently, diamonds, but at that early time in Canadian history, furs turned out to be the main wealth of the country, First of all, the precious fur of the Canadian beaver.
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) - a French explorer of North America and the first governor of Canada - founded the oldest city of Quebec (in the language of the Iroquois Indians, the word "Quebec" means "where the river narrows"). He was the first of the Europeans to climb up the Huron River, explore their banks and make an alliance with the Indian tribe of the Hurons. AT 1663 Canada officially became a colony of France. By the end 17 century lived in Canada over three thousand French settlers.
In turn, England 1670 founded the Hudson's Bay Company and transferred to it full rights to trade in the Canadian region. AT 1745 In the same year, the British captured a French fort in Nova Scotia. So the rivalry for the territory of Canada grew into hostilities. The turning point in the course of hostilities occurred during the victory over the French troops in 1759 year in Quebec. As signed in 1763 In the year of the Paris Agreement, New France passed into the possession of the English throne.
During the American Revolutionary War, more than 50,000 Loyalists moved to Canada. After that, a clear border was established between Canada and the United States.
In the war of 1812-1814 between England and the United States, Canada became the main battlefield. As a result of England's victory, Canada remained under the rule of the English throne. AT 1867 Canada received the right to create its own government, but without leaving the British Empire. This meant that Canada received the long-awaited independence and became known as the Dominion of Canada.
During World War I, Canada sided with Great Britain. In addition, Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. During World War II, Canada fought against Nazi Germany.
In the post-war period, thanks to the flow of emigrants from around the world, Canada experienced an economic boom. In 1964, the Parliament of Canada approved the official flag of the country, which was first raised over the Peace Tower on February 5, 1965.
AT 1982 In the same year, Queen Elizabeth approved the constitution of Canada and constitutional authority officially passed from Great Britain to Canada.
Canada gained independence from the United Kingdom through a peace process from 1867 to 1982.
1.4. Natural conditions and resources.
natural conditions.The territory of Canada lies in the arctic, subarctic and temperate zones. The smaller Western part of Canada is mountainous, under the softening influence of the Pacific Ocean; large, eastern - mostly flat, with a sharply continental climate, strongly influenced by the Arctic.
Natural disasters (risk): persistent, permafrost in the north is a serious obstacle to the development of the region; cyclonic storms and hurricanes, formed in the east of the Rocky Mountains as a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, the Pacific Ocean and North America, bring frequent rain and snow.
Environment - environmental issues: air pollution and acid rain greatly harm lakes and forests; waste from the smelting industry and coal combustion, as well as exhaust gases, adversely affect the productivity of forests and agricultural holdings; coastal ocean waters are polluted as a result of agricultural, industrial and human mining activities.
Relief and geological structure.
Canadian shield- a huge geological structure formed by ancient crystalline rocks. The Canadian shield occupies a colossal territory - 4.6 million square meters. km from the Arctic archipelago to the Adirondacks in the USA, covering Hudson Bay from all sides. The richest deposits and huge mineral reserves of the Canadian Shield (almost the entire periodic table) are the main wealth of the country.
For every Canadian, including infants, there are 30 hectares of fields and forests, mountains and swamps. For every seven - on the lake. For each family - if not by the river, then by a large stream.
The central part of the mainland land and the adjacent areas of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are occupied by plains and plateaus. Stand out: the lowland of the Hudson Bay, which has an exceptionally flat relief; Laurentian Upland (altitude up to 1000 m) with a characteristic lacustrine-hilly relief; central plains. The western outskirts of Canada is occupied by the Cordillera mountain system (altitude 3000-3500 m, the highest point is Mount Logan, 6050 m). In the northeast along the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and in the north of the Labrador Peninsula there is a strip of mountains 1500-2000 m high.
Climate.
Canada differs by region. In the maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island), winters are not as cold and summers are not as hot due to the influence of the ocean. On the western coast of the country, the climate is influenced by warm ocean currents, which cause, among other things, high humidity. In the mountainous regions, there are areas that are quite dry, despite the fact that rain and snowfall are frequent in the Selkirk Mountains. In general, winters in the country are characterized by heavy snowfalls and frosts, and summers by moderate temperatures. The climate of Canada is so diverse that peaches and grapes grow in the lower reaches of the Fraser River, while deer graze in the Mackenzie Delta. There is already a tundra. The warmest climate is along the US border, and the hottest summers are in Manitoba, in central, southern British Columbia and Ontario.
Resources.
Canada is often compared with Russia in terms of natural conditions and endowment with natural resources. Canada is rich in a variety of mineral resources. Significant reserves of non-ferrous metal ores (nickel, copper, zinc, lead), iron ore, uranium, oil and natural gas, potassium salts, asbestos, coal. This contributes to the fact that Canada is the largest supplier of mineral raw materials to the industrialized countries of the world, and primarily to the United States. Canada has the richest mineral resources and ranks first in the world in the extraction of uranium, cobalt, potash salts and asbestos; second place - in the extraction of zinc ores and sulfur; third - natural gas and platinoids; fourth - copper ore and gold; fifth for lead ores and seventh for silver mining.
A significant part of Canada (about 45%) is covered with forests. In terms of total timber reserves, the country ranks 3rd in the world. Of great importance are the resources of the animal world - fur-bearing animals, commercial fish (salmon, herring, halibut, cod).
A special place in the natural potential of Canada is occupied by water resources. In terms of fresh water reserves, it also has 3rd place after Russia and Brazil. The Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River are of great transport and energy importance. Natural features have led to uneven economic development of the territory.
The diversity of Canadian soils and climates explains the great variation in Canadian agriculture.
- British Columbia and Ontario are known for their intensive horticulture.
In the steppes in the west of the country there are large areas of extensive grain crops.
Quebec is the largest producer of dairy products.
Most of Canada's potatoes are grown on Prince Edward Island.
1.5. Religion.
Canadians practice a large number of religions. According to the latest census, 77.1% of Canadians consider themselves Christians, most of them are Catholics (43.6% of Canadians). The most important Protestant church is the United Church of Canada (Calvinists); approximately 17% of Canadians do not associate themselves with any religion, and the rest of the population (6.3%) professes religions other than Christianity (most often Islam).1.6. Culture.
Many elements of Canadian culture are very close to those of the United States of America, including film, television, clothing, housing, private transportation, consumer goods, and food. Despite this, Canada has its own unique culture.There are many internationally renowned orchestras in Canada, such as the Quebec Symphony Orchestra, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra and especially the Montreal Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Kent Nagano.
Canadian multiculturalism
In commemoration of Canada's diversity of peoples, the country has embraced a policy of multiculturalism, or multiculturalism, since the 1960s. In Canadian cities, elements from cultures around the world can be found; in many cities there are quarters with a predominance of some national minority (for example, Chinese, Italian, Portuguese quarters in Toronto and Montreal), festivals dedicated to the cultures of different countries are regularly held. The Maritime provinces preserve the Celtic folklore of the Irish and Scots. The influence of the indigenous population of Canada is also noticeable: in many places you can find huge totem poles and other works of art of the indigenous peoples.
The francophone population of Canada stands out significantly. It gives special specificity to the character of Canada; Montreal is the most important center of French-speaking culture in America. Many francophone artists come to Montreal from different parts of the country (Quebec, Acadia, Ontario, Manitoba, etc.), from the USA, as well as from the Caribbean region to pursue a career in literature, music, cinema, etc.
Canada's multicultural heritage is protected by Article 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
The creation and preservation of Canada's diverse culture depends in part on federal government programs, laws, and political institutions.
1.7. political device.
To describe states, such characteristics as the form of government, form of government, political regime are used.State regime
Canada is a federal parliamentary democratic state with a monarchical form of government. It was formed on July 1, 1867, under the British North America Act, as a federation of British colonies. The country received its statehood, but the British monarch remained the head of state. Canada did not have its own citizenship. Such a state structure was called a dominion. And only on April 17, 1982, Canada officially received a new constitution, according to which the Canadian authorities received the right to change the constitution.
Constitution
There is no single document that acts as a constitution in the country. The Constitution of Canada is understood as a series of consolidated Constitutional Acts of Canada, as well as other documents represented by written texts and oral traditions and agreements. The last major Constitutional Act of Canada is the Constitutional Act of 1982 (the Canada Act), often referred to for simplicity as the Constitution of Canada. The Constitution also includes the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees to Canadians the rights and freedoms that are specified in it and cannot be violated by any level of the Government of Canada.
Amendments to the constitution can be carried out by joint decision of the federal government and seven provinces in which at least 50% of the population lives.
federal authorities. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II. It is represented in the country by the Governor General of Canada, who since 1947 has had all the powers to carry out all functions on behalf of the sovereign. The monarch appoints the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada for a term of 5 years. Since October 7, 1999, Adrienne Clarkson has been the Governor General.
The functions of the governor-general are largely formal. In theory, he could refuse to approve legislation passed by the Canadian Parliament, but in practice he never did so. Government decisions are submitted to the governor general for approval in the form of "recommendations", but he usually just authorizes them. He can refuse to dissolve the lower house of parliament on the advice of the prime minister if the latter's party is defeated in the election. The powers of the governor-general include the appointment of the prime minister, but in practice the leader of the party or coalition that won the majority in parliamentary elections is appointed to this post.
Legislation in Canada exercised by a Parliament of two chambers. Upper - Senate- consists of persons appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister (no more than 105 senators). They may remain in office until the age of 75. A representation rate has been established for each of Canada's provinces. In practice, the Senate stands aloof from the political struggle, does not oppose any government proposals, limits itself to checking and studying bills and making minor changes to their text.
Lower - The House of Commons- currently consists of 301 members. They are elected for a five-year term by universal direct suffrage of citizens over 18 years of age. The Government may dissolve the Chamber ahead of schedule. The number of members of the House of Commons is determined by the population of each province or territory.
Parliament adopts laws and legislative acts, as well as the state budget. The main legislative initiative belongs to the government. The corresponding opportunities for the opposition are significantly limited.
Executive power. Executive power is exercised by the government cabinet which makes the most important decisions collegially. The head of government is the prime minister, who is appointed by the governor general. They are the leader of the party or coalition that has the most seats in the House of Commons.
Federal ministers are chosen by the prime minister from among the deputies from his party or coalition. Formally, the appointment, removal and transfer of ministers is carried out by the governor-general at the suggestion of the prime minister. Cabinet decisions are usually taken by consensus and only rarely by majority vote. At the same time, all members of the cabinet are obliged to obey the decision and support it, or resign.
Provinces and local government. Canada is a federation of 10 provinces. It includes the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Quebec, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan, as well as three territories - Nunavut, the Northwest Territories and Yukon.
Provincial governments built on the same principle as the federal ones. Functions similar to the head of state are assigned to governors appointed by the federal government. The provincial parliaments are unicameral. Provincial governments are formed by the parties or coalitions that win the majority in provincial elections.
Many important decisions are made at meetings of representatives of the federal and provincial governments. Issues of taxation, pensions, medical care, and constitutional issues are often discussed by the heads of the federal and provincial governments. The provincial prime ministers have such power that they often prefer this position to the appointment of a federal minister.
The work of local governments carried out by provincial governments in accordance with provincial legislation. Cities have mayors and city councils elected by direct elections. Large cities are divided into municipal districts with a certain independence. Representatives of individual municipal districts are included in the central city councils, which are responsible for city planning and the maintenance of the city police. Some smaller municipal districts are administered directly by a city manager.
Chapter II. Socio-economic development of Canada.
2.1. Population.
Demographics and immigration.The demographics of Canada show a steady increase in population every year. The population of Canada at the beginning of 2010 is 34 million people, 8 million of which are French-speaking. The 2001 census recorded 30 million people.
Most of the population growth is due to immigration. Although the main economic return from immigration comes from independent skilled immigrants.
Canada is a very diverse country from an ethnic point of view. According to the 2001 census, 34 ethnic groups live in Canada, consisting of at least 100,000 people. The largest ethnic group calls themselves "Canadians" (39.4%), as most Canadians, especially those whose ancestors arrived during the colonization, consider themselves as a Canadian ethnic group. This is followed by those who call themselves British (34.4%), French (25.7%), Germans (3.6%), Italians (2.8%), Ukrainians (1.7%), natives (Indians and Eskimos 1.5%), Chinese (1.4%), Dutch (1.4%), Poles (0.9%), Russians (0.1%).
Canada is a country of immigrants. Canada's global reputation as a highly developed, peaceful country free from ethnic strife and conflict, where you can raise children in a calm environment, certainly contributes to the growth of immigration to the country. The vast majority of new Canadians, as newly arrived immigrants are called here, settle in large cities, due to the situation on the labor market and existing contacts. After a while, almost everyone moves to the suburbs, encircling any North American city. Immigration makes a significant contribution to the country's economy, from government fees and application fees to the financial contribution of entrants, especially families, from the purchase of real estate and furniture to future tax revenues.
The main directions of population migration within Canada for many years have been the outflow of young people from rural areas and small towns to large cities. Despite the large area, approximately? Canada's population lives within 160 km of the US border. Toronto can certainly be called the strongest magnet for intra-Canadian migration in the east of the country. With the booming oil and gas industry and construction in Alberta and British Columbia, there is a strong trend of a mobile young population moving out of Central Canada, from the Prairies and Atlantic provinces into Western Canada.
Over the past decades, the ethnic composition of the largest Canadian cities - Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver - has changed significantly in the direction of increasing the weight of the population from the countries of the Middle East, China, India, Latin America and other regions of the world.
Labor resources.
AT 2004
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In the section on the question of the economic and geographical position of Canada according to the plan. Help me please! given by the author Kosovorotka the best answer is Canada is the second largest country in the world, located in the northern part of North America and on numerous adjacent islands. It borders on the USA. The western coast is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean, the northern coast by the Arctic Ocean, and the eastern coast by the Atlantic Ocean. Canada is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. It occupies one of the leading places in the world in the extraction of potassium, nickel, zinc, silver, lead, copper, uranium oxide. The main industries are metallurgy (ferrous and non-ferrous), oil refining, pulp and paper. Developed machine-building complex. Agriculture is diversified. The main direction of agriculture is the cultivation of cereals (wheat, barley, oats). Livestock breeding is dominated by meat-and-milk and woolen types of cattle breeding.
Canada - refers to the countries of the resettlement type. The modern population of the country was formed under the influence of a constant influx of immigrants from around the world. Its population is 32.2 million people, of which 44% are Anglo-Canadians, 28% are French-Canadians. The two official languages are English and French.
A significant part of Canada is covered with tundra and taiga forests.
