Living organisms

Noncellular Cellular

Viruses Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

(pre-nuclear) (nuclear)

Bacteria Mushrooms Plants Animals
Signs of wildlife:

1. 
   Metabolism and energy(respiration, nutrition, excretion)
2. 
   Heredity and variability
3. 
   Self-reproduction (reproduction)
4. 
   Individual development (ontogeny), historical development (phylogeny)
5. 
   Motion
6. 
   Composition - organic(proteins, fats, carbohydrates, NK) and inorganic substances (water and mineral salts).

BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY
Characteristics of the kingdoms of wildlife

1. Viruses (discovered by scientist Ivanovsky in 1892 on the tobacco mosaic virus)

2. They do not have a cellular structure, outside the cell - in the form of a crystal.

3. Structure - DNA or RNA - outside the protein shell - capsid, less often there is a carbohydrate-lipid shell (in the herpes and influenza virus).

4. similarity to living organisms- multiply (doubling of DNA), heredity and variability are characteristic.

5
. Similarities between viruses and non-living systems- do not divide, do not grow, metabolism is not characteristic, there is no own mechanism for protein synthesis.

2. Bacteria (Levenhoek in 1683 - plaque bacteria)

1. unicellular or colonial organisms that do not have a formalized nucleus

2. do not have complex organelles - EPS, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, plastids.

3. diverse in shape - cocci (round), spirilla, bacilli (rod-shaped), virions (in the form of an arc).

4. have a cell wall of murein protein and a mucous capsule of polysaccharides, a nucleoid with a circular DNA molecule is located in the cytoplasm, there are ribosomes.

5. reproduce by dividing in half every 20-30 minutes, under adverse conditions form spores (thick shell)

6. food - autotrophs(synthesize organic substances from inorganic): a) phototrophs(during photosynthesis) - cyanide, b) chemotrophs(in the process of chemical reactions) - iron bacteria;

heterotrophs(using ready-made organic substances): a) saprophytes(feed on dead organic residues) - bacteria of decay and fermentation,

b) symbionts(organic substances are obtained as a result of symbiosis with other organisms) - nodule bacteria of legumes (they absorb nitrogen from the air and transfer it to leguminous plants, which in return provide them with organic substances),

7. Importance of bacteria - positive- nodule bacteria enrich the soil with nitrates and nitrites, assimilating nitrogen from the air; decay bacteria utilize dead organisms; lactic acid bacteria are used in industry to produce kefir, yogurt, silage, feed proteins, and in leather processing.

negative- cause food spoilage (putrefactive bacteria), pathogens of dangerous diseases - pneumonia, plague, cholera.
3. Mushrooms

1. Structural features - the body consists of hyphae that form the mycelium (mycelium), reproduce by budding (yeast), spores, vegetatively (parts of the mycelium), sexually.

2. Similarity to plants- immobile, absorb nutrients with the entire surface of the body, unlimited growth, there is a cell wall (consists of chitin), multiply by spores.

3. Similarity to animals- no chlorophyll, heterotrophs (eat organic matter), reserve nutrient - glycogen.

5. Types of mushrooms - see point 6 - "nutrition".

4. Plants

1. Motionless - have a strong cell wall made of cellulose, few mitochondria.

2. Unlimited growth - grow throughout life

3. Reserve nutrient - starch

4. Nutrition - autotrophs (they feed on inorganic substances through photosynthesis). Nutrition through absorption by the entire surface of the body.

5. Features of a plant cell- 1. the presence of plastids (chloroplasts - the function of photosynthesis, leukoplasts - the accumulation of substances, chromoplasts - provide the color of fruits and flowers); 2. large vacuoles (storage function); 3. few mitochondria; 4. there is a cell wall made of cellulose; 5. no microtubules.

5. Animals

1. Mobile for the most part - a lot of mitochondria, a thin shell.

2. Limited growth - until puberty

3. Reserve substance - glycogen (in muscles and liver)

5. Features of an animal cell- no plastids, small vacuoles - perform an excretory function in aquatic animals, a thin shell, microtubules - to build a division spindle during mitosis and meiosis.

6. characteristic irritability, reflex.
Classification of plants and animals. Systematics.

Classification - distribution of organisms into groups.

Systematics the science of classifying

The complication of plants in the course of evolution on Earth:

Algae → mosses → club mosses → horsetails → ferns → gymnosperms → angiosperms

Directions of plant evolution - aromorphoses

1. 
   Emergence of multicellularity (algae → flowering plants)
2. 
   Landfall (mosses→flowering)
3. 
   The appearance of tissues (integumentary, conductive, mechanical, photosynthetic) and organs (roots, stems, leaves): mosses → flowering.
4. 
   Reducing the dependence of fertilization on the presence of water (gymnosperms, flowering)
5. 
   Appearance of flower and fruit (flowering)

Characteristics of plant divisions (500,000 species)

1. Algae. Lower spore plants.

1. Unicellular (chlorella, chlamydomonas) and multicellular organisms (spirogyra, kelp, ulotrix), some form colonies (volvox).

2. Body - thallus (no division into organs and tissues)

3. There are chromatophores with chlorophyll - they provide photosynthesis.

4. Brown and red algae have rhizoids instead of roots - the function of fixing in the soil.

5. They reproduce asexually - by spores and sexually - by gametes.

6. Significance: agar-agar substance is obtained from red algae; brown algae - kelp-seaweed - in the food industry, livestock feed, chlamydomonas causes flowering of reservoirs.

2. Lichens.

1. lower plants, consist of a symbiosis of fungus and algae. The body is a thallus.

2. nutrition - autoheterotrophs: algae is autotrophic, gives the fungus organic substances during photosynthesis, the fungus is heterotrophic, gives algae water and minerals, protects it from drying out.

3. Reproduction - asexually - vegetatively - by sections of the thallus, sexually.

4. Lichens - indicators of purity (grow only in ecologically clean areas).

5. Lichens - "pioneers of life" - inhabit the most difficult to reach places, enrich the soil with mineral salts and organic matter - fertilize, other plants can grow after lichens.

6. Species - deer moss, xanthoria, cetraria. (bushy, crusty, leafy).

Higher spore plants.

3.Mossy.

1. Leafy spore plants that do not have roots (or have rhizoids)

2. Tissues and organs are little differentiated - there is no conductive system and mechanical tissue is poorly developed.

3. A change of generations is characteristic: sexual - gametophyte (haploid) and asexual - sporophyte (diploid). The gametophyte predominates - it is a leafy plant itself, the sporophyte lives off the gametophyte and is represented by a box on a stem (on a female plant).

4. They reproduce by spores and sexually. Water is necessary for fertilization, as with all spore-bearing plants.

5. Species - cuckoo flax, sphagnum
4. Ferns (Horsetails, club mosses, ferns)

1. The body is differentiated into stem, leaves and root or rhizome.

2. Mechanical and conductive tissues are well developed - ferns are taller and bushier than mosses.

3. A change of generations is characteristic with a predominance of the sporophyte (the plant itself), the gametophyte is small - it is represented by a growth (an independent heart-shaped plant, gametes ripen on it). Water is required for fertilization.

4. Reproduction - sexual and asexual - by spores, rhizome - vegetative.

higher seed plants

1. Evergreen (rarely deciduous) trees or shrubs with erect perennial stems and tap root systems.

2. Instead of vessels, there are tracheids in wood, a lot of resin passages

3. Needle-shaped leaves

4. Gametophyte reduction, sporophyte (diploid) predominates. Water is not needed for fertilization.

5. Reproduction - seeds (sexual). The seeds lie bare on the scales of the cones. The seed has a peel, embryo and nutritive tissue - endosperm (haploid). Cones of 2 types ripen on 1 branch: female and male.

6. Species - juniper, pine, thuja, spruce, fir, larch.
6. Flowering. (Angiosperms)

Angiosperms are evolutionarily the youngest and most numerous group of plants - 250 thousand species that grow in all climatic zones. The wide distribution and diversity of the structure of flowering plants is associated with the acquisition of a number of progressive features:

1. Formation of a flower that combines the functions of sexual and asexual reproduction.

2. Formation of the ovary as part of the flower, which contains the ovules and protects them from adverse conditions.

3. Double fertilization, which results in the formation of a nutritious triploid endosperm.

4.Storing nutritional tissue in the composition of the fetus.

5. Complication and high degree of differentiation of vegetative organs and tissues.
Families of flowering (angiosperms). Classes.

class dicots

Description

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The reference book will help to systematize knowledge, prepare for lessons, tests, as well as for the OGE and the Unified State Examination.
In the application you will find:
Biology as a science. Methods of scientific knowledge:
- Biology as a science
- Level organization and evolution
- Biological systems
Cell as a biological system
- Modern cell theory
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- Chemical composition of the cell
- Carbohydrates and lipids
- Proteins and nucleic acids
- Cell structure
- Metabolism and energy conversion
- Fermentation and respiration
- Photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
- Genetic information in a cell
- Biosynthesis of protein and nucleic acids
- Chromosomes, their structure and functions
- Cell life cycle
- Mitosis - division of somatic cells
- Meiosis
- Development of germ cells in plants and animals
The organism as a biological system
- Variety of organisms
- Methods of reproduction
- Fertilization in flowering plants and vertebrates
- Ontogeny
- Genetics, its tasks
- Chromosomal theory of heredity
- Laws of inheritance G. Mendel. Laws of T. Morgan
- Sex genetics. Gene Interaction
- Human genetics
- Patterns of variability
- Non-hereditary and hereditary variability
- Types of mutations
- Hereditary human diseases, their causes
- Selection, its tasks and methods, the law of homologous series
- Biotechnology. Cellular and genetic engineering, cloning
System and diversity of the organic world
- The diversity of organisms, the work of C. Linnaeus and J.B. Lamarck
- Kingdom of bacteria
- Mushroom Kingdom
- Lichens
- Plant kingdom
- The structure and functions of plant organs
- Root, shoot, bud, stem, leaf
- flower, seed, fruit
- Vital activity of a plant organism
- plant reproduction
- Variety of plants
- Lower plants. Departments of algae
- Higher spore plants
- Higher seed plants
- Angiosperms
- The role of plants in nature and human life
- Unicellular
- Multicellular animals
- Flatworms
- Roundworms
- Annelids
- Shellfish
- Shellfish
- Arachnids
- Insects
- Chordates
- Vertebrates
- Fish
- Amphibians, or Amphibians
- Reptiles, or Reptiles
- Birds
- Mammals
The human body and its health
- Fabrics
- Digestive system
- Respiratory system
- excretory system
- Musculoskeletal system. Skeleton
- Muscles
- Integumentary system
- Circulatory system
- Lymphatic system
- Human reproduction and development
- The internal environment of the human body
- Blood groups
- Immunity
- Metabolism
- Vitamins
- Nervous system 146
- Endocrine system
- Analyzers. sense organs
- Organ of vision
- Organs of hearing, smell, taste and touch
- Higher nervous activity
- Sleep, its meaning. Consciousness, memory, emotions, speech, thinking
- Hygiene, healthy lifestyle
The evolution of wildlife
- View, its criteria. population. microevolution
- The evolutionary theory of Ch. Darwin
- Forms of natural selection. Types of struggle for existence
- Synthetic theory of evolution. Elementary Factors of Evolution
- Evidence of the evolution of wildlife
- Macroevolution. Directions and paths of evolution
- Hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth
- Major aromorphoses in the evolution of plants and animals
- Human appearance. Hypotheses of the origin of man
- Driving forces and stages of human evolution
- Human races, their genetic relationship
Ecosystems and their inherent patterns
- Habitats of organisms. Environmental factors, their significance
- Environmental factors: abiotic, biotic
- Anthropogenic factor
- Ecosystem and its components: producers, consumers, decomposers
- Ecosystem structure
- Trophic levels
- Circuits and power networks
- Ecological pyramid rules
- Diversity of ecosystems
- Self-development and change of ecosystems
- The biosphere is a global ecosystem.
- The teachings of V.I. Vernadsky about the biosphere
- Living matter, its functions
- Biological circulation and transformation of energy in the biosphere
- Evolution of the biosphere
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The best biology cheat sheet!
Contains material for all sections of the school course.

The reference book will help to systematize knowledge, prepare for lessons, tests, as well as for the OGE and the Unified State Examination.

In the application you will find:

Biology as a science. Methods of scientific knowledge:
- Biology as a science
- Level organization and evolution
- Biological systems

Cell as a biological system
- Modern cell theory
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- Chemical composition of the cell
- Carbohydrates and lipids
- Proteins and nucleic acids
- Cell structure
- Metabolism and energy conversion
- Fermentation and respiration
- Photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
- Genetic information in a cell
- Biosynthesis of protein and nucleic acids
- Chromosomes, their structure and functions
- Cell life cycle
- Mitosis - division of somatic cells
- Meiosis
- Development of germ cells in plants and animals

The organism as a biological system
- Variety of organisms
- Methods of reproduction
- Fertilization in flowering plants and vertebrates
- Ontogeny
- Genetics, its tasks
- Chromosomal theory of heredity
- Laws of inheritance G. Mendel. Laws of T. Morgan
- Sex genetics. Gene Interaction
- Human genetics
- Patterns of variability
- Non-hereditary and hereditary variability
- Types of mutations
- Hereditary human diseases, their causes
- Selection, its tasks and methods, the law of homologous series
- Biotechnology. Cellular and genetic engineering, cloning

System and diversity of the organic world
- The diversity of organisms, the work of C. Linnaeus and J.B. Lamarck
- Kingdom of bacteria
- Mushroom Kingdom
- Lichens
- Plant Kingdom
- The structure and functions of plant organs
- Root, shoot, bud, stem, leaf
- flower, seed, fruit
- Vital activity of a plant organism
- plant reproduction
- Variety of plants
- Lower plants. Departments of algae
- Higher spore plants
- Higher seed plants
- Angiosperms
- The role of plants in nature and human life
- Unicellular
- Multicellular animals
- Flatworms
- Roundworms
- Annelids
- Shellfish
- Shellfish
- Arachnids
- Insects
- Chordates
- Vertebrates
- Fish
- Amphibians, or Amphibians
- Reptiles, or Reptiles
- Birds
- Mammals

The human body and its health
- Fabrics
- Digestive system
- Respiratory system
- excretory system
- Musculoskeletal system. Skeleton
- Muscles
- Integumentary system
- Circulatory system
- Lymphatic system
- Human reproduction and development
- The internal environment of the human body
- Blood groups
- Immunity
- Metabolism
- Vitamins
- Nervous system 146
- Endocrine system
- Analyzers. sense organs
- Organ of vision
- Organs of hearing, smell, taste and touch
- Higher nervous activity
- Sleep, its meaning. Consciousness, memory, emotions, speech, thinking
- Hygiene, healthy lifestyle

The evolution of wildlife
- View, its criteria. population. microevolution
- The evolutionary theory of Ch. Darwin
- Forms of natural selection. Types of struggle for existence
- Synthetic theory of evolution. Elementary Factors of Evolution
- Evidence of the evolution of wildlife
- Macroevolution. Directions and paths of evolution
- Hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth
- Major aromorphoses in the evolution of plants and animals
- Human appearance. Hypotheses of the origin of man
- Driving forces and stages of human evolution
- Human races, their genetic relationship

Ecosystems and their inherent patterns
- Habitats of organisms. Environmental factors, their significance
- Environmental factors: abiotic, biotic
- Anthropogenic factor
- Ecosystem and its components: producers, consumers, decomposers
- Ecosystem structure
- Trophic levels
- Circuits and power networks
- Ecological pyramid rules
- Diversity of ecosystems
- Self-development and change of ecosystems
- The biosphere is a global ecosystem.
- The teachings of V.I. Vernadsky about the biosphere
- Living matter, its functions
- Biological circulation and transformation of energy in the biosphere
- Evolution of the biosphere