The population of the SFO. Siberian Federal District

The Siberian Federal District is an administrative-territorial unit of the Russian Federation, includes twelve constituent entities of the Russian Federation in Siberia: the Republic of Altai, Altai Territory, Buryatia, Trans-Baikal Territory, Irkutsk Region, Khakassia, Kemerovo Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Novosibirsk Region, Omsk Region, Tomsk Region, Tuva. The center of the Siberian Federal District is the city of Novosibirsk, where the representative office of the President of Russia in the Siberian Federal District is located. Large cities: Novosibirsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita.

The area of the district is 5.1 million sq. km (30% of the territory of Russia), the population is 19.2 million people (13.82% of the population of Russia), of which 13.8 million people live in cities, and in the countryside - 5.4 million people. The population density is 4.1 people per sq. km. National composition according to the 2002 census: Russians - 17.5 million (87.38%), Buryats - 428 thousand (2.13%), Ukrainians - 373 thousand (1.86%), Germans - 309 thousand (1 , 54%), Tatars - 253 thousand (1.26%), Tuvans - 240 thousand (1.2%), Kazakhs - 124 thousand (0.62%), Belarusians - 82 thousand (0.41%), Khakasses - 73 thousand (0.36%), Altaians - 66 thousand (0.33%).

The Siberian Federal District contains 85% of the total Russian reserves of lead and platinum, 80% of coal and molybdenum, 71% of nickel, 69% of copper, 44% of silver, and 40% of gold. The gross regional product is 11.4% of Russia's GDP. The share in the total length of Russian railways is 17.5%. 59% of the district's territory is occupied by forests; 8.1% - swamps; 11.1% - agricultural land; 3.3% - water bodies. 11% of all land under reindeer pastures. The total area of the forest fund is 372 million hectares, including the area occupied by conifers - 190 million hectares. The total stock of standing timber is estimated at 33 billion cubic meters. There are 21 state natural reserves (42.3% of the area of Russian reserves) and 6 national parks (35.9% of the area of Russian national parks) on the territory of the district. 30.7% of the total area of hunting grounds in Russia is concentrated in the Siberian Federal District.

The leading industries are non-ferrous metallurgy, electric power industry, forestry and woodworking, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, food and flour milling, fuel, building materials, mechanical engineering and metalworking, light industry. The share of the district in the total volume of agricultural production in Russia is 16.2%. The most important branches of agriculture are animal husbandry, grain production, and vegetable growing. Transit flows (freight and passenger traffic) from Europe to Asia pass through the Siberian Federal District.

The Siberian Federal District includes territories with extreme living conditions; a significant part of its territory belongs to the regions of the Far North and equivalent areas. About 70 thousand people of eighteen nationalities of the indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia live on the territory of the district - more than a third of all the indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia living in the Russian Federation. Branches of three Russian academies of sciences operate on the territory of the district - the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, which include more than a hundred research organizations, as well as a network of scientific experimental stations.

Date of formation - May 13, 2000. The Siberian Federal District includes 12 constituent entities of the Russian Federation (From January 1, 2007, the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous District and the Evenk Autonomous District are part of the united Krasnoyarsk Territory. From January 1, 2008, the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous District is part of the united Irkutsk Region. On March 1, 2008, as a result of the unification of the Chita region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, the Trans-Baikal Territory was formed).

The territory of the Siberian Federal District makes up 30% of the territory of Russia, the population is 20.06 million people. On the territory of Siberia are concentrated: 85% of the total Russian reserves of lead and platinum, 80% of coal and molybdenum, 71% of nickel, 69% of copper, 44% of silver, 40% of gold. The gross regional product is 11.4% of Russia's GDP. The share of the district in the total industrial production of the Russian Federation in 2001 was 12.4%. The share of the Siberian Federal District in the total length of Russian railways is 17.5%.

general characteristics

Composition of the Siberian Federal District

12 subjects of the Russian Federation , including:

4 republics (Altai, Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia);
3 regions (Altai, Trans-Baikal, Krasnoyarsk);
5 regions (Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk).

Administrative center- Novosibirsk city

Administrative-territorial division

There are 4190 municipalities in total, of which:

municipal districts - 320,
urban districts - 79,
urban settlements - 261,
rural settlements - 3530.

Territory

total area

5114.8 thousand km2 (30% of the territory of Russia).

Territory length

north to south - 3566 km;
from west to east - 3420 km.

The county borders

in the north - with the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which is part of the Tyumen region;
in the west - with the Tyumen region, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug;
in the east - with the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Amur Region;
in the south - with the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Mongolia, the People's Republic of China.

The length of the state border

7269.6 km,

including:

with the Republic of Kazakhstan - 2697.9 km;
with the Republic of Mongolia - 3316.2 km;
with the People's Republic of China - 1255.5 km.

Characteristics of the state border

border outposts - 120;
checkpoints across the border - 63;
customs posts - 71.

Population - 20,062.9 thousand people.

Population density - 3.9 people. per 1 km2.

The share of urban population - 71.1%, rural - 28.9%.

National composition

Russians - 87.38%
Buryats - 2.13%
Ukrainians - 1.86%
Germans - 1.54%
Tatars - 1.26%
Tuvans - 1.20%
Kazakhs - 0.62%
Belarusians - 0.41%
Khakass - 0.36%
Altaians - 0.33%
Chuvash - 0.31%
Azerbaijanis - 0.30%
Armenians - 0.30%

Natural resources

Mineral resources

On the territory of Siberia are concentrated:

85% of all-Russian reserves of lead and platinum;
80% coal and molybdenum;
71% nickel;
69% copper;
44% silver;
40% gold.

Land resources:

59.0% of land under forests;
8.1% - swamps;
11.1% - agricultural land;
3.3% - water bodies;
18.5% - other lands.

Of all the lands under reindeer pastures - 11.0%.

forest resources

The total area of the forest fund is 371,899 thousand hectares;

including the area occupied by coniferous species - 190,268 thousand hectares.

The total stock of standing timber is 33,346 million m3.

Specially protected natural objects

The district is located:

21 state natural reserves (42.3% of the area of Russian reserves);
6 national parks (35.9% of the area of Russian national parks).

hunting grounds

The area of hunting grounds of the district is 30.7% of the total area of hunting grounds in Russia.

Economy

The leading sector of the SFO economy is industry.

Gross regional product - 715.2 billion rubles. (or 11.4% of GRP in Russia).

Gross regional product per capita - 34.5 thousand rubles. (in Russia - 43.3 thousand rubles).

Industry

The share of the district in the total volume of industrial production of the Russian Federation in 2001 was 12.4%.

Leading Industries:

non-ferrous metallurgy;
electric power industry;
forestry and woodworking;
ferrous metallurgy;
chemical and petrochemical;
food and flour milling;
fuel;
building materials;
mechanical engineering and metalworking;
light.

Agriculture

The share of the district in the total volume of agricultural production in Russia in 2001 was 16.2%.

The most important branches of agriculture: animal husbandry, grain production, vegetable growing.

The volume of agricultural production in 2001 was 161,875 million rubles, including products:

crop production - 83933 million rubles;
animal husbandry - 77942 million rubles.

Foreign trade activity

Foreign trade turnover in 2006:
(according to customs statistics)

36984.5 million US dollars (including the volume of exports - 31949 million dollars; imports - 5035.5 million dollars).

The Siberian Federal District is the main transport hub of Russia

The unique geopolitical position of Siberia (together with the Far East) as a bridge between Europe and Asia.

The main transit flows of Russia (freight and passenger traffic) from the European part of the country to the Asian one pass through the Siberian Federal District.

The share of the Siberian Federal District in the total length:

railways of Russia - 17.5% (2nd place);
motor roads (general and departmental use) of Russia - 16.8% (3rd place);
navigable inland waterways of Russia - 29.7% (1st place).

Territory attractive for international cooperation

On the territory of the district there are representative offices of 7 foreign states:

Federal Republic of Germany (Novosibirsk - Consulate General of Germany);
Mongolia (Irkutsk, Kyzyl (Republic of Tyva), Ulan-Ude (Republic of Buryatia) - Consulates General of Mongolia);
Poland (Irkutsk - Consulate General of Poland);
Israel (Novosibirsk - Israeli cultural and information center);
Italy (Novosibirsk - department for the development of trade exchange of the Embassy of Italy);
Republic of Belarus (Novosibirsk - branch of the Embassy of the Republic of Belarus);
Bulgaria (Novosibirsk - Consulate General of Bulgaria).

The Siberian Federal District includes territories with extreme living conditions

To the districts Far North and areas equated to them include a significant part of the territory of the Siberian Federal District:

Republic of Tyva, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) municipal district, Evenki municipal district; partly the territory of 6 subjects - the Republic of Buryatia, the Republic of Altai, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Irkutsk, Tomsk Regions. About 70 thousand people live in the district. 18 nationalities of the indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia (more than one third of the 45 indigenous peoples of the North and Siberia living in the Russian Federation).

social complex

The science

On the territory of the district there are Siberian branches of 3 Russian Academies of Sciences - SB RAS (Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences), SB RAAS (Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences), SB RAMS (Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences), which include more than 100 research organizations, as well as a network of scientific and experimental stations.

Education

The number of daytime general education institutions - 11168 (including 77 non-state);
The number of state secondary specialized educational institutions - 401;
The number of higher educational institutions is 110 (including 28 non-state ones).

The largest number of universities is concentrated in Novosibirsk (24), Omsk (18) regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory (15), Irkutsk (14), Kemerovo (10) and Tomsk (8) regions. The total number of students in various types of educational institutions of the district is 4045.0 thousand people. (14.8% of the total number of students in Russia),

including:

in daytime educational institutions - 2919.9 thousand people. (15.0% of students in Russian schools);
in secondary specialized educational institutions - 369.8 thousand people. (15.3% of the number of Russian college students);
in universities - 755.3 thousand people. (13.9% of the number of Russian university students).

healthcare

Number:

hospital institutions - 1847;
hospital beds - 234.6 thousand units;
medical outpatient clinics - 3644 with a capacity of 507.6 thousand visits per shift;
doctors of all specialties - 96.3 thousand people;
nursing staff - 218.1 thousand people.

In terms of the number of doctors per 10,000 population (46.5), the district ranks 4th, and the number of nurses per 10,000 population (105.5) ranks 6th in Russia.

culture

the number of theater viewers per 1000 population - 205 (3rd place in Russia);
number of museum visits per 1000 population - 342 (3rd place in Russia);
library fund of public libraries per 1000 population, copies - 6465 (5th place in Russia);
issue of newspapers per 1000 population (one-time circulation, copies) - 283 (7th place in Russia).

Physical education and sports

The number of sports facilities - 23557;

including:

stadiums with stands for 1500 or more seats - 375 (3rd place in Russia);
sports planar structures (grounds and fields) - 14469 (4th place in Russia);
sports halls - 8323 (3rd place in Russia);
swimming pools - 390 (3rd place in Russia).

The Siberian Federal District (SFO) is an administrative formation in Russia, formed on May 13, 2000 by decree of the President of the Russian Federation. Its population is 19.25 million (2010 census). Finding the Siberian Federal District on the map is not difficult, because it occupies 30 percent of the territory of our country. Up to 85% of the all-Russian reserves of platinum and lead, 80% of molybdenum and coal, 71% of nickel, 69% of copper, 44% of silver, 40% of gold are concentrated here. In the total volume of industrial production, the share of the Siberian Federal District in 2013 amounted to 11.2 percent.

Siberian Federal District: composition

The structure of the formation includes twelve subjects of the federation, including five regions (Omsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo), four republics (Khakassia, Buryatia, Altai, Tyva) and three territories (Zabaikalsky, Altai, Krasnoyarsk). The capital of the Siberian Federal District (administrative center) is the city of Novosibirsk. In total, there are 4,114 municipalities in the Siberian Federal District, of which 319 are municipal districts, 257 urban settlements, 77 urban districts, and 3,461 rural settlements. Settlements with a population of more than one hundred thousand people are Irkutsk, Novokuznetsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo, Bratsk, Barnaul, Seversk, Ulan-Ude, Biysk, Norilsk, Angarsk, Berdsk, Kyzyl, Prokopyevsk, Chita, Rubtsovsk, Achinsk, Abakan.

Territory

The Siberian Federal District has a total area of 5114.8 thousand square kilometers, the length of the territory from west to east is 3420 kilometers, from north to south - 3566 kilometers. In the west, the Siberian Federal District borders on the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs, the Tyumen Region; in the north - only with the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug; in the south - with Mongolia, Kazakhstan and China; in the east - with the Amur region and the Republic of Yakutia (Sakha). The length is 7269.6 kilometers, including with Kazakhstan - 2697.9 kilometers, with China - 1255.5 kilometers, with Mongolia - 3316.2 kilometers. The Siberian Federal District includes 108 border outposts, 68 customs posts and border crossing points each.

Population

The share in the total number of inhabitants of Russia is 13.48 percent. The density is 3.7 people per square kilometer. This formation is characterized by a significant preponderance of the urban population over the rural population: 72 percent versus 28. The inhabitants of the Siberian Federal District are predominantly Russians (87.38 percent). The population of the Siberian Federal District is also represented by Buryats (2.13%), Ukrainians (1.86%), Germans (1.54%), Tatars (1.26%), Tuvans (1.2%). Less than one percent of the total population are Kazakhs, Khakasses, Belarusians and Altaians.

Economy

The leading sector of formation is industry, in 2012 it accounted for 37.2 percent of gross value added (in the Russian Federation on average - 32.3 percent). amounted to 5147.4 billion rubles (10.3 percent) in 2012. GRP per capita - 267.1 thousand rubles (in the Russian Federation - 348.6 thousand rubles). In the total volume of shipped industrial products in Russia, the share of the Siberian Federal District in 2013 amounted to 11.2 percent. Manufactured products, per capita, amounted to 234.4 thousand rubles (in the Russian Federation - 280 thousand rubles). In the total volume of Russian agricultural production, the share of formation in 2013 amounted to 13.6 percent. Agricultural products were produced for 515.3 billion rubles, per capita - 71.5 thousand rubles (in the Russian Federation - 92.5 thousand rubles). With all this, the volume of foreign investment in the Siberian Federal District is insignificant - only 412 US dollars per capita, while in the Russian Federation - 1187 US dollars. Foreign trade turnover, according to customs statistics, in 2013 amounted to 45.5 billion US dollars, of which 36.2 billion were exports and 9.2 billion were imports.

The science

On its territory, the Siberian Federal District has branches of three academies of sciences of Russia: SB RAS, SB RAMS and SB RAAS. They include more than a hundred research organizations and a network of scientific and experimental stations. There are 7,767 daytime general education institutions in the Siberian Federal District (excluding evening ones), of which 411 are primary education, 410 are secondary education (of which 33 are non-state), 116 are higher education (excluding branches, 33 of which have the status of non-state). The largest number of higher educational institutions is concentrated in the Novosibirsk region (26), as well as in the Omsk (19) and Irkutsk (15) regions. For ten thousand inhabitants, the number of students and students in primary education institutions is 81 people (in the Russian Federation - 64 people), in institutions of secondary education - 159 people (in the Russian Federation - 138 people), in institutions of higher education - 429 people ( in the Russian Federation - 454 people).

healthcare

According to the data for 2012, there are 197.6 thousand hospital beds in the Siberian Federal District, which is 102.6 beds per ten thousand inhabitants (in the Russian Federation - 94.2 units); doctors of all specialties - 102.2 thousand people, based on ten thousand inhabitants - 53.1 doctors (in the Russian Federation - 51.2 specialists); average medical personnel - 222.1 thousand people, based on ten thousand inhabitants - 115.3 people (in the Russian Federation - 107 people).

Culture and sports

The number of theatrical spectators in the formation is 254 people per thousand of the population. According to this indicator, the Siberian Federal District ranks third among the federal districts of Russia. Museums are visited by 373 people per thousand inhabitants (fifth place in the Russian Federation). The library fund of accessible institutions has 5883 copies per thousand population (also fifth place), and the one-time circulation of newspapers per thousand inhabitants is 772 copies (sixth place). There are 34,508 sports facilities in the administrative formation, of which 326 are stadiums with stands for one and a half thousand or more seats, 21,039 flat sports facilities (fields and grounds), 12,575 sports halls, 568 swimming pools. In addition, there are 8324 recreational institutions for children in the Siberian Federal District.

Additional Information

Since May 12, 2014 Evgenievich has been the representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Siberian Federal District. Prior to him, this position was held by Aleksandrovich (since September 2010). Even earlier, plenipotentiaries were Kvashnin Anatoly Vasilyevich (2004-2010), Drachevsky Leonid Vadimovich (2000-2004). The duties of the SFD include organizing work on the implementation by the authorities within the district of the main directions of foreign and domestic state policy; on control over the execution of decisions of authorities; to ensure the implementation of the personnel policy of the Russian President.

Do you want to know more information about the Siberian Federal District? The official site will help you with this. Its address is sibfo.ru.

Siberian Federal District

general characteristics

Composition of the Siberian Federal District

12 subjects of the Russian Federation , including:

4 republics (Altai, Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia);

3 regions (Altai, Trans-Baikal, Krasnoyarsk);

5 regions (Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk).

Administrative center- Novosibirsk city

Administrative-territorial division

There are 4190 municipalities in total, of which:

municipal districts - 320,

urban districts - 79,

urban settlements - 261,

rural settlements - 3530.

Territory

total area

5114.8 thousand km2 (30% of the territory of Russia).

Territory length

north to south - 3566 km;

from west to east - 3420 km.

The county borders

in the north - with the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which is part of the Tyumen region;

in the west - with the Tyumen region, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug;

in the east - with the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Amur Region;

in the south - with the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Mongolia, the People's Republic of China.

The length of the state border

including:

with the Republic of Kazakhstan - 2697.9 km;

with the Republic of Mongolia - 3316.2 km;

with the People's Republic of China - 1255.5 km.

Characteristics of the state border

border outposts - 120;

border crossing points - 63;

customs posts - 71.

Population - 20,062.9 thousand people.

Population density - 3.9 people. per 1 km2.

The share of the urban population is 71.1%, rural - 28.9%.

National composition

Russians - 87.38%

Buryats - 2.13%

Ukrainians - 1.86%

Germans - 1.54%

Tatars - 1.26%

Tuvans - 1.20%

Kazakhs - 0.62%

Belarusians - 0.41%

Khakass - 0.36%

Altaians - 0.33%

Chuvash - 0.31%

Azerbaijanis - 0.30%

Armenians - 0.30%

Natural resources

Mineral resources

On the territory of Siberia are concentrated:

85% of all-Russian reserves of lead and platinum;

80% coal and molybdenum;

71% nickel;

44% silver;
40% gold.

Land resources:

59.0% of land under forests;

8.1% - swamps;

11.1% - agricultural land;

3.3% - water bodies;

18.5% - other lands.

Of all the lands under reindeer pastures - 11.0%.

forest resources

The total area of the forest fund is 371,899 thousand hectares;

including the area occupied by coniferous species - 190,268 thousand hectares.

The total stock of standing timber is 33,346 million m3.

Specially protected natural objects

The district is located:

21 state natural reserves (42.3% of the area of Russian reserves);

6 national parks (35.9% of the area of Russian national parks).

hunting grounds

The area of hunting grounds of the district is 30.7% of the total area of hunting grounds in Russia.

Economy

The leading sector of the economy of the Siberian Federal District is industry.

Gross regional product - 715.2 billion rubles. (or 11.4% of GRP in Russia).

Gross regional product per capita - 34.5 thousand rubles. (in Russia - 43.3 thousand rubles).

Industry

The share of the district in the total volume of industrial production of the Russian Federation in 2001 was 12.4%.

Leading Industries:

non-ferrous metallurgy;

electric power industry;

forestry and woodworking;

ferrous metallurgy;

chemical and petrochemical;

food and flour milling;

fuel;

building materials;

mechanical engineering and metalworking;

Agriculture

The share of the district in the total volume of agricultural production in Russia in 2001 was 16.2%.

The most important branches of agriculture: animal husbandry, grain production, vegetable growing.

The volume of agricultural production in 2001 was 161,875 million rubles, including products:

crop production - 83933 million rubles;

animal husbandry - 77942 million rubles.

Foreign trade activity

Foreign trade turnover in 2006: (according to customs statistics)

36984.5 million US dollars (including the volume of exports - 31949 million dollars; imports - 5035.5 million dollars).

The Siberian Federal District is the main transport hub of Russia

The unique geopolitical position of Siberia (together with the Far East) as a bridge between Europe and Asia.

The main transit flows of Russia (freight and passenger traffic) from the European part of the country to the Asian one pass through the Siberian Federal District.

The share of the Siberian Federal District in the total length:

railways of Russia - 17.5% (2nd place);

motor roads (general and departmental use) of Russia - 16.8% (3rd place);

navigable inland waterways of Russia - 29.7% (1st place).

Territory attractive for international cooperation

On the territory of the district there are representative offices of 7 foreign states:

Federal Republic of Germany (Novosibirsk - Consulate General of Germany);

Mongolia (Irkutsk, Kyzyl (Republic of Tyva), Ulan-Ude (Republic of Buryatia) - Consulates General of Mongolia);

Poland (Irkutsk - Consulate General of Poland);

Israel (Novosibirsk - Israeli cultural and information center);

Italy (Novosibirsk - branch of the department for the development of trade exchange of the Embassy of Italy);

Republic of Belarus (Novosibirsk - branch of the Embassy of the Republic of Belarus);

Bulgaria (Novosibirsk - Consulate General of Bulgaria).

The Siberian Federal District includes territories with extreme living conditions

To the districts Far North and areas equated to them include a significant part of the territory of the Siberian Federal District:

social complex

The science

Education

The number of daytime general education institutions - 11168 (including 77 non-state);

The number of state secondary specialized educational institutions - 401;

The number of higher educational institutions is 110 (including 28 non-state ones).

including:

in daytime educational institutions - 2919.9 thousand people. (15.0% of students in Russian schools);

in secondary specialized educational institutions - 369.8 thousand people. (15.3% of the number of Russian college students);

in universities - 755.3 thousand people. (13.9% of the number of Russian university students).

healthcare

Number:

hospital institutions - 1847;

hospital beds - 234.6 thousand units;

medical outpatient clinics - 3644 with a capacity of 507.6 thousand visits per shift;

doctors of all specialties - 96.3 thousand people;

nursing staff - 218.1 thousand people.

In terms of the number of doctors per 10,000 population (46.5), the district ranks 4th, and the number of nurses per 10,000 population (105.5) ranks 6th in Russia.

culture

the number of theater viewers per 1,000 people - 205 (3rd place in Russia);

the number of museum visits per 1000 population - 342 (3rd place in Russia);

library fund of public libraries per 1000 population, copies - 6465 (5th place in Russia);

issue of newspapers per 1000 population (one-time circulation, copies) - 283 (7th place in Russia).

Physical education and sports

The number of sports facilities - 23557;

including:

stadiums with stands for 1500 or more seats - 375 (3rd place in Russia);

sports flat structures (grounds and fields) - 14469 (4th place in Russia);

gyms - 8323 (3rd place in Russia);

swimming pools - 390 (3rd place in Russia).

1. Characteristics of the Siberian Federal District

The Siberian Federal District includes the republics: Altai, Buryatia, Tuva and Khakassia; Altai and Krasnoyarsk Territories; Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Chita regions; Aginsky Buryat, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenetsky), Ust-Ordynsky Buryat and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs.

The center of the federal district is the city of Novosibirsk.

The Siberian Federal District is located on the territory belonging to two economic regions. The Okrug unites the southeastern part of the West Siberian economic region and the East Siberian economic region.

The Okrug covers an area of 5118.4 thousand km2, which is approximately 30% of the territory of the Russian Federation, located between the economically developed European part of the country and the Far East. In the north it is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean, in the south its territory adjoins the state border with Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China.

In the inter-district territorial division of labor, the federal district specializes in the production of fuel and electricity, products of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemistry, logging and processing of timber, and furs.

The Siberian Federal District is one of the most important agricultural regions of Russia. It specializes in the cultivation and processing of grain, the production of a variety of livestock products.

conditions for economic development. The Siberian Federal District has an exceptionally unfavorable eco-geogr. position:

* removed from the main centers of the economic life of the country;

* Access to the seas of the Arctic Ocean with a short navigation period is also an unfavorable factor.

Russia's largest reserves of coal, non-ferrous metal ores, coniferous trees, hydropower resources are the main wealth of the district.

The extremely harsh climate and low transport development of the territory complicate and increase the cost of developing the district's natural resources.

Population. The Siberian Federal District is one of the most sparsely populated regions of Russia. The average population density is 4 people. per km2. It is smaller only in the Far East. The share of the urban population is 71%, which is slightly lower than the national average. The ethnic composition of Siberia is diverse: in addition to Russians and Ukrainians, who make up the majority of the population, representatives of the titular ethnic groups - Tuvans, Evenks, Dolgans, Buryats, etc. - live on the territory of the Tuva, Buryat, Khakass republics and autonomous regions. 1 million inhabitants. In Kuzbass, a polycentric urban agglomeration is being formed - the only large agglomeration in the entire territory of the district.

Branches of economic specialization:

* coal mining industry;

* electric power industry;

* non-ferrous metallurgy;

* branches of the forest complex;

* energy-intensive branches of the chemical industry;

* grain farming;

* sheep breeding.

The Siberian Federal District participates in the all-Russian territorial system of the division of labor with the products of the fuel and energy complex and fuel and energy industries. It is the largest coal-mining region in the country.

The largest basins of the district in terms of coal production:

* Kuznetsk (stone, including coking coal);

* Kansk-Achinsk (brown, thermal coal);

* Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo (hard and brown coal);

* Minusinsk basin (coal).

Kuzbass is the largest basin in the country in terms of coal production (about 100 million tons per year). It supplies high-calorific coal, including most of the coking coal grades mined in Russia. The mining method prevails.

The Kansk-Achinsk basin is the main supplier of brown coal in Russia. All lignite in this basin is mined by open pit mining.

On the basis of mined coal and hydropower resources, a powerful electric power industry has been created in the district. Both in terms of absolute volumes of electricity generated and in terms of its production per capita, Siberia ranks first in all of Russia. Thermal power plants predominate, the largest of them, with a capacity of more than 2 million kW each, are located in Kuzbass and the Kansk-Achinsk basin. A number of large thermal power plants at oil refineries operate in Omsk, Tomsk, Achinsk and Angarsk. They work on oil. All large hydroelectric power plants of the district are confined to the Angara-Yenisei cascade:

* Sayano-Shushenskaya - with a capacity of 6.4 million kW;

* Krasnoyarsk - with a capacity of 6 million kW;

* Bratskaya - with a capacity of 4.6 million kW;

* Ust-Ilimskaya - with a capacity of 4.3 million kW;

* Boguchanskaya - with a capacity of 4 million kW;

* Irkutsk - with a capacity of 0.7 million kW;

* Kureyskaya - with a capacity of 0.7 million kW;

* Khantai - with a capacity of 0.7 million kW.

The abundance of fuel and cheap electricity served as the foundation for the development of a large group of fuel- and energy-intensive industries:

* non-ferrous metallurgy (production of alumina, metallic aluminum, nickel, cobalt, copper, lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum and other non-ferrous metals);

* chemistry of organic synthesis (production of synthetic resins and plastics, rubber, synthetic fibers);

* pulp and paper industry.

The natural conditions of the Siberian Federal District are diverse: from arctic tundra to dry steppes and semi-deserts. In most of the region, they are severe and unfavorable for human life and economic development of the territory due to the sharp continentality of the climate and its inherent large amplitude of annual and daily temperatures, openness to the influence of cold air masses of the Arctic Ocean, and widespread permafrost. The relief of the federal district is varied: the southern part of the West Siberian Plain, the mountains of Altai, the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Salair Ridge are located here; a huge territory is occupied by the Central Siberian plateau, which is replaced by the North Siberian lowland to the north, and to the south by the system of mountain ranges of the Western and Eastern Sayan, the mountains of Transbaikalia.

The basis of the economic complex of the district is its unique natural resource potential, and above all, the reserve of hard and brown coal, oil and gas, hydropower, coniferous wood, a significant part of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores and large reserves of chemical raw materials are also concentrated here. The fuel and energy resources of Siberia are enormous. Coal reserves, according to various estimates, range from 3.8 to 4.4 trillion. tons, potential reserves of hydropower - about 1 trillion. kW * h. Numerous coal deposits contain coals of various quality and quantity, conditions of occurrence. Among them, the Kuznetsk Basin, unique in terms of geological reserves, quality and conditions of occurrence of hard coals, stands out.

The territory of the federal district is very rich in oil and gas. In Western Siberia, the gas fields of the Vasyugan oil and gas region are distinguished - Myldzhinskoye, Severo-Vasyuganskoye, Luginetskoye. In Eastern Siberia, small deposits have been discovered so far on the Upper Lena, natural gas from the Messoyakha field in the lower reaches of the Yenisei.

The hydropower resources of the county are enormous; Eastern Siberia is especially rich in them. The hydropower potential has no analogues in the world not only in terms of its total reserves, but also in terms of their high concentration. The reserves are estimated at 848 billion kWh. Powerful sources of hydropower are the Yenisei, Angara, Ob and Irtysh rivers. The region also has rich reserves of water resources. On its territory there is Lake Baikal - the largest lake in terms of fresh water resources, which is a national treasure of Russia.

The Siberian Federal District has significant iron ore reserves. Ores of non-ferrous metals in the western part of the federal district are represented by polymetallic (Salair), nepheline (Kiya-Shaltyr) and mercury (Altai). In Eastern Siberia, in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, there is the Norilsk copper-nickel region, the largest in Russia, with deposits of Norilsk-1, Norilsk-2, Talnakhskoye, Oktyabrskoye. Along the way, the ores of these metals contain cobalt, gold, silver, platinum, etc.

The bowels of the region are also rich in asbestos (Molodezhnoye deposit in Buryatia), graphite (Krasnoyarsk Territory), mica (Irkutsk region), talc (Gornaya Shoria).

Forest resources are extremely important for the economic development of the Siberian Federal District. The reserves of forest resources are especially large in the East Siberian part of the district, they are estimated at 28 billion m3. Their natural and age composition is very favorable for use in the national economy: coniferous species predominate, 80% of the total amount is ripe and overmature forests.

Of the mechanical engineering industries in the Siberian Federal District, power engineering (the production of turbines, generators, boilers), the production of equipment for the coal industry, and machine tool building are developed.

Aluminum production is of great importance in the region as an industry of market specialization. The production of alumina on the basis of the Kiya-Shaltyrsky nepheline deposit is carried out by the Achinsk Combine, which provides 20% of the needs of Siberian refineries in alumina. Alumina for the production of aluminum comes to factories from other parts of the country and even from abroad. The production of metallic aluminum is located near the cheap electric power of the hydroelectric stations of the Angara-Yenisei cascade. These are the world's largest plants for the production of primary aluminum - Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Sayan, Irkutsk, mainly using imported alumina.

The polymetallic industry is mainly represented by the extraction and enrichment of lead-zinc ores. Metallic zinc is produced in small volumes in Belov (Kemerovo region). Mining of ores and production of concentrates is carried out at the Altai (Altai Territory), Salair (Kemerovo Region), Gorevsky (Krasnoyarsk Territory) mining and processing plants, Nerchinsk (Chita Region) polymetallic plant.

The tin industry is represented in the Siberian district by the Sherlovogorsky (Chita region) GOK, which produces 6% of tin concentrate. Metallic tin (approximately 80% of the total Russian production) is produced by the Novosibirsk Tin Plant, which uses mainly Far Eastern concentrates. Khakassia and the Chita region produce approximately 80% of the country's molybdenum concentrate, while Buryatia and the Chita region produce 20% of the tungsten concentrate.

Extraction and processing of copper-nickel and platinum-containing ores is carried out at the unique complex of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant, as well as at the Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant, using the energy base of the Ust-Khantai hydroelectric power station, gas from the Messoyakha deposit and local coals.

An acute problem of non-ferrous metallurgy in the Siberian Federal District is the imbalance in the production of products along technological chains. The non-ferrous metallurgy of Siberia is poorly focused on meeting intraregional needs, and mainly works for export to the regions of the Urals, the European North, Central Russia and for export. Currently, export-oriented enterprises, such as aluminum smelters, the Norilsk Combine, have largely solved their production and financial problems and are successfully operating in market conditions, while mines and mining and processing enterprises have found themselves in an extremely difficult situation. The mined ore is 2-2.5 times inferior to ore from non-CIS countries in terms of the content of the useful component (lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum). Mines and GOKs have lost their traditional support from the state budget, as a rule, they are distinguished by obsolete equipment and high wear and tear of equipment, high production costs. Not the last role is played by the reduction of domestic demand in connection with the economic crisis. To solve the problems of the industry, it is necessary to create vertically integrated structures, one of which, for example, the Siberian-Ural Aluminum Company, is already operating.

The basis for the formation of the economy of the Siberian Federal District is the fuel and energy complex, which plays the most important regional-forming role. The branch of market specialization is the coal industry. In the Kuznetsk and Gorlovsky basins, power and coking coals are being developed. In terms of production scale, the Kuznetsk basin is the leading one in the country. From here, coal is delivered to the European part of the country and is exported. The coals of the Kansk-Achinsk basin are also used to generate electricity, on the basis of which the Kansk-Achinsk territorial production complex is being formed. Due to the high concentration of reserves and favorable conditions for open-pit mining, the largest coal mines have been built here: Nazarovsky, Irsha-Borodinsky and Berezovsky.

In the building materials industry of the Siberian District, the leading place is occupied by the production of cement. New technologies for the production of cement are used based on a combination with thermal power and chemical industries.

The light industry of the Siberian District is represented by wool (Ulan-Ude, Chita, Chernogorsk), silk (Krasnoyarsk, Kemerovo), cotton (Barnaul, Kansk), leather (Omsk, Novosibirsk, Chita, Angarsk, Chernogorsk), footwear (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk). ), fur (Krasnoyarsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita) industries.

Due to the extreme natural and biological conditions in most of the territory, agriculture in the Siberian Federal District is concentrated in its southern zones, along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Nevertheless, the importance of agricultural production in the region is great - it is one of the most important areas for grain production and animal husbandry. In the west of the district, arable land prevails in the structure of farmland, and in the east - hayfields and pastures. Grain production is highly efficient in the West Siberian part, where the share of grain reaches 70% in the structure of sown areas. The main crop here is spring wheat; rye, oats, barley, and buckwheat are also grown. In Eastern Siberia, grain is mainly used for fodder needs, here the main industry is animal husbandry. The cattle breeding of the district also has significant territorial differences. In the west of the district, it is mainly represented by dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding and pig breeding, and in the east - semi-fine and fine-wool sheep breeding, meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding.

But the development of a resort and recreational complex in the Siberian District is impossible, since in most of the region the natural conditions are harsh and unfavorable for human life and economic development of the territory due to the sharp continental climate and its inherent large amplitude of annual and daily temperatures, openness to the influence of cold air masses the Arctic Ocean, widespread permafrost.

An important branch of market specialization of the Siberian Federal District is the fur trade. The region holds the first place in Russia in the extraction of such valuable fur-bearing animals as squirrel, sable, ermine, silver-black fox, blue fox, etc. Fur farms have been created for breeding fur-bearing animals. Cellular fur farming has gained particular importance. The famous Barguzinsky State Reserve is located in the region, where work is underway to resettle sable, grow its breeding breeds and rationalize hunting. In recent years, the muskrat fishery has received great development; work is underway to expand the food base for the muskrat by artificial cultivation of swamp vegetation. The industry has an export value.

The population of the Siberian Federal District is 20.7 million people, or 4.3% of the country's population. Its main part is concentrated in the south. The average population density is low -3.4 people. per 1 km2, but due to uneven distribution, the population density ranges from 1 person. per 1 km2 or less in the northern districts of the district up to 50 people. per 1 km2 in the Kuznetsk basin. Of the subjects of the Federation, the Krasnoyarsk Territory is distinguished by the lowest average density - 1.3 people. per 1 km2, the largest - Kemerovo region - 31.4 people. per 1 km2. The Siberian Federal District is distinguished by a high proportion of the urban population - 85.3%, although fluctuations are also significant - from 86% in the Kemerovo region to 25% in the Altai Republic.

The national composition is dominated by Russians (over 80% of the population). Relatively numerous are Ukrainians, Altaians, Shors, Buryats, Khakasses, and Tuvans. Numerous peoples of the North live on the territory of the region: Evenks, Selkups, Kets, Nganasans, Dolgans, etc.

The age composition is characterized by a high proportion of young working age. But, despite this, the federal district is deficient in terms of labor resources. The average annual number of people employed in the economy is 13.8% of the Russian figure. This factor hinders the economic development of the district, the development of rich natural resources. The introduction of benefits and district coefficients does not compensate for the difficult socio-economic living conditions of the population, therefore, high migration and labor turnover are observed here. The location of labor-intensive industries is limited for these reasons. In the future, it is necessary to radically improve the living conditions of the population of the district, it is important to pursue an active labor-saving policy (high automation and mechanization of production processes).

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