A) General characteristics

Complex sentence

Difficult sentence- a polypredicative communicative unit, a) being a union of two or more predicative parts(see), related in meaning (see semantic unity of a complex sentence), intonation (cf. intonational unity of a complex sentence), with the help of conjunctions, allied words and other structural means (see. structural unity of a complex sentence), b) performing a single communicative function (see communicative unity of a complex sentence).

Predicative part of a complex sentence- an integral part of a complex sentence, in its structure and composition equal to a simple sentence.

The semantic unity of a complex sentence is ensured by semantic relations implemented between the predicative parts of complex sentences and uniting them into a single meaningful whole - enumerative, adversative, object, attributive, various types of adverbial relations, as well as adjunctive and explanatory relations.

The intonational unity of a complex sentence is created due to the linking function of intonation. All non-final parts of a complex sentence do not have intonational completeness, they are pronounced with a rise in tone. The intonational completeness of a complex sentence as a whole is marked by a single intonation of the end, which is realized when pronouncing the final, final part of a complex sentence. For example: I don't know where the boundary between friend and friend is; What am I to do alone if you all leave?; The weather was so good when you arrived! Intonational unity testifies to the communicative uniformity of the entire complex sentence as a whole. Intonational unity is a sign of the most common, typical complex sentence.

The structural unity of a complex sentence is created primarily by connecting means - coordinating and subordinating unions, allied words, order of arrangement. predicative parts that make up a complex sentence. The structural unity of complex sentences is also supported by other structural indicators: for example, the incompleteness of one of the parts, pronominal words, particles, and some other linguistic means. See also: Connection types of predicative parts of a complex sentence.

The communicative unity of a complex sentence lies in the fact that a complex sentence as a whole performs a single communicative function - either the function of communicating information and is narrative, or it requests information and is interrogative, or it encourages the interlocutor to do something and is generally incentive. Communicative unity is characteristic of the vast majority of complex sentences.

Types of connection of predicative parts of a complex sentence- to connect predicative parts in a complex sentence, three types of connection are used - writing(cm.), subordination(media asyndeton(cm.).

The writing- the type of connection of the predicative parts of a complex sentence, expressed with the help of coordinating unions: The sun has risen and normal life has begun in the forest.

Subordination- the type of connection of the predicative parts of a complex sentence, expressed with the help of subordinating conjunctions ( It was heard as rain rustling in the bushes) and allied words(cm.) .

Union word - pronominal word , used in a complex sentence to connect the subordinate clause with the main clause. Relative pronouns act as allied words who, what, which, whose, which, how much and pronouns where, where, from where, how, why, why, why and others (see also in the section "Complex sentence").

Asyndeton- the type of connection of the predicative parts of a complex sentence, expressed without the help of conjunctions and allied words, using only intonation ( Fight alone - do not turn life upside down).

In the sentence "Everything will be clear" is the word "clear" a short adjective or adverb? The answer of the reference service of the Russian language To be more precise, it is a predicate.

Is it so?

Indeed, according to the definition of Predicatives (category of state, impersonal-predicative words, predicative words, predicative adverbs) - words denoting a non-dynamic state and acting as the main member (predicate, predicate) of a one-component (single-component, impersonal) sentence.

But the above proposal is a two-part one. Everything is the subject, it will be clear - the predicate. The nominal part is expressed by a short adjective.

If there was an offer: It will be clear then clear would be a predictor.

In the sentence, the Sun clearly shone into our eyes the highlighted word - the adverb, since this member of the sentence depends on the verb-predicate, answers the question of the circumstance: the luminary (how?), does not change. If an unknown word form is a predicate in an impersonal sentence, this word is a category of state: It was clear that the wounded man could not live and that his last hour was already close.

I understand that in a two-part sentence, the word cannot be a predicate.

The meaning of the word will be clear. The meaning is the subject, it will be (what?) Clearly the predicate.

Everything will be clear. Everything - the subject, will be (what?) clearly - the predicate. This is not an impersonal, but a two-part sentence.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

1. Predicatives include words of different parts of speech, and not in all their lexical meanings, but only in those that are assigned to the use of these words in the function of a predicate. Of the adverbs, predicates include: 1) words in -about, correlative in meaning with qualitative adverbs, denoting a feeling, emotional or physical state, for example: fun, sad, joyful, stuffy, bad etc.; 2) words that do not correlate with qualitative adverbs, denoting an internal state, for example: ashamed, ashamed, disgusted etc.; 3) words with modal meanings of obligation, necessity, possibility, not correlative with qualitative adverbs, usually called modal predicatives, for example: must, can, perhaps, must, must not, must, must, must.

I don’t understand something: The diploma explains which words are predicatives, and examples of predicates are given.

Dictionary of linguistic terms

predicative

Interpretation Translation is the nominal part of the compound predicate (linking member, predicative member). The part that expresses the main meaning of the compound predicate. This function is performed by any of the nominal parts of speech in different case forms, a participle, a definitive-qualitative adverb, an interjection with an estimated value, a syntactically indecomposable combination, a phraseological phrase. Lizaveta Ivanovna was a domestic martyr (Pushkin). The fair was excellent (Gogol). Stepan Andreevich was washed and combed and was about to get dressed (L. Tolstoy). How unfortunate was this memory! (Chekhov). She is now ah-ah-ah (Leskov). Lavretsky did not like such a multitude of people (Turgenev). The assignment of predicates, in which the nominal part is expressed by participle, adverb, interjection, to the number of nominal ones is conditional (since there is no “name”) and is based on the proximity in this case of the function of these parts of speech to the function of names in the role of a predicate.

It says here: predicative term.

Maybe the predicative term and the predicative are different concepts?

The fair was great. Is excellent is it a predicate?

The point, apparently, is this:

In Russian, predicatives can be divided into two groups: personal and impersonal. Examples of personal forms of predicatives: He appeared undressed (appeared - this is the verb part; undressed - nominal, predicative). The landscape is beautiful (the verb copula is omitted, beautiful is the nominal part). I became a doctor (became - verbal part; doctor - nominal). He was elected president (chosen - verbal part; president - nominal). Impersonal predicative words (state words) are used in impersonal sentences. In Russian, the following parts of speech can serve as impersonal predicatives: predicative adverbs (e.g., dark, crowded, bad) passive participles in -no, -to (e.g., smoky, locked), nouns - time (Time to go; No time to argue ), sin (It’s a sin to laugh at the misfortune of one’s neighbor), leisure, lack of time (I don’t have time to go to theaters), laziness (Too lazy to make music), hunting, reluctance (Hunting to talk; Reluctance to mess with children), it’s time (It’s time to go home), sorry .

It turns out that it is necessary to stipulate what kind of predicate it is - personal or impersonal.

Everything will be clear. - Here clear- personal predicate.

It will be clear. Here clear- impersonal predicate.

the predicative member is the same as the nominal part of the compound predicate.

Hence, they must be distinguished. Everything will be clear. It will be clear.

clear in both cases - a predicative member (the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate). In the first it is expressed by a short adjective, and in the second - by a predicate (a category of state, an impersonally predicative word, a predicative word, a predicative adverb).

II. Features of the structure of the predicative parts of a complex sentence

When forming a complex sentence, some features of the syntactic structure of the predicative parts are significant, which are necessary for their combination with each other.

The ratio of modal and aspectual plans of verbs - predicates

In different types of joint ventures, there are different regularities in the correlation of verb forms of predicative parts. These forms can coincide (coordinate), and some types of complex sentences can "take place" only with the coordination of modal-temporal and aspect forms of verb-predicates. For example, unionless complex and compound sentences with enumerative simultaneity relations:

murmurs water, piercing locks 1,

raw grass smells mist 2,

The last - Tsarskoye Selo 3. (Hum.)- in all predicative parts, the predicates have the grammatical meaning of the real mood, the present tense; complex sentences with the meaning of a hypothetical condition:

A life would be incomplete 1 , if would in it at all did not have sadness and grief 2. (Likh.)- predicates have the meaning of an unreal (conditional) mood. In other sentences, the coordination of modal-temporal plans of verbs-predicates is only one of the possible types of their correlation:

To whom a lot given 1, from that much and asked 2. (Last)(real incl., present in both parts)

Wed: To whom a lot given 1, from that much and ask 2. (actual tax, current time - part I; real tax, weekday time - part II)

To whom a lot given 1 , from that much and ask 2. (I part - similarly; II part - surreal imperative mood).

The discrepancy between the modal-temporal plans of verbs-predicates can be one of the possible types of their correlation in a complex sentence (see the example above). But it can also be strictly programmed by the semantic specificity of the sentence. So, in non-union complex sentences of a conditional-investigative type, in the first part, the meaning of the real mood, in the second - the unreal (imperative).

Do you like to ride 1 - love to carry sleds 2. (Last)

He called himself a loader 1 - climb into the body 2. (Last)

2. Structural parallelism- the same type of construction of predicative parts, i.e. the same set and relative position of the members of the sentence in the predicative parts. It is especially significant for the syntactic structure of sentences, in which enumerative-comparative, adversative, comparative meanings are expressed at different levels of their semantic articulation:

Where backs downLove 1 ,

There approaches

Death the Gardener 2. (Colour.)

3. Lexical repetition in parts of a complex sentence usually significant in the implementation of the same meanings, as well as the meanings of joining-commenting:

Can ride a horse from one city to another and write a poem "Winter road" 1, ascan fly in a modern plane and knock dominoes 2 . (Sol.)

to me case - treason 1, my name– Marina 2 . (Colour.)

4. Incomplete syntactic composition can take place in the first predicative part - an unreplaced syntactic position of the object with strongly controlling verbs:

Wish 1, to all people were brought up thoroughly, and not superficially 2 . (com.)

In constructions with explanatory meanings (complex subordinate and unionless), this

position is always replaced by the next part.

Incompleteness in the second (subsequent) part is filled by the context, which is served by

previous part:

Ideas always change your taste 1 when ____ are turning in food 2 . (Dolsk.)

5. Pronominal-synonymous substitutions in predicative parts:

literary criticism only in so far as science 1 as it is art 2 .

6. Elements of lexical content of predicative parts- adverbs therefore, therefore, then, immediately, therefore, pronouns this, that's what, introductory words means, therefore, particles it's ok, nonetheless after all, in the anaphoric position of the second part of non-union complex or compound sentences, they concretize meanings that are not always clearly differentiated by intonation or coordinating conjunctions (therefore they are often called lexical concretizers).

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1. The general name of affixes after the root, i.e. suffix and inflection. 2. The name of the recurrent suffix particle -sya, indefinite^ particles-suffixes something, something, something affix -those in the plural imperative form. potential words. Words that have already been created, but have not yet been fixed by the tradition of word usage, or can be created on the model of existing words in the language. Objector, repeater, questioner. explanatory offer. The predicative part of a complex sentence following the main part, attached to it with the help of unions that is, namely and revealing, explaining its content. The time was the most favorable, that is, it was dark, slightly frosty and completely quiet.(Aksakov). Male room servants were brought to a minimum in our country, namely ... for the whole house it was supposed to be sufficient no more than two 'footmen (C a l t y-k o v-Shchedrin). Compound sentences with explanatory conjunctions are closer to compound sentences than to complex ones. explanatory conjunctions cm. coordinating conjunctions (in the article union). explanatory parts of the sentence. Members of a sentence that reveal the meaning contained in the explained word by another word or other words. Explanatory terms are usually introduced in words that is, precisely, namely, otherwise, or (in meaning "that is"), etc. We rode on our horses in a wagon, that is, in a covered bast wagon(Aksakov). In this regard, even one very important event for both of them happened, namely, Kitty's meeting with Vronsky(L. T o l s t o i). Grandmother, or, as they called her in the house, grandmother, very plump, ugly, with thick eyebrows and a mustache, spoke loudly ...(Ch e x about v). Explanatory unions may be absent, but the grammatical-semantic relations between the explanatory and explanatory members remain the same. Explanatory can be both main and secondary members of the sentence. Something that aroused and intoxicated me emanated from him - some kind of hot mist.(Bitter) - the subject is explained. He did me the honor of visiting me(Pushkin) - the predicate is explained. In relations with outsiders, he demanded one - maintaining decorum(Herzen) - the addition is explained. I have my last exam tomorrow, oral...(T u r-g e n e c) - the definition is explained. The women made a noise all at once, with one voice, not giving Davydov a word to say.(S o l o h o v) - the circumstance of the mode of action is explained. rule. 1. A position expressing a certain regularity, a constant ratio of any linguistic phenomena. grammar rule. 2. A prescription or recommendation that proposes, as a normative, a specific way of using language means in written and oral speech. spelling rule. orthoepic rule. Punctuation rule. spelling. Same as spelling. Prague school cm. structuralism. practical style. Applied section of speech stylistics, which has a normative character and explores the ways and forms of using language means in each specific case, depending on the content of speech, the situation of communication, the purpose of the statement. The recommendations of practical style are not absolute, they are entirely subject to the conditions of their application. The task of practical stylistics is to teach to evaluate the potential expressive and emotional possibilities of language means, to use them skillfully and expediently, relying, in particular, on their synonymy. parent language(base language). The oldest of the related languages, reconstructed by applying the comparative historical method, conceivable as the source of all languages ​​that make up a common family (group) and developed on its basis. Proto-language Indo-European. The proto-language is Common Slavic. superlative cm. superlative degree (in the article degrees of comparison). predicate(lat. praedicatum - expressed). 1. Logical predicate - that which is expressed in judgments about its subject. 2. The same as the grammatical predicate. predicative unit. 1. A syntactic structure containing a predicate. 2. Part of a complex sentence, its building material. predicative basis(predicative core) suggestions. In the vast majority of one-part sentences - a verbal word form, in two-part sentences - a combination of subject and predicate. predictive connection. The connection between the subject and the predicate, a form of expression of predicative relations, predicative part of a complex sentence. A part of a complex sentence that is a simple sentence in form and, together with the same other part (or in other parts), forms a single syntactic whole - a complex sentence. predicative-attributive. Same as attributive-predicative predictive definition. A definition that is in an attributive-predicative relationship with a subject or direct object. Children who are brought up do not act like this (children which? - educated; under what condition don't do that? if they are educated). Anisya is not elegant sitting aa camp(L. Tolstoy) (what Anisya? in which form sit t?). I I see my daughter smiling(connection with the complement-noun, expressed in agreement in gender and number, and connection with the predicate: see k a k o i?). Cm. attributive-predicative, as well as adverbial definition. predictive combination. The combination of subject and predicate, forming a structural basis, the grammatical center of a two-part sentence. Unlike phrases of another type, which perform a nominative function along with individual words, a predicative combination is formed only within a sentence. Cm. phrase. predicative core of the sentence. The same as the predicative stem of the sentence. predicativity. Expression by linguistic means of the relationship of the content of what is being expressed to reality as the basis of the sentence. The grammatical, means of expressing predicativity are the category of time (all phenomena of the action of fidelity occur in time, and the content of the statement is realized in some kind of time plan), the category of person (the statement, as a rule, correlates the action with one of the three persons) and the category of modality (the statement of the speaker is accompanied by an expression of his attitude to the content of what is being said.) Predicativity and intonation of the message are common characteristic features of the sentence. predicative categories of the verb. Verb categories that form predicativity: category of person, category of tense, category of mood (cf.: non-predicative categories of the verb - category of aspect, category of voice). predicative adverbs. Same as state category- predictive relationship. The relationship between the subject as a carrier of a feature and the predicate as an expression of a feature. Predicative relations in a sentence reflect the relationship between the subject and the predicate of the judgment. predicative adjectives cm. state category. predicative forms of the verb. Conjugated forms of the verb that perform the function of a predicate in a sentence and are formed by the forms of person, number, gender, tense and mood. predictive member. The same as the nominal part of the compound predicate. predicatives. Same as state category. predication (lat. praedicatio-statement). Attribution of the content of the statement to reality, carried out in the sentence. In predication, the logical subject is revealed by a logical predicate (something about something is affirmed or denied). predication. Same as predication. pretext. An official part of speech that combines syllables, which, in combination with oblique cases of nouns (pronouns, numerals, inflected substantivized words) express various relationships between the forms of the name and other words in the phrase and sentence. Each Preposition is used with a certain case (one, two, in two cases with three - prepositions on and c). Prepositions express spatial relationships (live in the village, put on the table), temporary (work from morning to evening) object (talk about travel, forget about sleep), causal (blush with fear) targeted (send in for repair) accompanying (walk with friends) etc. The prepositions are simple. Prepositions with one element (in, on, under, along, except for, around and etc.). Suggestions are complex. Prepositions merged from simple prepositions (because of, from under, over, over and etc.). Prepositions are compound. Prepositions with two or three elements (during, due to, in spite of, in connection with, in relation to and etc.). Suggestions are primitive. The oldest prepositions, etymologically ascending to significant words, but from the point of view of the modern Russian language, non-derivative (in, to, from, o, y, for, on, from and etc.). Suggest derivatives. Prepositions formed from significant words and being in live word-building connections with them: 1) adverbial prepositions; along(cf.: along the river - along and across), around(cf. 5 around the house - around silence), by(cp.: past us-passable), on the contrary(cf.; in front of the building - sit opposite), behind(cp.: behind everyone - go behind) and etc.; 2) denominative prepositions: in view, like. due to, like, about, by means of, by, due to, due to, on the occasion of, on the part of, with the exception of, in continuation, during, towards, in the case, due to, along the line, in relation to, in contrast to , in force, e purposes and etc.; 3) verbal prepositions: thanks to, including, excluding, later and etc. offer. one. The minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word), which has a certain semantic and intonational completeness. Being a unit of communication, the sentence is at the same time a unit of formation and expression of thought, in which the unity of language and thinking finds its manifestation. A sentence is relative to a logical judgment, but not identical to it: every judgment is expressed in the form of a sentence, but not every sentence expresses a judgment. A sentence can express a question, an impulse, etc., which are not related to a binary proposition, but to other forms of thinking. Reflecting the activity of the intellect, the sentence also serves to express emotions and expressions of will, which are included in the spheres of feeling and will. The grammatical basis of the sentence is formed by predicativity, which consists of the category of tense, the category of person, the category of modality, and the intonation of the message. There is no single definition of a sentence in science: over two hundred and fifty different definitions are known. In the history of the development of Russian syntax, one can note attempts to define a sentence in terms of logical, psychological and formal grammatical. The representative of the first direction, F. I. Buslaev, defined a sentence as “a judgment expressed in words”, believing that logical categories and relations find their exact reflection and expression in the language. Proceeding from the fact that “a grammatical sentence is not at all identical and not in parallel with a logical judgment,” the representative of the second direction, A. A. Potebnya, considered the sentence as an expression in words of a psychological judgment, i.e., a combination of two representations that form a complex representation. He considered the presence of a verb in the personal form in it as an essential feature of the sentence. (cm. verbal in the 2nd meaning). Potebnya's student D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky held the same views. A. A. Shakhmatov built his theory of sentences on a logical and psychological basis and defined the sentence as follows: “A sentence is a unit of speech perceived by the speaker and listener as a grammatical whole that serves to verbally express a unit of thinking.” Shakhmatov considered the combination of representations in a special act of thinking (cm. communication in the 2nd meaning). The founder of the formal grammatical direction F. F. Fortunatov considered the sentence as one of the types of phrases; “Among the grammatical phrases used in full sentences in speech, the dominant ones in the Russian language are precisely those phrases that we have the right to call grammatical sentences, since they contain, as parts, a grammatical subject and a grammatical predicate "The members of the sentence were determined by representatives of this direction from a morphological point of view, that is, they were characterized as parts of speech. V. V. Vinogradov puts the structural-semantic principle as the basis for the definition of a sentence: “A sentence is an integral unit of speech grammatically designed according to the laws of a given language, which is the main means of forming, expressing and messages of thought "There is no unity of views among researchers on the issue of the principles for classifying sentences. Is the following classification used in teaching practice? 1) by the nature of the attitude to reality expressed in the sentence; affirmative sentences and negative sentences; 2) according to the purpose of the statement! narrative sentences, interrogative sentences and incentive sentences; 3) by composition: simple sentences and complex sentences; 4) by the presence of one or two organizing centers; one-part sentences and two-part sentences; 5) by the presence or absence of secondary members: widespread proposals and non-common proposals; 6) by the presence or partial absence of all the necessary members of this sentence structure i, the proposals are complete and the proposals are incomplete. Cm. the terms listed above in alphabetical order, as well as the classification of sentences, one-part sentences. 2. Part of a complex sentence (cm. complex sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and also the predicative part of a complex sentence). identity clause. A two-part sentence in which two representations are identified, indicated by both compositions, therefore their formal reversibility is possible. Kyiv is the mother of Russian cities(cf.: Mother of Russian cities - Kyiv). Our goal is to study well(cf.: Learning well is our mission. The syntactic ambiguity of such sentences (each composition, depending on the place it occupies, can either be dominant or dependent) forced some researchers to refuse to single out the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate in them. Other researchers, proceeding precisely from word order, consider the composition of the subject to be the one that occupies the first place in the sentence, and the composition of the predicate - the one that is in second place (cf. the formal solution of the question of the members of the sentence in sentences like Mother loves daughter. If there is a nominative case in each composition, the possibility of replacing it with an instrumental case plays a role; such a substitution is allowed by the nominative predicative, but not the nominative subject, cf.: Kyiv was the mother of Russian cities(but one cannot say: “The mother of Russian cities was Kyiv”). On this basis, according to some grammarians, the composition of the predicate is always the one in which the indicated replacement is possible, regardless of the place it occupies in the sentence. In particular, sentences of identity, which have a personal pronoun in one of the compounds, should be considered as unambiguous with the subject, expressed personal pronoun, since it does not allow this replacement; in my sentence best friend is you compositions are reversible (cf.: You are my best friend), but in any order, the subject is the pronoun you(you can say: You were my best friend but you can't say, "My best friend was you"). If we continue this line of reasoning and resort to replacing the infinitive with a verbal noun, then the sentence Learning is our task (Our task is to learn) not ambiguous; you can say! Teaching was (is) our task, but one cannot say: “Our task was (is) teaching” prepositional connection. Lexico-syntactic connection between words, carried out with the help of prepositions. Practice in the evenings(cp.: engage in evenings), see for the first time(cf.: see for the first time), understandable for everyone(cf.: understandable to everyone), pleasant for friends(cf.: pleasing friends), stretch out in line(cp.: stretch out in a line), gather in heaps(average y gather in knots). Cm. irrelevant connection. prepositional phrase. A phrase, the connection between the elements of which is carried out by means of prepositions. Arrive by tram(cf.: arrive by tram), arrive by plane(cp.: fly by plane), hunt in the summer(cp.: hunt in the summer sometimes), necessary for many(cf.” needed by many), come at three without a quarter(cp.: come at a quarter to three). Prepositional phrases, in which the relations between their components are expressed not only by case endings, but also by a preposition, usually have a more specific character, the connection between words is specified. Yes, in the phrase letter to father(cp.: letter to father) the direction of the action is emphasized) in the phrase child's eyes(cp.: child's eyes) emphasizing the importance of belonging. Some prepositional phrases are obsolete: pretend to be(cf. modern: represent) with regard to me(cf.: as for me), count as a good person(cf.; be considered a good person). Cm. unpredictable phrase. prepositional noun construction. Combining a preposition with a noun. Near the city, around midnight, due to chance, in relation to friends. prepositional management cm. prepositional management (in the article control). prepositional. Case form used only with prepositions (in, on, oh, by, at) and combined with verbs, nouns, adjectives. The prepositional case means! 1) the object of speech, thoughts, feelings, states: talk about the successes of science, think about the future, be sad about the past, take care of children, need help; 2) action time: to be ill in childhood, to leave next week, to burst into tears at parting, to meet upon arrival; 3) place of action: be in a classroom, walk in the woods, stand in a corner(the so-called local case)) 4) the instrument of action: play the piano, grate; 5) image and method of action: repent in words, turn away in indignation; 6) sign of the object: wrinkled face, lined coat, house garden. pre-shock. Before the stressed syllable. Prestressed vowel. Pre-shock layer. warning pause cm. pause warning (in the article pause). derogatory names see suffixes subjective estimates. prepositive. In preposition. Prepositive predicate(approaching winter) . Prepositive inconsistent definition(his departure). Prepositive affixsomething. preposition (lat. praepositio - setting in front). Putting one of two interconnected elements in front of the other. Free to read(preposition of the dependent member of the phrase). He gave me his hand in farewell(Chekhov) (direct complement preposition). That wolves are greedy, everyone knows(Krylov) (preposition of the subordinate clause). prefix (lat. praefixum - attached in front). That the same as the prefix.

Predicatives (state category words, impersonal predicative words, status words, predicative words, predicative adverbs) - words denoting a static state and acting as a predicate (predicate) of an impersonal sentence. The term "predicative" was introduced by Czech linguists in the second half of the 20th century and was applied to the group of words that was previously called the "category of state" in Russian linguistic literature.

History of the concept

For the first time, the term "category of state" was introduced by L. V. Shcherba in the article "On Parts of Speech in the Russian Language" (1928). A number of scientists, following Vinogradov, defined the category of state as a special part of speech.

Poetics of the predicative

Predicatives are actively used by authors as a text-forming means when creating poetic works. Among the poets of the twentieth century. Innokenty Annensky, Marina Tsvetaeva, Anna Akhmatova, Nikolai Gumilyov, Osip Mandelstam, Bella Akhmadulina, Veronika Tushnova and others addressed the words of the state category. At the same time, the functioning of the words of this part of speech in the poetic systems of each of the authors is unique. The nature of the selection of predicatives directly depends on the individual style of an author. The words of the state category allow poets to accurately and fully reflect the inner world of lyrical heroes, to convey their ethical and aesthetic preferences.

Predicative in Esperanto

The main difference between the predicate in Esperanto and the Russian predicate is that in Esperanto the nominal part of the predicate always has the form of a simple nominative case, for example: Mi fariĝis kuracisto (I became a doctor).

According to their meaning, the words of the state category are divided into several categories:

1. Words denoting the mental and physical state of living beings, the state of nature, the environment and the situation: a) the mental state of a person: annoying, ashamed, fearful, fun, sad, sorry, funny, insulting, scary, boring; b) volitional state: laziness, hunting, reluctance, captivity; c) the physical condition of living beings: painful, nauseating, stuffy, disgusting; d) the state of nature, the environment and the situation: dark, light, frosty, rainy, windy, comfortable, clean, dirty, damp, cramped.
2. Words denoting a state with a modal coloring, i.e., containing the meaning of necessity, possibility, obligation: it is possible, it is necessary, it is possible, it must, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible.
3. Words denoting an assessment of a state or position. The assessment can be relative to the extent in time and space: late, early, time, time, far, near, low, high; from a psychological, moral and ethical point of view: convenient, bad, good, difficult, easy, sin, horror, shame, disgrace; from the side of visual or auditory perception: seen, heard.

Some words of the state category are multi-valued and are included in several categories: bad, cold, hot, etc. Compare: Bad for a person. When he is alone (1a). Poor outdoors during autumn rain (1 g). It is bad that he does not admit to his deed (3). Depending on the relationship with other parts of speech, the words of the category of state are divided into two groups: 1) impersonal-predicative words starting with “o” in the form of adverbs and adjectives: quiet, joyful, cheerful, scary, clear, etc.; 2) impersonal predicative words in the form of nouns: time, sin, shame, shame, bondage, torment, misfortune, laziness, shame, etc. In addition, there is a whole group of words in the category of state that do not have homonyms among other parts of speech : fearful, necessary, ashamed, unaware, etc. When passing into impersonal-predicative words of nouns, the latter lose not only the meaning of objectivity, but also the gender forms. Numbers, cases. For example: It was a pity to leave. Too lazy to get up. In these sentences, the loss of gender forms by the words of the category of state is indicated by the lack of agreement with the link “was”. The place of participles, gerunds and words of the category of state in the system of parts of speech. There is no consensus on the place of participles, gerunds and words of the state category in the system of the Russian language. Some linguists distinguish them as separate parts of speech, which have their own grammatical categories and syntactic functions. But, at the same time, the proximity of participles and gerunds to verbs allows us to speak of them as special forms of verbs and not to separate them into separate parts of speech. For the same reason, the words of the category of state are often spoken of as predicative adverbs - a special kind of adverbs.

// Vestnik MGOU. Series "Russian Philology". - No. 2. - M.: Publishing house of MGOU, 2009.