Vowel sounds. Articulation of speech sounds

Vowel articulation

Good diction is the quality of speech necessary for people of all "speech professions". Good diction means clarity, clarity of pronunciation of words, phrases, the impeccable sound of each vowel and consonant sounds.

The key to good diction, intelligible and clear pronunciation of sounds, words, phrases is, first of all, the correct articulation of each sound.

Diction task

Before starting to practice pronunciation, vowels and consonants, it is useful to do preparatory exercises for the lips and tongue every time.

Gymnastics for lips

137. 1. Open your mouth. Place two fingers on top of each other and lower the lower jaw to this distance. Put the tongue flat, lower the root of the tongue, lift the soft palate (small tongue). If the jaw falls badly, put your elbows on the table, rest your chin on your hands, and, lowering your lower jaw, try to overcome the obstacle created by your hands.

138. 2. Pull the upper lip up, exposing the upper teeth; the gums of the upper teeth should not be visible. At the moment of pulling up the lips, the muscles of the face are in a calm state, the teeth are not compressed.

139. 3. Pull the lower lip to the lower gums, exposing the lower teeth; the jaw is not tense.

140. 4. Alternate movements of the upper and lower lips:

a) raise the upper lip (open the upper teeth),

b) lower the lower lip (open the lower teeth),

c) lower the upper lip (close the upper teeth),

d) raise the lower lip (close the lower teeth).

During these exercises, the jaw is free, the teeth are not compressed.

141. 5. I.p.: mouth slightly open (jaw slightly lowered). Pull the upper lip firmly over the upper teeth, closing them so that the edge of the lip is slightly bent into the mouth. Then the upper lip, stretching to the sides, slides up, revealing the upper teeth, and returns to its original position.

All attention should be directed to the sliding movement of the upper lip.

142. 6.I.p.: the same as in exercise 5. Pull the lower lip firmly over the lower teeth, closing them so that the edge of the lip is bent inside the mouth. Briefly holding the lip in this position, pull it down, exposing the lower teeth, and return to its original position.

143. 7. Make a sliding motion with both lips at the same time. The starting position and the nature of the movements are the same as in exercises 5, 6.

Gymnastics for the tongue

144. 1. I.p.: mouth wide open; the tongue lies flat, with a slight indentation in the back; its tip slightly touches the lower front teeth, the root is lowered, as at the moment of a yawn. Stick the tongue out as far as possible from the mouth, and then pull it in as deep as possible, so that only a muscular lump forms, and the tip of the tongue becomes invisible. Then the tongue returns to its original position.

145. 2. I.p.: the same as in exercise 1. The lower jaw is motionless. The tip of the tongue either rises and presses against the roots of the upper front teeth, then lowers, returning to its original position.

146. 3. I.p.: the same, but the mouth is half open. Stick the tongue out with a “shovel” (the tongue is given a flat, wide shape), so that it touches the corners of the mouth with its lateral edges. Then return the tongue to its original position.

147. 4. I.p.: the same as in exercise 3. Stick out the tongue with a “sting” (the tongue is given the most pointed shape). Then return the tongue to its original position.

148. 5. Alternately stick out the tongue with either a “shovel” or a “sting”.

6. I.p.: mouth half open. Suction the tongue to the palate, then open it with a click.

149. 7. I.p.: mouth wide open. Raise the tip of the tongue with a “sting” up, touching the alveoli of the upper teeth, then lower it, touching the alveoli of the lower teeth. The jaws do not come close.

(In addition to these exercises, you will find others in any textbook on speech technique.)

Daily training for 5-7 minutes of articulatory gymnastics should be included in the mandatory, so-called "articulatory toilet", and serve as preparatory work for classes in speech technique.

Some students, working out the exercises of articulation gymnastics, accompany them with movements of the forehead, eyes, eyebrows, and sometimes with movements of the legs, head, even swaying of the torso. It is necessary from the very first lessons in the technique of speech to ensure that the forehead, eyebrows, eyes, muscles of the neck and body are not tense, free, both in the process of articulatory gymnastics, and while working on diction and literary pronunciation.

Exercises of articulation gymnastics should be performed slowly, gradually warming up the muscles of the speech apparatus. A fast pace causes muscle tension.

To learn the correct movements of articulatory gymnastics, we recommend using a small mirror, which you should always have at hand.

The nature of each vowel is determined by the position of the tongue, lips, lower jaw. The jet of exhaled air freely passes through the oral cavity between the tongue and the palate, without encountering obstacles, and depending on the position that the tongue occupies and the shape of the lips, a certain vowel sound is obtained.

There are 6 vowels in Russian: and, uh, a, o, u, s and 4 ioted sounds: e (ye ), I (ya ), ё (yo ), Yu (yo ).

(Note that in some textbooks iotized vowels are called soft. This definition is incorrect: there are no soft vowels in Russian - there are only soft consonants.)

E, me, yo, yu do not denote independent vowel sounds: they either testify to the softness of the preceding consonant (sang, crumpled - unlike the floor, small), or convey two sounds in writing: e (ye ), ё (yo ), I (ya ), Yu (yo ) (ate, pit, tree, drink ). The first of these sounds, denoted in transcription as [th], is a consonant.

Depending on the participation of the lips in the formation of vowels, they are divided into labialized, or labial, and non-labialized. There are two labialized sounds in Russian: OU (when pronouncing, the lips are rounded and somewhat moved forward), the rest of the vowels are non-labialized. Consider the articulation of vowels, sounds and consonants th .

150. And - when pronouncing a sound, the mouth is slightly open, the teeth are bared. The tip of the tongue touches the lower front teeth, the back of the tongue is raised high to the hard palate, the edges of the tongue are pressed against the lateral teeth. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.

151. E - mouth open more than when making a sound and , teeth are exposed. The tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth, but does not touch them. The back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.

152. BUT - the lower jaw is lowered, the mouth is opened in the vertical direction by two fingers, the edges of the front teeth are slightly exposed. The tongue lies flat against the lower teeth. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.

153. O - Lips are slightly pushed forward and rounded. The tongue is pulled back. The back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes freely through the mouth.

154. At - the lips are pushed forward and have a rounded shape. Tongue pulled back more than when making a sound about . The back of the tongue is raised high to the palate; the root of the tongue is strongly retracted to the back of the pharynx. The soft palate closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.

155. S - mouth open as if making a sound and ; the back of the back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate, the tip of the tongue is pulled back. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.

It should be noted that intrapharyngeal articulation is directly dependent on the position of the tongue and lips. When pronouncing and the oral cavity has the smallest volume, and the pharyngeal cavity has the largest. When making a sound a the mouth is maximal, and the pharyngeal cavity is minimal.

156. And - teeth are exposed, as when pronouncing a vowel and . The tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, and the back of the tongue is raised high to the hard palate, the edges of the tongue are pressed against the side teeth. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose.

When pronouncing each iotized vowel, the back of the tongue first actively rises to the hard palate, and then assumes a position characteristic of the articulation of the main vowel. The lips also take a position, as when pronouncing the main vowel: I - like the sound a; e - like the sound e; yo - like the sound about; Yu - like the sound at .

If there is any distortion in the pronunciation of vowels, look for the cause in the work of the articulatory organs.

It is recommended to work out the pronunciation of vowel sounds in two ways: out loud and silently. With the silent method, we mentally pronounce each syllable, carefully monitor the position of the tongue and the movements of the lips, which contribute to the formation of internal articulation. The movements of the organs of speech should be relaxed, light, soft, elastic.

To acquire a more complete and in-depth knowledge of vowel sounds, we recommend the following literature: Dmitriev L.B. Vowels in singing // Questions of vocal pedagogy. - M., 1962. - Issue. L; Dmitriev L.B. Singer's voice box. - M., 1962; Morozov V.P. Secrets of vocal speech. - M., 1967. The information that you will find in these publications will help you, from the very first days of classes in speech technique, learn to follow the sound of the voice, the formation of sound in the process of speech, and the correct voice leading.

We recommend that at first, working on vowels, and later on consonants, use a small mirror to check the position of the organs of the articulatory apparatus and avoid any unnecessary movements. It is necessary to ensure that the neck is free, there is no tension in the facial muscles, eyebrows do not rise, there are no wrinkles on the forehead.

There is a close relationship between all sections of the work on the technique of speech. While studying vowel sounds, and later on consonants, it is necessary to monitor breathing and the sound of the voice.

When pronouncing exercises for vowel sounds, follow the direction of the sound, its flight, achieve the correct sending of the sound; it is necessary to eliminate the so-called open sound, nasal sound and make sure that the larynx is free.

It is based on the acoustic and articulatory characteristics of sounds.

I. Acoustic classification

Acoustically, speech sounds are divided into sonorous (sonorous) and noisy.

Sonorant - noises are either not present at all (vowels), or participate minimally (for example, sonorant consonants m, n, l, p, d);

In noisy (and these are only consonants), the timbre is determined by the nature of this noise.

Those. From an acoustic point of view, sounds are divided into vowels, consisting of tone, and consonants, formed by noise or a combination of noise and tone.

II. Articulation classification

> considers speech sounds in terms of their pronunciation, i.e. articulation.

Articulation is the work of the speech organs (lungs; respiratory throat; larynx; vocal cords located across the larynx; oral cavity, lip cavity, tongue, etc.), aimed at producing speech sounds.

According to the role in the pronunciation of sounds, the organs of speech are divided into active and passive.

- active organs of speech produce the movements necessary for the formation of sounds, and are thus of particular importance for their formation. The active organs of speech include: vocal cords, tongue, lips, soft palate, uvula, back of the pharynx (pharynx) and the entire lower jaw;
- passive organs do not perform independent work during sound production and play an auxiliary role. The passive organs of speech include teeth, alveoli, hard palate and the entire upper jaw.

The articulation of each sound consists of three parts:

The initial transitional element is an attack (or excursion) of sound, when the organs of the speech apparatus are rebuilt from a calm state to pronounce a sound into a working position

Stage of the stationary part - exposure, when the organs are established for a given articulation,

The final transition element is the indent (or recursion) when the organs return to the non-working state.

Vowel classification

Vowel sounds are the sounds of speech, during the formation of which the outgoing air stream does not encounter obstacles in the oral cavity, and therefore, acoustically, they are characterized by the predominance of a musical tone, or voice.

There are 6 vowels in Russian: [a], [o], [e], [i], [s], [y]. They are most clearly heard under stress.

When pronouncing vowels, the tip of the tongue does not play a role; it is usually lowered down, and the back of the tongue articulates with its anterior, posterior, and, less commonly, middle part.

Vowels are classified according to the following main articulatory features:

1) Row, i.e. depending on which part of the tongue rises during pronunciation.

When lifting (1-2-3), parts of the tongue are formed

1. front - front vowels (and, e, b),
2. middle - vowels of the middle series (s, b),
3. back - back vowels (o, y).
2) Rise, i.e. depending on how high the back of the tongue is raised, forming resonator cavities of various sizes.

The simplest scheme involves three lifts:

low vowels (a),

medium rise (e, o, b, b),

top lift (and, s, y).

3) Labialization - the participation of lips in the articulation of sound.

Depending on whether the articulation of sounds is accompanied by rounding of the lips extended forward or not,

rounded (labial, labialized) are distinguished: o, o

and unbroken vowels.

4) Nasalization - the presence of a special "nasal" timbre that occurs depending on whether the palatine curtain is lowered, allowing the air stream to pass simultaneously through the mouth and nose, or not.

Nasal (nasalized) vowels are pronounced with a special "nasal" timbre.

5) Longitude. In a number of languages (English, German, Latin, Ancient Greek, Czech, Hungarian, Finnish), with the same or close articulation, vowels form pairs, the members of which are opposed by the duration of pronunciation, i.e. differ

for example, short vowels: [a], [i], [o], [u] and long vowels: [a:], [i:], , .

For the Russian language, the length of the vowels does not have a semantic difference, however, it can be seen that the vowels under stress are longer than in the unstressed position.

6) Diphthongization

In many languages, vowels are divided into monophthongs and diphthongs.

Monophthong is an articulatory and acoustically homogeneous vowel.

A diphthong is a complex vowel sound consisting of two sounds pronounced in one syllable. This is a special sound of speech, in which the articulation begins differently than it ends. One element of a diphthong is always stronger than another element.

There are two types of diphthongs - descending and ascending.

There are no diphthongs in Russian.

A diphthongoid is a stressed heterogeneous vowel that has an overtone of another vowel at the beginning or end, articulatory close to the main, stressed one. There are diphthongoids in Russian: the house is pronounced "DuoOoM".

Consonant classification

Consonants are called speech sounds, consisting only of noise, or of voice and noise, which are formed in the oral cavity, where the air stream exhaled from the lungs meets various obstacles.

There are 37 sound units in the consonant sounds of the Russian language

Consonants vary

2) By the presence or absence of a voice source
4) According to the place of noise generation
5) By timbre coloration (by hardness-softness).
1) According to the ratio of noise and voice
(From the point of view of acoustics, consonants differ in the ratio of noise and voice and in the presence or absence of a voice source).

Sonorants are characterized by the fact that in the composition of these sounds the voice prevails over the noise. In modern Russian, these include: l-l", m-m", n-n", rr", j.

Noisy consonants are characterized by the fact that their acoustic basis is noise, however, there are noisy consonants that are formed not only with the help of noise, but with some participation of the voice.

consonants are divided into:

A) voiced:

sonants ([l-l"], [m-m"],] n-n"],] rr"], [j]),

noisy voiced ones are formed with the help of noise accompanied by a voice. In modern Russian, these include: [b-b "], [c-c"], [g-g"], [d-d"], [z-z"], [g], [f? " ].

B) Deaf: noisy deaf are formed with the help of noise, without the participation of voice. When pronouncing, their vocal cords are not tense and do not fluctuate. In modern Russian, these include: [k-k "], [p-p"], [s-s"], [t-t"], [f-f"], [x-x], [ c], [h "], [w], [w?"].

Most of the noisy consonants of the Russian language are opposed by deafness - sonority:

[b] - [p], [b "] - [p"], [c] - [f], [c "] - [f "], [d] - [t], [d "] - [ t "], [s] - [s], [s "] - [s"], [g] - [w], [g] - [k], [g "] - [k"]

Unpaired voiced consonants are sonorants.

Unpaired deaf: noisy deaf: [w?"], [c], [x-x "], [h"].

3) According to the method of noise generation
(According to articulatory features, the source is the method of formation and the place of formation).

Method of education: the essence of this method is in the nature of overcoming obstacles.

Based on this feature, 2 groups of consonants are distinguished:

Slotted (otherwise: fricative, spirants, slotted, slotted, flowing, blown) - are formed when certain organs in the mouth, approaching, create a gap in which the air stream produces friction against the walls of the passage: [f], [c], [s], [h], [w], [g], [u], [j], [x], as well as guttural aspirated [h].

Clutch - are formed when, on the path of the air stream, the contacting organs create a complete barrier (the closure), which either must be directly overcome, or the air stream should seek to bypass the closure; these consonants are divided into a number of subspecies depending on how the stop is overcome.

The occlusives are divided into groups depending on the nature of the barrier:

explosive. Their bow ends with an explosion (n, b, t, d, k, d);

affricates. Their bow passes into the gap without an explosion (c, h);

smychno-passage. When they are pronounced, the organs of speech are completely closed, but not interrupted by air, since air passes through the nose or mouth:

nasal ones, in which the bow is without an explosion (m, n).

lateral (oral, lateral) (l), which retain the bow and gap (the side of the tongue is lowered);

trembling (vibrants) (r), with alternating presence of a bow and a gap.

4) According to the place of noise generation

According to the place of noise generation, i.e. according to which organs of speech take part in pronunciation, sounds are divided into labial and lingual.

A) Labial consonants, in which the barrier is formed with the help of the lips or lower lip and upper teeth. In Russian, the labials are divided into labials ([b], [n], [m], [b "], [p"], [m"]) and labials ([c], [c"] , [f], [f"]).

In the formation of labial sounds, the active organ is the lower lip, and the passive organ is either the upper lip (lip-labial sounds) or the upper teeth (labial-tooth sounds).

B) lingual consonants. Depending on which part of the language creates a barrier, lingual are divided into:

Anterior-lingual can be dental [t], [d], [s], [h], [c], [n], [l] and palatine-tooth [h], [w], [u], [g] , [R]

Middle-lingual - mid-palatal [j];

Posterior lingual - posterior palatine [g], [k], [x].

Anterior lingual by the position of the tip of the tongue:

dorsal (Latin dorsum - back): the front of the back of the tongue approaches the upper teeth and the anterior palate (s, d, c, n);

apical (lat. areh - top, tip), alveolar: the tip of the tongue approaches the upper teeth and alveoli (l, ang. [d]);

cacuminal (lat. cacumen - tip), or two-focal, during the articulation of which the tip of the tongue is bent upwards (w, w, h) to the anterior palate, and the back is raised to the soft palate, i.e. There are two foci of noise generation.

5) By timbre coloring

The presence of timbre coloration is articulatory associated with a special work of the middle part of the back of the tongue to the hard palate - palatalization or softening.

Palatalization (lat. palatum - hard palate) is the result of the midpalatal articulation of the tongue, which complements the main articulation of the consonant sound. Sounds formed with such additional articulation are called soft, and those formed without it are called hard.

The timbre coloring of consonants makes it possible to generalize all consonants into 2 large classes according to hardness-softness.

Unpaired on this basis: [j], [h], [u]; [c], [g], [w].

Sound articulation C.

Articulation of sound C

The lips are stretched, slightly pressed to the teeth. There is a small gap between the incisors. The tip of the tongue is lowered, pressed against the inner surface of the lower incisors. The front of the back of the tongue is lowered, the middle is raised, the back is lowered. Tongue in the "slide" or "bridge" position. The lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars. The front part of the back of the tongue forms a gap with alveoli, in the middle of the tongue there is a groove that directs the exhaled air stream in the center. The soft palate is raised (C - mouth sound). vocal folds

open (C - dull sound).

About staging the C sound here.

Sound articulation Z

Exactly the same as when pronouncing the sound C. The only difference is that the voice

the folds are closed (З - ringing sound).

Articulation of the sound SH

The middle part of the back of the tongue is more elevated, the groove collapses, the anterior part of the back of the tongue is more curved.

Articulation of sound Zb

Exactly the same as when pronouncing the sound S. The only difference is that the vocal folds close (3b - ringing sound).

Articulation of sound C

The lips are slightly tense and stretched. A small gap between the incisors, the tip of the tongue

Articulation of sound C

pressed against the lower incisors. At the first moment of articulation, the front part of the back of the tongue is raised and closes with the anterior edge of the hard palate. At the second moment of articulation, it descends, forming a gap with the palate. The middle part of the back of the tongue is raised, the back is lowered. The lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars. The soft palate is raised (C - oral sound). The vocal folds are open (C - dull sound).

On the production of whistling sounds. Defects in the pronunciation of whistling sounds are called sigmatism.

Types of sigmatism

1. Lip-tooth sigmatism. The lower lip approaches the upper incisors. (S, C resembles F, Z - C) Predisposing factors of labio-tooth sigmatism: prognathia, hypotrophy of the muscles of the tip of the tongue in dysarthria.

2. Interdental sigmatism. When pronouncing a sound, the tip of the tongue protrudes between the teeth. It makes a raspy sound. Predisposing factors of interdental sigmatism: anterior open bite, flaccid tongue, prognathism, weakness of the muscles of the tip of the tongue in dysarthria, absence of anterior teeth, adenoids, excessively large or long tongue, weakness of the circular muscles of the mouth.

3. Lip sigmatism. When pronouncing a sound, the tip of the tongue near the teeth at the level of the gap between the teeth produces not a whistling, but a dull noise (the sound resembles T or D). Predisposing factors for dental sigmatism are the same as for interdental sigmatism.

4. Lateral sigmatism. The lateral edges do not touch the upper molars, a gap is formed on the side through which part of the air stream leaves. Lateral sigmatism can be unilateral or bilateral. Predisposing factors of lateral sigmatism: lateral open bite, long narrow tongue, paresis of the lateral edges of the tongue in dysarthria.

5. Nasal sigmatism. The soft palate does not close tightly with the back wall of the pharynx. Part of the air passes through the nose. Predisposing factors of nasal sigmatism: paresis of the soft palate, clefts.

6. Hissing pronunciation of whistling sounds. Mechanism: the tip of the tongue is pulled deep into the oral cavity, the back of the tongue is raised, the groove is not formed. Predisposing factors: increased muscle tone of the tongue with dysarthria, with open organic rhinolalia.

parasigmatism

If the sounds С and Сь, З, Зб, Ц are replaced by other sounds, then such a violation is called whistling parasigmatism. Sound substitutions are a phonemic defect, i.e. they indicate the imperfection of phonemic perception. When correcting, this is very important to consider.

The sound C is most often replaced by Ф, СЬ, Ш, Т, З.

The sound З is most often replaced by В, Зб, С, Д, Ш, Zh.

The sound C is most often replaced by C, T, C, T, W.

On the production of whistling sounds.

If you found this information useful, please share it with your friends on social networks. If you have any questions about this topic, write in the comments, I will definitely answer. Your online speech therapist Perfilova Natalya Vladimirovna.

Sounds AT and F- occur when di the same position of the mouth. Upper lip p rip dressed, upper teeth exposed, lower lip ka sits with the upper teeth.
When articulating sound F forces n th air flow supplied by the motor en diaphragm, tends to penetrate into a narrow hole between ve lower teeth and lower lip.
At the sound AT lower lip eg ka pressed to the teeth. Exhaled air e lives, resembling the sound of a cello. In terms of purity swarms communication, sound B is one of the most difficult days s. At first, the air jet should be insignificant so that to B not p ri the sound F and B interfered did not lose the sound h nost.

Sound articulation L- in the beginning al e tongue is pulled up to the palate, and the tip is upi ra in the upper teeth in the same place where T is formed. Strong p oto towards the air, getting on the front of i PS ka, makes a sound. The larynx is then opened. Do it to only once, without taking away the tongue. When me one hundred language formation clearly feel, pronounce L with an open in m language.
Sound R- obtained from fast to ol fucking or vibrating the front of the yaz s ka. If the tip of the tongue is slightly mobile, thick, strongly zn Eat the sound D and Wed several times az have the same sound R. It turns out: drrr.
Sound H- lips gently pa skr yty. The lower lip does not press against the teeth. Russ then the gap between the teeth is very narrow, the anterior part of the tongue is whether presses against the dentition of the palate. For prod n the power of exhalation is of great importance. Strong co ro fine movement of the diaphragm m Give the maximum amount of air without delaying the exhalation. With a duration flax om exhalation Ch sounds like Shch.
Sound C- language articulates to in ep fuck my teeth. The lower lip is not pressed against the teeth. And on the Che will be a lisp. Strong and short exhalation R avlen on the lower lip and chin. When dl it With a strong exhalation, C will turn into C.
To C and H were short ki mi, it is necessary to close your mouth immediately after throwing out a sound.

Sound FROM- tongue is easy to solder days yat to the teeth. Open lips, lower nya I lip slightly behind the lower teeth, so that there is no lisp. Etc otya gentle and strong exhalation, flow into zd the ear is directed to the chin. Make sure that the tip yk but not between the teeth.
Sound W- teeth are bared, lips are pa ck pits, the distance between the teeth is not Ah tedious. The tongue is free, not pressed anywhere, articulates to the tooth ace you palate. Air jet n Apr pressed on the lower teeth, which makes them feel cold. If the lower lip izh ata to the teeth, or lower jaw boo de t ahead of the top, it will cause a lisp.
Sound SCH- polo and mouth - as with Ш, but the front part of i PS ka articulates closer to the dental part of the palate. Requires a very long and si l exhalation.

Sound W- position en mouth - as with S. The sound Z feeds a little shea m amount of air. The air stream barely perceptibly falls down. tip i PS ka is brought into slight oscillation. If I PS to stop vibrating, to the sound Z can join ini to be C. Therefore, in order for the sound Z to be clear, well and but pronounce it briefly and immediately close your mouth.
Sound AND- teeth about on the wife, lips softly opened, the distance between ub ami is small, the tongue is raised, but does not come into contact with the palate and teeth. Co. whether the amount of exhaled air is unknown cheat fir-tree, its fluctuation is felt on the tongue.
The consonants T, D, P, B, K and G are formed to op sloping air movement. These sounds are not lz I stretch out without adding to them any more vowel.
In sounds Х, Л, Р, Ж, Ш, Ш, Н, М, В, Ф, З, С, k ro me strength, there is also a long os sound. These sounds are produced both on the lower and on the ve let's breathe.
Sounds H and C, if their otya pull, turn into Shch and S. For ease and che tko the pronunciation of the sounds Ts and Ch should be repeated as much as possible a more, connecting with sounds:

P-Ch, T-Ch, TO- H, F-H, S-H, H-H, W-H, C-H, H-H.
P-C, T-C, K-C, F-C, S-C, X-C, W-C, C-C, C-C

After the oh we are all firm consonants, let's get to work on me soft consonants. Some consonant sounds are pronounced os only hard (C, W, F), others only m yagk o (W, H). All the rest - soft or hard, all depend si t from the vowel that follows them. When proi zn axis soft consonants a column of air that feeds them ae t is much weaker.Particular attention should be paid to db and TH, t ak how often mixed with D no Xia sound Z, and to Th - sound Ts. You need more widely from roof wag your mouth. The tip of the tongue is directed towards the eating parts of the palate.

L- softened us th tongue, retracts deep into the mouth, it to he the cheek is in contact with the palate. The air flow does not tend to the tip of i PS ka, but creeps along it more kam.
Pb- vibr language iru em is lower than with solid P, close to and to the upper teeth. Sometimes it happens that the tongue fluctuates badly. In such a uch ae train: dr, dr d-d- p... Then go to pure Pb. Make sure that instead of Pb does not appear I'm moose RI.

Articulation is a concept that means how correctly and clearly you pronounce sounds. Beautiful speech is important for everyone, no matter if you are an announcer or an ordinary office worker. And for its competent construction, it is imperative to master the basics of articulation.

Articulation in Russian, as in all others, consists of several stages.

The excursion is the beginning, the very first stage, which means the preparation of parts of the speech apparatus for pronouncing a sound.
Endurance is how you pronounce the sound. At the same time, it is important to take into account the position of the speech apparatus - it must meet the standards.
Recursion is the final step. The speech apparatus completes its work, its components go into a state of rest or prepare to pronounce the next sound.

However, such a clear sequence of events is characteristic only for the pronunciation of one sound. It would look as clear as in the diagram if a person pronounces the sounds separately.

In real, everyday speech, the stages are “overlapped” on each other, their clarity is blurred. The excerpt often merges with the recursion of the previous sound. A person does not have time to carefully prepare the organs for the pronunciation of sound, so the excursion is not expressed properly. As a result, speech becomes slurred.

This does not mean that you must clearly pronounce each sound, highlight it with intonation. It would be simply impossible, communication would be difficult. Correct pronunciation assumes that you first learn the theory, learn how to apply it, and then it will turn into an unconditioned reflex.

Consider this on the example of the pronunciation of the sound "T". There are often problems with it, because people unprepared for the correct pronunciation express the sound too slurredly. It turns out hoarse, squeezed.

Here's how to pronounce the "T" sound:

Watch out for the air-tongue pair. The air should not be directed to the ligaments, because in this case the hoarse variant, which was mentioned above, will just turn out.
Direct the stream of air clearly to the tongue.

Training in the pronunciation of this sound allows you to improve not only pronunciation, but also increase the elasticity of the tongue, and train the speech apparatus well.

You are already familiar with the theory of the pronunciation of the sound "T". At first, you will follow for a long time how it sounds in your everyday speech, but then, when you are sure that you are speaking correctly, this information will be fixed, you will no longer need to correct yourself and take care of yourself.

Articulation gymnastics

What it is? Such gymnastics is designed to warm up the muscles. These exercises do not have to be performed at any particular time of the day. It is easy to apply them from time to time because they are simple and do not require special attention.

Gymnastics for the cheeks includes the following exercises:

Imagine that you are a hamster. It is necessary to take in air for one cheek, then smoothly “overtake” it under the lower lip, in no case opening the lips. Then go to the other cheek, extreme. You need to repeat this cycle several times.
The next exercise is similar to the previous one in that you again need to use air. Take it in your mouth and puff out your cheeks. Close your lips tightly. Now you need to try to push the air out, but in no case do not open your mouth! You will feel a slight pressure, which will warm up your cheeks well.

In order to warm up the lower jaw, you can apply one simple exercise that many people do unconsciously. You can simply move the lower jaw in a circle, back and forth, thereby preparing it for the correct diction. Here you need to be careful, as you can accidentally dislocate the jaw. Do not overdo it.

Have you ever tried to yawn with your mouth closed? If not, then be sure to try it. This will help warm up the palate. Another way is to copy the mouthwash. If it’s hard to imagine, then first rinse your mouth really, and then imitate these movements yourself. Over time, you will start to succeed.

After completing these tasks, you can move on to exercises to improve articulation, which depend on the problematic sounds that you have. There are special ones, and many others that you can find on this site. For some people, the simple development of the speech apparatus is enough, because for many it is weak, therefore it needs training. The exercises above will help correct the situation.

Articulation allows you to learn how to correctly pronounce not only problematic sounds, but everything that is in the Russian language, because most people do not even suspect that they pronounce certain sounds incorrectly.

Portal for the student. Self-training