Lesson Objectives:

1. Finding out the causes, course and consequences of the Crimean War.

2. Development of skills in working with text, the ability to highlight the main thing, to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

3. Raising a sense of pride and love for the motherland on the examples of the desperate, courageous defense of the native land by Russian soldiers.

Lesson equipment:

• Personal Computer;
• multimedia video projector;
• map "Crimean War";
• technological map of the lesson;
• test tasks;
• exhibition of books dedicated to the events of the Crimean War.

Lesson Plan

1. Introductory speech of the teacher
2. Actualization of basic knowledge about the history of the “Eastern Question” in Russia.
3. The teacher's story about the reason, occasion, events of the Crimean War, filling out the lesson's technological map.

During the classes

I. Org. moment:

Hello! Today we have a lesson on the topic “Crimean War”. I really want you to remember this lesson, and the events that we will talk about will remain in your heart.

II. Updating of basic knowledge:

Let's remember what the historical terms "Eastern Question" are (relationships with Turkey, favorable treatment for ships through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, assistance to the Balkan peoples in the struggle for independence) (Show map)

For Russia, this issue was resolved for a long time.

– What events related to his decision took place in the first half of the XII century. (Russian-Turkish wars, the Black Sea coast from Anapa to Poti, free trade in the straits.

III. Explanation of the new material:

Let's formulate the objectives of our lesson together. What do you think you should learn in class? (student answers)

War is not only causes and not only results. It is also the fate of people, courage and heroism. Most recently, we celebrated the days of liberation from the Nazi invaders of our village, and this year we will celebrate the 62nd anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. Have you ever wondered why our country, our people won this victory, why in 1812 they defeated the French, why even when our troops retreated, the invaders did not experience the joy of victory. Today in the lesson I want you to feel the heroism and courage of Russian soldiers.

Work according to the textbook: Open the textbook on page 93 §14 p.1 Independently highlight the reasons and reason for the start of the war.

(Write down the answers in the technological map of the lesson)

Reason: contradictions between European powers in the Middle East.

Occasion: a dispute between the Catholic and Orthodox clergy in Palestine about who will be the guardian of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

Name the countries participating in this war?

Russia - revision of the regime, strengthening of influence.

Turkey - the suppression of the national liberation movement, the return of the Crimea, the Black Sea coast.

England and France - to undermine the international authority of Russia, to weaken its position in the Middle East.

Why did Russia have no allies in the Crimean War? (How can one explain the miscalculations made by Nicholas I)

Let's look at the course of hostilities, and in the course of my story, fill in the table:

The war began on two fronts, the Balkan and Transcaucasian.

The brightest event of this period is the Battle of Sinop.

(Teacher's story about the battle, accompanied by a show presentation slides, see Appendix 2)

Map work:

Consider how the enemy ships were placed.

In essence, having decided to attack the Turkish fleet, Nakhimov took a very serious risk. The coastal batteries of the Turks in Sinop were good, the guns on the ships were also in good order. But for a long time, since the end of the 16th century, the Turkish fleet, once one of the most formidable and efficient in the world, did not have any capable admirals at the decisive moments of its existence. So it turned out on the fatal day of Sinop for Turkey. Osman Pasha deployed, as if like a fan, his fleet at the very embankment of the city; the embankment went in a concave arc, and the line of the fleet turned out to be a concave arc, covering with itself, if not all, then many coastal batteries. Yes, and the location of the ships was, of course, such that they could meet Nakhimov with only one side: the other was facing not the sea, but the city of Sinop.

Here is the picture that appeared before the eyes of our squadron: “Most of the Turkish frigates were still on fire, and when the flames reached the loaded guns, shots fired by themselves, and the cannonballs flew over us. We saw how the frigates took off one by one. The whole raid and our ships were so brightly lit by fire that our sailors worked to repair the ships without needing lanterns.

Entry of England and France into the war (alliance with Turkey) March 1854, declaration of war (actions April 1854 to February 1856 - actions on land)

September 1854, 60 thousand landed in the Crimea, an attack on the main Russian fortress on the Black Sea - Sevastopol. (E.V. Tarle Crimean War)

Battle on the Alma River.

The enemy had almost double the superiority in forces. Allied rifled guns hit a distance of 1200-1300 steps, and Russian smooth-bore guns only 200-300. The roar of guns, the whistle of bullets, curses, pleas, cries and groans, the neighing of horses - all merged into a terrible rumble. In the battle of Alma, the Vladimir regiment especially distinguished itself. Showered with enemy shells, under a hail of bullets, the “Vladimirites” with guns at the ready bravely marched forward. It was a living wall of bayonets, menacingly moving towards the enemies. The English commander-in-chief Raglan and his retinue looked with amazement and horror at the courageous attack of the “Vladimirites”. Coming to his senses, Raglan rushed to his gunners and shouted: “We must stop this avalanche!”. The battle was lost. But the British suffered huge losses. The English general, examining the field littered with dead bodies after the battle, said sadly “One more such victory, and England will have no army”

(Vladislav Artemov “Crimean War 1853-1856”, White City, Moscow, 2005)

Despite courage and heroism, this battle was lost. What is the reason?

Working with a document , from “Memories of Sevastopol” by V. Zarubaev.

(P. 90 textbook A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina)

Defense of the city - fortress of Sevastopol:

Construction of fortifications (bastions, embankments) Slides from the presentation (cm. Annex 2)
- ship sinking work with documents (p. 90 textbook A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina) from the orders of V.A. Kornilov, P.S. Nakhimov
-What feelings did the admirals experience when giving this order?
What words show the need for these actions?

Guns and 10,000 sailors joined the ranks of the city's defenders.

Heroes: 11 months (349 days) lasted the defense of the city.

The story of the students about the heroes of the war.

Do you know about the heroes of the Crimean War?

Admirals
- Daria Sevastopolskaya
- Scouts (Their costume was unusual, well-worn chekmen, hats, patched trousers of different colors, shoes made of raw raw leather).

Kolya Pishchenko - 10-year-old boy (awarded with a heroic cross)

1 month of service was equivalent to 1 year.

At the end of August, the last fierce bombardment began. 800 guns incessantly smashed the city

The fire of the guns fell
And for three whole hours
People didn't talk
And the bullets hit randomly.
And, forever deaf, the birds,
Silent, hurried away
Follow them, flashing lightning
Night retreated to the west
Mass of the fire shaft
Went against all the elements
Uprooted oak trees
Break rocks into pieces.

Capture of the dominant height - Malakhov Kurgan.

Peace of Paris (March 1856)

(Page 89 A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina)

(Write out the result of the war)

IV. Lesson summary:

Let's go back to the tasks that we set in the lesson.

What caused the war? Reason?

What are the main events?

What was the main outcome of the Crimean War for Russia?

Why did the winners not feel joy from their victory? (15,700 people died of disease, 3,600 died)

But what was truly great

It will remain great forever.

Homework: prepare a story about the Crimean War using technological maps.

The spirit in the troops is beyond description. In the days of ancient Greece, there was not so much heroism. I have not been able to be in business a single time, but I thank God that I have seen these people and live in this glorious time.

Lev Tolstoy

The wars of the Russian and Ottoman empires were a common occurrence in the international politics of the 18th-19th centuries. In 1853, the Russian Empire of Nicholas 1 entered another war, which went down in history as the Crimean War of 1853-1856, and ended with the defeat of Russia. In addition, this war showed the strong resistance of the leading countries of Western Europe (France and Great Britain) to the strengthening of the role of Russia in Eastern Europe, in particular in the Balkans. The lost war also showed Russia itself problems in domestic politics, which led to many problems. Despite victories at the initial stage of 1853-1854, as well as the capture of the key Turkish fortress of Kars in 1855, Russia lost the most important battles on the territory of the Crimean peninsula. This article describes the causes, course, main results and historical significance in a short story about the Crimean War of 1853-1856.

Causes of the aggravation of the Eastern question

Under the eastern question, historians understand a number of controversial issues in Russian-Turkish relations, which at any moment could lead to conflict. The main problems of the Eastern question, which became the main one for the future war, are as follows:

• The loss of the Crimea and the northern Black Sea region by the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 18th century constantly stimulated Turkey to start a war in the hope of regaining the territories. Thus began the wars of 1806-1812 and 1828-1829. However, as a result of them, Turkey lost Bessarabia and part of the territory in the Caucasus, which further strengthened the desire for revenge.
• Belonging to the Bosphorus and Dardanelles. Russia demanded that these straits be opened for the Black Sea Fleet, while the Ottoman Empire (under pressure from the countries of Western Europe) ignored these demands of Russia.
• The presence in the Balkans, as part of the Ottoman Empire, Slavic Christian peoples who fought for their independence. Russia supported them, thereby causing a wave of indignation among the Turks about Russia's interference in the internal affairs of another state.

An additional factor that intensified the conflict was the desire of the countries of Western Europe (Britain, France, and Austria) not to let Russia into the Balkans, as well as close its access to the straits. For the sake of this, the countries were ready to support Turkey in a potential war with Russia.

The reason for the war and its beginning

These troubled moments brewed throughout the late 1840s and early 1850s. In 1853, the Turkish Sultan transferred the Bethlehem Temple of Jerusalem (then the territory of the Ottoman Empire) to the control of the Catholic Church. This caused a wave of indignation of the highest Orthodox hierarchy. Nicholas 1 decided to take advantage of this, using the religious conflict as a pretext for attacking Turkey. Russia demanded that the temple be handed over to the Orthodox Church, and at the same time also open the straits for the Black Sea Fleet. Turkey refused. In June 1853, Russian troops crossed the border of the Ottoman Empire and entered the territory of the Danubian principalities dependent on it.

Nicholas 1 hoped that France was too weak after the revolution of 1848, and that Britain could be appeased by transferring Cyprus and Egypt to it in the future. However, the plan did not work, European countries called the Ottoman Empire to action, promising her financial and military assistance. In October 1853, Turkey declared war on Russia. Thus began, to put it briefly, the Crimean War of 1853-1856. In the history of Western Europe, this war is called Eastern.

The course of the war and the main stages

The Crimean War can be divided into 2 stages according to the number of participants in the events of those years. Here are the steps:

1. October 1853 - April 1854. During these six months the war was between the Ottoman Empire and Russia (without the direct intervention of other states). There were three fronts: Crimean (Black Sea), Danube and Caucasian.
2. April 1854 - February 1856. British and French troops enter the war, which expands the theater of operations, as well as a turning point in the course of the war. The allied troops were superior to the Russian ones from the technical side, which was the reason for the changes in the course of the war.

As for specific battles, the following key battles can be distinguished: for Sinop, for Odessa, for the Danube, for the Caucasus, for Sevastopol. There were other battles, but those listed above are the main ones. Let's consider them in more detail.

Battle of Sinop (November 1853)

The battle took place in the harbor of the city of Sinop in the Crimea. The Russian fleet under the command of Nakhimov completely defeated the Turkish fleet of Osman Pasha. This battle was perhaps the last major world battle on sailing ships. This victory significantly raised the morale of the Russian army and gave hope for an early victory in the war.

Map of the Sinopo naval battle November 18, 1853

Bombing of Odessa (April 1854)

In early April 1854, the Ottoman Empire launched a squadron of the Franco-British fleet through its straits, which swiftly headed for Russian port and shipbuilding cities: Odessa, Ochakov and Nikolaev.

On April 10, 1854, the bombardment of Odessa, the main southern port of the Russian Empire, began. After a rapid and intense bombardment, it was planned to land troops in the northern Black Sea region, which would force the withdrawal of troops from the Danubian principalities, as well as weaken the defense of the Crimea. However, the city withstood several days of shelling. Moreover, the defenders of Odessa were able to deliver accurate strikes against the Allied fleet. The plan of the Anglo-French troops failed. The allies were forced to retreat towards the Crimea and begin battles for the peninsula.

Fights on the Danube (1853-1856)

It was with the entry of Russian troops into this region that the Crimean War of 1853-1856 began. After the success in the Battle of Sinop, another success awaited Russia: the troops completely crossed to the right bank of the Danube, an attack was opened on Silistria and further on Bucharest. However, the entry into the war of England and France complicated the offensive of Russia. On June 9, 1854, the siege of Silistria was lifted and the Russian troops returned to the left bank of the Danube. By the way, on this front, Austria also entered the war against Russia, which was worried about the rapid advance of the Romanov Empire into Wallachia and Moldavia.

In July 1854, near the city of Varna (modern Bulgaria), a huge landing of the British and French armies landed (according to various sources, from 30 to 50 thousand). The troops were supposed to enter the territory of Bessarabia, ousting Russia from this region. However, a cholera epidemic broke out in the French army, and the British public demanded that the leadership of the army first strike at the Black Sea fleet in the Crimea.

Fights in the Caucasus (1853-1856)

An important battle took place in July 1854 near the village of Kyuruk-Dara (Western Armenia). The combined Turkish-British forces were defeated. At this stage, the Crimean War was still successful for Russia.

Another important battle in this region took place in June-November 1855. The Russian troops decided to attack the eastern part of the Ottoman Empire, the fortress of Karsu, so that the allies would send part of the troops to this region, thereby slightly weakening the siege of Sevastopol. Russia won the battle of Kars, but this happened after the news of the fall of Sevastopol, so this battle had little effect on the outcome of the war. Moreover, according to the results of the "peace" signed later, the fortress of Kars returned to the Ottoman Empire. However, as the peace talks showed, the capture of Kars still played a role. But more on that later.

Defense of Sevastopol (1854-1855)

The most heroic and tragic event of the Crimean War is, of course, the battle for Sevastopol. In September 1855, Franco-British troops captured the last point of the city's defense - Malakhov Kurgan. The city survived 11 months of siege, however, as a result, it was surrendered to the allied forces (among which the Sardinian kingdom appeared). This defeat became a key one and served as an impetus for the end of the war. From the end of 1855, intensified negotiations began, in which Russia had practically no strong arguments. It was clear that the war was lost.

Other battles in the Crimea (1854-1856)

In addition to the siege of Sevastopol on the territory of Crimea in 1854-1855, several more battles took place, which were aimed at "unblocking" Sevastopol:

1. Battle of the Alma (September 1854).
2. Battle of Balaklava (October 1854).
3. Battle of Inkerman (November 1854).
4. An attempt to liberate Evpatoria (February 1855).
5. Battle on the Chernaya River (August 1855).

All these battles ended in unsuccessful attempts to lift the siege of Sevastopol.

"Distant" battles

The main fighting of the war took place near the Crimean peninsula, which gave the name to the war. There were also battles in the Caucasus, on the territory of modern Moldova, as well as in the Balkans. However, not many people know that battles between rivals also took place in remote regions of the Russian Empire. Here are some examples:

1. Peter and Paul Defense. The battle that took place on the territory of the Kamchatka Peninsula between the combined Franco-British troops on the one hand and Russian on the other. The battle took place in August 1854. This battle was the result of the victory of Britain over China during the Opium Wars. As a result, Britain wanted to increase its influence in the east of Asia, ousting Russia from here. In total, the Allied troops made two assaults, both ended in failure for them. Russia withstood the Peter and Paul defense.
2. Arctic Company. The operation of the British fleet to attempt to blockade or capture Arkhangelsk, carried out in 1854-1855. The main battles took place in the Barents Sea. The British also undertook the bombardment of the Solovetsky fortress, as well as the robbery of Russian merchant ships in the White and Barents Seas.

Results and historical significance of the war

In February 1855, Nicholas 1 died. The task of the new emperor, Alexander 2, was to end the war, and with minimal damage to Russia. In February 1856, the Paris Congress began its work. Russia was represented by Alexei Orlov and Philip Brunnov. Since neither side saw the point in continuing the war, already on March 6, 1856, the Paris Peace Treaty was signed, as a result of which the Crimean War was completed.

The main terms of the Treaty of Paris 6 were as follows:

1. Russia returned the Karsu fortress to Turkey in exchange for Sevastopol and other captured cities of the Crimean peninsula.
2. Russia was forbidden to have a Black Sea fleet. The Black Sea was declared neutral.
3. The Bosporus and Dardanelles were declared closed to the Russian Empire.
4. Part of Russian Bessarabia was transferred to the Moldavian Principality, the Danube ceased to be a border river, so navigation was declared free.
5. On the Allada Islands (an archipelago in the Baltic Sea), Russia was forbidden to build military and (or) defensive fortifications.

As for losses, the number of Russian citizens who died in the war is 47.5 thousand people. Britain lost 2.8 thousand, France - 10.2, the Ottoman Empire - more than 10 thousand. The Sardinian kingdom lost 12 thousand soldiers. Austrian casualties are unknown, possibly because Austria was not officially at war with Russia.

In general, the war showed the backwardness of Russia, compared with the states of Europe, especially in terms of the economy (the completion of the industrial revolution, the construction of railways, the use of steamships). After this defeat, the reforms of Alexander 2 began. In addition, a desire for revenge was brewing in Russia for a long time, which resulted in another war with Turkey in 1877-1878. But this is a completely different story, and the Crimean War of 1853-1856 was completed and Russia was defeated in it.

On October 23, 1853, the Turkish Sultan declared war on Russia. By this time, our Danube army (55 thousand) was concentrated in the vicinity of Bucharest, having forward detachments on the Danube, and the Ottomans had up to 120-130 thousand in European Turkey, under the command of Omer Pasha. These troops were located: 30 thousand at Shumla, 30 thousand in Adrianople, and the rest along the Danube from Viddin to the mouth.

Somewhat earlier than the announcement of the Crimean War, the Turks had already begun hostilities by seizing the Oltenitsky quarantine on the night of October 20 on the left bank of the Danube. The arrived Russian detachment of General Dannenberg (6 thousand) attacked the Turks on October 23 and, despite their numerical superiority (14 thousand), almost occupied the Turkish fortifications, but was withdrawn by General Dannenberg, who considered it impossible to keep Oltenitsa under the fire of Turkish batteries on the right bank of the Danube . Then Omer Pasha himself returned the Turks to the right bank of the Danube and disturbed our troops only with separate surprise attacks, which the Russian troops also responded to.

At the same time, the Turkish fleet brought supplies to the Caucasian highlanders, who acted against Russia at the instigation of the Sultan and England. To prevent this, Admiral Nakhimov, with a squadron of 8 ships, overtook the Turkish squadron, which had taken refuge from bad weather in the Sinop Bay. November 18, 1853, after a three-hour battle of Sinop, the enemy fleet, including 11 ships, was destroyed. Five Ottoman ships took off, the Turks lost up to 4,000 killed and wounded and 1,200 prisoners; the Russians lost 38 officers and 229 lower ranks.

Meanwhile, Omer Pasha, having abandoned offensive operations from Oltenitsa, gathered up to 40 thousand to Kalafat and decided to defeat the weak forward Malo-Valakh detachment of General Anrep (7.5 thousand). On December 25, 1853, 18 thousand Turks attacked the 2.5 thousand detachment of Colonel Baumgarten near Chetati, but the reinforcements (1.5 thousand) who came up saved our detachment, which had shot all the cartridges, from final death. Having lost up to 2 thousand people, both of our detachments retreated at night to the village of Motsetsei.

After the battle at Chetati, the Small Wallachian detachment, reinforced to 20 thousand, settled in apartments near Calafat and blocked the Turks from entering Wallachia; further operations of the Crimean War in the European theater in January and February 1854 were limited to minor clashes.

Crimean War in the Transcaucasian theater in 1853

Meanwhile, the actions of the Russian troops in the Transcaucasian theater were accompanied by complete success. Here the Turks, having gathered a 40,000-strong army long before the declaration of the Crimean War, opened hostilities in mid-October. The energetic Prince Bebutov was appointed head of the Russian active corps. Having received information about the movement of the Turks to Alexandropol (Gyumri), Prince Bebutov sent a detachment of General Orbeliani on November 2, 1853. This detachment unexpectedly stumbled upon the main forces of the Turkish army near the village of Bayandur and barely escaped to Alexandropol; the Turks, fearing Russian reinforcements, took up a position at Bashkadyklar. Finally, on November 6, a manifesto was received on the beginning of the Crimean War, and on November 14, Prince Bebutov moved to Kars.

Another Turkish detachment (18 thousand) on October 29, 1853 approached the Akhaltsikhe fortress, but the head of the Akhaltsikhe detachment, Prince Andronnikov, with his 7 thousand on November 14, attacked the Turks himself and put them into a disorderly flight; the Turks lost up to 3.5 thousand, while our losses were limited to only 450 people.

Following the victory of the Akhaltsikhe detachment, the Alexandropol detachment under the command of Prince Bebutov (10 thousand) defeated on November 19 the 40 thousandth army of the Turks in the strong Bashkadyklar position, and only extreme fatigue of people and horses did not allow to develop the success achieved by pursuit. Nevertheless, the Turks in this battle lost up to 6 thousand, and our troops - about 2 thousand.

Both of these victories immediately raised the prestige of the Russian power, and the general uprising that was being prepared in Transcaucasia immediately subsided.

Crimean War 1853-1856. Map

Balkan theater of the Crimean War in 1854

Meanwhile, on December 22, 1853, the combined Anglo-French fleet entered the Black Sea in order to protect Turkey from the sea and help it supply its ports with the necessary supplies. Russian envoys immediately broke off relations with England and France and returned to Russia. Emperor Nicholas turned to Austria and Prussia with a proposal, in the event of his war with England and France, to observe the strictest neutrality. But both of these powers shied away from any obligations, refusing at the same time to join the allies; to ensure their possessions, they concluded a defensive alliance among themselves. Thus, at the beginning of 1854, it became clear that Russia was left in the Crimean War without allies, and therefore the most decisive measures were taken to strengthen our troops.

By the beginning of 1854, up to 150 thousand Russian troops were located in the area along the Danube and the Black Sea up to the Bug. With these forces, it was supposed to move deep into Turkey, raise an uprising of the Balkan Slavs and declare Serbia independent, but the hostile mood of Austria, which was strengthening its troops in Transylvania, forced us to abandon this bold plan and limit ourselves to crossing the Danube, to master only Silistria and Ruschuk.

In the first half of March, Russian troops crossed the Danube at Galats, Brailov and Izmail, and on March 16, 1854, occupied Girsovo. An unstoppable advance towards Silistria would inevitably lead to the occupation of this fortress, the armament of which had not yet been completed. However, the newly appointed commander-in-chief, Prince Paskevich, who had not yet personally arrived at the army, stopped it, and only the insistence of the emperor himself forced him to continue the offensive towards Silistria. The commander-in-chief himself, fearing that the Austrians would cut off the retreat of the Russian army, offered to return to Russia.

The stop of the Russian troops at Girsov gave the Turks time to strengthen both the fortress itself and its garrison (from 12 to 18 thousand). Approaching the fortress on May 4, 1854 with 90 thousand, Prince Paskevich, still fearing for his rear, stationed his army 5 miles from the fortress in a fortified camp to cover the bridge over the Danube. The siege of the fortress was carried out only against its eastern front, and from the western side, the Turks, in full view of the Russians, brought supplies to the fortress. In general, our actions near Silistria bore the imprint of the extreme caution of the commander-in-chief himself, who was also embarrassed by false rumors about the alleged union of the allies with the army of Omer Pasha. On May 29, 1854, Prince Paskevich, shell-shocked during reconnaissance, left the army, handing it over to Prince Gorchakov, who energetically led the siege and on June 8 decided to storm the Arab and Peschanoe forts. All orders for the assault had already been made, as two hours before the assault, an order was received from Prince Paskevich to immediately lift the siege and move to the left bank of the Danube, which was carried out by the evening of June 13. Finally, according to the condition concluded with Austria, which undertook to support our interests in the western courts, from July 15, 1854, the withdrawal of our troops from the Danubian principalities began, which from August 10 were occupied by Austrian troops. The Turks returned to the right bank of the Danube.

During these actions, the Allies launched a series of attacks on our coastal cities on the Black Sea and, by the way, on Holy Saturday, April 8, 1854, severely bombarded Odessa. Then the allied fleet appeared at Sevastopol and headed for the Caucasus. On land, Allied support for the Ottomans was expressed by the landing of a detachment at Gallipoli to defend Constantinople. Then these troops were transferred to Varna in early July and moved to Dobruja. Here, cholera caused great devastation in their ranks (from July 21 to August 8, 8,000 fell ill and 5,000 of them died).

Crimean War in the Transcaucasian theater in 1854

Military operations in the spring of 1854 in the Caucasus opened on our right flank, where on June 4, Prince Andronnikov, with the Akhaltsykh detachment (11 thousand), defeated the Turks at Cholok. Somewhat later, on the left flank of the Erivan detachment of General Wrangel (5 thousand) on June 17 attacked 16 thousand Turks on the Chingil Heights, overturned them and occupied Bayazet. The main forces of the Caucasian army, i.e., the Alexandropol detachment of Prince Bebutov, moved to Kars on June 14 and stopped at the village of Kyuryuk-Dara, having 15 miles ahead of them the 60,000th Anatolian army of Zarif Pasha.

On July 23, 1854, Zarif Pasha went on the offensive, and on the 24th, the Russian troops also moved forward, having received false information about the retreat of the Turks. Faced with the Turks, Bebutov lined up his troops in battle order. A series of energetic attacks by infantry and cavalry stopped the right wing of the Turks; then Bebutov, after a very stubborn, often hand-to-hand fight, threw back the center of the enemy, having used up almost all his reserves for this. After that, our attacks turned against the Turkish left flank, which had already bypassed our position. The attack was crowned with complete success: the Turks retreated in complete frustration, losing up to 10 thousand; in addition, about 12 thousand bashi-bazouks fled from them. Our losses amounted to 3 thousand people. Despite the brilliant victory, the Russian troops did not dare to begin the siege of Kars without a siege artillery fleet and retreated back to Alexandropol (Gyumri) in the fall.

Defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War

Panorama Defense of Sevastopol (view from Malakhov Kurgan). Artist F. Roubaud, 1901-1904

Crimean War in the Transcaucasian theater in 1855

In the Transcaucasian theater of war, operations were resumed in the second half of May 1855 by us occupying Ardagan without a fight and advancing towards Kars. Knowing about the lack of food in Kars, the new commander-in-chief, General Ants, was limited to only one blockade, but, having received in September the news of the movement of Omer Pasha's army transported from European Turkey to the rescue of Kars, he decided to take the fortress by storm. The assault on September 17, which was launched on the most important, but at the same time on the strongest, western front (Shorakh and Chakhmakh heights), cost us 7,200 people and ended in failure. The army of Omer Pasha could not advance to Kars due to a lack of means of transportation, and on November 16 the garrison of Kars surrendered to capitulation.

British and French attacks on Sveaborg, the Solovetsky Monastery and Petropavlovsk

To complete the description of the Crimean War, one should also mention some of the secondary actions taken against Russia by the Western allies. On June 14, 1854, an allied squadron of 80 ships, under the command of the English Admiral Nepier, appeared at Kronstadt, then withdrew to the Aland Islands, and returned to their harbors in October. On July 6 of the same year, two English ships bombarded the Solovetsky Monastery on the White Sea, unsuccessfully demanding its surrender, and on August 17, an allied squadron also arrived at the port of Petropavlovsk in Kamchatka and, shelling the city, made a landing, which was soon repulsed. In May 1855, a strong allied squadron was sent to the Baltic Sea for the second time, which, after standing for some time near Kronstadt, went back in the autumn; its combat activity was limited only to the bombardment of Sveaborg.

Results of the Crimean War

After the fall of Sevastopol on August 30, hostilities in the Crimea were suspended, and on March 18, 1856, Parisian world, who ended the long and difficult war of Russia against 4 states of Europe (Turkey, England, France and Sardinia, which joined the allies at the beginning of 1855).

The consequences of the Crimean War were enormous. Russia after it lost its predominance in Europe, which it had enjoyed since the end of the war with Napoleon in 1812-1815. It has now passed to France for 15 years. The shortcomings and disorganizations discovered by the Crimean War opened in Russian history the era of reforms of Alexander II, which updated all aspects of national life.

Goals: - to study the causes, course and consequences of the Crimean War;

Show that the war had a significant impact on the development of international relations, exposed the weakness of the Russian Empire, changed the domestic political situation in the country, gave a new impetus to subsequent modernization;

To instill a sense of pride and love for the Motherland on the examples of the desperate, courageous defense of the native land by Russian soldiers, the work of doctors in the most difficult conditions of the besieged Sevastopol;

Develop skills in working with documents, the ability to highlight the main thing,

Establish cause and effect relationships.

Download:

Preview:

Topic : Crimean War 1853-1856.

Lesson type : learning new material.

Goals: - to study the causes, course and consequences of the Crimean War;

Show that the war had a significant impact on the development of international relations, exposed the weakness of the Russian Empire, changed the domestic political situation in the country, gave a new impetus to subsequent modernization;

To instill a sense of pride and love for the Motherland on the examples of the desperate, courageous defense of the native land by Russian soldiers, the work of doctors in the most difficult conditions of the besieged Sevastopol;

Develop skills in working with documents, the ability to highlight the main thing,

Establish cause and effect relationships.

Plan:

1. Reasons for the war.

a) a reason for war

b) participants in the war.

2. The course of hostilities.

A) the battle of Sinop;

B) the defense of Sevastopol;

c) war heroes

4. Reasons for the defeat of Russia.

Equipment : portraits of Nicholas I,Vladimir AlekseevichKornilov, Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov, Totleben Eduard Ivanovich, IstominVladimir Ivanovicha, lesson presentation materials, contour maps, documents

Preliminary preparation: students' messages "D. Sevastopol", "Sailor Cat", "Nakhimov P.S."

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

In March 2013, 157 years have passed since the end of the Crimean War, during which Nicholas I died.

Name the years of the reign of Nicholas I. (1825-1855)

The peace treaty was signed on behalf of Alexander II, the son of Nicholas I.

You see the book "Crimean War". We will not be able to read it in 45 minutes, but we will try to find out the main causes, nature, follow the course of hostilities and sum up the results of the Crimean or Eastern (as it was called in Western Europe) war.

Assignment for the lesson: What are the reasons for the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War?

We open the book: we read the table of contents “Lesson Plan”, we take out the scroll on the board.

II. Learning new material.

1. Causes of the war.

Interview.

What is the Eastern question, why did it become aggravated in the middle of the 19th century?

The Crimean War (1853-1856) was caused by the aggravation of contradictions between European powers in the southern seas, in the Middle East and the Balkans, in the Transcaucasus, in the struggle of European states for influence on the weakening and national liberation movement of the Ottoman Empire. Nicholas I said that Turkey is a sick person and his legacy must and can be divided.

What were Russia's foreign policy plans in the Middle East?(Strengthening of Russian positions on the Balkan Peninsula, establishing control over the Bosporus and the Dardanelles).

What was the regime of the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits?

(According to the London Convention of 1848, shipping in the straits was placed under international control, the principle of their closure to the warships of all European powers in peacetime was proclaimed. For Russia, this meant the isolation of its fleet in the Black Sea basin and the lack of confidence in the security of its southern borders, since The Ottoman Empire could, in the event of hostilities, open the straits to the ships of the European powers).

Examining the table on the slide.

Nicholas I believed that the war would have to be waged with one weakened empire, he hoped to agree with England on the division of the "inheritance" of this "sick man".

Nick.I counted on isolation France, as well as for support Austria for the "service" rendered to her in 1849 in suppressing the revolution in Hungary.

England did not agree with Russia, because it strengthened Russia's position in the Middle East.

In 1853 A secret treaty was concluded between England and France against Russia.

H.I's calculation that France does not have sufficient military forces to conduct an aggressive policy in Europe. But Napoleon III, in order to strengthen his position on the throne, strove for a "small" but "victorious" war.

Austria feared the strengthening of Russia in the Balkans and was ready to support any action directed against it.

That. The Crimean War began in an environmentdiplomatic isolationRussia. It faced a struggle against a coalition of the most technologically advanced capitalist states.

The tsar and his dignitaries relied on the unlimited human and material resources of Russia. However, this calculation turned out to be wrong. The backward military industry, which was based mainly on serf labor, could not provide the army with the latest weapons and equipment. The mediocrity of command, embezzlement, obsolete weapons and impassability greatly reduced the combat capability of the Russian army.

Smooth-bore rifles that fired at 300 paces, in Europe - rifled - at 100 paces, the sailing fleet - in Europe - steam, obsolete naval artillery in Russia.

Participating countries:Russia - on the one hand;

England, France, Turkey - on the other hand.

Austria, Prussia - neutrality

From these reasons follows the nature of the war. What is he?(Conquest, colonial)

Question: what prompted the start of the war?

Working with the text of the textbook:(p. 81, paragraph 1, paragraph 1-2)

(The reason for the Crimean War was the dispute that arose in the 1950s between the Orthodox and Catholic churches about “Palestinian shrines” located on the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Here the interests of Russia, which defended the interests of the Orthodox clergy, and France, patronizing the Catholics, clashed).

October 20, 1853 Nicholas I published the Manifesto on the defense of the Orthodox Church in the Ottoman Empire and on the occupation of the Danubian principalities.

The Russian army of 82 thousand soldiers under the command of the prince

M.D. Gorchakova crossed the Prut and occupied Moldavia and Wallachia within a month.

September 27, 1853 the Ottoman court offered Russia in tech. 18 days to clear the Danube principalities, and a week later, without waiting for the expiration of the ultimatum, he began military operations on the Danube and in Transcaucasia.

The war was fought on two frontsBalkan and Transcaucasian.

2. The course of hostilities.

Military operations in the Danubian principalities developed sluggishly.

Turkey planned to inflict the main blow in the Transcaucasus.

A) the battle of Sinop;

For this purpose, a Turkish squadron under the command of Osman Pasha arrived at the port of Sinop. The Turks planned to land a large landing in the Sukhum-kale region. But this plan was thwarted by the decisive actions of the Russian fleet.

1. Watching a video about the battle of Sinop

Historian E.V. Tarle said these words: “because of too much preoccupation with maritime interests, he forgot to fall in love and forgot to marry”

1. Message about P.S. Nakhimov

The brilliant victory of the Russian fleet at Sinop was the reason for direct intervention in March 1854 England and France in a military conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

As a result of diplomatic intrigues, only the Sardinia sent to Russia only 15 thousand. soldiers who all died in the Crimea

The British attempted to land onÅland Islands, on Solovki and on the Kola Peninsula, in Petropavlovsk- Kamchatka . All of these attacks were repulsed.

View DER.

Animated map "Crimean War 1853-1856"(3- 4)

B) the defense of Sevastopol;

September 2, 1854

September 8, 1854

In October 1854

(work with the scheme)

But still the fate of the war was decided in the Crimea.

September 2, 1854 . Allied troops began landing on the Crimean peninsula near Evpatoria.

September 8, 1854 . the first battle took place on the river. Alma, lost to A.S. Menshikov, commander of the Russian. troops in the Crimea.

The way to Sevastopol was open.

In October 1854 began his heroic defense, which continued

1. months. (349 days) (October 1854 - August 1855)

The city was subjected to five massive bombardments.

June 6, 1855 . - a general assault on Sevastopol, repulsed with heavy losses for the enemy.

P.S. Nakhimov.

August 27, 1855 French troops captured the southern part of the city and the height dominating the city - Malakhov Kurgan.

After that, the Russian troops had to leave the city.

1. View video about the defense of Sevastopol
2. Demonstration of portraits - participants in the defense of Sevastopol
3. Watching a video from the film "Nakhimov" about the sinking of ships
4. Work on a document in a book

Question: - Why, expressing disagreement with the decision of the commander in chief to sink the ships in Sevastopol, V.A. Kornilov not only did not comply with the order, but also found words for his subordinates showing the correctness of this decision?

(It is morally difficult for sailors to take such a step, work was invested in each ship, each had its own name, biography, glorious victories, the sailors grew together with them, as with comrades. The sunken ships, as it were, served

last service as soldiers. Today at this place, in Sevastopol

bay - a monument to the scuttled ships. A symbol of victory grows out of chaos - a strict, majestic column.

1. First-person stories about the defenders of Sevastopol - Daria Sevastopolskaya and the sailor Koshka.
2. Work on the document "Defense of Sevastopol" (extracts from Alabin's notes on March 15, 1855)

Question: - What influence did women and children have on the defenders of Sevastopol?

What do you know about N. I. Pirogov?(The professor of the Medical and Surgical Academy for the first time in the conditions of military field surgery used plaster bandages and anesthesia on a massive scale.)

Summer 1855 . Russian army under the command of N.N. Muravyova began the siege of the large Turkish fortress Kars, which fell November 15, 1855

The award received by N.N. Muravyov for this victory was the addition of "Karsky" to his surname.

Despite successful operations in Transcaucasia, the fall of Sevastopol predetermined the outcome of the war.

3. Terms of the Paris Peace Treaty

Peace talks have begun in September 1855

Russia lost the south. Parts of Bessarabia with the mouth of the Danube,

Russia returned taken during the hostilities by the allies

Sevastopol, Evpatoria and other port cities in the Crimea in exchange for Kars

And his area, occupied by Russian troops.

Russia and the Ottoman Empire were forbidden to have on the Black Sea

The navy, as well as military fortresses and arsenals on its shores.

The Black Sea straits were declared closed to military ships of all

countries for a time of peace.

The freedom of navigation of ships of all countries on the Danube was established.

4. Reasons for the defeat of Russia.

Exercise: What are the reasons for the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War.

The weakness of the military industry,

Poor supply of the army,

Bad condition of the roads

Mistakes in the development of strategic plans.

Results of the Crimean War:

The army is bled

The treasury is empty

The economy is upset

As a result, all the shortcomings of management, all backwardness from

Western countries in military, economic, social terms,

From now on, it was necessary to conquer again.

The war had onepositive consequence For Russia:

It became obvious that fundamental changes are needed.

Because of this, the autocracy had to begin to carry out

peasant and other reforms - in the field of court, finance, local government, education and the press, in military affairs.

Guys, what adjective words would you put next to the words Russian, Russian patriotism? What is he? (Special ... rooted, deep, independent of the political system. It manifests itself when it comes to the Motherland, the native land.)

What lessons of the Crimean War should we remember today? What should we take into account, remembering this war?

(War is always grief, blood, suffering of people, isn’t it too expensive for the peoples to pay for the adventures of their rulers: French,

English, Russian?)

So the first lesson- this is the rejection of wars as a means of solving foreign policy problems.

Second lesson - shrewdly, skillfully build a foreign policy, avoid strategic miscalculations.

III. Consolidation.

1. Task on the contour map

a) In the contour map, mark the place of the defeat of the Turkish fleet by the Russian squadron at the beginning of the Crimean War.

b) Designate the city that held the defense for 349 days.

c) Designate the territory seceded from Russia by the Treaty of Paris in 1856.

1. Fill in the gaps.

IV. Summary of the lesson.

1. Putting marks.
2. D / z paragraph 14, the document to it.

Fill the gaps

Fill the gaps

1. The largest battle at sea during the Crimean War took place in November 1853. in. ___________ . The Russian squadron was commanded by _____________.

2. The most important event of the Crimean War was the defense of _______________

in _____________ years It was led by admirals _______________________.

3. About the lower level of Russia's technical readiness for war compared to Western countries says that. that the Russian ships were ______________, and the English and French were already ___________.

Russian guns were ____________, and English and French ___________, Russians used _____________ as a means of transport, and the British laid _______________ even on foreign territory.

Fill the gaps

1. The largest battle at sea during the Crimean War took place in November 1853. in. ___________ . The Russian squadron was commanded by _____________.

2. The most important event of the Crimean War was the defense of _______________

in _____________ years It was led by admirals _______________________.

3. About the lower level of Russia's technical readiness for war compared to Western countries says that. that the Russian ships were ______________, and the English and French were already ___________.

Russian guns were ____________, and English and French ___________, Russians used _____________ as a means of transport, and the British laid _______________ even on foreign territory.

Fill the gaps

1. The largest battle at sea during the Crimean War took place in November 1853. in. ___________ . The Russian squadron was commanded by _____________.

2. The most important event of the Crimean War was the defense of _______________

in _____________ years It was led by admirals _______________________.

3. About the lower level of Russia's technical readiness for war compared to Western countries says that. that the Russian ships were ______________, and the English and French were already ___________.

Russian guns were ____________, and English and French ___________, Russians used _____________ as a means of transport, and the British laid _______________ even on foreign territory.

Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov

Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov

Istomin Vladimir Ivanovich

He commanded the most important sector of defense, the key position of the left flank - Malakhov Kurgan

Eduard Ivanovich Totleben

Plan:

1 Causes of war.

a) a reason for war

b) participants in the war.

2. The course of hostilities.

a) the battle of Sinop;

B) the defense of Sevastopol;

c) war heroes

3. Terms of the Paris Peace Treaty

4. Reasons for the defeat of Russia.

Exercise 1

Complete the table using textbook materials.

Task 2.

Choose the correct answer.

1. The immediate reason for the start of the war with Turkey was:

a) Serb uprising

b) Bulgarian uprising

c) violation by the Sultan of religious tradition in Jerusalem

d) violation by the Turkish army of the Russian border in Transcaucasia

2. The ally of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War was: a) Sweden; b) Prussia; c) Sardinia; d) Spain.

3. The battle of Sinop took place in a bay off the coast:

b) Turkey

c) Transcaucasia

d) the Balkan Peninsula

Task 3

On the outline map, mark:

a) the direction of the main attacks of Russian and Turkish troops, as well as their allies;

b) names of cities and main battlefields.

Task 4

Underline those geographical names, events and names that are associated with the Crimean War:

Nakhimov (+), Suvorov, Paskevich, Leo Tolstoy, Kornilov (+), Pirogov, Ushakov;

Sinop battle (+), Chesme battle, Kinburn Spit, siege of Sevastopol (+), Larga, Cahul, Balaklava.

Task 5*

Prepare a report about one of the organizers or participants in the defense of Sevastopol: V. A. Kornilov, P. S. Nakhimov, P. M. Koshka and others.

Petr Koshka

The future hero of the Crimean War was born on January 10, 1828 in the village of Ometintsy, Podolsk province, in the family of a serf. At 21, Peter was appointed to the recruits.

Having got to serve in the Black Sea Fleet, he very quickly won the sympathy of his comrades, acting as an excellent storyteller and joker.

The sailor acted skillfully and decisively, he did not bow to bullets, he was ready to risk himself, but he always did it wisely.

To counter the enemy, Russian troops carried out periodic counterattacks and sorties, in which volunteers participated. Among these volunteers was Peter Koshka. People like him were called "night hunters". Having reached under the cover of darkness to other people's trenches, they captured prisoners, weapons, ammunition and food.

Pyotr Koshka became the most famous "night hunter" of Sevastopol. Fully corresponding to his surname, he knew how to get close to the enemy completely silently, appearing in front of him suddenly.

In one of the solitary sorties, he reached the enemy fire and, having only a knife in his hands, captured and delivered three French officers to the Russian camp. The French were completely discouraged by such audacity.

Petr Koshka took part in 18 night attacks, but individual sorties remained his forte. Of these, he not only brought prisoners, but also brought the latest English guns and whole bags of provisions.

But the real sensation among the defenders of the city was made by the appearance of the Cat with ... boiled beef leg. Here is how it was. During one of the sorties, the sailor approached the French, who at that moment were cooking soup. There was nothing special to profit from in this place, and there were quite a lot of enemy soldiers. But then his cheerful disposition leaped up in the Cat. Suddenly, an ominous figure with a cleaver emerged from the darkness, shouting: “Hurrah! Fight!". The French soldiers, who did not make out how many people were in front of them, were blown away by the wind. And Koshka took a beef leg out of the cauldron, turned it over onto the fire and disappeared.

Another feat of Peter Koshka had nothing to do with laughter.

During the siege of Sevastopol, the French and British had a very strange habit of mocking the bodies of fallen Russian soldiers. They dug the body of the killed sapper Stepan Trofimov into the ground, standing not far from their parapet. It was, in fact, a provocation - anyone who tried to take the body of a comrade found himself in the enemy's fire zone and risked sharing his fate.

Pyotr Koshka decided on a desperate sortie. In some incredible way, he managed to get there unnoticed, dug up the body and rushed back to the Russian positions. The stunned enemy opened heavy fire on him. But the bullets intended for Koshka were taken by the body of his killed comrade.

The deceased soldier was buried with honors, and Pyotr Koshka was presented by Rear Admiral Panfilov to be awarded the Distinction of the Military Order.

After this story, Russian newspapers wrote about Petr Koshka, and, in modern terms, he became a real "star". The emperor's sons, Grand Dukes Nikolai Nikolaevich and Mikhail Nikolaevich, who arrived in Sevastopol, met him.

There are a lot of stories about Petr Koshka, and sometimes historians themselves are not completely sure which episode really took place, and which one is just a story.

One day a bomb fell under Admiral Kornilov's feet. The cat who was nearby reacted instantly, grabbing her and throwing her into a cauldron of porridge. The fuse went out, and there was no explosion. The admiral thanked the soldier, and he answered with a phrase that turned into a proverb: "A kind word is also pleasant for a cat."

In a battle in January 1855, Pyotr Koshka himself was stabbed in the chest with a bayonet, but survived and returned to duty after treatment.

In August 1855, Anglo-French troops captured Malakhov Kurgan at the cost of heavy losses. Further defense of Sevastopol became impossible. Russian troops left the city.

For soldiers and sailors who fought in Sevastopol, one month of service in the besieged city was counted as one year, and one day for twelve. For Quartermaster Koshka, this meant that he could go on indefinite leave, which is analogous to a modern-day transfer to the reserve.

At the end of 1856, Pyotr Markovich returned to his native village. The mother was no longer alive, the economy fell into decay, and the hero of Sevastopol took up its restoration. He married a widow with a little daughter, and a year later a son was born in the new family, who was named Timothy.

In August 1863, due to the uprising in Poland, it was decided to carry out a partial call-up of reserve soldiers. Among those called up was the quartermaster Pyotr Koshka. But this time he did not have a chance to participate in the battles. The legendary hero was enrolled in the honorary 8th naval crew and served in the Baltic.

He participated in the parades of the Cavaliers of St. George, visited the Winter Palace, the generals considered it an honor to get to know him. Lieutenant-General Khrulev, who fought with Cat in Sevastopol and met him at one of the parades, helped Peter Markovich to receive all the awards to which he was presented for the Crimean campaign, but which he never received due to confusion in the military department.

Koshka himself said that in St. Petersburg it was easy for him, but boring.

Having finally retired, he returned to Ometintsy. As a Knight of the Military Order, he received a very decent pension. In addition, he was accepted into the service of the forest guard as a ranger. In addition to monetary allowance, in this position he received a land plot and a small estate built at public expense for free use.

One late autumn, returning home, he saw how two girls, who had inadvertently stepped out onto the newly appeared and still very thin ice, fell through and ended up in icy water.

Without hesitation, he rushed to help and saved them. But swimming in icy water cost Peter Koshka dearly. His health was undermined, the disease followed the disease, and on February 13, 1882, Pyotr Markovich Koshka died of a fever at the age of 54.

http://www.aif.ru/society/history/vyhodyaschiy_iz_sumraka_kak_matros_petr_koshka_stal_koshmarom_okkupantov