Organs of speech and their functions. Speech apparatus, its structure and functions of its individual parts

When breathing, the human lungs are compressed and unclenched. When the lungs contract, air passes through the larynx, across which the vocal cords are located in the form of elastic muscles. If an air stream comes out of the lungs, and the vocal cords are moved and tense, then the cords vibrate - a musical sound (tone) occurs

Share work on social networks

If this work does not suit you, there is a list of similar works at the bottom of the page. You can also use the search button

The device of the speech apparatus

When breathing, the human lungs are compressed and unclenched. When the lungs are compressed, the air passes through the larynx, across which are locatedvocal cordsin the form of elastic muscles. If from l eg ki there is an air stream, and the vocal cords are moved and tense, then the cords vibrate Xia - there is a musical sound ( tone ). Tone is needed for the pronunciation of vowels and voiced g la dreams x.

If the vocal cords are divided into wow, they are silent. The air jet passes freely through the larynx and does not touch it. l o s s s x links. Such a lol nie is necessary for the pronunciation of voiceless consonants.

After passing the larynx, the air stream enters the oral cavity and. if a small tongue ( uvula ) does not close the passage, - in the nasal.

The oral and nasal cavities serve as resonators: they amplify sounds of a certain frequency. Changes in the shape of the resonator are achieved by the fact that the tongue moves back, forward, rises up, falls down.

If the palatine curtain is pubescent, then the passage to the nasal cavity is open and the nasal resonator is also connected to the oral one.

In the formation of sounds that from n o s t s without the participation of tone - deaf consonants - not tone is involved, but noise .

All organs of speech in the oral cavityare divided into two groups:

active - mobile and perform the main work during the articulation of sound: tongue, lips, uvula (small tongue), vocal cords;
passive immobile and perform an auxiliary role during articulation: teeth, alveoli (protrusions or teeth), hard palate, soft palate.

Consonants and vowels and their classification

Speech sounds - minimal units of the speech chain, which are the result of complex human articulatory activity and are characterized by certain acoustic and perceptual (associated with the perception of speech) properties [LES].

One of the linguistic universals is the presence of consonants and vowels.

Consonants

the presence of an obstacle in the path of the air stream;
1. uneven tension of the organs of speech;
2. the presence of noise;
3. in the vicinity of vowels, consonants cannot be syllable-forming.

The consonant system of a given language or dialect is called consonantism (from lat. consonans - consonant).

Classifications of consonants

Consonants are classified according to the following criteria.

I. By participation (ratio) in their formation of voice and noiseconsonants are divided into sonorous and noisy.

Sonorants or sonants(lat. sonorous - sonorous) are such consonants, in the formation of which voice and slight noise participate: [ j ], [l], [m], [n], [p], [l '], [m '], [n '], [p '].
1. noisy are such consonants, in the formation of which noise prevails over the voice. They, in turn, are divided into:
  1. voiced noisy, the formation of which is characterized by noise accompanied by voice, and
    1. deaf noisy, which are formed only by noise.

By the presence or absence of voices, voiced and deaf noisy formcorrelative pairs of voiced-deafness:[b] - [p], [d] - [t], [c] - [f], [g] - [k], [h] - [s], [g] - [w], can be and unpaired voiceless, for example, [x], [x'], [c], [h].

P. By place of education(i.e. by active incumbent)consonants are subdivided into following. groups.

1. Lip consonants are divided into:

1) labial are formed by closing the lower lip with the upper:

[b], [n], [m], and in Russian there are also soft [b '], [n '], [m '].

2) labio-dental are formed by bringing the lower lip closer to the upper teeth: [c], [f], soft [c '], [f '].

Lingual consonantsare divided into anterior, middle and posterior lingual, depending on which part of the tongue - anterior, middle or posterior - plays an active role in the formation of sound.
1. Anterolingual:
  1. dorsal (the front of the tongue closes with the upper teeth): [d], [d ’], [t], [t "], [h], [h ’], [s], [s ’], [l], [l '], [n], [n '], [c].

B) apical (raising the front of the tongue to the alveoli and palate): eng.[d], [t].

how cuminal (the tip of the tongue rises to the sky): [g], [w], [p], [h], w.

D) retroflex(the tip of the tongue rises to the sky and turns back) - in Indian languages.

Middle language (raising the middle part of the tongue to the sky): [ j].
1. back lingual (rapprochement of the back of the tongue with the soft palate): [g], [k], [x], their soft pairs.
Uvular, or reed(lat. uvula - tongue): French burr [p].
Pharyngeal, pharyngeal:Ukrainian mountain, garna maiden.
Laryngeal, laryngeal, ligamentous: tat. tә emin, tә Esir, also in Arabic. lang. Rus. "N e-a ".

III . According to the method of education (those. by way of overcoming obstacles):

occlusive - consonants, which are formed by the complete closure of the organs of pronunciation, so the air, bumping into an obstacle, breaks it with force and produces a noise characteristic of these sounds (they are also called explosive): [b], [p], [d], [t] , [g], [k].
Connecting passages(a passage remains between the organs of speech):
1. lateral [l], [l].
2. nasal [m], |n], tat. [ң ].
slotted consonants are formed by incomplete convergence of the active and passive organs of speech, as a result of which a narrow gap remains between them through which air passes: [h], [s], [g], [w], [c], [f], [x ], [ j].
Allocate also stop-slit, or affricates. In the initial stage of articulation, they are formed as occlusions, but at the end of articulation, the occlusion does not instantly open, but passes into a gap, as in the case of gaps. This is [c] and[ h ] .
Trembling (vibrants)- consonants, during the formation of which the tip of the tongue either closes or opens with the alveoli during the passage of the air stream, i.e. vibrates: [r], soft [r '].

IV . According to the position of the palatine curtain:

1. Nasal , during the formation of which the palatine curtain opens a passage into the nasal cavity, through which part of the air exits: [m], [n], tat. [ң ].

2. Oral (clean)- the palatine curtain covers the passage to the nasal cavity: all the rest.

V. P o the presence or absence of an exhaled stream of air:

Respiratory : all consonants rus. lang.
Non-respiratory (clicking)arise through sucking movements of the organs of speech; in Tajik and Turkmen they mean, for example, negation.

VI. By the presence or absence of softening (palatalization)(in Russian) - by hardness-softnessall consonants are divided into 1. solid and 2. soft (palatalized), which formcorrelative pairs for hardness-softness: [b] - [b '], [p] - [p '], [c] - [c '], [f] - [f '], [d] - [d '], [t] - [ t ’], [s] - [s ’], [s] - [s ’], etc .; unpaired:. [c], [h '], [ j].

Vowels - speech sounds that are characterized by:

the absence of an obstacle in the way of the exhaled air stream;
uniform tension of the organs of speech;
consist of tone (voice);
are syllabic.

The vowel system of a language or dialect is called vocalism.

Vowels are pure tonal sounds. Musical tone, the voice is formed in the larynx as a result of the vibration of the vocal cords. The cavities of the mouth and pharynx are resonators in which differences between vowels are formed. These differences are determined by the different structure of the organs of speech - lips, tongue, lower jaw.

Classifications of vowels

Classifications of vowel sounds of the modern Russian literary language are based on the following main features.

I . According to the degree of elevation of the tongue (movement of the tongue vertically),according to the degree of its approach to the sky during the formation of sound, all vowels are divided into:

High vowels:[and], [s], [y].
1. Middle vowels:[e], [o].
2. Low vowels:[a] (see table).

When articulating high vowels, the tongue occupies the highest position. In this case, the lower jaw usually slightly moves away from the upper jaw, creating a narrow mouth opening. Therefore, high vowels are also called narrow. When pronouncing low vowels, the lower jaw is usually lowered to its lowest position, creating a wide mouth opening. Therefore, low vowels are also called wide.

P. At the place of the rise of the tongue, i.e. by the movement of the tongue horizontally during the formation of sound, differ

Front vowels:[and], (e).
1. Middle vowels:[s]. [a].
  1. Back vowels:[y], [o].

When forming front vowels, the tongue moves forward, the tip of the tongue rests on the lower teeth, and the middle part of the tongue rises slightly. When pronouncing back vowels, the tongue moves back, the tip of the tongue moves away from the lower teeth, and the back of the tongue rises to the palate. The middle vowels occupy a middle position between the front and back vowels.

III. By the participation of the lips vowels are divided into:

Rounded (labialized- from lat. labium - lip) - lips are rounded and stretched forward: [y], [o], in Tat. lang. there are more of them.
1. Non-deformed (non-labialized): rest.

IV. Longitude (in some languages, for example, in English):

1.Long: [i:] meat, [u:] cool.

2. Brief: [ i ].

V . According to the position of the palate(see above):

1. Nasal - were in the Old Russian language.

2. Clean - all vowel sounds of modern Russian. lang.

VI . By uniformity of sound or articulation:

Monophthongs.
1. Polythongs - combinations of several vowel elements within one syllable. So, their variety is diphthongs: english go , in Latin, Latvian and other languages. Diphthongs, in turn, are divided into
  1. true, in which both elements are equivalent, and
    1. false, in which one element is the top of the syllable, and the other side:

A) descending - the strong element is the first: eng. home, German in aum,

B) ascending, where the strong element is the second: Spanish. Bueno.

Other related works that may interest you.vshm>
1050.		Periodization of speech development	1.49MB
	Stages of a child's speech development The professional purpose of speech therapy work is never limited to eliminating the shortcomings of speech disorders; the main task of speech therapy practice is to form the language speech ability - the ability to carry out speech activity. The formation of speech as an active purposeful conscious speech-thinking activity is the main subject of the professional activity of a speech therapist. Professionally...
10877.		Features of speech registration of business documentation (according to the specialty profile)	14.63KB
	A resume is the first thing you need to have when looking for a job. We can say that when applying for a job, the mandatory provision of a resume is one of the elements of modern business etiquette rules, but at the same time it is one of the most effective means of advertising in the labor market. A summary is a brief conclusion from what was said, written or read, concisely setting out the main provisions of the explanatory dictionary of D.
12548.		FORMATION OF ARTICULATION IN EARLY CHILDREN WITH SPEECH DEVELOPMENT DEVIATIONS	93.19KB
	Its incorrect structure, underdevelopment, lethargy of the muscles of the tongue of the lower jaw of the soft palate of the lips and, as a result, their insufficient mobility are often the cause of poor pronunciation, which entails problems in the further education of children with deviations in neuropsychic development, their school and social adaptation largely depend on the timeliness of identifying violations in speech development. At this level, there is a transition from the activity of the muscles to the activity of the lungs of the larynx of the tongue, etc. Most oral articulations are associated with ...
10876.		The culture of speech behavior of a specialist (general requirements, etiquette and speech formulas, rules for communicating on the phone, etc.)	12.08KB
	It is significant that even with such a utilitarian formulation of the problem, one has to consider the requirements of speech etiquette as necessary conditions for successful communication. Or: What is happening here - a question, especially in a certain context, can mean aggressive dissatisfaction with what is happening and, as such, violate etiquette. This may also include specific instructions of speech etiquette - what can serve as a subject of conversation, what is not and in what situation. Speech etiquette in the narrow sense of the word can be characterized as a system of linguistic means in ...
18689.		Calculation of the reaction apparatus	309.89KB

5103.		Calculation of the heat exchanger	297.72KB
	Determination of the parameters of the gas mixture that are the same for all thermodynamic processes. In the main technological installations and devices of the oil and gas industry, the most common gases are hydrocarbons or their mixtures with air components and a small amount of impurities of other gases. The purpose of thermodynamic calculation is to determine the main parameters of the gas mixture in ...
14301.		CALCULATION OF THE WATER SOFTENER	843.24KB
	The purpose of this course project is to perform the calculation of a water softening station with a capacity of 100 cubic meters. The calculation of the membrane apparatus consists in determining the required number of membrane elements, drawing up balance diagrams for the movement of water and a component, selecting pumping equipment to ensure the required operating pressure when water is supplied to the membrane apparatus, determining...
13726.		Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system	46.36KB
	In the bone, the main place is occupied by: lamellar bone tissue, which forms a compact substance and spongy bone substance. Chemical composition and physical properties of bone. The surface of the bone is covered with periosteum. The periosteum is rich in nerves and blood vessels through it the nutrition and innervation of the bone is carried out.
20237.		Musculoskeletal disorders in children	156.13KB
	Despite the fact that the musculoskeletal system is, it would seem, the strongest structure of our body, it is the most vulnerable in childhood. It is in infancy and adolescence that pathologies such as torticollis, flat feet, scoliosis, kyphosis and other posture disorders are found. And if proper measures are not taken in time to eliminate congenital defects or defects that have appeared in the child
20650.		Strength calculation of the main elements of the apparatus	309.89KB
	Initial data for calculations. Objectives of the course work: - systematization, consolidation and expansion of theoretical and practical knowledge in these disciplines; - acquisition of practical skills and development of independence in solving engineering and technical problems; - preparing students for work on further course and diploma projects DEVICE OF THE DEVICE AND SELECTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS Description of the device and the principle of operation of the apparatus The reaction apparatus is called closed vessels intended for conducting ...

Sound as an object of phonetics

sound and letter

Writing is like the clothes of oral speech. It conveys spoken language.

The sound is pronounced and heard, and the letter is written and read.

The indistinguishability of sound and letter makes it difficult to understand the structure of the language. I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay wrote: whoever mixes sound and letter, writing and language, “he will only with difficulty unlearn, and maybe never unlearn to confuse a person with a passport, nationality with the alphabet, human dignity with rank and title”, those. entity with something external .

The focus of phonetics is sound.

Sound is studied from three sides, in three aspects:

1) the acoustic (physical) aspect considers speech sounds as a variety of sounds in general;

2) articulatory (biological) studies the sounds of speech as a result of the activity of the organs of speech;

3) the functional (linguistic) aspect considers the functions of speech sounds;

4) the perceptual aspect studies the perception of speech sounds.

The work (set of movements) of the organs of speech during the formation of sound is called articulation of sound.

The articulation of sound consists of three phases:

1. Excursion (attack)- the organs of speech move from the previous position to the position necessary for the pronunciation of this sound (Panov: "the exit of the organs of speech to work").

2. Excerpt- the organs of speech are in the position necessary to pronounce the sound.

3. Recursion (indentation)- the organs of speech come out of their occupied position (Panov: "leaving work").

Phases interpenetrate each other, this leads to various kinds of changes in sounds.

The set of movements and positions of the organs of speech habitual for speakers of a given language is called articulation base.

When breathing, the human lungs are compressed and unclenched. When the lungs contract, air passes through the larynx, across which the vocal cords are located in the form of elastic muscles.

Having passed the larynx, the air stream enters the oral cavity and, if a small tongue ( uvula) does not close the passage, - in the nasal.

If the nasal curtain (small tongue, uvula) is lowered, then the passage to the nasal cavity is open and the nasal resonator will also be connected to the oral one.

In the formation of sounds that are pronounced without the participation of tone - deaf consonants - not tone, but noise is involved.

All speech organs in the oral cavity are divided into two groups:

1) active - mobile and perform the main work during the articulation of sound: tongue, lips, uvula (small tongue), vocal cords;

2) passive ones are immobile and perform an auxiliary role during articulation: teeth, alveoli(protrusions above the teeth), hard palate, soft palate.

Each sound of speech is a phenomenon not only physical, but also physiological, since the central nervous system of a person is involved in the formation and perception of speech sounds. From a physiological point of view, speech appears as one of its functions. Pronouncing the sound of speech is a rather complex physiological process. A certain impulse is sent from the speech center of the brain, which travels along the nerves to the speech organs that carry out the command of the speech center. It is generally accepted that the direct source of the formation of speech sounds is a jet of air pushed out of the lungs through the bronchi, trachea and oral cavity. Therefore, the speech apparatus is considered both in the broad and narrow sense of the word.

 End of page 47 

 Top of page 48 

In a broad sense, the concept speech apparatus include the central nervous system, the organs of hearing (and vision - for writing), necessary for the perception of sounds, and the organs of speech, necessary for the production of sounds. The central nervous system is responsible for the production of speech sounds. It is also involved in the perception of speech sounds from the outside and awareness of them.

speech organs, or speech apparatus in the narrow sense, consist of respiratory organs, larynx, supraglottic organs and cavities. The organs of speech are often compared to a wind instrument: the lungs are bellows, the windpipe is a pipe, and the oral cavity is valves. In fact, the speech organs are controlled by the central nervous system, which sends commands to various parts of the speech organs. In accordance with these commands, the organs of speech produce movements and change their positions.

respiratory organs are the lungs, bronchi and windpipe (trachea). The lungs and bronchi are the source and conductor of the air stream, pumping the exhaled air with the tension of the muscles of the diaphragm (abdominal obstruction).

Rice. one. Breathe-helping machine:

1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - cricoid cartilage; 3 - windpipe (trachea); 4 - bronchi; 5 - terminal branches of bronchial branches; 6 - tops of the lungs; 7 - bases of the lungs

 End of page 48 

 Top of page 49 

Larynx, or larynx(from Greek larynx - larynx) - this is the upper expanded part of the trachea. The larynx contains the vocal apparatus, which is made up of cartilage and muscles. The skeleton of the larynx is formed by two large cartilages: the cricoid (in the form of a ring, the signet of which is turned back) and the thyroid (in the form of two connected shields protruding at an angle forward; the protrusion of the thyroid cartilage is called Adam's apple, or Adam's apple). The cricoid cartilage is fixedly connected to the trachea and is, as it were, the base of the larynx. On the top of the cricoid cartilage are two small arytenoid, or pyramidal, cartilages that look like triangles and can move apart and shift towards the center, turn inward or outward.

Rice. 2. Larynx

BUT. Larynx in front: 1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - cricoid cartilage; 3 - hyoid bone; 4 - middle shield-hyoid ligament I (connecting the thyroid cartilage with the hyoid bone); 5 - middle cricoid ligament; 6 - trachea

B. Larynx behind: 1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - cricoid cartilage; 3 - upper horns of the thyroid cartilage; 4 - lower horns of the thyroid cartilage; 5 - arytenoid cartilages; 6 - epiglottis; 7 - membranous (back) part of the trachea

 End of page 49 

 Top of page 50 

Across the larynx, obliquely from the top of the front to the bottom of the back, two elastic muscular folds are stretched in the form of a curtain, converging in two halves to the middle - the vocal cords. The upper edges of the vocal cords are attached to the inner walls of the thyroid cartilage, the lower - to the arytenoid cartilages. The vocal cords are very elastic and can be shortened and stretched, relaxed and tense. With the help of the arytenoid cartilages, they can converge or diverge at an angle, forming a glottis of various shapes. The air forced by the respiratory organs passes through the glottis and causes the vocal cords to tremble. Under the influence of their vibrations, sounds of a certain frequency are produced. This begins the process of creating speech sounds.

It should be noted that, according to the neuromotor theory of voice formation, the vocal cords actively contract not under the influence of a mechanical breakthrough of exhaled air, but under the influence of a series of nerve impulses. Moreover, the frequency of vibrations of the vocal cords during the formation of speech sounds corresponds to the frequency of nerve impulses.

In any case, the process of creating sounds in the larynx is just beginning. It ends "on the upper floor" of the speech apparatus - in the supraglottic cavities with the participation of the organs of pronunciation. Resonator tones and overtones are formed here, as well as noise from air friction against adjacent organs or from the explosion of closed organs.

The upper floor of the speech apparatus - the extension tube - begins with the pharyngeal cavity, or pharynx(from Greek phárynx-zev). The pharynx can narrow in its lower or middle region by contracting the circular muscles of the pharynx or moving back the root of the tongue. In this way, pharyngeal sounds are formed in Semitic, Caucasian and some other languages. Further, the extension pipe is divided into two outlet pipes - the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. They are separated by the palate (lat.palatum), the front part of which is hard (hard palate), and the back is soft (soft palate, or palatine curtain), ending with a small tongue, or uvula (from lat.uvula - tongue). The hard palate is divided into anterior and middle.

 End of page 50 

 Top of page 51 

Depending on the position of the palatine curtain, the air flow leaving the larynx can enter the oral cavity or the nasal cavity. When the veil of palate is raised and fits snugly against the posterior pharyngeal wall, air cannot enter the nasal cavity and must pass through the mouth. Then oral sounds are formed. If the soft palate is lowered, then the passage to the nasal cavity is open. Sounds acquire nasal coloring and nasal sounds are obtained.

Rice. 3. pronunciation apparatus

The oral cavity is the main "laboratory" in which speech sounds are formed, since it contains movable speech organs, which, under the influence of nerve impulses coming from the cerebral cortex, produce various movements.

 End of page 51 

 Top of page 52 

The oral cavity can change its shape and volume due to the presence of movable pronunciation organs: lips, tongue, soft palate, uvula, and in some cases, the epiglottis. The nasal cavity, on the contrary, acts as a resonator that does not change in volume and shape. The tongue plays the most active role in the articulation of most speech sounds.

Knead the tip of the tongue, the back (the part facing the palate) and the root of the tongue; The back of the tongue is divided into three parts - anterior, middle and posterior. Of course, there are no anatomical boundaries between them. In the oral cavity there are also teeth, which are its solid border of a fixed form, and alveoli (from Latin alveolus - groove, notch) - tubercles at the roots of the upper teeth, which play an important role in the formation of speech sounds. The mouth is covered with lips - upper and lower, representing a soft border of a mobile form.

According to the role in the pronunciation of sounds, the organs of speech are divided into active and passive. Active organs are mobile, they make certain movements necessary to create barriers and forms of air passage. Passive organs of speech do not perform independent work in the formation of sounds and are 1 the place where the active organ creates a bridge or gap for] the passage of an air stream. The active organs of speech include the vocal cords, tongue, lips, soft palate, uvula, back of the pharynx, and the lower jaw. Passive organs are teeth, alveoli, hard palate, and also the upper jaw. In the pronunciation of certain sounds, the active organs may not take a direct part, thereby moving to the position of passive organs of speech.

The tongue is the most active organ of the human speech apparatus. Parts of the tongue have different mobility. The tip of the tongue has the greatest mobility, which can be pressed against urubam and alveoli, bend up to the hard palate, form constrictions in various places, tremble at the hard palate, etc. The back of the tongue can merge with the hard and soft palate or rise towards them, forming constrictions.

Of the lips, the lower lip has more mobility. It can merge with the upper lip or form a labial with it.

 End of page 52 

 Top of page 53 

constriction. Protruding forward and rounding, the lips change the shape of the resonator cavity, which creates the so-called rounded sounds.

The small uvula, or uvula, may tremble intermittently as it closes against the back of the tongue.

In Arabic, the epiglottis, or epiglottis, is involved in the formation of some consonants (hence epiglottis, or epiglottal, sounds), which physiologically covers the larynx at the time of the passage of food into the esophagus.

)) that create the air jet necessary for sound production; organs directly involved in sound production - active (moving), capable of changing the volume and shape of the vocal tract and creating obstacles for exhaled air in it, and passive (fixed), devoid of this ability. Active O. R.: 1) Larynx, consisting of the cricoid, thyroid and two pyramidal or arytenoid cartilages and two pairs of muscle folds, of which the lower one is called true vocal cords, the upper one is false. The posterior end of each of the true vocal cords is connected to one of the arytenoid cartilages, the anterior ends converge in the inner corner of the thyroid cartilage. Due to the vibrations of these ligaments, under the influence of the exhaled air, a tone called Voice Om arises. 2) Throat, which can narrow and expand. 3) Languageused in the formation of various speech sounds. 4) Lips capable of performing various articulations. 5) A palatine curtain with a small tongue, which, rising, closes the passage to the nose and separates it. nasal cavity from the pharynx; when lowered, it leaves the passage to this cavity open. Passive O. r. - teeth (upper and lower), hard palate, nasal cavity. All active organs can, approaching or in contact with passive ones, as well as with each other, create a barrier to the exhaled air stream. At the place of the barrier, a source of noise is created that is necessary for the formation of consonants (See Consonants). The teeth and hard palate are only the site of action of the active organs (tongue and upper lip). The nasal cavity serves as a resonator, which, when turned on, imparts a nasal character to the sound.

Lit.: Matusevich M. I., Introduction to general phonetics, L., 1948; Zinder L. P., General phonetics, L., 1960.

L. R. Zinder.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Organs of Speech" is in other dictionaries:

Or pronunciation. Those organs of the human body that are involved in the formation of speech sounds. To O. R. belong a) active O. R., producing the work that is needed to pronounce the sound: vocal cords, palatine curtain (enclosing ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

Various parts of the human body involved in the formation of speech sounds. The active organs of speech are the tongue, lips, soft palate, etc., passive teeth, hard palate, nasal cavity ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Organs of speech- Organs of speech or pronunciation. Those organs of the human body that are involved in the formation of speech sounds. To O. R. belong a) active O. R., producing the work that is needed to pronounce the sound: vocal cords, palatine curtain ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

Organs of speech- - speech, or pronunciation apparatus, human organs with different physiological functions, which together are used to form speech sounds. The organs of speech are divided into two groups: respiratory organs (lungs with bronchi and trachea), ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media

SPEECH ORGANS- peripheral speech, or pronunciation, apparatus, which includes human organs with various physiological functions used to form speech sounds. O. r. divided into two groups: respiratory organs that create the necessary jet ... Psychomotor: Dictionary Reference

Various parts of the human body involved in the formation of speech sounds (speech apparatus). Organs of speech are active. Movable organs that perform the main work necessary for the formation of sound: tongue, lips, soft palate, small tongue, ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Diff. parts of the human body involved in the formation of speech sounds. Active O. river. tongue, lips, soft palate, etc., passive teeth, hard palate, nasal cavity. Organs of speech: 1 nasal cavity; 2 hard palate; 3 language; 4 thyroid cartilage; 5… … Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

SPEECH ORGANS- ORGANS (from the Greek. organon - a tool, tool) SPEECH. Various parts of the human body involved in the formation of speech sounds (speech apparatus). O. r. form the pronunciation apparatus of a person whose work is determined by commands, ... ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

Organs of speech- human organs with physiological functions of different origin and purpose, used to form speech sounds. O. r. are divided into two groups: O. respiration (lungs with bronchi and trachea); O. sound formation active (mobile), ... ... Pedagogical speech science

Books

We learn to pronounce the sounds correctly k - k`, x - x`, f - f`, v - v`, t - t`, d - d`, s - z`, Osmanova Guria Abdulbarisovna, Pozdnyakova Larisa Aleksandrovna. The book will help to fix the sounds k - k`, x - x`, f - f`, v - v`, t - t`, d - d`, s - z` in the child’s speech. Previously, the production of these sounds was rarely encountered in the practice of a speech therapist. But now, according to...

In order for a person to utter this or that speech sound, the following is necessary: a) a certain impulse sent from the brain; b) the transmission of this impulse along the nerves to the organs directly executing this "command"; c) in the vast majority of cases, the complex work of the respiratory apparatus (lungs, bronchi and trachea), as well as the diaphragm and the entire chest, since speech sounds cannot normally be formed without an air stream created by breathing; d) the complex work of those organs that are commonly called pronunciation organs in the narrow sense of the word, i.e., the vocal cords, tongue, lips, palatine curtain, pharyngeal walls and certain movements of the lower jaw, providing the desired angle in the oral cavity solution.

The totality of the work of the respiratory apparatus and the movements of the pronunciation organs, necessary for pronouncing the corresponding sound, is called articulation of this sound.

The speech apparatus is the organs of the human body adapted for the production and perception of sound speech. In the broad sense of the word, the speech apparatus covers the central nervous system, the hearing (and vision) organs necessary for the perception of sounds and the correction of sound formation, and the speech organs necessary for the production of speech sounds.

The organs of speech (or the speech apparatus in the narrow sense) consist of the respiratory organs, the larynx and the supraglottic cavities.

The respiratory organs are the lungs, bronchi and windpipe (trachea). The lungs and bronchi are the source and conductor of the air stream, which causes vibrations of the organs of the pronunciation apparatus, which generates the sound of speech. Breathing itself is involuntary. Speech breathing, which, unlike physiological breathing, occurs through the mouth, has the peculiarity that the inhalation is larger than the exhalation, so that enough air remains in the lungs to prolong the exhalation and create the air pressure necessary to vibrate the vocal ligaments. With proper speech breathing, the beginning of phonation, i.e., the formation of sounding speech, coincides with the beginning of exhalation.

Larynx (larynx) - the upper expanded part of the trachea. The voice box is located in the larynx. It is made up of cartilage, muscles and muscles. The skeleton of the larynx is formed by two cartilages - the cricoid and the thyroid (the upper part of it protrudes in men in the form of an Adam's apple). On top of the cricoid cartilage are two small arytenoid (or pyramidal) cartilages; they look like triangles that can move apart and move towards the center.

Two elastic folds are stretched between the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages - the vocal cords; they are located on the side walls of the larynx, covered with a mucous membrane and can converge or diverge at an angle with the help of arytenoid cartilages, forming a glottis of various shapes.

Plays an important role in the formation of speech sounds oral cavity: various noises and resonator tones are produced here, which are important for creating a timbre. In the oral cavity (see the figure on p. 104) there are: teeth (upper and lower), alveoli (tubercles at the roots of the upper teeth), hard palate (palatum; it, in turn, is divided into anterior and middle), soft the palate (velum), which ends with the tongue (in Latin it is called uvula), the tongue is the most mobile organ of speech. Distinguish between the tip of the tongue, the back (the part facing the palate) and the root of the tongue; The back of the tongue is divided into three parts - anterior, middle and posterior.

The soft palate is also called palatine curtain; it really opens and closes the nasal cavity: when the palatine curtain is lowered, when the air stream freely penetrates the nasal cavity, a nasal resonance occurs, which is characteristic of nasal vowels, sonants and consonants. With the palatine curtain raised and pressed against the back wall of the pharynx, the soft palate closes the passage into the nasal cavity for the air stream; this produces non-nasal speech sounds.

According to the role in the pronunciation of sounds, the organs of speech are divided into active and passive. Active organs are mobile; they perform various movements necessary to create barriers and forms for the passage of an air stream. Passive organs are motionless, they are the place where the active organ creates a bow or gap. The active organs are the vocal cords, tongue, lips, soft palate, uvula, back of the pharynx (pharynx), as well as the entire lower jaw. The tongue and its front part are especially active.

Passive organs are teeth, alveoli, hard palate, as well as the entire upper jaw.

For the pronunciation of any sound of speech, the activity of one of the organ of speech is not enough. For the formation of each sound of speech, a complex of works of the organs of speech in a certain sequence is necessary, that is, a well-defined articulation is needed.

There are three phases of speech sound articulation: attack (excursion), excerpt and indent (recursion). These phases are related to each other as components of sound production.

Attack articulation consists in the fact that the organs of speech move from a calm state or articulation of the previous sound to the position necessary for pronouncing this sound. So, the start of articulating the sound [t] consists in the fact that the vocal cords move apart and relax, the palatine curtain rises and presses against the back of the pharynx, and the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth.

Portal for the student. Self-training

See what "Organs of Speech" is in other dictionaries:

Books

RELATED ARTICLES