Sociology. social deviation

Control

Study questions:

1. Deviant behavior as a subject of study in the humanities and natural sciences. The concept of deviant and delinquent behavior. criminal behavior.

2. Deviation and the normative structure of society. Concepts

deviant behavior of C. Lombroso and W. Sheldon.

3. Sociological explanation of the deviation of E. Durkheim, the theory of anomie. Study of R. Merton's deviation.

4. Social control in society and its methods.

5. Deviance and processes of social development.

The problem of deviant (deviant) behavior is given great attention in various sciences. In addition to sociology and psychology, jurists, anthropologists, physicians, historians and other scientists are engaged in this area. Deviant behavior - it is behavior that deviates from the norms of behavior accepted in a given society. Deviation from the norm is observed both in the negative and in the positive direction.

Any behavior of an individual in society that does not correspond to generally accepted norms (written and unwritten), is not approved by society and causes condemnation, is called deviant (deviant).

Any sharp deviation in the behavior of an individual or a group of individuals from generally accepted norms, on the part of society, causes a reaction of opposition, obstruction, suppression, because. in its extreme manifestations, such behavior threatens the stability of society or its individual institutions.

Control of deviation in society is carried out using certain sanctions, norms and rules, which are implemented within the framework of the function of social control.

Usually in society, the control of deviation is asymmetric, a positive deviation is approved, a negative deviation is condemned.

Accurate statistics of deviant behavior in society do not exist, but most members of society demonstrate individual patterns of deviant behavior during their lives. There are individual and collective forms of deviance. Frequent cases and diverse forms of deviant behavior that a person demonstrates, as a rule, speak of a conflict between the person and society. The types of deviant behavior include alcoholism, drug addiction, mental disorders, prostitution, crime, etc. Usually, deviance is a kind of attempt by a person to get away from problems, troubles, insecurity and fear. Sometimes deviance may indicate a person's desire for originality, creativity, an attempt to overcome the standardized, conservative foundations of society, community or group.

In a broad sense, deviance covers all abnormal actions, in a narrow sense, deviant behavior can be divided into three forms:

Violation of social rules

deviant,

delinquent,

criminal behavior.

Deviant behavior is always relative in time and space, since norms, traditions, customs change over time and from society to society. Delinquency (violation of the rule of law) is always absolute. As a rule, a deviant act matures in the mind of a person gradually; a person is all the more inclined to patterns of deviant behavior, the more often he encounters such patterns and the younger the person, i. deviation can be considered as insufficiency and unsatisfactory (defects) of socialization processes.

Neil Smelser (American sociologist) defines deviance as the conformity or inconsistency of an individual's actions with social expectations. Various scientists have attempted to find the causes and explain deviant behavior. At the end of the 19th century, the scientist, doctor C. Lombroso made the first attempt to link the presence of criminal behavior and certain traits of the individual; later, in the 20th century, W. Sheldon, a psychologist and physician, focused on the connection between body structure and deviance. In the course of further research, these concepts were not confirmed and were subsequently supplanted by new modern concepts.

The sociological explanation of deviation comes down to establishing a connection between deviation and the influence of social and cultural aspects of public life. E. Durkheim was the first to offer a sociological explanation of deviant behavior. In his works "On the division of social labor" and "Suicide: a sociological study" he explored the normal and dysfunctional, abnormal state of society - anomie. This is such a state of society when its elements disagree, basic values are lost, a wave of conflicts is growing, ideals and norms are lost. People lose interest in life, uncertainty and disorientation increase, deviance in behavior is actively manifested.

The social experience of a person does not correspond to the norms of society, disorientation and disorganization in the behavior of the individual increases. R. Merton argues that the origins of deviance are rooted in the discrepancy between the goals of culture and socially approved methods of achieving them.

Having created a certain typology of personalities, in accordance with their attitude to the goals and means of their implementation, R. Merton identified the following types of personalities: conformist, innovator, ritualist, isolated type, rebel. Comprehension of deviance in their works is carried out by M. Weber, T. Parsons, P. Sorokin, R. Dahrendorf and other scientists. The concept of social control in society includes a certain set of norms, rules, values, actions, sanctions used to prevent, prevent and eliminate deviance.

Since most people in the process of socialization have formed a commitment to social norms and patterns of behavior, it can be said that social control contributes to social and personal conformity using a system of positive and negative sanctions. Usually there are formal and informal methods of social control.

T. Parsons distinguished 3 methods of social control: isolation, isolation and rehabilitation. The main functions of social control are protective and stabilization. Typologizing the methods of social control, one can single out its soft and hard forms, formal and informal, direct and indirect, as well as general and detailed control.

Considering modern society and analyzing its dysfunctional states, it is necessary to highlight the tendency of some weakening of norms, especially those that regulate the moral aspect in the behavior of the individual, and at the same time, new norms and rules are formed in society that affect the individual and society as a whole, the forms and methods of social control.

One can also note the emergence of new forms of deviant behavior and new norms and values characteristic of new stages in the development of society. Society is becoming more multifaceted, tolerance and respect are becoming the new state of society. Only the path of love, respect and patience will allow society to enter a new round of development.

Questions for self-examination:

1. List the causes of deviation in society.

2. Why did the problems of deviation attract and continue to attract the attention of scientists - representatives of various sciences?

3. Reveal the causes of deviance among the youth.

4. Name the social institutions that perform the functions of social control.

5. How is social control related to the norms and values of society?

6. Define the difference between tolerance and conformity.

GLOSSARY

Group- social integrity, which is characterized by the same conditions and characteristic features of functioning.

Deviation- (from Latin deviatio - deviations) deviation of the behavior of individuals from generally accepted norms and rules.

conformism- (from lat. confornis - similar, similar) - opportunism, passive acceptance of the existing order, prevailing opinions, lack of one's own position.

Norm (from Latin norma) is understood as a rule, an exact prescription, an established measure. “Social norm” (“social norms”) are officially established or formed under the influence of social practice norms and rules of social behavior and manifestation of a person in the specific historical conditions of society. They determine the prevailing or established (allowed or mandatory) standards of behavior of an individual in a group, the observance of which is a necessary condition for interaction for an individual.

Social norms refract and reflect the previous social experience of society and the understanding of modern reality. They are enshrined in legislative acts, job descriptions, rules, charters, other organizational documents, and can also act as unwritten rules of the environment. Grouped according to the main norm-forming factors, they are divided into: legal, moral, ethical, religious, etc., serve as a criterion for assessing the social role of a person at any particular moment and are present in his daily life and activities.

120 Section III. Social deviations in the development and upbringing of children

A person simultaneously performs several social roles - a citizen, a specialist, a family member, a team, etc., in the process of which he assimilates the social experience of behavior that he needs for self-realization as a person.

Social deviation is the social development of a person whose behavior does not correspond to social values and norms accepted in society (his environment of life). There are such forms of social deviation: asocial behavior and anti-social.

antisocial behavior(from Greek a - negative particle "not",

"without" and lat. socialis - public, associated with the life and relations of people in society) - this is a person's behavior that does not correspond to the norms accepted in society, but does not contain illegal actions. antisocial(from the Greek anti - against and social) - this is the illegal behavior of a person.

In sociology, there is such a phenomenon that characterizes the manifestation of a person in the social environment that does not correspond to the norms, as anomie. The term "anomie" was proposed by the French sociologist D. Durkheim and means the absence of norms in behavior, their insufficiency. American sociologist R. Merton in the 30s. put forward the theory of social anomie, under which he considered the state of "immorality" in society, which induces the individual to deviant behavior. In his opinion, certain goals and means of achieving them dominate in any society. The imbalance between goals and means to achieve them is the basis for anomie. Merton substantiates the following types of human reaction in case of anomie (logically possible options for combining attitudes towards the goals of activity and towards the chosen means of achieving them): conformism, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion.

conformism(from late Latin conformns - similar, similar) - an equal (along with everything) positive attitude towards the goals and means of achieving them that have developed in society.

Innovation(from Latin innovatio - renewal, change) - a positive attitude towards goals and the denial of restrictions in the choice of means, which leads to innovative behavior, innovative human activity.

ritualism - a negative attitude towards goals, their oblivion, while maintaining the main emphasis on means, constitutes behavior of a ritual type (for example, religious activity, bureaucracy, etc.).

Retreatism- denial of both goals and any means to achieve them. It leads to withdrawal from life (alcoholics, drug addicts, etc.).

Chapter 10. Social Deviations, Their Causes and Ways to Overcome 121

Riot- rejection of both the goals and the means accepted in society with the simultaneous replacement of them with new goals and new means. It acts in the form of rebellion, revolution and proclaims revolutionary changes in social norms and values.

In social pedagogy and sociology, the expression is distinguished - deviant behavior. This term refers to human behavior that does not correspond to the norms and role assignments accepted in society.

The term deviant (behavior) is often replaced by the term

"deviant" (from lat. deviatio - deviation) or "delinquent" (from lat. delinquens - offender). Under deviant human behavior it implies a system of actions or individual actions, actions of a person that are in the nature of deviations from the rules accepted in society. Most often, deviant behavior is understood as a negative (negative) deviation in human behavior that is contrary to legal and moral norms accepted in society. Delinquent behavior in its extreme manifestations, it is characterized as a criminal offense and is subject to administrative action.

In the 1950s American sociologist A. Cohen put forward the theory of delinquent subcultures. This theory is based on the substantiation of a special subculture in people of a delinquent type, which determines their orientation towards success, but in a completely different way (by other means) than in

"big" society. These representatives include those for whom the normal means of achieving self-respect and respect from others are petty theft, aggressiveness, vandalism. The subculture of violence includes aggressive behavior, theft, etc. It functions within the mafia, gang, criminal groups and determines the essence and way of life of their members.

There are various theory of formation of deviant behavior person. Among them: biological- the originality of appearance predetermines a person's propensity to delinquency (Lombroso, Sheldon); psychological- the features of the human psyche are the basis that determines his propensity for conflicts, offenses (Freud); sociological - deviant behavior of a person is a consequence of his assimilation of negative social experience, the formed contradiction between the result of education and the requirements of the environment, etc. (Durkheim, Merton Miller, etc.).

An analysis of various theories shows that both biological and psychological theories single out something special in a person, which can affect its deviant development and upbringing. They testify that a person, carrying an aggressive principle from birth,

122 Section III. Social deviations in the development and upbringing of children

may have a certain predisposition to deviation. However, any predisposition of a person to deviation is realized only under unfavorable environmental conditions for his life and upbringing, turning into the very foundations of his personality, which subsequently determine negative (deviant or delinquent) behavior.

The deviant behavior of a person is based on his biopsychological characteristics, the process and results of his social education, his assimilation of negative social experience of behavior: a negatively expressed personality orientation (interests, needs, motives, goals, ideals), negative habits and corresponding to them (negative orientation and negative habits) positive feelings (internal satisfaction from their manifestation), which act as regulators of his antisocial, immoral behavior, actions and deeds.

A person becomes deviant gradually. The main stages in the formation of deviant behavior are:

the emergence of a contradiction between social norms or personality;

manifestation of disagreement, denial of social requirements by the child;

manifestation of illegal actions(petty hooliganism, deceit, theft, etc.);

relapses of illegal actions;

accumulation of experience of antisocial behavior(violence, hooliganism, prostitution, etc.);

inclusion in a group with antisocial behavior;

violation of laws;

Commission of crime.

In order to effectively address the issues of working with people with socially negative (deviant) behavior, it is necessary to identify the main factors that determine their formation. Such groups of factors and their components should include (see Scheme 1):

A. Deviations in mental and physiological development: low level of intellectual development from birth or as a result of traumatic brain injury; emotionally conditioned deviations and (or) deviations of the active-volitional sphere, contributing to the formation of increased excitability, affective behavior, impulsiveness in actions and deeds, thirst for pleasure, gloating and mockery of others, despotism, vagrancy, etc.; deviations in the process of personality formation, leading to difficulties in relationships with peers.

Chapter 10. Social deviations, their causes and ways of overcoming 123

B. Inconsistency in the upbringing of the child's individuality. Various deviations in the development of the child dictate the need to take them into account in education. It should focus on restraining or stimulating certain abilities of the child in the cognitive, sensual and volitional spheres, developing compensatory abilities that allow overcoming shortcomings, etc.

B. Inconsistency of educational influence with the originality of age development. So, for example, the most difficult in education is adolescence, adolescence (11-13, 14-16 years) - a transitional age. Socially, the adolescence phase is a continuation of primary socialization. Adolescents - as a rule, schoolchildren - are dependent on their parents (or the state), the main activity is study. This is the period of completion of childhood and the beginning of “growing out” of it.

Adolescence (from 17 to 23 years) is, in the literal sense of the word, the “third world” that exists between childhood and adulthood. Biologically, this is the period of completion of physical maturation. Most of the girls and a significant part of the boys enter it already post-pubertal (having reached full puberty), but it falls to the lot of the task of numerous “finishing” and eliminating imbalances due to uneven maturation.

Mismatch

individuality

Disadvantages in education

Inconsistency of upbringing with age

Negative personality position of the child

Child

Deviations in mental and physiological development

(congenital and acquired) Negative environmental factors

Scheme 1. Groups of factors that significantly affect

on the formation of deviant human behavior

124 Section III. Social deviations in the development and upbringing of children

The problems of adolescence, the neglect of which leads to deviant behavior, include:

a) crisis phenomena that characterize psychophysiological development in adolescence: accelerated and uneven development of the body during puberty; underdevelopment of the cardiovascular system, which affects the physical and mental well-being of a teenager; "hormonal storm" of the endocrine system during puberty, manifested in increased excitability, emotional instability;

b) exacerbation of relationships with adults, parents, teachers, expressed in the "conflict" of morals of older and younger, a sense of adulthood and rejection of demands on oneself;

c) the desire to replace relations from the position of “morality of subordination” to “morality of equality”;

d) increased criticality of value judgments and behavior of adults;

e) changes in the nature of relationships with peers, the need for communication, the desire for self-assertion, sometimes leading to negative forms, etc.

D. Negative factors of the personality formation environment.

A family, as a factor in the negative formation of personality:

a) immoral situation in the family: drunkenness, quarrels, fights, rudeness in relationships, dishonesty, etc., which creates a negative role model, forms an appropriate worldview;

b) problems of family composition: single-parent families, families with one child, families with many children, distant families, etc., which leads to a lack of pedagogical influence on the child, the formation of his personality on the part of only one of the parents, or to excessive attention - niyu and connivance in the process of education.

These negative factors of family influence contribute to the creation in the child of a negative attitude towards home, family, parents, encourage him to strive to leave home and spend most of his time outside of it. Under these conditions, the category

"children of the street", neglected and homeless. This is facilitated by: aggressive environment in the house, rudeness towards the child; prolonged inattention to his interests and problems, weaning him to deal with something to the parent (parents), to see in him (in them) support, unwillingness to communicate with him (them); switching parents to their personal problems and leaving the child to himself for a long time; shifting the upbringing of a child to grandparents without their appropriate support (with age

Chapter 10. Social Deviations, Their Causes and Ways to Overcome 125

older people are unable to provide the necessary educational impact on their grandchildren, which leads to their neglect); deficiencies in upbringing, the child’s lack of healthy interests, hobbies, perseverance, etc.

Factors environmental(streets, cities, "flocks", etc.) impact per person during their development.

Negative hobbies at home non-pedagogical use of the possibilities of the game in the development of the child, etc.

Negative influence of the immediate environment, and above all the anti-pedagogical behavior of parents, adults, peers, etc.

The negative influence of the media, especially television, video products.

There are other environmental factors that have a negative impact on the upbringing of a person.

D. Disadvantages in the upbringing of a child, a teenager:

a) errors of family education;

b) greenhouse conditions, removal of the child from any life problems, any vigorous activity, contributing to the formation of callousness, infantilism and inability to empathize with human difficulties and tragedies, to overcome life's difficulties in a critical situation;

c) mistakes and omissions in the process of education and upbringing in an educational institution, especially in kindergarten and school;

d) negative moral guidelines of education;

e) teaching a child or teenager certain negative models of life and activity (self-realization in life). Under these conditions, a person begins to identify himself with the heroes of various adventures, "try on" various types of activities. This is especially facilitated by television, cinema, video films, which act as a kind of “textbooks” for various forms of criminal activity;

f) environmental negative "expectations" in relation to a child, a teenager from a dysfunctional family, who has a negative comradely environment, violates discipline, etc. Such expectations often directly or indirectly provoke a child to commit a crime;

g) introducing a child or teenager to alcohol, drugs, smoking, gambling;

h) lack of unity and coherence in the educational activities of parents in the family, in the interaction of the family and school, family, school and administrative bodies working with children and adolescents, etc.;

126 Section III. Social deviations in the development and upbringing of children

i) shortcomings in the system of re-education, correction of offenders and their subsequent adaptation in everyday life (social environment).

E. Negative personal position of the child, adolescent:

a) deviations in self-esteem of a teenager: overpriced- leads to the emergence of excessive ambition and self-mobilization, which, in combination with the immoral ability of self-expression, leads to delinquency; underestimated- gives rise to self-doubt, behavioral dualism, split personality and creates problems for her in the team, restrains self-expression;

b) deviations in the personal claims of adolescents. They usually stem from deviations in self-esteem. Claims predetermine the personal position of a teenager and activity in achieving goals;

c) indifference to moral values and self-improvement. Often this is due to the lack of a moral example and the unformed need to be better;

d) negatively realized need for self-assertion and rivalry in adolescents with behavioral deviations, unhealthy rivalry. These needs, their orientation in adolescence predetermine the adolescent's aspiration for self-activity;

e) the complexity of the formation in a child, adolescent, young man of the need and active desire for self-correction;

f) the desire of a teenager to communicate, participate in informal youth associations, including anti-social ones.

Having described the main groups of factors that determine the formation

the negative, deviant behavior of children and adolescents, it is necessary to determine the most important areas of pedagogical activity for their prevention and overcoming.

Social deviation - social behavior that deviates from the accepted, socially acceptable behavior in a particular society.

It can be both negative (alcoholism) and positive.

Negative deviant behavior leads to the application by society of certain formal and informal sanctions (isolation, treatment, correction or punishment of the offender).

Types of social deviations.

1. Cultural and mental deviations. Sociologists are primarily interested in cultural deviations, that is, deviations of a given social community from the norms of culture.

2. Individual and group deviations.

individual, when an individual rejects the norms of his subculture; 3.

· group, considered as conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture.

3. Primary and secondary deviation.

Primary deviance refers to the deviant behavior of the individual, which generally corresponds to the cultural norms accepted in society.

Secondary deviation is a deviation from the norms existing in the group, which is socially defined as deviant.

4. Culturally Acceptable Deviations. Deviant behavior is always evaluated in terms of the culture accepted in a given society:

overintellectuality.
overmotivation.
Great achievements are not only a pronounced talent and desire, but also their manifestation in a certain place and at a certain time.

5. Culturally condemned deviations. Most societies support and reward social deviations in the form of extraordinary achievements and activities aimed at developing the generally accepted values of the culture.

Causes of deviant behavior

imperfection of existing norms and laws;
the imperfection of human nature (selfishness, vices, the desire to stand out);
biological and psychological characteristics of the personality (genetic abnormalities, psychopathy, mental defects);
social conditions of a person's life (upbringing, education, environment, the opportunity to work and rest well).

Theories of deviant behavior:

1. Theory of physical types;

2. Psychoanalytic theories;

3. Sociological or cultural theories;

4. Theory of anomie (introduced by E. Durkheim).

Violation of formal norms is called delinquent (criminal) behavior, and violation of informal norms is called deviant (deviant) behavior. The first is relative and the second is absolute.

What is a deviation for one person or group may be a habit for another or others; The upper class considers their behavior to be the norm, while the behavior of representatives of other classes, especially the lower ones, is a deviation.

Deviant behavior is relative, because it is related only to the cultural norms of this group.

But delinquent behavior is absolutely in relation to the laws of the country. Street robbery by representatives of the social lower classes can, from their point of view, be considered a normal type of income or a way to establish social justice. But this is not a deviation, but a crime, since there is an absolute norm - a legal law that qualifies robbery as a crime.

Features of deviant behavior:

relativity (what is a deviation for one group, is the norm for another; for example, intimate relationships in a family are the norm, in a work collective it is a deviation);
historical character (what was considered a deviation before is now the norm, and vice versa; for example, private entrepreneurship in Soviet times and today);
ambivalence (deviation can be positive (heroism) and negative (laziness)).

The negative consequences of deviation are obvious. If certain individuals are unable to comply with certain social norms or consider their implementation optional for themselves, then their actions cause damage to society (harm other people, distort and even interrupt significant social ties and relationships, bring discord into the life of a group or society in in general).

Socially significant functions of deviant behavior:

it can reinforce obedience to norms;
deviation allows you to more accurately determine the criteria (boundaries) of the norm (what is good - what is bad, what is possible - what is impossible) and equip other people with them (that is why in the old days they arranged public punishments, and nowadays they show programs like "Man and Law" on TV );
deviation helps to strengthen the cohesion of the group, seeking to protect itself from deviants;
deviation is a factor of social change (firstly, because deviation from the norm is a signal of trouble in society that should be eliminated; secondly, because it indicates the changes that have taken place in society and the need to revise outdated norms).

Deviation dysfunctions:

1. deviant behavior undermines the stability of society. If some individuals fail to perform their actions at the proper time and in accordance with societal expectations, institutional life may be damaged.

2. examples of deviant acts that have gone unpunished sanction similar behavior among other members of society.

Theory of anomie (E. Durkheim):

Anomie is a social condition characterized by the decomposition of the value system, caused by the crisis of the whole society, its social institutions, the contradiction between the proclaimed goals and the impossibility of their implementation for the majority.

Thus, the state of anomie occurs when the "old norms" no longer seem appropriate, and the new, emerging norms are too vague and vaguely formulated to serve as effective guidelines for behavior. During such periods, a sharp increase in the number of cases of deviation can be expected.

In practice, Durkheim's concepts were applied by the American sociologist R. Merton, who developed the anomic theory of deviation. Merton puts the attitude of the individual to socially approved goals and institutional means to achieve them as the basis for the typology of people's behavior. According to Merton, the gap between the one and the other just gives rise to a state of anomie that gives rise to deviation.

In accordance with various options for the relationship of the individual to goals and means, the only non-deviant type of behavior is distinguished - conformism, i.e. acceptance by the individual of both socially approved goals and institutional ways to achieve them, as well as four deviant types.

Deviant types according to R. Merton:

1. Innovation - the acceptance of goals and the rejection of traditional means to achieve them.

2. Ritualism - the rejection of cultural goals, but the acceptance of socially approved means.

3. Retreatism (from the English retreat - departure, retreat) - the rejection of both cultural goals and recognized means to achieve them with complete inaction.

4. Rebellion - the rejection of cultural goals, means and their replacement with new norms (for example, in radical social movements).

Cultural transfer theory:

Gabriel Tarde at the end of the 19th century formulated a theory of imitation to explain deviant behavior. He argued that criminals, like "decent people", imitate the behavior of those individuals with whom they met in life, whom they knew or heard about. But unlike law-abiding citizens, they imitate the behavior of criminals. Thus, young people become delinquents because they associate and make friends with those teenagers in whom criminal behavior patterns are already ingrained.

In the 1920s - 1930s. Sociologists at the University of Chicago found that in certain neighborhoods of the city, the crime rate remained stable for many years, despite changes in the ethnic composition of the population. It was concluded that criminal behavior is transmitted from one generation to another, and deviant behavior patterns are transmitted to children of representatives of other ethnic groups from local youth.

Differential Association Theory:

Edwin G. Sutherland developed the theory of differential association, according to which deviant behavior is acquired on the basis of not only imitation, but also learning.

In this regard, imprisonment can lead to clearly negative consequences if young offenders are placed in the same cell with hardened criminals.

This can be illustrated by a study of drug and alcohol use among American youth (Alters, 1979).

The researchers concluded that young people adopt delinquent patterns to the extent that they meet with approval and are rewarded for positively defining deviance as opposed to conformity.

Labeling Theory:

This theory is based on two main assumptions.

The first is that the deviation is contained not so much in the action itself as in the reaction of others to this action.

The second proposition states that labeling itself produces or propagates deviation.

The label of a criminal makes a person imagine himself caught in a network of criminal organizations, that is, to acquire a criminal identity. Each subsequent step along this path more and more strengthens in them the feeling that they have already become somehow different - not like everyone else, and not as normal as before. Sometimes such a process is called stigmatization (from the Greek stigma - prick, spot). In a sociological sense, stigma is a social sign that discredits an individual or an entire group.

According to R. Collins, crime creates society itself.

R. Collins gives the following example: the sale and purchase of drugs was not a crime until laws were passed that made the sale and purchase of drugs by individuals into a serious crime.

social deviation

The term "social deviance" refers to the behavior of an individual or group that does not correspond to generally accepted norms, as a result of which these norms are violated by them. Social deviance can take many different forms. Youth criminals, hermits, ascetics, hardened sinners, saints, geniuses, innovative artists, murderers - all these are people who deviate from generally accepted norms, or, as they are also called, deviants.

When considering deviant behavior, one distinguishes, firstly, the behavior itself is deviant (from late Latin deviatio - deviation) and, secondly, delinquent behavior (from Latin delingues - offender) - criminal, criminal. Delinquent behavior is more dangerous for society than deviant behavior. However, the subcultural values of deviant groups can rehabilitate the criminal in their own eyes.

There are two ideal types of deviations: 1) individual deviations, when an individual rejects the norms of his subculture; 2) group deviation, considered as conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture.

In real life, deviant personalities cannot be strictly divided into these two types. Most often, these two types of deviations intersect.

The process of becoming a deviant's personality helps to understand the concept of primary and secondary deviations (X. Becker). Under primary deviation means deviant behavior of the individual, which generally corresponds to the cultural norms accepted in society. In this case, the deviations committed by the individual are so insignificant and tolerable that he is not socially qualified as a deviant and does not consider himself as such. Deviants remain primary as long as their actions fit within the framework of a socially accepted role.

secondary deviation called a deviation from the norms existing in a group, which is socially defined as deviant. The person is identified as a deviant. Sometimes, in the case of even a single deviant act (rape, homosexual relationship, drug use, etc.) or an erroneous or false accusation, a deviant label is attached to the individual. But as soon as he receives the label of a deviant, this immediately leads to the interruption of many social ties with the group and even isolation from it. Thus, a secondary deviation can turn a person's whole life upside down. Favorable conditions are created for the repetition of the act of deviant behavior. After the repetition of the offense, the isolation is further intensified, more stringent measures of social control begin to be applied, and the person may go into a state characterized by permanent deviant behavior.

Deviant behavior is always evaluated in terms of the culture accepted in a given society. This assessment consists in the fact that some deviations are condemned, while others are approved. For example, a wandering monk in one society may be considered a saint, in another - a worthless loafer.

There are various theories regarding determining the causes of deviations.

Representatives theories of constitutional types(C. Lombroso, E. Kretschmer, V. Sheldon) suggest that certain physical personality traits predetermine the various deviations from the norms committed by it.

Psychoanalytic theory(Z. Freud) understands deviant behavior as a result of unconscious intrapersonal conflicts born from the collision of the natural instincts of the individual and the norms of culture.

The authors sociological concepts(D. Watson) believe that there is nothing innate in human behavior and all his actions and deeds are products of external stimulation. According to the concept of social reorganization (T. Shibutani), deviant behavior is explained by social changes, as a result of which the old standards lose their meaning, which disorganizes the life of society: some people try to adhere to old norms and values, others are guided by newly emerging values and norms as social and group. There are three types of deviant behavior: 1) conformal (adaptive to the requirements of the reference group); 2) impulsive (behavior under strong arousal contrary to one's own standards); 3) compulsive (compulsory, for example, under the influence of strong insults or drugs as a defensive reaction).

In accordance with cultural theories social deviations, individuals become deviants as a result of unsuccessful processes of socialization. When the processes of socialization are successful, the individual first adapts to the cultural norms surrounding him, then perceives them in such a way that the approved norms and values of the society or group become his emotional need, and the prohibitions of culture become part of his consciousness. Individual errors are rare, and everyone around knows that they are not his usual behavior.

One of the most important factors in teaching moral values and behavioral norms is the family. Numerous studies of youth crime have shown that about 85% of young people with deviant behavior were brought up in dysfunctional families. Five main factors have been identified that determine family life as dysfunctional: super-severe paternal discipline (rudeness, tyranny, misunderstanding); insufficient maternal supervision (indifference, carelessness); insufficient paternal and maternal affection (coldness, hostility); lack of cohesion in the family (scandals, hostility, mutual hostility). However, there are also numerous cases of manifestation of deviant behavior in perfectly prosperous families. The fact is that the family is far from the only (albeit the most important) institution in society that participates in the socialization of the individual. The norms accepted from childhood can be revised or discarded in the course of interaction with the surrounding reality, in particular, with the social environment.

In a complex, constantly changing society, where there is no single and unchanging system of norms, many of them, as well as the cultural values of different subcultures, contradict each other. Often parents are faced with a situation where the upbringing of a child in a family is contrary to the influence of other social groups and institutions. Conflicts of norms and values inevitably occur. What they say in the family to children seems to be untrue, the conflict between the subcultures of fathers and children is aggravated.

In domestic psychology and criminology, it is believed that deviant behavior is not determined by “innate mechanisms”, but is due to socio-psychological reasons, including the nature of the microenvironment and group relationships, deficiencies in education, etc. Types of deviant behavior are distinguished: aggression, anomie, frustration. In adolescence, deviant behavior can manifest itself in the form of: 1) emancipation (the desire to free oneself from guardianship); 2) grouping (association with peers); 3) hobbies; 4) attraction (manifestations of sexual activity, selective aggression).

When moral norms forbid doing some actions that many individuals want to do, another phenomenon of deviant behavior arises - norms of justification. These are cultural patterns by which people justify the fulfillment of any forbidden desires and actions without an open challenge to existing moral norms.

Social deviations play a dual, contradictory role in society. On the one hand, they pose a threat to the stability of society, on the other hand, they support this stability. The successful functioning of social structures can be considered effective only if order and predictable behavior of members of society are ensured. Each member of society must know (within reasonable limits) what behavior he can expect from the people around him, what behavior other members of society expect from him, to what social norms children should be socialized. Deviant behavior disrupts this order and predictability of behavior. Therefore, a society will function effectively only when the majority of its members accept established norms and act largely in accordance with the expectations of other individuals.

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social deviation

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