complex and painstaking work. Not all children learn a new topic right away; some need time to figure it out and understand the essence of the rule. Knowing the definition by heart, a child cannot always give examples and apply the rule in practice. There are many types of offers. Let's look at complex sentences in more detail and look at examples with diagrams together.
The concept of complex sentences
Before you start explaining a new topic to your child, figure it out yourself. The student will grasp the essence of the topic only when he feels confident from an adult. Where to start explaining new material? Ask your child to make a sentence consisting of two parts, connected by a conjunction and a meaning.
For example:
I saw something behind the curtain and ran into another room so as not to scream in fear.
Analyzing the sentence, we conclude that it consists of two bases connected by the conjunction “and”. Both parts of the sentence are connected in meaning, that is, one is subordinate to the other.
Let's look at the rule:
The definition must not only be learned, but also understood. Along with it, highlight the basics of simple sentences and depict them schematically. Ask to use the example diagram to create your own proposal. If a student has difficulty completing a task, help him. Read the definition again, think together and start completing the task.
To begin with, use a simple scheme where two simple sentences are connected by a conjunction or a conjunctive word. Do not use too many minor terms, otherwise the child will get confused and will not be able to punctuate and highlight the main terms.
Conjunctions and allied words
NGNs are linked together by conjunctions and allied words. Print them out for your child so they are always at hand:
Explain to your child that they are members of a sentence, so they must be taken into account when parsing syntactically.
If your homework says that you need to find complex sentences in the text, teach your child to use the action algorithm. Print it out and hang it above your student's desk. When completing the task, the reminder will be useful to the child and he will easily remember how to find a complex sentence.
Independent work
To consolidate the material covered, invite your child to complete the task independently. After the job is done, check for accuracy. I made mistakes, don’t be angry, because the topic is really not simple. Mom dictates sentences, the child completes the task:
Next, teach your curious fidget to use the diagrams. Show how to mark a main clause as a subordinating clause. Tell us that the subordination in a sentence can be different: stems can be connected sequentially, parallelly and homogeneously. Using specific examples, explain the difference using diagrams:
Important point! The subordinate clause can appear in any part of the sentence.
In this case, you can make a proposal:
When it started to rain, we came home.
Or another option:
When we arrived home, it started to rain.
May be so:
We came home when it started to rain.
As you can see, by swapping the basics, the meaning remains. Come up with your own simple examples where the subordinate clause is at the beginning, middle and end of the sentence.
Many children cannot immediately determine which type a particular sentence belongs to. Don't worry, when studying new topics, the teacher and the children repeat the material covered to refresh their memory. After all, everything is interconnected, and if you miss one, it is very difficult to understand the other.
Every day the school curriculum gradually leaves our minds and many simple things can be misleading. The rules of the Russian language cause such difficulties most often. And even such a thing as a complex sentence can lead an adult into a dead end. This article will help you study or update your mind on this topic.
Compound sentence
A complex sentence (CCS) is one in which the parts are connected coordinating connection, which is expressed by coordinating conjunctions. In this case, all elements are equal and independent.
Division by meaning of conjunctions of a complex sentence
- Connective: and, yes (=and: bread and salt), yes and, and..and.., not only..but also, like..so and;
- Dividing: either, or..or, either, then..that, either..either, not that..not that;
- Adverse: a, but, yes (=but: handsome, but stupid), but, however.
When children at school are just introduced to the types of sentences, only the three groups of coordinating conjunctions described above are distinguished. However, in high school Students identify three more groups:
- Gradational: not only, not so much..as much, not so much..ah, not so much..but also;
- Explanatory: namely, that is;
- Connective: moreover, moreover, yes and, too, also.
Thus, a complex sentence is distinguished with connecting conjunctions, disjunctive and adversative, as well as additionally with gradational conjunctions, explanatory and connecting.
Compound sentences: examples and diagrams
After the weekend he felt better and made a complete recovery.
Scheme: (), and (). Compound sentence with conjunction And shows the sequence of actions.
Every day he had to do homework or help his mother with housework.
Scheme: () or (). Dividing Andwhether mutually exclusive events.
Now you shoot something, and I’ll make a fire.
Scheme: (), and (). Union A– adversative, which means there is opposition in the sentence.
Not only her relatives admired her intelligence, but also complete strangers.
Scheme: not only (), but also (). This compound sentence structure divides events by significance and importance.
His leg was broken, meaning he could no longer continue on his own.
Scheme: (), that is (). There is an explanatory conjunction that is.
We have to do this, and we have very little time.
Scheme: (), moreover (). Union besidesprovides additional facts and information.
Punctuation in complex sentences
In BSC, elements are separated by commas, semicolons, or dashes.
The most common punctuation mark is comma. It is placed before both single and repeated coordinating conjunctions:
Let it be as God pleases, but the law must be fulfilled.
Scheme: (), and ().
Either I'll come tomorrow, or you come.
Scheme: or (), or ().
Semicolon used when BSC elements are very common and commas are already used:
The boy rejoiced at the new kite, ran after it and was the happiest person; and the elements were already preparing to pour rain, disperse the wind and break tree branches.
Scheme: (); A ().
A semicolon can also be used when a sentence has multiple parts:
I have this opinion, and you – other; and each of us is right in our own way.
Scheme: (), a (); And ().
Dash is put when parts of a complex sentence have a sharp opposition or a sharp change of events:
The hall froze for a second – and immediately there was wild applause.
Scheme: () – and ().
When punctuation marks are not used
The parts of the BSC are:
- Interrogative: When will you be in town again and dare I ask for a meeting?
- Incentive: Do everything well and may you cope with everything.
- Exclamation: You are so great and I like everything so much!
- Named: Cold and wind. Stuffiness and heat.
- Impersonal offers: It's cold and windy. Stuffy and sultry.
Sentence parsing scheme:
1. Characterize the sentence according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or motivating.
2. Characterize the sentence by emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
3. Characterize the sentence based on the presence of grammatical bases: simple or complex
If a simple sentence:5. Characterize the sentence by the presence of the main members of the sentence: two-part or one-part, indicate which is the main member of the sentence if it is one-part (subject or predicate).
6. Characterize the proposal by the presence of minor members of the proposal: widespread or non-extensive.
7. Indicate whether the sentence is complicated in any way (homogeneous members, address, introductory words) or not complicated.
8. Underline all parts of the sentence, indicate parts of speech.
9. Draw up a sentence outline, indicating the grammatical basis and complication, if any.
If it's a complex sentence:
5. Indicate what kind of connection is in the sentence: union or non-union.
6. Indicate what is the means of communication in a sentence: intonation, coordinating conjunctions or subordinating conjunctions.
7. Conclude what kind of sentence it is: non-union (BSP), complex (SSP), complex (SPP).
8. Parse each part of a complex sentence as a simple one, starting with point No. 5 of the adjacent column.
9. Underline all parts of the sentence, indicate parts of speech.
10. Draw up a sentence outline, indicating the grammatical basis and complication, if any.
An example of parsing a simple sentence:
Oral analysis:
Declarative sentence, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, grammatical basis:pupils and female students studying
, common, complicated by homogeneous subjects.
Written analysis:
Narrative, non-vocal, simple, two-part, g/opupils and female students studying , spread, complex, homogeneous.
An example of parsing a complex sentence:
Oral analysis:
Declarative sentence, non-exclamatory, complex, conjunction, means of communication subordinating conjunctionbecause , complex sentence. The first simple sentence: one-part, with the main member - the predicatedidn't ask common, not complicated. Second simple sentence: two-part, grammatical basismy class and I went common, not complicated.
Written analysis:
Narrative, non-vocal, complex, union connection, middle connection subordinate unionbecause , SPP.
1st PP: single-part, with main part - tale.didn't ask distribution, not complicated.
2nd PP: two-part, g/omy class and I went distribution, not complicated.
Teacher Mizhiritskaya L.S.
If drawing up diagrams for complex sentences is still difficult for you, read this article carefully. It contains examples of complex sentences with patterns of all possible types. Read them carefully and the task of creating an outline for a complex sentence will no longer seem difficult to you.
What is a complex sentence
Difficult to subordinate is a sentence whose predicative parts are in unequal relationships with each other. One of the parts is the main one, the other (others) is the subordinate part, i.e. dependent on the main one. The subordination of a subordinate clause is expressed using subordinating conjunctions and allied words.
In addition, a subordinate clause can refer to the entire main clause as a whole (that is, extend it) or to some word in its composition.
Types of complex sentences by meaning
Depending on what kind of conjunctions and allied words the subordinate clause is attached to the main one and what semantic relationships develop between the parts of the dictionary, the latter are divided into several types. To make it shorter, we will call the types of complex sentences by types of subordinate clauses:
Subordinate clause explanatory. Connection with the main sentence is carried out through conjunctions what, how, to, whether.
Father said that mother would return from work late.
[ … ], (What …).
Subordinate clause definitive. Communication with the main sentence is carried out using allied words which, which, whose, what, where, where, from, how.
No one could remember whose yellow umbrella stood in the corner all evening.
[ ... ], (whose …).
Subordinate clause connecting. Communication with the main sentence is carried out using allied words why, why, why, all case forms of the word What.
Explain to me clearly why Nastya is doing all this.
[ … ], (For what …).
Subordinate clause circumstantial. This meaning expresses a large number of conjunctions and allied words. Therefore, this type of NGN is divided into several more subparagraphs, depending on what adverbial meanings are expressed by means of communication (conjunctions and allied words).
The children were looking forward to the holiday finally coming and the Christmas tree being brought into the house.
[...], (when...), and (...).
Circumstantial meanings:
places(means of connection between the subordinate and main parts - allied words where, where, where);
They walked for a long time, stumbling, and in the evening they came to the edge of the forest, from where the road to the city was visible.
[ ... ], (where …).
time when, while, only, only);
And she kept calling and crying, crying and calling, until the window finally opened.
[ … ], (Bye …).
conditions(means of connection between subordinate and main parts - conjunction If and so on.);
If you go straight now and turn right at the corner, you can go straight to the library.
(if...), [then...].
causes(means of connection between subordinate and main parts - conjunctions because, since);
Children often act against the will of their parents, because young people want to quickly try their own strength.
[ … ], (because…).
goals to);
To achieve your dream, you will have to try hard.
(to …), [ … ].
consequences(a means of connecting the subordinate and main parts - conjunction So);
The actor prepared a lot for the audition, so he was able to get the role.
[ ... ], (So…).
concessions(a means of connecting the subordinate and main parts - conjunction Although);
Although I had never been in a hot air balloon before, operating the burner and keeping the basket at the right height was not too difficult.
(Although …), [ … ].
comparisons(means of connection between subordinate and main parts - conjunctions as if, as if, than);
Everything was spinning and swimming before my eyes, as if a stupid colored carousel had spun me in a circle.
[...], (as if...).
measures and degrees(means of connection between subordinate and main parts - conjunctions what to and allied words how much, how much);
I cannot express in words how grateful all these people are for your timely help!
[...], (how much...).
course of action(means of connection between subordinate and main parts - conjunctions what, in order, as if, how, exactly, as if, as if and a union word How).
Gather your courage and dance as if there is not a single person in the entire large hall.
[...], (as if...).
Position of the subordinate clause in the IPP
As you may have noticed when looking at complex sentences with diagrams, the positions of the main and subordinate clauses are not rigidly fixed; you can come up with several different combinations.
A subordinate clause can be placed before the main clause:
No matter what difficulties await you along the way, you must persistently pursue your cherished goal!
(which …), [ … ].
The subordinate clause can be placed after the main clause:
Go to your mom and ask her to help us.
[ … ], (to …).
A subordinate clause can be included inside the main clause:
Everywhere we went, we were followed by surprised glances.
[ …, (Where …), … ].
Obviously, there does not have to be one subordinate clause in the NGN. There may be several of them. Then it is worth considering all the options for what kind of relationship develops between subordinate clauses and the main one.
It is also worth clarifying that the scheme of a complex sentence can be not only linear ( horizontal), as in the examples above. Flowcharts ( vertical).
So, for several subordinate clauses the following cases are possible:
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence
A reasonable question may arise as to why all these NGN schemes are needed. They have at least one practical purpose - an obligatory part of the syntactic parsing of a complex sentence is the compilation of its diagram.
In addition, the diagram of a complex sentence will help to correctly analyze it for parsing.
SPP parsing diagram includes the following task items:
- Determine whether the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or motivating.
- What - according to emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
- To prove that a sentence is complex, you need to define and indicate the grammatical basics.
- Indicate what type of connection between parts of a complex sentence is present: conjunction, intonation.
- Indicate the type of complex sentence: complex sentence.
- Indicate how many simple sentences are included in a complex one, and by what means subordinate clauses are attached to the main one.
- Label the main and subordinate parts. In the case of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, they should be designated by numbers (degrees of subordination).
- Indicate which word in the main sentence (or the entire sentence) is associated with the subordinate clause.
- Note the way of connecting the predicative parts of a complex sentence: a conjunction or a conjunctive word.
- If there are any, indicate indicative words in the main part.
- Indicate the type of subordinate clause: explanatory, attributive, connecting, adverbial.
- And finally, draw up a diagram of a complex sentence.
To make it clearer, parsing sample complex sentence:
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex. This is a complex sentence made up of four simple clauses. Means of communication: intonation, allied word When, subordinating conjunction What.
The SPP consists of one main and three subordinate clauses: the first (2) and second (3) subordinate clauses are attributive, both extend the word day in the main sentences and answer the question which? Connected together by a coordinating conjunction And. The third subordinate clause (4) is adverbial (measures and degrees), extends the predicate of the second subordinate clause (3) and answers the questions how much? to what extent?
Thus, this is a complex sentence with the following types of subordinate clauses: homogeneous and consistent.
Summary
We examined in detail different schemes of complex sentences with examples. If you have carefully read the article, no task related to SPP will no longer seem difficult to you.
We also focused on the types of IPS schemes (horizontal and vertical). And, most importantly, how these diagrams will help you correctly parse complex sentences.
website, when copying material in full or in part, a link to the source is required.
Considers the structure of phrases and sentences. At the same time, the construction and punctuation of various types of complex sentences, especially with three or more predicative parts, usually causes particular difficulty. Let us consider, using specific examples, the types of NGNs with several subordinate clauses, the ways of connecting the main and subordinate parts in them, and the rules for placing punctuation marks in them.
Complex sentence: definition
To clearly express a thought, we use various sentences characterized by the fact that they have two or more predicative parts. They can be equivalent in relation to each other or enter into a relationship of dependence. SPP is a sentence in which the subordinate part is subordinate to the main part and is joined to it using subordinating conjunctions and/or For example, “ [Styopka was very tired in the evening], (WHY?) (since he walked at least ten kilometers during the day)" Here and below the main part is indicated, and the dependent part is indicated by round parts. Accordingly, in SPPs with several subordinate clauses, at least three predicative parts are distinguished, two of which will be dependent: “ [The area, (WHAT?) (which we were now passing through), was well known to Andrei Petrovich], (WHY?) (since a good half of his childhood passed here)" It is important to correctly determine the sentences where commas should be placed.
SPP with several subordinate clauses
A table with examples will help you determine what types of complex sentences with three or more predicative parts are divided into.
Type of subordination of the subordinate part to the main part | Example |
Sequential | The guys ran into the river, the water in which had already warmed up enough, because it had been incredibly hot the last few days. |
Parallel (non-uniform) | When the speaker finished speaking, silence reigned in the hall, as the audience was shocked by what they heard. |
Homogeneous | Anton Pavlovich said that reinforcements would soon arrive and that we just needed to be patient a little. |
With different types of subordination | Nastenka re-read the letter, which was trembling in her hands, for the second time, and thought that she would now have to quit her studies, that her hopes for a new life had not come true. |
Let's figure out how to correctly determine the type of subordination in an IPS with several subordinate clauses. The examples above will help with this.
Consistent submission
In a sentence " [The guys ran into the river] 1, (the water in which had already warmed up enough) 2, (because it had been incredibly hot the last few days) 3“First, we select three parts. Then, using questions, we establish semantic relationships: [... X ], (in which... X), (because...). We see that the second part has become the main part for the third.
Let's give another example. " [There was a vase with wildflowers on the table], (which the guys had collected), (when they went on an excursion to the forest)" The scheme of this IPS is similar to the first: [... X ], (which... X), (when...).
With homogeneous subordination, each subsequent part depends on the previous one. Such SPPs with several subordinate clauses - examples confirm this - resemble a chain, where each subsequent link is attached to the one located in front.
Parallel (heterogeneous) subordination
In this case, all subordinate clauses relate to the main clause (to the entire part or word in it), but answer different questions and differ in meaning. " (When the speaker finished speaking) 1, [silence reigned in the hall] 2, (as the audience was shocked by what they heard) 3 ". Let's analyze this SPP with several subordinate clauses. Its diagram will look like this: (when...), [... X], (since...). We see that the first subordinate clause (it comes before the main one) indicates time, and the second - the reason. Therefore, they will answer different questions. Second example: " [Vladimir definitely needed to find out today] 1, (at what time the train from Tyumen arrives) 2, (in order to meet his friend in time) 3" The first subordinate clause is explanatory, the second is goals.
Homogeneous Subordination
This is the case when it is appropriate to draw an analogy with another well-known syntactic construction. For the design of PPs with homogeneous members and such PPs with several subordinate clauses, the rules are the same. Indeed, in the sentence " [Anton Pavlovich talked about] 1, (that reinforcements will arrive soon) 2 and (that you just need to be patient a little) 3» subordinate clauses - 2nd and 3rd - refer to one word, answer the question “what?” and both are explanatory. In addition, they are connected to each other using the union And, which is not preceded by a comma. Let's imagine this in the diagram: [... X ], (what...) and (what...).
In SPPs with several subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination between subordinate clauses, any coordinating conjunctions are sometimes used - the rules of punctuation will be the same as when formatting homogeneous members - and the subordinating conjunction in the second part may be completely absent. For example, " [He stood at the window for a long time and watched] 1, (as cars drove up to the house one after another) 2 and (workers unloaded construction materials) 3».
NGN with several subordinate clauses with different types of subordination
Very often, a complex sentence contains four or more parts. In this case, they can communicate with each other in different ways. Let's look at the example given in the table: “ [Nastenka re-read the letter for the second time, (which was shaking in her hands) 2, and thought] 1, (that she would now have to quit her studies) 3, (that her hopes for a new life had not come true) 4" This is a sentence with parallel (heterogeneous) (P 1,2,3-4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X, (which...),... X], (which...), (which... ). Or another option: " [Tatyana was silent all the way and just looked out the window] 1, (behind which small villages located close to each other flashed) 2, (where people were bustling about) 3 and (work was in full swing) 4)". This is a complex sentence with sequential (P 1,2,3 and P 1,2,4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X ], (after which...), (where...) and (... ).
Punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions
To arrange in a complex sentence, it is usually enough to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicative parts. The difficulty, as a rule, is the punctuation of NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples of schemes: [... X ], (when, (which...),...) or [... X ], [... X ], (as (with whom...), then ...) - when two subordinating conjunctions (conjunctive words) appear nearby. This is characteristic of sequential submission. In such a case, you need to pay attention to the presence of the second part of the double conjunction in the sentence. For example, " [An open book remained on the sofa] 1, (which, (if there was time left) 3, Konstantin would certainly have read to the end) 2." Second option: " [I swear] 1, (that (when I return home from a trip) 3, I will definitely visit you and tell you about everything in detail) 2 ". When working with such SPPs with several subordinate clauses, the rules are as follows. If the second subordinate clause can be excluded from the sentence without compromising the meaning, a comma is placed between conjunctions (and/or allied words); if not, it is absent. Let's return to the first example: " [There was a book on the sofa] 1, (which I had to finish reading) 2". In the second case, if the second subordinate clause is excluded, the grammatical structure of the sentence will be disrupted by the word “that”.
Something to remember
A good assistant in mastering SPP with several subordinate clauses are exercises, the implementation of which will help consolidate the acquired knowledge. In this case, it is better to follow the algorithm.
- Read the sentence carefully, identify the grammatical basics in it and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts (simple sentences).
- Highlight all means of communication, not forgetting about compound or adjacent conjunctions.
- Establish semantic connections between parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask question(s) from it to the subordinate clause(s).
- Construct a diagram, showing with arrows the dependence of the parts on each other, and place punctuation marks in it. Move commas into the written sentence.
Thus, attentiveness in the construction and analysis (including punctuation) of a complex sentence - SPP with several subordinate clauses specifically - and reliance on the above-listed features of this syntactic construction will ensure the correct completion of the proposed tasks.
