Tatarstan is located on the East European Plain at the confluence of the Volga and Kama. The republic is located in the forest and forest-steppe zones. Deciduous tree species, which are found here in large numbers, are represented by oak, linden, birch. Coniferous plantations in this place are dominated by pine and spruce. The plain of Tatarstan sometimes alternates with small hills.
On the territory of the republic there are a large number of attractions of natural origin. There are excellent conditions for the habitat of various species of animals and birds. Some are even listed in the Red Book. Being here, it is recommended to visit places that are popular with tourists.
Proval Lake is of karst origin. It is located in the Alekseevsky district not far from the village of Zoteevka. Since 1978, the reservoir has been given the status of a natural monument of a regional scale. The lake has an oval shape. The width of the reservoir is 75 m with a length of 60 m. The depth here does not exceed three meters. Previously, Proval Lake was several times deeper.
Quite tragic events are connected with the appearance of the lake. So, in 1852, residential buildings were located on this site. However, prolonged exposure to groundwater contributed to the erosion of the lower layers of the soil. As a result, the piece of land that was above the formed voids simply failed. Accordingly, the houses that stood in this place also went underground to a depth of 20 m.
The National Park "Nizhnyaya Kama" was created in 1991 for the conservation and further study of forest and meadow areas. It is located in the northeastern part of Tatarstan in the valley of the Kama River and its tributaries. The uniqueness of the park is that there is a junction of three climatic subzones. Due to this, the "Lower Kama" is distinguished by a variety of landscape complexes and the richness of the animal world.
A large number of plants and animals presented here are listed in the Red Book. This park of national importance is a unique museum of nature. Beautiful landscapes and original natural compositions that can be seen in this place will not leave anyone indifferent.
The name of the river means "spring". Sheshma flows through the territory of Tatarstan and touches part of the Samara region. This river is the left tributary of the Kama. The source of Sheshma is located on the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya Upland. The river flows into the Kuibyshev reservoir. And to be more precise - in the Kama Bay. The length of the reservoir is 259 km.
Sheshma flows through the plain, which is divided by a network of gullies, ravines and valleys. The width of the river is 300 m in the upper reaches, and near the mouth this figure can increase up to 2 km. In some places, the banks of Sheshma are quite steep and steep. The largest tributaries of the river are Lesnaya Sheshma and Kuvak.The river is fed mainly by snow and underground. Sheshma acts as a transport highway of local importance. In addition, the reservoir plays a big role for the local farmers. The river is a very important source of water supply, without which agriculture would be quite problematic.
Lake Lesnoye is located in close proximity to the village of Bolshiye Kabany, which is located in the Laishevsky district. From this settlement the reservoir is removed at a distance of 6 km. This road can be overcome on foot or by car.
Forest has a rounded shape. The length of the reservoir is 470 m. At the same time, the width will be equivalent to 100 m. The average depth of the lake is kept at five meters. The maximum figure in this case is 12 meters. It is inhabited by a large number of fish of different species.
The reservoir has a karst-suffusion origin. It feeds mainly on underground sources and does not have drains. The water in the lake has no characteristic color and smell. At the same time, the level of transparency here is quite high. The bottom is visible at a depth of one and a half meters.
Lesnoye is the main source of water for animals living nearby. Since 1978, the lake has been positioned as a regional natural monument and therefore protected by law.
Viazovskie mountains
Not far from Zelenodolsk on the right bank of the Volga are the Vyazovsky mountains. They are famous not for their great height, but for their unique flora and fauna. In addition, this place is original in that the borders of the three republics converge here. In addition to Tatarstan, we are also talking about Chuvashia and Mari El.
Being in the mountains, you can visit another natural monument. They are the so-called, which are small lakes of karst origin. The coastal landscapes of these lakes beckon with their beauty. Unique plants and small birch groves will be imprinted in memory forever. In addition, a beautiful panorama of the Volga banks opens from the mountains.
Blue Lakes
The Blue Lakes lake system consists of Big Blue, flowing and Small Blue Lakes. Since 1994, the natural monument has received the status of a state nature reserve of regional significance.
The maximum depth of the lakes is small, no more than 4 meters, but their picturesque and transparent water make them popular not only among the guests, but also among the residents of Tatarstan.
The Big Blue Lake is a favorite place for divers and winter swimmers.
Kuibyshev reservoir
In Tatarstan is the confluence of two great rivers - the Volga and Kama. After the construction of the dam of the Zhigulevskaya hydroelectric power station, it is hidden by the waters of the Kuibyshev reservoir.
Its length is more than 500 kilometers, the northern part is located on the territory of Tatarstan. As a result of filling the reservoir, a real man-made sea was formed - the width of the water surface at the mouth of the Kama reaches 44 kilometers.
Mount Chatyr-Tau
This is the highest point of the Republic of Tatarstan at 321.7 meters above sea level. On many maps, it is marked as a ridge, but in fact the mountain is a remnant that took the form of a ridge as a result of erosion of the surrounding area, and not due to tectonic movements.
The name Chatyr-Tau is translated as "tent-mountain", and this is logical - the remnant looks like a giant green tent. From the top of the mountain you can see the panorama of the surrounding area, as well as the neighboring settlements. In 1972, the territory of the mountain and neighboring lands became a natural monument, and in 1999 - a natural reserve.
At the foot of Chatyr-Tau, a colony of steppe bobaks lives and the flora of the Red Book of Tatarstan grows. The mountain is very popular with fans of hang gliders and paragliders.
Volzhsko-Kama Reserve
The collection of the reserve includes one of the most ancient forests in all of Eastern Europe (the age of individual trees reaches 300 years), 2038 species of plants, 12 of which are listed in the Red Book of Russia, 2644 species of fauna.
An arboretum and a museum of nature are available for visiting. In the arboretum, which dates back to 1921, you can see a collection of 500 species of flora (they are organized into expositions by parts of the world).
The Museum of Nature invites visitors to learn about the flora and fauna of the region; more than 50 stuffed animals in several compositions with scenes of animal behavior have been collected here.
On the territory of the reserve there is also the Raifa Monastery and a special visitor center where tourists can watch a film about the reserve or take a virtual tour of the territory.
Dolgaya Polyana
The Dolgaya Polyana Natural Park includes the village of the same name on the banks of the Volga in the Tetyushsky mountains.
The family estate of the local Molostov family is also located here. At the beginning of the 20th century, Count Molostov brought to Dolgaya Polyana trees and shrubs unique to the area that are growing in the area now. Examples of such species are Phrygian cornflower, steppe plum, Andrzeevsky's carnation.
Many species of the park's flora are listed in the Red Book. The complex itself became reserved only in 2000.
In addition, Dolgaya Polyana is considered one of the most powerful energy zones throughout the country. Ufologists and psychics often visit here.
Anomalous points in the park are two glades on the way to the banks of the Volga. Here interference is observed in mechanical and digital devices. At the same time, people in the clearings feel unusual calmness, there have been cases of wound healing and pressure stabilization.
Lake Kara-Kul
Lake Kara-Kul in the Baltasinsky district can be called the Tatar Loch Ness. A legend is connected with the reservoir, according to which a huge snake lives here. Locals call this place "su ugese", which means "water bull". The myths also preserved information about the disappearance of hunters due to the unwillingness of people to make sacrifices to the owner of the lake - the snake.
In general, the name of the lake can be translated as "Black Lake". Indeed, the waters of the lake are distinguished by a dark color (in cloudy weather, from certain points under the canopy of a dense forest, the lake looks blue-black). Perhaps this circumstance prompted the locals to think about the monster in the pond. In fact, the black tint to the water is given by the karst rocks dissolved in it, of which the shores are composed.
Now Kara-Kul has been ennobled. A tourist base and a boat rental point have been built here, there are bridges along the banks. In summer, tourist gatherings and other events are often organized near the lake. Fishermen love Kara-Kul for its natural resources - minnows, silver carps and carps are found here.
Yuryevskaya cave
This is the largest cave in the Volga region - located in the Bogorodsk mountains. It is a regional natural monument. The first explorations in the cave were carried out in 1953. Since that time, speleologists have been clearing the rubble in the cave.
The cave consists of an landslide grotto (entrance), two large halls and three manholes. The first - the Grotto of Rains - is famous for a red stalagmite half a meter high. The second - the Red Grotto - has picturesque streaks on the walls, a well and a sheer vertical passage. The third hole is difficult to access and is closed to visitors. And in general, the whole cave is not equipped for mass excursions, access is open here only in the formats of caving tours with the appropriate equipment.
List
Video
General information
Square
The total area of the republic is 6783.7 thousand hectares. The maximum length of the territory is 290 km from north to south and 460 km from west to east. Tatarstan has no borders with foreign states.
Capital
The capital of the republic is the city of Kazan with a population of over 1.1 million people. In 2005 Kazan celebrated its millennium.
Geographical characteristic
Tatarstan is located in the east of the East European Plain, at the confluence of two largest rivers - the Volga and Kama, Kazan is located at a distance of 797 km east of Moscow.
Economy
Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. The Republic is located in the center of a large industrial region of the Russian Federation, at the intersection of the most important highways connecting the east and west, north and south of the country.
The Republic of Tatarstan has rich natural resources, a powerful and diversified industry, a high intellectual potential and a skilled workforce.
The Republic of Tatarstan, using 2.2% of Russia's agricultural land, produces about 5% of the country's agricultural products.
In the structure of the gross regional product of Tatarstan, the share of industry is 44.1%, construction - 8.6%, transport and communications - 7.7%, agriculture - 7.1%.
The industrial profile of the republic is determined by the petrochemical complex (oil production, production of synthetic rubber, tires, polyethylene and a wide range of oil refining products), large machine-building enterprises that produce competitive products (heavy trucks, helicopters, aircraft and aircraft engines, compressors and oil and gas pumping equipment, river and sea ships, a range of commercial and passenger vehicles), as well as advanced electrical and radio instrumentation.
The share of small and medium-sized businesses in the GRP of Tatarstan is about 25%.
A network of technology parks is actively developing in the Republic of Tatarstan. CJSC “Innovation and production technopark “Idea”, the industrial site of KIP “Master”, IT-park, technopolis “Khimgrad” are successfully functioning.
At the end of 2005, a special economic zone of industrial-production type "Alabuga" was created, today there are 42 residents in it.
Residents of the SEZ "Alabuga" are provided with the following tax benefits:
- reduced income tax rate of 13.5% instead of the standard 20%;
- exemption from transport tax for ten years from the date of registration of the vehicle;
- exemption from property tax for ten years from the date of registration of property in the accounting report;
- exemption from land tax for ten years on land plots located on the territory of the SEZ;
- for tax purposes, a higher depreciation rate may apply (namely, the standard depreciation rate should not exceed twice the rate).
Population
According to the All-Russian population census of 2010, 3786.4 thousand people live in Tatarstan. The Republic of Tatarstan ranks eighth in Russia in terms of population after the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Bashkortostan, Moscow, Sverdlovsk and Rostov regions. In the Volga Federal District, the republic is the second largest in terms of population.
Compared to the 2002 census, the population of the Republic of Tatarstan increased by 7.1 thousand people (0.2%). In Tatarstan, the share of the urban population in 2012 was 75.7%. The leader in terms of the number of inhabitants is the capital of the republic, Kazan.
National composition
Tatarstan is one of the most multinational territories of Russia. According to the All-Russian Population Census of 2010, representatives of over 173 nationalities live in the republic, including 8 nationalities whose population exceeded 10 thousand people: Tatars, Russians, Chuvashs, Udmurts, Mordovians, Maris, Ukrainians and Bashkirs. Among the peoples inhabiting Tatarstan, the Tatars prevail in terms of population (more than 2 million people or 53.2% of the total population of the republic). In second place are Russians - more than 1.5 million people. or 39.7%, the third - Chuvash (116.2 thousand people or 3.1%).
Nature and climate
The territory of Tatarstan is an elevated stepped plain, dissected by a dense network of river valleys. The wide valleys of the Volga and Kama divide the plain into three parts: the Pre-Volga region, the Pre-Kama region and the Trans-Kama region. The Volga region with a maximum height of 276 m occupies the northeastern part of the Volga Upland. The southern ends of the Mozhginskaya and Sarapulskaya uplands, separated by the valley of the r. Izh. The highest heights here reach 243 m. The highest in Tatarstan (up to 381 m) is the Bugulma upland in the Eastern Trans-Kama region. The lowest relief (mainly up to 200 m) is characteristic of the Western Zakamye.
17% of the territory of the republic is covered with forests, consisting of mainly deciduous trees (oak, linden, birch, aspen), conifers are represented by pine and spruce. 433 species of vertebrates and several thousand species of invertebrates live on the territory of Tatarstan.
The territory of Tatarstan is characterized by a temperate continental type of climate in the middle latitudes, with warm summers and moderately cold winters. The warmest month is July with average monthly air temperature over the territory of 18 - 20 °C, the coldest month is January with average monthly temperatures from -13 °C. The duration of the warm period (with a stable temperature above 0 ° C) varies across the territory within 198-209 days, the cold period - 156-167 days. Precipitation is distributed relatively evenly over the territory, their annual amount is 460 - 540 mm.
The soils are very diverse - from gray forest and podzolic in the north and west to various types of chernozems in the south of the republic.
The Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve and the Nizhnyaya Kama National Park are located on the territory of Tatarstan. The Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve is located on the territory of the Zelenodolsk and Laishevsky municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Two separate sections of the reserve - Saralovsky (4170 ha) and Raifsky (5921 ha) are separated from each other by a distance of about 100 km. The Nizhnyaya Kama National Park is located on the territory of two municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan: Yelabuga and Tukaevsky. On the territory of the park, several land and water tourist routes are planned through forests, as well as water routes along the water area of the reservoir, along the Kama and Kriusha rivers.
History reference
The first state in the region was the Volga Bulgaria, created at the turn of the 9th-10th centuries AD. Turkic tribes. In 922 Islam became the state religion. In 1236, Bulgaria became part of the empire of Genghis Khan, and then became part of the Golden Horde, as a result of the collapse of which a new state arose - the Kazan Khanate (1438). In 1552, the Kazan Khanate was annexed to the Russian state.
In 1920, the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed.
On August 30, 1990, the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Republic was adopted. In 1994, an Agreement was signed between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan on the delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction and mutual delegation of powers between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan, and in 2007 an Agreement was signed on the delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction and powers between state authorities of the Russian Federation and public authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan, which became a kind of "successor" of the 1994 Treaty.
The republic is inhabited by peoples with different historical past and cultural traditions. The combination of at least three types of cultural mutual influences (Turkic, Slavic-Russian and Finno-Ugric) determines the uniqueness of these places, the originality of cultural and historical values.
The fates of many prominent cultural figures are connected with Tatarstan: singer Fyodor Chaliapin, writers Leo Tolstoy, Sergei Aksakov and Maxim Gorky, Vasily Aksyonov, poets Yevgeny Boratynsky, Gavriil Derzhavin, Marina Tsvetaeva and Nikita Zabolotsky, artists Ivan Shishkin and Nikolai Feshin. The classic of Tatar poetry Gabdulla Tukay, poet-hero Musa Jalil, composers Farid Yarullin, Salih Saidashev, Nazib Zhiganov, Sofia Gubaidulina and many others made the glory of Tatar culture.
Islam and Orthodoxy are traditional confessions for the republic. Tatars and Bashkirs (that is, about half of the republic's population) profess Islam. Another part of the population: Russians, Chuvashs, Maris, Udmurts, Mordovians - Christians professing Orthodoxy. Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism and other confessions are also represented in Tatarstan.
Maintaining a balance of interests between the two major confessions and the equality of all religions before the law underlies interfaith harmony in the republic.
In August, two federal publications simultaneously published articles about archaeological finds in the ancient capital of the Volga Bulgaria, Bolgar, which are diligently hushed up by local nationally oriented historians (the process of "revival" of Bolgar is led by the ex-president of Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev). The essence of the discoveries boils down to the fact that the Slavs appeared on the Middle Volga in general and in Bolgar in particular long before the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible in 1552. Historian Alexander Ovchinnikov, Associate Professor of the Humanities Department of KNRTU-KHTI, has been trying to talk about this for several years, but his statements are met with undisguised irritation both in local scientific circles and from the authorities. He explained his position in an interview with IA REGNUM.
When did the Slavs first appear on the territory of modern Tatarstan?
It is known that in the 4th-7th centuries AD, a significant territory of the Middle Volga region - from the Sura in the west (Mordovia) to the Belaya River in the east (Bashkiria), from the Lower Kama in the north (Laishevsky, Rybno-Slobodskaya and other regions of Tatarstan) to Samarskaya Luka in the south - occupied by the population of the so-called Imenkovskaya archaeological culture. In the 1980s, a point of view appeared that it was abandoned by the ancient Slavic population.
Even earlier, in the 1940-70s, when Moscow archaeologists worked in Bolgari, it was widely believed that this city arose on the basis of the Imenkovo settlements. In some areas of the Bolgar settlement there are no sterile layers between the Imenkov and Bulgar layers, they are mixed. It is quite possible that those who lived in the place of the future Bolgar from the middle of the 1st millennium AD. the Slavs mixed with the newcomers-Bulgars and gave rise to a new city. Relatively recently, materials were discovered in the Bolgar region that can be identified not even with the Slavs, but with the Proto-Slavs. There was a corresponding article in a small-circulation scientific collection, but this news did not reach the general public.
Bulgarian finds also indicate that in the X-XIV centuries. residents of Kievan Rus, and then the Russian principalities, often visited the city, and not only "on the way." There are stone icons and crosses, metal icons, bronze church utensils: a candlestick, lamp holder, the remains of a lamp chain. Bulgars who professed Islam could hardly buy such things. The remains of dwellings with corresponding finds speak of the permanent residence of Russians in Bolgar, the presence of a Russian craft quarter. Why they don't focus on this in Tatarstan today, I think it's understandable.
In the rest of Russia, the Slavic origin of the Imenkovo culture is not a debatable issue?
This issue is debatable in the political plane, in the plane of some personal ambitions of historians and archaeologists. If we take the scientific aspect of the problem, then it can be argued that the Imenkovites are more Slavs than anyone else. There are works of famous scientists, for example, Academician V.V. Sedov, the largest specialist in Slavic archeology, orientalist S.G. Klyashtorny, Samara researcher G.I. Matveeva.
In them, on the basis of a complex of sources, it is proved that the Imenkovtsy are a Slavic mass of the population, at least the majority of the population of this culture are Slavs. This is evidenced by the funeral rite, the data of the language of neighboring peoples (Slavic borrowings in the language of the ancestors of the Udmurts), written sources - for example, the Arab traveler Ahmed ibn Fadlan, who personally visited the Volga Bulgaria in 922, calls the ruler of the Bulgars also the king of the Slavs.
It turns out that local historians and archaeologists have been denying the obvious since the middle of the last century?
After Moscow archaeologists were ousted from Tatarstan in the 1970s, the local archaeologist A.Kh. Khalikov (this was due to the general trend of strengthening the positions of the nomenklatura in the national republics of the USSR). Then they began to say that there was no continuity between the Imenkovtsy and the Bulgars, and Bolgar became a purely Bulgarian, even a Bulgaro-Tatar city. Articles were written, theories were put forward that, perhaps, the Imenkovites were Turks, Balts or Finno-Ugric peoples, but somehow they did not pay attention to the fact that there is an excellent evidence base for the Slavs of this population.
The fact is that the fact that the Slavs lived in the Middle Volga region even before the emergence of Volga Bulgaria destroyed the official point of view, according to which the Tatars were always at home here, and the Russians were aliens, struck at the justification of the sovereignty of the republic. In the 1990s, with the rampant of this very sovereignty, and later, in the 2000s, the Imenkov problem in local scientific circles began to be simply glossed over. As a result, today the common truth is the idea that the Slavs appeared on the Middle Volga only after 1552, and the city of Bolgar was founded by the Bulgars, the ancestors of the Tatar people.
Why is it not possible to effectively resist the falsification of history?
I wrote a term paper and a diploma under the guidance of the famous archaeologist P.N. Starostin, a well-known specialist on the Imenkov problem, the author of a classic monograph on this topic. When at a certain stage of work it became necessary to move to a higher level of generalizations - ethnic and linguistic affiliation - the supervisor began to say: we must be more careful.
It is clear that these are Slavs, but it is better to say vaguely that the Imenkovtsy are a population of "Western origin". Due to teenage maximalism, I did not listen to him and defended my position at all scientific conferences. When I graduated from high school, those on whom my admission to the graduate school of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic depended, set a condition: not to update the ethnicity of the Imenkovtsy. I again did not obey, a flurry of accusations rained down on me - rumors began to spread about me that I was a "black archaeologist".
Gradually, I turned into an outcast, it came to the point that in April 2005, the monograph on the Bogoroditsky burial ground of the Imenkovo culture, which was being prepared for publication (written by me in collaboration with P.N. Starostin), was simply destroyed in my presence. One laboratory assistant of non-fragile complexion came, took the manuscript, and that was it. He said - you do not understand how to behave ... Even the supervisor could not do anything. In the end, by some miracle, I entered graduate school, then there were problems with the defense of the candidate. In 2009, I began public activity, updated the Imenkovskaya and some other problems in the press.
I started having difficulties at work, my colleagues were afraid that with my speeches I would bring trouble to the entire department. I succumbed to pressure and ceased to actively participate in the public life of Kazan since 2010, switched back to science, but problems began here too: they stopped accepting at conferences, refused to publish articles, especially VAK-ovsky ones that scientists needed so much.
How was it justified?
It was often said that the topic of the article does not correspond to the profile of the publication. Editor-in-Chief of the magazine "Echo of the Ages" D.R. Sharafutdinov frankly said that every nation should have its own myth, and I am destroying this myth. Tutorials have not been published lately. I will be re-elected in 2015. Most likely, they will be re-elected from an associate professor to an assistant (the formal reason will be just the lack of teaching aids), or maybe they will have to look for a new job altogether. But there is nothing strange here, we have an authoritarian state, and historians should serve it not with a sword, but with a pen.
What other historical myths are popularized by scientists of Tatarstan?
The main myth, which is very difficult to overcome, is that two peoples live on the territory of Tatarstan: Russians and Tatars, allegedly separate closed communities that have a very difficult historical fate, and if there is no wise leadership, then these two peoples will enter into an interethnic conflict. All historians must support this myth, someone must study the history of the Russian people, someone - the Tatar people, everyone must behave correctly. To change something, it is not enough to scientifically prove that the same Imenkovtsy are Slavs.
The problem lies in the social environment in which professional knowledge circulates. Historians of Kazan are grouped into professional teams - these are departments, departments, etc. Each team is a kind of little world with its own interpersonal relations, and the normal existence of this little world depends entirely on the goodwill of the ruler. The system of relationships between the authorities and scientists that now exists in Tatarstan repeats the system of relationships in the Eastern despotism between the ruler and subjects. This mechanism ensures the functioning of historical myths.
The specificity lies in the fact that even conscientious scientific research is included in the general ideological narrative. For example, an archaeologist works with ceramics, makes scrupulous calculations, and in a generalizing work like "The History of the Tatars" it will appear that this is the ceramics of the ancestors of the Tatar people. Myth has the function of ideology: in authoritarian states, ideology is always a myth, and often it borders on delirium.
Why do people believe in historical myths despite their apparent absurdity?
A professor I know used to say: when people ask you about nationalism, talk about urbanization, and he was right. Throughout the 20th century in Russia, people from the countryside moved to the cities, where it was very difficult for them to get a job. They lost touch with their families, their native places, they achieved everything on their own. They had a feeling of loneliness, they needed to associate themselves with some kind of circle of people who would help. It's like a village, a family. That is why national histories are popular.
Yes, they are delusional, but a person who roams around rented apartments, who barely earns his own food, knows that he will soon take out a mortgage and will pay it all his life, in order not to get drunk and not to chip, some kind of myth is needed. And then he takes another work of a local historian and sees: here it is! I belong to a great nation, my ancestors are the shakers of the universe.
This, it turns out, is the reason for my problems - the Russians captured Kazan 450 years ago, if we had our own state, our own independent Tatarstan, I would now live very well. National history (whether Russian, Tatar or Bashkir) is the history of marginals, people between two worlds. They broke away from rural life, have not yet settled in the city. Specialists in the theory of modernization write that this disorder leads to a split personality, a mythical understanding of the world around us, and a craving for surrealistic images. That is why national stories are popular.
Do you think the historians involved in the creation of myths really believe what they write? Or is it just an attempt to adapt to the current political situation?
I thought a lot about this question and came to the conclusion that there is a fact of doublethink here. There are works by psychologists who write that people who are constantly in closed groups often experience the phenomenon of doublethink. That is, the mechanisms of logic cease to work. Logic was born in ancient Greece, it is a product of an atomized society, from the standpoint of logic, it reflects a person, individuality. Black cannot be white - this is logic.
Doublethink is when black can be white at the same time, i.e. when two mutually exclusive propositions are found to be true. In Tatarstan conditions, the scientist thinks as follows: yes, I write fairy tales about the history of the Tatar people, but maybe there is some rational grain in them. Most of the humanitarians of Tatarstan, and in general people of creative professions, are yesterday's villagers, and there is no need to be ashamed of this. They are marginalized and at some point they can really believe in the myths that they themselves compose. We are faced with the problem of modernization, a catch-up type of development of the country. Let's hope that their children, real citizens in the second and third generations, will get rid of this.
Can what is happening in Tatarstan be called an all-Russian or even global trend?
As for the global trend, I don’t presume to judge this, I can only say that the concept of so-called civic nationalism has been adopted throughout the developed world, when a nation is fellow citizenship. Within a nation there can be many people with different ethnicities, languages, religions, etc. All together - one nation. In the same America, France, history is the history of the territory.
As for the post-Soviet space, the situation here is exactly the opposite, ethnogenesis and the history of the state coincide with each other. Myth-making flourishes in Central Asia and Transcaucasia. Modern Uzbekistan, according to some authors, continues the traditions of the state of the great Timur (Tamerlane), and Tajikistan, by the way, is the heir to the great Aryan civilizations, for example, the Persian state of the Achaemenids, Darius himself was a Tajik. In Azerbaijan, doubts about the greatness of ancestors can be subject to criminal prosecution. Russia in terms of the mythologization of history is no exception.
To change the situation, changes are needed throughout society, its democratization, the development of a sense of citizenship, the transition from archaism to modernity, when people begin to perceive the world rationally. And then the writings of local historians will be perceived by the majority of the population with a smile. This process will be long if the modern political system is preserved in Russia, and the country is ruled not by people living in it, but by several hundred rich families, which force scientists to invent myths to justify their power. Civic nationalism is a product of a democratic society, and Russia is still far from it.
In your opinion, will the unified textbook on the history of Russia, which is being prepared for release, remove the contradictions of the historians of Tatarstan?
No, it won't. I have carefully read the draft and can state that it was written in the same ethno-nationalist discourse. That is, the history of Russia is, first of all, the history of the Russian people. There will be complaints about the project, already Damir Iskhakov has come up with an article stating that little attention is paid to the Tatars in the textbook, in neighboring Chuvashia they will say - the Chuvash. The very idea of writing textbooks from the standpoint of ethno-nationalism, a civilizational approach, is flawed.
I believe that the history of Russia should be, first of all, the history of the territory. It is necessary to talk about everyone who inhabited the territory of modern Russia, starting from the Paleolithic era. With this approach, for example, the history of East Prussia as a geographical space inhabited by people who spoke different languages and organized into many political and state systems (including the German Empire) is equivalent to the history of modern "Russian parts" of Kievan Rus, the state of Bohai or the empire Jurchens. Unfortunately, the project you are talking about will still be taken as the basis of a new textbook, and the authorities (federal and local) will continue to play the ethno-nationalist card.
Why don't the federal authorities react in any way to the sometimes openly anti-Russian statements of Tatarstan historians?
According to some experts in the field of sociology and political science, in the 1990s, Russia began to experience a return to the archaic, even the term "archaic syndrome" appeared. This is a return to those socio-political relations that were characteristic of the Middle Ages or even earlier eras. The concept of "new Russian feudalism" appeared. Power is organized on the basis of interpersonal patron-client relations. There is feudal immunity when the main ruler sitting in Moscow gives the right to the local feudal lord to collect income from a certain region, for example, from Tatarstan. The Moscow overlord does not interfere in the affairs of the vassal - the main thing is that the latter shares part of the income. A vassal can do anything (of course, within certain limits) and excesses in historical myths are the last thing he can do to anger his overlord.
Tatarstan is located in the east of the East European Plain, at the confluence of the two largest rivers - the Volga and Kama, Kazan is located 797 km east of Moscow.
The total area of the republic is 6783.7 thousand hectares. The maximum length of the territory is 290 km from north to south and 460 km from west to east. Tatarstan has no borders with foreign states.
The territory of Tatarstan is an elevated stepped plain, dissected by a dense network of river valleys. The wide valleys of the Volga and Kama divide the plain into three parts: the Pre-Volga region, the Pre-Kama region and the Trans-Kama region. The Volga region with a maximum height of 276 m occupies the northeastern part of the Volga Upland. The southern ends of the Mozhginskaya and Sarapulskaya uplands, separated by the valley of the Izh river, enter the Eastern Predkamye from the north. The highest heights here reach 243 m. The highest in Tatarstan (up to 381 m) is the Bugulma upland in the Eastern Trans-Kama region. The lowest relief (mainly up to 200 m) is characteristic of the Western Zakamye.
17% of the territory of the republic is covered with forests, consisting of mainly deciduous trees (oak, linden, birch, aspen), conifers are represented by pine and spruce. 433 species of vertebrates and several thousand species of invertebrates live on the territory of Tatarstan.
The territory of Tatarstan is characterized by a temperate continental type of climate in the middle latitudes, with warm summers and moderately cold winters. The warmest month is July with average monthly air temperature over the territory of 18 - 20 °C, the coldest month is January with average monthly temperatures from -13 °C. The duration of the warm period (with a stable temperature above 0 ° C) varies across the territory within 198-209 days, the cold period - 156-167 days. Precipitation is distributed relatively evenly over the territory, their annual amount is 460 - 540 mm.
The soils are very diverse - from gray forest and podzolic in the north and west to various types of chernozems in the south of the republic.
The Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve and the Nizhnyaya Kama National Park are located on the territory of Tatarstan. The Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve is located on the territory of the Zelenodolsk and Laishevsky municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Two separate sections of the reserve - Saralovsky (4170 ha) and Raifsky (5921 ha) are separated from each other by a distance of about 100 km. The Nizhnyaya Kama National Park is located on the territory of two municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan: Yelabuga and Tukaevsky. On the territory of the park, several land and water tourist routes are planned through forests, as well as water routes along the water area of the reservoir, along the Kama and Kriusha rivers.
Go to navigation Go to search
| Subject of the Russian Federation (AE level 1) | |||||
| Republic of Tatarstan | |||||
| Tatarstan Republics Tatarstan RepublicasI |
|||||
| Anthem of Tatarstan | |||||
| The country | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Included in | - Volga Federal District - Volga economic region |
||||
| Administrative center | |||||
| The president | Rustam Minnikhanov | ||||
| Prime Minister | Alexey Pesoshin | ||||
| Chairman State Council |
Farid Mukhametshin | ||||
GDP
|
RUB 1,937.6 billion (2016) (8th)
|
||||
| official languages | Tatar, Russian | ||||
| Population | ↗ 3,894,284 people (2018) (8th) | ||||
| Density | 57.40 people person/km² | ||||
| Square | 67,847 km² (44th) | ||||
| Timezone | MSC | ||||
| ISO 3166-2 code | RU-TA | ||||
| OKATO code | 92 | ||||
| Code of the subject of the Russian Federation | 16 | ||||
| Internet domain | .tatar | ||||
|
|||||
| Official site | |||||
| Audio, photo and video at Wikimedia Commons | |||||
Stamp "50 years of the Tatar ASSR". USSR Post 1970
Postage stamp of the USSR, 1980
Reverse of the commemorative coin of the Bank of Russia
Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan, Tataria; tat. Tatarstan Republicas, Tatarstan Respublikası) - a subject of the Russian Federation, a republic (state) in its composition. Included in the Volga Federal District, is part of the Volga Economic Region. It was formed on the basis of the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of May 27, 1920 as the Autonomous Tatar Socialist Soviet Republic.
According to paragraph 2 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan of 1992, the names "Republic of Tatarstan" and "Tatarstan" are equivalent.
Official languages: Tatar, Russian.
Geography
Tatarstan is located in the center of the East European Plain, at the confluence of two rivers - the Volga and the Kama. located east of at a distance of 800 km (by road) / 720 km (in a straight line).
The total area of Tatarstan is 67,836 km². The length of the territory of the republic is 290 km from north to south and 460 km from west to east.
The highest point of Tatarstan is the Chatyr-Tau hill.
The territory of the republic is a plain in the forest and forest-steppe zone with small hills on the right bank of the Volga and the south-east of the republic. 90% of the territory lies at an altitude of no more than 200 meters above sea level.
More than 18% of the territory of the republic is covered with hardwoods (oak, linden, birch, aspen), conifers are represented by pine, spruce and fir. The local fauna is represented by 430 species of vertebrates and invertebrates.
Climate
The climate is temperate continental, characterized by warm summers and moderately cold winters. The warmest month of the year is July (+19…+21 °C), the coldest is January (−13…−14 °C). The absolute minimum temperature is -44 ... -48 ° C (in Kazan -46.8 ° C in 1942). Maximum temperatures reach +37…+42 °C. The absolute annual amplitude reaches 80-90 °C.
The average rainfall is from 460 to 520 mm. The growing season is about 170 days.
Climatic differences within Tatarstan are small. The number of hours of sunshine during the year ranges from 1763 (Bugulma) to 2066 (Menzelinsk). The most sunny period is from April to August. The total solar radiation per year is approximately 3900 MJ/sq.m.
The average annual temperature is approximately 2-3.1 °C.
A stable transition of the average daily temperature through 0 °C occurs in early April and at the end of October. The duration of the period with temperatures above 0 °C - 198-209 days, below 0 °C - 156-157 days.
The average annual rainfall is 460-540 mm. During the warm period (above 0 °C), 65-75% of the annual precipitation falls. The maximum precipitation occurs in July (51-65 mm), the minimum - in February (21-27 mm). Most of all, the Pre-Kama and Pre-Volga regions are moistened by precipitation, the west of the Trans-Kama region is least of all.
Snow cover forms after mid-November and melts in the first half of April. The duration of the snow cover is 140-150 days a year, the average height is 35-45 cm.
Timezone
Soils
The soils are very diverse - from gray forest and podzolic soils in the north and west to various types of chernozems in the south of the republic (32% of the area). On the territory of the region, there are especially fertile powerful chernozems, and gray forest and leached chernozems prevail.
There are three soil regions on the territory of Tatarstan:
- Northern (Ante-Kama)- the most common are light gray forest (29%) and soddy-podzolic (21%), located mainly on the watershed plateaus and upper parts of the slopes. 18.3% percent is occupied by gray and dark gray forest soils. Soddy soils are found on uplands and hills. 22.5% is occupied by eroded soils, floodplain - 6-7%, marsh - about 2%. In a number of districts (Baltasinsky, Kukmorsky, Mamadyshsky), erosion is strong, which affects up to 40% of the territory.
- Western (Volga region)- forest-steppe soils (51.7%), gray and dark gray (32.7%) prevail in the northern part. A significant area is occupied by podzolized and leached chernozems. High areas of the region are occupied by light gray and soddy-podzolic soils (12%). Floodplain soils occupy 6.5%, marsh soils - 1.2%. In the south-west of the region, chernozems are common (leached soils predominate).
- Southeastern (Zakamie)- to the west of Sheshma, leached and ordinary chernozems predominate, the right bank of the Little Cheremshan is occupied by dark gray soils. To the east of Sheshma, gray forest and chernozem soils predominate, in the northern part of the region - leached chernozems. Elevations are occupied by forest-steppe soils, lowlands - by chernozems.
Minerals
Oil
- Main article: Tatneft
The main resource of the subsoil of the republic is oil. The republic has 800 million tons of recoverable oil; the estimated reserves are over 1 billion tons.
In Tatarstan, 127 fields have been explored, including more than 3,000 oil deposits. Here is the second largest deposit in Russia and one of the largest in the world - Romashkinskoye, located in the Leninogorsk region of Tatarstan. Among the large deposits, Novoelkhovskoye and Sausbashskoye, as well as the middle Bavlinskoye deposit, stand out. Along with oil, associated gas is produced - about 40 m³ per 1 ton of oil. Several minor deposits of natural gas and gas condensate are known.
Coal
108 coal deposits have been discovered on the territory of Tatarstan. At the same time, only coal deposits associated with the South Tatar, Melekessky and North Tatar regions of the Kama coal basin can be used on an industrial scale. The depth of coal occurrence is from 900 to 1400 m.
Other minerals
In the bowels of the republic there are also industrial reserves of limestone, dolomites, building sand, clay for the production of bricks, building stone, gypsum, sand and gravel mixture, peat, as well as promising reserves of oil bitumen, brown and hard coal, oil shale, zeolites, copper, bauxite . The most important are zeolite-containing rocks (about half of the non-metallic reserves of the republic), carbonate rocks (about 20%), clay rocks (also about 30%), sand and gravel mixture (7.7%), sands (5.4%), gypsum (1.7%). 0.1% is occupied by phosphorites, iron oxide pigments and bituminous rocks.
Water resources
The largest rivers - the Volga (177 km across the territory of the republic) and the Kama (380 km), as well as two tributaries of the Kama - the Vyatka (60 km) and the Belaya (50 km), provide a total flow of 234 billion m³ / year (97.5% of the total flow of all rivers). In addition to them, about 500 small rivers with a length of at least 10 km and numerous streams flow through the territory of the republic. Large reserves of water resources are concentrated in the two largest reservoirs - Kuibyshev and Nizhnekamsk. There are also more than 8 thousand small lakes and ponds in the republic.
The hydropower potential of the rivers is realized on the river. Kame of the underloaded Nizhnekamsk HPP generating about 1.8 billion kWh/year (according to the project - 2.7 billion kWh/year). The bowels of the republic contain significant reserves of groundwater - from highly mineralized to slightly brackish and fresh.
The largest water bodies of Tatarstan are 4 reservoirs that provide the republic with water resources for various purposes.
- Kuibyshevskoe- created in 1955, the largest not only in Tatarstan, but also in Europe, provides seasonal regulation of the flow of the Middle Volga.
- Nizhnekamsk- established in 1978 and provides daily and weekly redistribution to the hydroelectric complex.
- Zainskoe- created in 1963, serves for the technical support of the state district power station.
- Karabash- created in 1957, serves for water supply of oil fields and industrial enterprises.
On the territory of the republic there are 731 technical facilities, 550 ponds, 115 treatment facilities, 11 protective dams.
The groundwater
As of 2005, 29 underground fresh water deposits with reserves of about 1 million cubic meters per day have been explored in Tatarstan, and about a third of the reserves have been prepared for industrial development.
The reserves of mineral underground waters are also quite large. As of 2004, the total reserves of mineral underground waters are 3,293 thousand cubic meters per day.
Protected natural areas
On the territory of Tatarstan there are more than 150 specially protected natural areas with a total area of approximately 150 thousand hectares (2% of the total area of Tatarstan). The PAs include:
- Volzhsko-Kama Reserve, established in 1960, is located on the territory of Zelenodolsk and Laishevsky districts. It is distinguished by great biodiversity, there are more than 70 species of vascular plants and 68 species of vertebrates.
- Nizhnyaya Kama National Park, established in 1991 on the territory of the Yelabuga and Tukaevsky districts, this includes various forests.
Ecological state
In general, the ecological state is satisfactory. The forest cover of Tatarstan is 16.2% (of the Russian Federation as a whole - 45.4%). The trend of environmental degradation has been observed since 2000. By 2009, the state of atmospheric air had especially deteriorated.
Since 2000, it has been included in the Priority List of cities with the highest level of air pollution. Cities were also excluded from this list in 2007, but air pollution in these cities is characterized as high. 59.5% of pollutants emitted from all stationary emission sources were captured and neutralized, including solid substances - 92.3%, VOCs - 60%.
The largest sources of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere: OAO Tatneft - 79.8 thousand tons; PJSC Nizhnekamskneftekhim, city - 39.8 thousand tons; JSC "Tatenergo" - 29.2 thousand tons.
In 2007, 5216.14 million m³ of water was used in circulating and re-sequential water supply systems, saving 93% of fresh water. Water losses during transportation amounted to 107.64 million m³ (about 14% of the total water intake in the country). The volume of wastewater discharged into surface water bodies in 2007 amounted to 598.52 million m³, including 493.45 million m³ of polluted wastewater (82%), there is no normatively treated wastewater.
In 2007, work was completed in Nizhnekamsk on the construction of a drinking water treatment plant, for which 164.5 million rubles were spent; PJSC Nizhnekamskneftekhim - continued work on the reconstruction of sewer networks and facilities (expenses - 54.6 million rubles); OAO Nizhnekamskshina - reconstruction of sewer networks and structures (expenses - 25.9 million rubles).
During 2007, 17 cases of emergency environmental situations were recorded on the territory of the republic, including:
- 12 cases of pollution of land resources, of which 6 cases of pollution with oil products due to a break in oil pipelines, oil spills during work, overturning of a tank with diesel fuel, 4 cases of pollution with sewage and industrial wastewater, 1 case of pollution with manure due to a break in the embankment, 1 case of sulfuric acid spill due to derailment of tank cars;
- 4 cases of pollution of water resources, including 3 cases of pollution with sewage, 1 - with oil products (as a result of a violation of the tightness of the siphon passage);
- 1 case of atmospheric air pollution as a result of a gas pipeline rupture followed by fire.
At the beginning of 2007, there were 1.5 million tons of production and consumption waste on the balance sheet of the enterprises of the republic; 3.7 million tons of waste was generated during the year, of which 54% was used and neutralized. Taking into account the transfer of waste for use, neutralization, burial, disposal, at the end of 2007, 1.35 million tons of waste remained on the balance sheet of enterprises. On the territory of the republic there are the following places of organized waste disposal: solid waste landfills - 50 pcs. (48 comply with current standards) on an area of 321.9 hectares, authorized solid waste landfills in municipalities - 1322 pcs. on an area of 913.4 hectares, industrial waste landfills - 3 pcs. (all comply with current regulations) on an area of 64.7 hectares.
The main sources of waste generation: OJSC KAMAZ - 991 thousand tons; JSC "Zainsky Sakhar" - 513 thousand tons; OJSC "Buinsky Sugar Plant" - 302 thousand tons.
Story
The history of human settlements in this area dates back to the 8th century BC. e. Later, the medieval state of the Volga Bulgars existed on the same territory. In the XIII century, Bulgaria was conquered by the Mongols and, after the division of the empire of Genghis Khan, included in the Ulus Jochi (Golden Horde).
At the beginning of the 15th century, Khan Ulu-Mohammed announced the creation of the Kazan Khanate after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The new state began to independently build relations with other countries, including the Moscow State. In the middle of the 16th century, during the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible, in 1552 Kazan was conquered by Moscow and incorporated into the Muscovite state.
As part of Russia, the Kazan Khanate was first called the Kazan kingdom, after the reforms of Peter I - the Kazan province (formed by the merger of the Astrakhan and Kazan kingdoms and the subsequent separation of other formations from it, with a decrease in the subject to the size of modern Tatarstan). The territory did not have self-government: the head of the province was the governor, who was appointed directly by the Emperor. Until 1920, the territory of the current Republic of Tatarstan was never officially or unofficially called either "Tataria" or "Tatarstan". After the revolution, on the initiative of V. I. Lenin, on May 27, 1920, a decree was signed on the formation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the territories of the Kazan and Ufa provinces as part of the RSFSR. Since August 30, 1990, the official name of the republic is the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic (as well as the Republic of Tatarstan), and since February 7, 1992 - the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan). On April 21, 1992, the renaming was approved by the Russian authorities.
Population
The population of the republic, according to Rosstat, is 3 894 284 people (2018). Population density - 57,40 person/km (2018). Urban population - 76,79 % (2018).
Population density in the Republic of Tatarstan
Representatives of 115 nationalities live in the Republic of Tatarstan. The number of economically active population in the Republic of Tatarstan as of January 1, 2008 amounted to 1,790.1 thousand people, or 47.0% of the total population of the republic.
In 1999, Tatars accounted for 85% of the migration gain, Russians - 6.5%. The birth rate among Tatars was 1.4 times higher than among Russians (in the countryside - 1.3 times, in the city - 1.5 times). At the same time, the mortality among Tatars is lower than among Russians (by 1.13 times), the natural increase of Tatars is higher than among Russians. Therefore, in 2000 the share of Tatars in the republic exceeded 50%. Tatars have a higher birth rate than Russians - respectively 13.9 per mille and 9.8 (1997). The share of young age groups among Tatars is also higher. Mortality among Tatars is lower than among Russians (9.9 ppm for Tatars and 11.2 for Russians). As a result, the natural increase of the Tatar population of the republic is higher (4.0%) than the Russian one (-1.4%). In 2005, the migration growth of Tatars increased by 29.4% compared to 2004.
| Birth rate (number of births per 1000 population) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 15,2 | ↗ 16,5 | ↘ 15,8 | ↗ 18,2 | ↘ 15,3 | ↘ 10,4 | ↘ 10,1 | ↘ 9,9 | ↘ 9,8 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↘ 9,3 | ↗ 9,4 | ↗ 9,5 | ↗ 10,2 | → 10,2 | ↗ 10,3 | ↘ 9,8 | ↗ 9,9 | ↗ 10,9 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
| ↗ 11,8 | ↗ 12,4 | ↗ 12,9 | ↗ 13,4 | ↗ 14,5 | ↗ 14,8 | → 14,8 | ||
| Mortality (number of deaths per 1000 population) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 8,1 | ↗ 8,9 | ↗ 9,5 | ↗ 9,8 | ↗ 9,9 | ↗ 12,9 | ↘ 12,2 | ↗ 12,3 | ↘ 12,0 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↗ 12,4 | ↗ 13,2 | ↗ 13,3 | ↗ 13,7 | ↗ 13,8 | ↘ 13,6 | ↗ 13,8 | ↘ 13,1 | ↘ 13,0 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
| ↗ 13,0 | ↘ 12,7 | ↗ 13,1 | ↘ 12,4 | ↘ 12,2 | ↘ 12,1 | ↗ 12,2 | ||
| Natural population growth (per 1000 population, sign (-) means natural population decline) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 |
| 7,1 | ↗ 7,6 | ↘ 6,3 | ↗ 8,4 | ↘ 5,4 | ↘ -2,5 | ↗ -2,1 | ↘ -2,4 | ↗ -2,2 | ↘ -3,1 |
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| ↘ -3,8 | → -3,8 | ↗ -3,5 | ↘ -3,6 | ↗ -3,3 | ↘ -4,0 | ↗ -3,2 | ↗ -2,1 | ↗ -1,2 | ↗ -0,3 |
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | |||||
| ↗ -0,2 | ↗ 1,0 | ↗ 2,3 | ↗ 2,7 | ↘ 2,6 | |||||
| Life expectancy at birth (number of years) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 70,9 | ↘ 70,6 | ↘ 69,8 | ↘ 68,0 | ↘ 66,7 | → 66,7 | ↗ 68,0 | ↗ 68,2 | ↗ 68,9 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↘ 68,5 | ↘ 67,6 | ↘ 67,5 | → 67,5 | ↗ 67,6 | ↗ 67,7 | ↗ 68,0 | ↗ 69,0 | ↗ 69,4 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||
| ↗ 70,1 | ↗ 70,8 | ↘ 70,4 | ↗ 71,3 | ↗ 71,8 | ↗ 72,1 | |||
National composition:
| People | 1920 thousand people |
1926 thousand people |
1939 thousand people |
1959 thousand people |
1970 thousand people |
1979 thousand people |
1989 thousand people |
2002 thousand people |
2010 thousand people |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tatars | 1306,2 (44,7 %) | 1263,4 (48,7 %) | 1421,5 (48,8 %) | 1345,2 (47,2 %) | 1536,4 (49,1 %) | 1641,6 (47,6 %) | 1765,4 (48,5 %) | 2000,1 (52,9 %) | 2012,6 (53,2 %) |
| including the Kryashens | - | 99,0 (3,8 %) | - | - | - | - | - | 18,8 | 30,0 |
| Russians | 1205,3 (41,2 %) | 1118,8 (43,1 %) | 1250,7 (42,9 %) | 1252,4 (43,9 %) | 1328,7 (42,4 %) | 1516,0 (44,0 %) | 1575,4 (43,3 %) | 1492,6 (39,5 %) | 1501,4 (39,7 %) |
| Chuvash | 173,9 (5,9 %) | 127,3 (4,9 %) | 138,9 (4,8 %) | 143,6 (5,0 %) | 153,5 (4,9 %) | 147,1 (4,3 %) | 143,2 (3,7 %) | 126,5 (3,3 %) | 116,3 (3,1 %) |
| Udmurts | 19,0 | 23,9 | 25,9 | 22,7 | 24,5 | 25,3 | 24,8 | 24,2 | 23,5 |
| Mordva | 40,2 (1,4 %) | 35,1 (1,4 %) | 35,8 (1,2 %) | 32,9 (1,2 %) | 31,0 | 29,9 | 28,9 | 23,7 | 19,2 |
| Mari | 22,5 | 13,1 | 14,0 | 13,5 | 15,6 | 16,8 | 19,4 | 18,8 | 18,8 |
| Ukrainians | 3,2 | 3,1 | 13,1 | 16,1 | 16,9 | 28,6 | 32,8 | 24,2 | 18,2 |
| Bashkirs | 139,9 (4,8 %) | 1,8 | 0,9 | 2,1 | 2,9 | 9,3 | 19,1 | 14,9 | 13,7 |
| Azerbaijanis | 0 | 0,01 | 0,1 | 0,3 | 0,4 | 1,3 | 3,9 | 10,0 | 9,5 |
| Uzbeks | 0 | 0,01 | 0,2 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 1,2 | 2,7 | 4,9 | 8,9 |
| Armenians | 0,001 | 0,1 | 0,4 | 0,6 | 0,5 | 1,2 | 1,8 | 5,9 | 6,0 |
| Tajiks | 0 | 0 | 0,02 | 0 | 0,1 | 0,2 | 0,7 | 3,6 | 5,9 |
Peoples with a population of more than 5 thousand people are listed.
| District/ urban district |
Tatars | Russians | Chuvash | Udmurts | Mordovians | Mari | Ukrainians | Bashkirs | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| number- ness |
% | number- ness |
% | number- ness |
% | number- ness |
% | number- ness |
% | number- ness |
% | number- ness |
% | number- ness |
% | |
| urban district Kazan |
542182 | 47,55 | 554517 | 48,63 | 8956 | 0,79 | 1410 | 0,12 | 996 | 0,09 | 3698 | 0,32 | 4808 | 0,42 | 1780 | 0,16 |
| urban district Naberezhnye Chelny |
242302 | 47,42 | 229270 | 44,87 | 9961 | 1,95 | 2017 | 0,39 | 1979 | 0,39 | 3408 | 0,67 | 6715 | 1,31 | 5904 | 1,16 |
| Agryzsky | 21284 | 58,12 | 9228 | 25,20 | 74 | 0,20 | 2358 | 6,44 | 25 | 0,07 | 2931 | 8,00 | 140 | 0,38 | 132 | 0,36 |
| Aznakaevsky | 55578 | 86,10 | 7206 | 11,16 | 339 | 0,53 | 20 | 0,03 | 193 | 0,30 | 101 | 0,16 | 193 | 0,30 | 249 | 0,39 |
| Aksubaevsky | 12398 | 38,55 | 5398 | 16,78 | 14149 | 43,99 | 20 | 0,06 | 22 | 0,07 | 16 | 0,05 | 43 | 0,13 | 14 | 0,04 |
| Aktanyshsky | 30989 | 96,93 | 209 | 0,65 | 11 | 0,03 | 7 | 0,02 | 2 | 0,01 | 526 | 1,65 | 6 | 0,02 | 108 | 0,34 |
| Alekseevsky | 7997 | 30,48 | 15365 | 58,56 | 1645 | 6,27 | 8 | 0,03 | 784 | 2,99 | 19 | 0,07 | 58 | 0,22 | 25 | 0,10 |
| Alkeyevsky | 12829 | 64,17 | 3143 | 15,72 | 3829 | 19,15 | 4 | 0,02 | 8 | 0,04 | 10 | 0,05 | 14 | 0,07 | 7 | 0,04 |
| Almetevsky | 108988 | 55,20 | 73229 | 37,09 | 5533 | 2,80 | 150 | 0,08 | 2749 | 1,39 | 142 | 0,07 | 851 | 0,43 | 709 | 0,36 |
| Apastovsky | 19659 | 90,90 | 1019 | 4,71 | 791 | 3,66 | 2 | 0,01 | 3 | 0,01 | 4 | 0,02 | 24 | 0,11 | 8 | 0,04 |
| Arskiy | 47921 | 92,75 | 3065 | 5,93 | 30 | 0,06 | 39 | 0,08 | 6 | 0,01 | 286 | 0,55 | 33 | 0,06 | 21 | 0,04 |
| Atninsky | 13457 | 98,59 | 93 | 0,68 | 3 | 0,02 | 3 | 0,02 | - | - | 44 | 0,32 | - | - | 10 | 0,07 |
| bavlinsky | 23414 | 64,55 | 7346 | 20,25 | 2060 | 5,68 | 2031 | 5,60 | 383 | 1,06 | 16 | 0,04 | 123 | 0,34 | 208 | 0,57 |
| Baltasinsky | 28780 | 84,96 | 588 | 1,74 | 8 | 0,02 | 4029 | 11,89 | 3 | 0,01 | 319 | 0,94 | 7 | 0,02 | 25 | 0,07 |
| Bugulminsky | 39499 | 35,46 | 63079 | 56,63 | 2750 | 2,47 | 126 | 0,11 | 2533 | 2,27 | 99 | 0,09 | 667 | 0,60 | 436 | 0,39 |
| Buinsky | 29970 | 65,94 | 6055 | 13,32 | 9063 | 19,94 | 8 | 0,02 | 76 | 0,17 | 13 | 0,03 | 41 | 0,09 | 28 | 0,06 |
| Verkhneuslonsky | 4148 | 24,93 | 10952 | 65,81 | 1032 | 6,20 | 15 | 0,09 | 27 | 0,16 | 37 | 0,22 | 49 | 0,29 | 11 | 0,07 |
| Vysokogorsky | 29041 | 67,23 | 13123 | 30,38 | 220 | 0,51 | 24 | 0,06 | 22 | 0,05 | 99 | 0,23 | 72 | 0,17 | 43 | 0,10 |
| Drozhzhanovsky | 14812 | 57,52 | 282 | 1,10 | 10594 | 41,14 | 3 | 0,01 | 8 | 0,03 | 2 | 0,01 | 4 | 0,02 | 6 | 0,02 |
| Yelabuga | 34750 | 42,58 | 42233 | 51,75 | 824 | 1,01 | 692 | 0,85 | 187 | 0,23 | 958 | 1,17 | 402 | 0,49 | 517 | 0,63 |
| Zainsky | 33387 | 57,52 | 22738 | 39,17 | 800 | 1,38 | 43 | 0,07 | 53 | 0,09 | 78 | 0,13 | 223 | 0,38 | 124 | 0,21 |
| Zelenodolsk | 63981 | 40,38 | 89069 | 56,21 | 1931 | 1,22 | 104 | 0,07 | 145 | 0,09 | 880 | 0,56 | 547 | 0,35 | 154 | 0,10 |
| Kaybitsky | 10092 | 67,74 | 3902 | 26,19 | 789 | 5,30 | 4 | 0,03 | 4 | 0,03 | 12 | 0,08 | 6 | 0,04 | 9 | 0,06 |
| Kamsko-Ustyinsky | 9143 | 54,09 | 7228 | 42,76 | 154 | 0,91 | 5 | 0,03 | 101 | 0,60 | 13 | 0,08 | 41 | 0,24 | 12 | 0,07 |
| Kukmorsky | 40907 | 78,64 | 2779 | 5,34 | 23 | 0,04 | 7278 | 13,99 | 2 | 0,00 | 754 | 1,45 | 40 | 0,08 | 43 | 0,08 |
| Laishevsky | 15355 | 42,05 | 20130 | 55,13 | 381 | 1,04 | 20 | 0,05 | 45 | 0,12 | 42 | 0,12 | 76 | 0,21 | 45 | 0,12 |
| Leninogorsk | 44696 | 51,48 | 32144 | 37,02 | 3924 | 4,52 | 45 | 0,05 | 4006 | 4,61 | 59 | 0,07 | 443 | 0,51 | 262 | 0,30 |
| Mamadyshsky | 34317 | 76,25 | 9035 | 20,08 | 44 | 0,10 | 565 | 1,26 | 8 | 0,02 | 621 | 1,38 | 36 | 0,08 | 44 | 0,10 |
| Mendeleevsky | 16033 | 52,78 | 10811 | 35,59 | 195 | 0,64 | 1332 | 4,38 | 31 | 0,10 | 1227 | 4,04 | 125 | 0,41 | 168 | 0,55 |
| Menzelinsky | 17646 | 60,10 | 10403 | 35,43 | 132 | 0,45 | 31 | 0,11 | 15 | 0,05 | 795 | 2,71 | 67 | 0,23 | 50 | 0,17 |
| Muslyumovsky | 19675 | 89,91 | 1388 | 6,34 | 10 | 0,05 | 6 | 0,03 | 5 | 0,02 | 598 | 2,73 | 12 | 0,05 | 38 | 0,17 |
| Nizhnekamsk | 136520 | 50,21 | 119402 | 43,91 | 6749 | 2,48 | 637 | 0,23 | 824 | 0,30 | 762 | 0,28 | 1544 | 0,57 | 1769 | 0,65 |
| Novosheshminsky | 6147 | 43,35 | 7219 | 50,91 | 593 | 4,18 | 7 | 0,05 | 10 | 0,07 | 9 | 0,06 | 18 | 0,13 | 12 | 0,08 |
| Nurlatsky | 31114 | 51,75 | 12979 | 21,59 | 15186 | 25,26 | 8 | 0,01 | 138 | 0,23 | 15 | 0,02 | 97 | 0,16 | 49 | 0,08 |
| Pestrechinsky | 16550 | 57,02 | 11666 | 40,20 | 113 | 0,39 | 26 | 0,09 | 17 | 0,06 | 17 | 0,06 | 81 | 0,28 | 28 | 0,10 |
| Rybno-Slobodsky | 21896 | 79,25 | 5470 | 19,80 | 38 | 0,14 | 17 | 0,06 | 5 | 0,02 | 12 | 0,04 | 25 | 0,09 | 20 | 0,07 |
| Sabinsky | 29606 | 95,39 | 996 | 3,21 | 18 | 0,06 | 219 | 0,71 | 2 | 0,01 | 12 | 0,04 | 23 | 0,07 | 44 | 0,14 |
| Sarmanovsky | 33320 | 90,84 | 2859 | 7,79 | 56 | 0,15 | 12 | 0,03 | 35 | 0,10 | 27 | 0,07 | 30 | 0,08 | 103 | 0,28 |
| Spassky | 6072 | 29,54 | 13889 | 67,57 | 338 | 1,64 | 7 | 0,03 | 38 | 0,18 | 6 | 0,03 | 40 | 0,19 | 10 | 0,05 |
| Tetyushsky | 8136 | 32,71 | 8874 | 35,67 | 5207 | 20,93 | 8 | 0,03 | 2399 | 9,64 | 21 | 0,08 | 41 | 0,16 | 30 | 0,12 |
| Tukaevsky | 25983 | 71,07 | 8869 | 24,26 | 540 | 1,48 | 67 | 0,18 | 45 | 0,12 | 118 | 0,32 | 175 | 0,48 | 206 | 0,56 |
| Tyulyachinsky | 12727 | 89,17 | 1440 | 10,09 | 6 | 0,04 | 4 | 0,03 | 2 | 0,01 | 10 | 0,07 | 9 | 0,06 | 4 | 0,03 |
| Cheremshansky | 11022 | 54,13 | 3624 | 17,80 | 4640 | 22,79 | 5 | 0,02 | 853 | 4,19 | 2 | 0,01 | 15 | 0,07 | 18 | 0,09 |
| Chistopolsky | 32134 | 40,08 | 44451 | 55,45 | 2405 | 3,00 | 17 | 0,02 | 322 | 0,40 | 13 | 0,02 | 168 | 0,21 | 51 | 0,06 |
| Yutazinsky | 16114 | 74,55 | 4604 | 21,30 | 108 | 0,50 | 21 | 0,10 | 45 | 0,21 | 17 | 0,08 | 109 | 0,50 | 192 | 0,89 |
| Tatarstan total: | 2012571 | 53,24 | 1501369 | 39,71 | 116252 | 3,08 | 23454 | 0,62 | 19156 | 0,51 | 18848 | 0,50 | 18241 | 0,48 | 13726 | 0,36 |
Economy
Tatarstan is the 6th in terms of production and one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. In 2013, the GRP of the republic amounted to 1.52 trillion rubles. The share of the Republic of Tatarstan in the total Russian production is (in%): polyethylene - 51.9; synthetic rubbers - 41.9; tires - 33.6; trucks - 30.5; synthetic detergents - 12.1; oil production - 6.6; cardboard - 4.5.
The agricultural sector plays an important role in the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan. The Republic is one of the three leaders among other regions of Russia in terms of agricultural production.
According to the Concept of Territorial Economic Policy of the Republic of Tatarstan, 6 economic zones (territorial production complexes (TPK)) are allocated on its territory. On the territory of the Nizhne-Kama economic zone, there is a special economic zone Alabuga, as well as the Nizhnekamsk petrochemical and Naberezhnye Chelny automotive clusters.
Transport
The geographical position of Tatarstan determines its key role in the transport links of the eastern and European parts of Russia, as well as in communication with other countries. All types of transport are represented in Tatarstan. However, the weak side of the road network of the republic is its lack of connectivity due to the peculiarities of the geographical location: large rivers are a serious obstacle to the organization of land transport.
Car roads are represented by the main roads M7 (Volga) "Moscow - Kazan - Ufa", M7 "Elabuga - Perm", M5 (Urals) "Moscow - Samara - Chelyabinsk", P239 "Kazan - Orenburg", P241 "Kazan - Ulyanovsk", A295 " Kazan - Yoshkar-Ola", A151 "Cheboksary - Ulyanovsk", 16A-0003 "Nab. Chelny - Almetyevsk".
Railways are available in 22 districts, as well as in the urban districts of Kazan and Nab. Chelny. The main railways in the republic are the latitudinal lines Moscow - Kazan - Yekaterinburg and Moscow - Ulyanovsk - Ufa. The connecting role between them is played by the meridional lines Agryz - Bugulma and Zelenodolsk - Ulyanovsk.
Water transport available on the main rivers: Volga, Kama, Vyatka and Belaya. The republic occupies a key place between the basins of these four rivers.
Air Transport in the republic it is represented thanks to three operating airports: these are the international airports of federal significance "Kazan" and "Begishevo" (Nizhnekamsk / Nab. Chelny), as well as the regional airport Bugulma.
Metropolitan in Kazan has one line 15.8 km long and 10 stations.
Tram uses as a passenger transport in Kazan, Nab. Chelny, Nizhnekamsk (including Red Key).
trolleybus nye systems operate in the city of Kazan, Almetyevsk (including the urban-type settlement of Nizhnyaya Maktama).
Tatarstan is the largest center in Eastern Europe pipeline transport. The main pipeline routes emanate from the Almetyevsko-Bugulma industrial hub and Nizhnekamsk to neighboring regions. The oil pipeline "Druzhba" transports Tatarstan oil to Europe.
State languages
According to Article 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the state languages in the Republic of Tatarstan are equally equal Tatar and Russian.
Religion
Tatarstan, according to the Constitution, is a secular state.
Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law.
1428 mosques and 319 churches are registered on the territory of the republic. The most widespread in the Republic of Tatarstan are two religions: Islam and Orthodox Christianity.
Sunni Islam was adopted as the official religion in Volga Bulgaria in 922. And in 1313, Khan Uzbek made Islam the state religion of the Golden Horde. At present, it is professed by a significant part of the Tatars. Muslims are led by the Spiritual Board of Muslims of the Republic of Tatarstan. Judaism, Buddhism and Krishnaism are slightly spread.
Christianity (Orthodoxy) appeared in the middle of the 16th century after the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to the Russian state as a result of the conquest by Ivan the Terrible. The followers of this religion are Russians, Chuvashs, Maris, Mordovians, Udmurts and Kryashens. There are also communities of other areas of Christianity: Old Believers, Catholics, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutherans, Baptists, Seventh Day Adventists, Evangelical Christians, Evangelical Christians and others.
culture
Historical and geographical factors determined the location of Tatarstan at the junction of two major civilizations: eastern and western, which largely explains the diversity of its cultural wealth.
On the territory of the republic there are two world heritage sites included by UNESCO in the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.
One of the clear examples of the state cultural policy in the field of preservation and popularization of heritage is the Kazan Kremlin. So, during the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of Kazan, thousands of residents of the republic and guests from near and far abroad witnessed the grandeur of the restored Annunciation Cathedral and the recently rebuilt Kul Sharif mosque, symbolizing the peaceful coexistence of the two main religions of the republic - Christian and Muslim.
The uniqueness of the Kazan Kremlin as an exceptional evidence of historical continuity and cultural diversity over a long period of time was confirmed on November 30, 2000 at the session of the UNESCO intergovernmental committee in Australia by including it in the World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. In September 2005, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan issued an order to establish the Museum of Archeology on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve.
In 2014, Ancient Bolgar, the capital of the ancient Bulgarian Khanate (Volga Bulgaria), was also included in the World Cultural and Natural Heritage List.
825 newspapers and magazines are published in Tatarstan, including regional newspapers in Russian, Tatar, Udmurt and Chuvash.
Tourism
Main article: Tatarstan Tourism
The Republic of Tatarstan is a region with a high potential for tourism and recreation. Among the key factors that determine its high competitiveness in the Russian and international tourism markets, there are a significant number of natural attractions, historical and cultural sites, as well as the development of sports tourism. There are 3 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Tatarstan - the Kazan Kremlin, the Bulgarian State Museum-Reserve and the Assumption Monastery on the island of Sviyazhsk.
The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the leaders among the regions of the Russian Federation in the field of tourism, showing a steady positive trend in the main indicators of the development of the industry. The annual growth rate of the tourist flow to the republic averages 13.5%, the growth rate of the volume of sales of services in the field of tourism is 17.0%. A positive trend in the growth dynamics of the main indicators is noted according to the interim data of 2016.
The number of foreign citizens who arrived in the Republic of Tatarstan increased by 6.7% compared to 2015 and amounted to 250,506 people.
The Republic of Tatarstan is considered one of the leaders among the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the number of business entities in the tourism industry and tourism infrastructure facilities. At the end of 2016, 104 tour operators were registered on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, of which 32 were in the field of domestic tourism, 65 in the field of domestic and inbound tourism, 6 in the field of domestic, inbound and outbound tourism, and 1 in the field of domestic and outbound tourism.
As of January 1, 2017, 404 collective accommodation facilities (CFRs) operate on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, of which 379 CFRs are subject to classification (183 in Kazan, 196 in other municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan). The category assignment certificate was received by 334 collective accommodation facilities, which is 88.1% of the total number of operating ones.
Particular attention in 2016 was paid to the development of tourist centers of the Republic of Tatarstan - Kazan, the Great Bolgar, the island-city of Sviyazhsk, Yelabuga, Chistopol, Tetyush. The growth of the tourist flow in the main tourist centers of the republic compared to 2015 averaged 45.9%.
Currently, sanatorium-and-spa recreation is developing rapidly in Tatarstan. On the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan there are 46 sanatorium-and-spa institutions. The capacity of the objects of the sanatorium-resort complex of Tatarstan is 8847 beds, more than 4300 specialists are employed in servicing the residents. In 2016, more than 160 thousand people rested in the sanatoriums of the Republic of Tatarstan. 22 sanatorium and resort institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan are members of the Association of sanatorium and resort institutions "Sanatoriums of Tatarstan", including 11 sanatoriums of PJSC TATNEFT.
In 2016, with the support of the State Committee for Tourism of the Republic of Tatarstan, the official tourist brand Visit Tatarstan was created to develop the tourism industry in the republic, within which a special tourist resource began to function, where information on the main attractions and recreation in Tatarstan is available.
Education and science
Main building of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan
Tatarstan is a region with a powerful educational and scientific potential. The education sector employs 170,000 people. Secondary 9-year education is compulsory and free. In total, there are 2,434 general education schools in the republic, in which about 600,000 students study. More than 90% of children who have received the educational minimum established by law continue their education at school for 2 years or in secondary specialized educational institutions.
Tatarstan is known for the high level of development of academic, university and industrial science. For more than 200 years it has been one of the leading scientific centers in Eastern Europe. World-famous schools of mathematicians, chemists, astronomers, physicists, orientalists, linguists and physiologists appeared here. The names of N. I. Lobachevsky, N. N. Zinin, A. M. Butlerov, A. E. Arbuzov, E. K. Zavoisky, V. V. Radlov, K. Fuks, Sh. history of world science.
During the Great Patriotic War, Kazan scientific schools made a huge contribution to strengthening the country's defense capability, closely cooperating with the USSR Academy of Sciences, which was evacuated to Kazan.
The Decree of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan on September 30, 1991 established the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (ANT). Since the establishment of the ANT, the process of replenishment of its ranks has been constantly going on, the organizational structure has been improved. Currently, ANT has 32 full members, 52 corresponding members and 10 honorary members. The Academy has seven departments uniting biologists, physicians, lawyers, mathematicians, physicists, power engineers, and chemists. The range of their research is very wide and is aimed at solving urgent scientific, technical, socio-economic, humanitarian and cultural problems facing the republic at the present stage of development. Many developments of the scientists of the academy are carried out at the level of the latest achievements of world science and technology and are recognized by the wide scientific community. Most of the research is practical.
It has become a good tradition to strengthen ties between the Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan and scientific institutions in Russia, CIS countries and far abroad. The Academy closely cooperates with the Russian Academy of Sciences (primarily through the Kazan Scientific Center), the academies of sciences of Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Bashkortostan, Chuvashia, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Tajikistan, research centers in Turkey, France and others countries with which 21 contracts and 5 agreements on scientific cooperation are concluded. The Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan established and annually awards the State Prize of the Republic of Tatarstan for science and technology, five nominal prizes (named after Sh. E. K. Zavoisky (jointly with the Kazan Institute of Physics and Technology KSC RAS and KSU) and in chemistry named after A. E. and B. A. Arbuzov (jointly with the Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry KSC RAS).
Higher education
Kazan is one of the oldest educational centers in Russia. There are more than 30 higher educational institutions in Tatarstan (including 16 state ones), most of which are concentrated in Kazan. Four Kazan universities (Kazan State Financial and Economic Institute, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan State Technological University, Kazan State Technical University named after Tupolev) are among the 50 best universities in Russia.
Secondary education
As of 2012, there are 997 schools with the Tatar language of instruction in the republic, 823 schools with the Russian language of instruction, and 387 mixed (Russian-Tatar and Tatar-Russian) schools. In terms of the number of students, schools with the Russian language prevail - they have 133,758 students, there are 76,142 students in schools with the Tatar language of instruction, and 16,874 in mixed schools. 46.13% of Tatar students study in the Tatar language. Also in the republic there are 118 schools with a Chuvash ethnocultural component (7193 students), 20 - Mari (803 students), 37 Udmurt (1677 students), 5 Mordovian (122 students), one school each with Bashkir (11 students), Jewish ( 270 students) and Turkish (98 students) .. There are 30 Sunday schools in which the languages of 28 peoples are studied: Mari, Chuvash, Ukrainian, Udmurt, Bashkir, Mordovian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Ossetian, Tajik, Assyrian, Afghan, Greek, etc. .
language issue
On July 21, 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin, at a meeting of the Council on Interethnic Relations, stated that it is unacceptable to force a person to learn a non-native language, regardless of the status of the language itself, which caused numerous discussions in the educational sphere and among residents of many regions, including Tatarstan. Further, the president instructed the Prosecutor General of Russia, Yuri Chaika, to check by November 30 whether the study of national languages in schools is voluntary. As a result of the checks, numerous warnings were issued to directors of schools in Tatarstan demanding that the Tatar language be removed from the compulsory curriculum due to its absence from the federal standard. Tatarstan President Rustam Minnikhanov voiced his opinion on the problem, not agreeing that the state language of the republic could be voluntary.
On November 29, 2017, the parliament of Tatarstan, which previously supported the preservation of the equal status of the Russian and Tatar languages in the republic, including in the educational sphere, unanimously voted for the voluntary study of the Tatar language in schools. And the prosecutor of Tatarstan Ildus Nafikov, speaking with a report, noted that the Tatar language can be taught only on a voluntary basis with the written consent of the parents for a maximum of two hours a week. As a result, the Tatar language was removed from the education system of the republic as a compulsory subject.
Many experts expressed concern that the exclusion of the state languages of the republics from the compulsory school curriculum would put them on the brink of extinction. Opinions were expressed that there are political motives in the actions of the federal center on the language issue.
Administrative-territorial division
Districts of Tatarstan
According to Section III of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, its territory includes administrative-territorial units: 43 districts, 14 cities of republican significance.
Within the framework of the municipal structure of the republic, within the boundaries of the administrative-territorial units of Tatarstan, 956 municipalities were formed:
- 2 urban districts,
- 43 municipal districts,
- 39 urban settlements
- 872 rural settlements.
Settlements
The largest settlement of Tatarstan is the capital city with a population of one million. In addition to it, there are also 21, 20 urban-type settlements and 897 village councils in the Republic.
The most populated region of Tatarstan is Zelenodolsky (165,283 people with Zelenodolsk), the least populated is Yelabuga (85,596 people with Yelabuga).
Settlements with a population of more than 10 thousand people
Tatarstan is the only region of the Russian Federation that has more than one million-plus urban agglomeration - Kazanskaya and polycentric Naberezhnye Chelninskaya (Nizhne-Kamskaya). The republic also has almost half a million Almetyevsk (South Tatarstan) polycentric agglomeration.
In the Kazan agglomeration, the construction of satellite cities of the 155,000th Innopolis science city and the 100,000th Salavat Kupere has begun, and it is also planned to create satellite cities of the 40,000th Smart City and the 157,000th Green Dol.
Foreign economic relations
Like many other regions of the Russian Federation, Tatarstan has direct economic ties with many countries of the world, in some of which the republic has opened its foreign economic representative offices. In 2008, the volume of trade between Tatarstan reached 3 billion dollars.
State structure
Cabinet of Ministers building
Constitution
The basic law of the Republic is the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, adopted on November 30, 1992. According to the Constitution, Tatarstan is a democratic legal state. In the event of a conflict between the federal law and the regulatory legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan, issued on the subjects of jurisdiction of the Republic of Tatarstan, the regulatory legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan shall apply.
The president
The highest official in the Republic of Tatarstan is the President of Tatarstan. On June 12, 1991, Mintimer Sharipovich Shaimiev became the first President of the Republic of Tatarstan. On March 25, 2005, Mintimer Sharipovich Shaimiev was vested with the powers of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan for a new term by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation. On January 22, 2010, Shaimiev asked the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev not to consider his candidacy for a new presidential term after March 25, 2010. On March 25, 2010, Rustam Minnikhanov took office as President of the Republic of Tatarstan, and Shaimiev was appointed to the post of state adviser to the Republic of Tatarstan.
Legislature
The unicameral State Council (Parliament), which consists of 100 deputies, is the highest representative, legislative and control body of state power. March 26, 2004 Farid Mukhametshin was elected Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.
executive branch
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic is the executive and administrative body of state power and is headed by the Prime Minister. On May 11, 2001, Rustam Minnikhanov was appointed Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan for the second time. After Minnikhanov took office as President, Ravil Muratov was appointed acting prime minister, and since April 22, 2010, Ildar Shafkatovich Khalikov has been prime minister.
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan, within its competence:
- approves regulations on ministries, state committees and other executive bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan, establishes the structure and maximum number of employees of their apparatuses;
- appoints and dismisses deputy heads of executive authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan; approves the composition of collegiums of ministries, state committees and other executive authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan;
- determines, in accordance with this Law, the procedure for the creation and activities of territorial bodies of republican executive bodies, establishes the standards and the amount of appropriations for their activities;
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan exercises control over the compliance of regulatory legal acts adopted by the republican executive authorities (departmental regulatory legal acts), federal legislation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, laws of the Republic of Tatarstan, legal acts of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan issues resolutions and orders, ensures and checks their execution. Acts of a normative nature are issued in the form of resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. Acts on operational and other current issues that do not have a regulatory nature are issued in the form of orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. Resolutions and orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan are binding in the Republic of Tatarstan. Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan, with the exception of resolutions containing information constituting a state secret or information of a confidential nature, are subject to official publication. The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan has the right to accept appeals, statements and other acts that do not have a legal nature.
Judicial branch
Judicial power in the republic is exercised by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, district courts and justices of the peace.
The Prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan and prosecutors subordinate to him shall supervise the observance of laws. Since 2000, the Prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan has been Kafil Fakhrazeevich Amirov, who retired in September 2013. Since September 2013, Ildus Saidovich Nafikov has been the Prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan.
see also
Tatarstan
- List of monuments of cultural heritage of the Republic of Tatarstan on Wikipedia
Notes
- At the end of 2010, President Dmitry Medvedev signed a law approved by the State Duma and the Federation Council, prohibiting the heads of constituent entities of the Russian Federation from being called presidents // Official Internet portal of legal information, 12/28/2010
- In February 2015, a law was adopted providing for the extension of the terms for naming the heads of republics by presidents for another year - until January 1, 2016 // Official Internet portal of legal information, 03.02.2015
- From January 1, 2016, the constitution of the region is in conflict with federal legislation Kommersant-Gazeta, 12/24/2015
- Gross regional product per capita for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016 MS Excel document
- Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016 (Russian) (xls). Rosstat.
- Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016 (Russian) (xls). Rosstat.
- Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018.
- .tatar: About us
- Geographical names of Russia. Toponymic Dictionary / Pospelov E.M.. - Moscow: AST, Astrel, 2008. - P. 433. - 528 p. - 1500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-17-054966-5, 978-5-271-20728-0.- "Tatarstan, a republic within the Russian Federation"
- Tatarstan / N. N. Kalutskova (Nature: physical and geographical essay), M. D. Goryachko (Population, Economy), Yu. B. Koryakov (Population: ethnic composition), S. V. Kuzminykh, I. O. Gavritukhin (Historical essay: archeology; history until the 16th century), B. L. Khamidullin (Historical essay), A. N. Prokinova (Health care), A. F. Galimullina (Literature), P. S. Pavlinov (Architecture and fine art: architecture of the 16th - early 20th centuries), M. G. Arslanov (Theater) // "Banquet Campaign" 1904 - Big Irgiz. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2005. - (Great Russian Encyclopedia: [in 35 volumes] / editor-in-chief Yu. S. Osipov; 2004-2017, v. 3). - ISBN 5-85270-331-1.
- Geographical names of Russia. Toponymic Dictionary / Pospelov E.M. - Moscow: AST, Astrel, 2008. - P. 432. - 528 p. - 1500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-17-054966-5, 978-5-271-20728-0.- “Only Tataria (modern Tatarstan, historical Bulgaria) and the Tatar Strait have survived from all this toponymic abundance”
- Constitution of the Russian Federation. Art. 5, pp. 12
- Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan of November 6, 1992 / Chapter 1. State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. constitution.garant.ru. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Flags of Tatarstan. www.tatar-history.narod.ru Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. Retrieved September 8, 2010. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
- Republic of Tatarstan Geography. newtatarstan.narod.ru. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Federal Law of 03.06.2011 N 107-FZ "On the calculation of time", article 5 (June 3, 2011).
- Natural resources: Republic of Tatarstan. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
- State report on the state of the environment in 2007 - M .: 2008
- Lenin V. I. Complete collection. op. T. 40, p. 98.
- Law of the Republic of Tatarstan dated February 7, 1992 No. 1413-XII "On changing the name of the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic and introducing appropriate changes to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Tatar SSR." Archived from the original on January 13, 2016.
- Demographics of the Republic of Tatarstan
- Shigapova D. K. Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University Russia e-mail: [email protected] Trends in migration processes in the Republic of Tatarstan
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 4.22. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
- 4.6. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2011
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2012
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2013
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2014
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 4.22. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
- 4.6. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2011
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2012
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2013
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2014
- Life expectancy at birth, years, year, annual value, total population, both sexes
- Life expectancy at birth
- Collection of statistical information on the USSR 1918-1923
- Demoscope Weekly - App. Handbook of statistical indicators
- Demoscope Weekly - App. Handbook of statistical indicators
- Demoscope Weekly - App. Handbook of statistical indicators
- Demoscope Weekly - App. Handbook of statistical indicators
- Demoscope Weekly - App. Handbook of statistical indicators
- Demoscope Weekly - App. Handbook of statistical indicators
- Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
- In the materials of the 1926 census, the Kryashens were taken into account as a separate nationality. In 1939-1989. a separate allocation of the Kryashens was not provided for by the program for the development of census materials - they were taken into account together with the Tatars
- GRP growth in Tatarstan amounted to 2% in 2013 (rus.) , BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, clause 1, article 8
- Article 5 of the Federal Constitution, Article 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, Article 2 of the Treaty of 2007 "On the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the state bodies of the Russian Federation and the state bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan"
- Vorzeigeregion fur religiose Toleranz (German)
- Im Reich der Tataren Spiegel Online, September 14, 2009 (German)
- In Tatarstan, three historical objects are recognized as world heritage // Kazanskiye Vedomosti.
- http://tourism.tatarstan.ru/rus/file/pub/pub_857409.pdf Data of the State Tourism Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan for 2016
- State Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan for Tourism (Russian). tourism.tatarstan.ru. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- The program "Rest in Tatarstan" will help the development of sanatorium resorts // RIA NEWS.
- The development of the Visit Tatarstan program cost 2 million rubles (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
- Official tourist portal of the Republic of Tatarstan. visit-tatarstan.com. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
- Universities of Tatarstan are included in the ranking of leading Russian universities. Tatar-inform (June 18, 2009). Retrieved June 29, 2009. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
- Svetlana Kuzina. Where to go to study? Rating of the fifty best universities in Russia. Retrieved June 29, 2009. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
- UNIVERSITY RANKING 2008/09 (doc) (unavailable link - story) . Charitable foundation of V. Potanin. Retrieved June 29, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2011.
- http://static.iea.ras.ru//books/Mezhetn_i_Mezhkonf_Privolzh_FO.pdf P. 90
- Putin: “Forcing a person to learn a language that is not native to him is unacceptable” (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Fattakhov: “Putin did not mean Tatarstan when he spoke about the inadmissibility of compulsory language learning” (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Maksim Shevchenko on Putin's statement about national languages: "This is a message to Tatarstan" (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Chernobrovkina, Alexey Brusnitsyn, Elena. The voice of the people: do we need a treaty, the post of president of Tatarstan and Tatar in schools? (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan: The study of the Tatar language will remain mandatory (Russian) , BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Putin instructed Chaika to check the voluntariness of the study of national languages - until November 30 (Rus.), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Will the Tatar language survive until Monday?
- Chernobrovkina, Elena. Rustam Minnikhanov: “How can learning the state language be voluntary?!” (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- “Someone is envious because of the stable development of Tatarstan”: deputies of the State Council on the situation with the Tatar language (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Vandysheva, Natalia Goloburdova, Gulnaz Badretdin, Alfred Mukhametrahimov, Elena Kolebakina-Usmanova, Olga. “Or is this done on purpose so that it would be bad in relation to Putin in Tatarstan?” (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Tatarstan abolished compulsory study of the Tatar language in schools (Russian) , Interfax.ru(November 29, 2017). Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- The Parliament of Tatarstan voted for the voluntary study of the Tatar language in schools. tass.ru. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- No language: Kazan refuses compulsory Tatar lessons (eng.), BBC Russian Service(December 1, 2017). Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Goloburdova, Natalya. “Without opening debate and without asking questions”: the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan approved the “voluntary” Tatar (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- “The right to voluntary study will finally undermine the social positions of native languages ...” (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Badretdin, Alfred Mukhametrakhimov, Gulnaz. Tatar language becomes "Pandora's box" (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Ismagil Khusnutdinov: “Under the slogan of voluntariness, they are trying to expel the Tatar language from schools” (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Ravil Khusnullin on learning Tatar: “This issue is not discussed in the State Duma” (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan (as amended on June 22, 2012), Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan dated November 06, 1992. docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ON THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN (as amended on: 07/02/2015), Law of the Republic of Tatarstan dated December 07, 2005 No. 116-ZRT. docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ON APPROVAL OF THE REGISTER OF ADMINISTRATIVE TERRITORIAL UNITS AND SETTLEMENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN (as amended on: 05/11/2017), Order of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan dated February 04, 2014 No. 01-02/9. docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- The number of municipalities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2016. Rosstat (2016).
- Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2017 (July 31, 2017). Retrieved July 31, 2017. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017.
- Tatar president asks Turkey and Tatarstan to show firm cooperation Archived December 5, 2014 at the Wayback Machine February 15, 2009
- After his resignation, Shaimiev will work for the state for free, GZT.ru (03/12/2010). Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
- Tatarstan President Rustam Minnikhanov signed the first decrees. Tatarinform (March 25, 2010). Retrieved March 25, 2010. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
- KM of the Republic of Tatarstan. Tatar 7. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- Order. Tatar 7. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Literature
- Fakhretdinov R. Tatar khalky һәm Tatarstan tarihy (Tatar people and history of Tatarstan) (tatar.)
- Kosach G. G. Tatarstan: religion and nationality in the mass consciousness// New churches, old believers - old churches, new believers. Religion in post-Soviet Russia / Kaariainen K., Furman D. E .. - M .: Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, 2007. - 248 p. - ISBN 5-89740-046-6.
- Kartashova L. B. Reserved places. - Kazan: Idel-Press, 2007. - 296 p. - ISBN 978-5-85247-181-91.
- Taysina E. A., Shchelkunov M. D. Tatarstan Philosophers at the World Congress // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. 2013. No. 3. S. 239-240.
Links
- Official website of the Republic of Tatarstan
- Official website of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan
- Official news of the authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan
- Official page of the Republic of Tatarstan in the social network "VKontakte"
- State Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan for Tourism
- Business Center of the Republic of Tatarstan - Internet portal TatCenter.ru
- Information agency "Tatar-inform"
- Map of Tatarstan
- Navigation and conventional maps of Tatarstan
- Free Encyclopedia of Tatarstan
