Lecture 3. Norms of the modern Russian literary language and speech errors

1. Lexical and phraseological norms, types of their violation.

2. Morphological norms and morphological speech errors.

3. Syntactic norms and their deviations from them.

4. The concept of literary editing

Lexical norms regulate the rules for the use of words, ᴛ.ᴇ. the accuracy of the choice of the word in accordance with the meaning of the statement and the appropriateness of its use in the social meaning and generally accepted combinations. When determining lexical norms, one should take into account changes in the vocabulary of the language: the polysemy of a word, the phenomena of synonymy, antonymy, stylistic consideration of vocabulary, the concept of active and passive vocabulary, the social sphere of vocabulary use, the extreme importance of a justified choice of a word in a particular speech situation, and many other.

Changes in the vocabulary of the Russian language occur in parallel with changes in the life of society; to designate new phenomena in social life, a new word must either be created using word-formation means existing in the language, or a foreign word should be borrowed, or a complex, compound name should be formed, or, finally, a word that already exists in the language is adapted, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ in this case, in a certain way, modifies its meaning (and often at the same time its stylistic coloring).

Polysemy refers to the presence of several (two or more) meanings in a word. The consequences of a careless attitude to polysemantic words are the ambiguity and ambiguity of the expression, as well as the unlawful, excessive expansion of the meanings of known words.

Homonymy should be distinguished from ambiguity. Homonyms - ϶ᴛᴏ words that sound the same, are identical in form, but whose meanings are in no way related to each other, ᴛ.ᴇ. do not contain any common elements of meaning.

Synonymy is the opposite of polysemy and homonymy. With synonymy, a different form expresses the same (or similar content). Synonyms- ϶ᴛᴏ words that sound differently, but are the same or very close in meaning. Synonyms are conceptual (close, not quite identical in meaning) and stylistic (identical in meaning, but having a different stylistic coloring). The presence of synonyms ensures the expressiveness of speech and at the same time obliges all speakers and writers to be careful about choosing a word from a number of close, similar ones.

Antonyms are ϶ᴛᴏ words with the opposite meaning. Οʜᴎ has long been used as a technique to create contrasting patterns, to sharply contrast signs, phenomena, etc.

A number of words are provided in explanatory dictionaries with the marks “high”, “bookish”, on the one hand, and “colloquial”, “colloquial” - on the other. These marks indicate the stylistic stratification of vocabulary. The main part of the vocabulary fund is the so-called. “neutral” vocabulary, against which the expressive possibilities of stylistically colored words appear, the use of which in speech requires a developed linguistic instinct and aesthetic taste.

Some words (or meanings of words) are perceived as obsolete (archaisms and historicisms), but their relation to the passive and active vocabulary remains unchanged: individual obsolete words “return” to the active fund of the dictionary, sometimes acquiring new meanings, cf.
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thought, governor, banker, goalkeeper.

From the point of view of the social sphere of use, all words of the Russian language can be divided into the vocabulary of an unlimited sphere of use and the vocabulary of a limited sphere of use, which includes professionalisms, dialectisms, terms. Words of limited use may eventually enter the lexical composition of the literary language. At the same time, regional words lose their dialect coloring (cf.: outskirts, plow, stubble), and the terms are determinologized (for example: social reaction, environment, atmosphere). Closely related to the problem of stylistic and social stratification of vocabulary is the question of the use of foreign words in modern Russian speech. Focusing on the United States as a political, economic, scientific and technical center determines the prestige of the English language, contributes to the penetration into our speech of a whole stream of borrowings - Americanisms. In some cases, there is an unjustified duplication of Russian words by foreign vocabulary. For example:

1. Many are now experiencing ʼʼfuture shockʼʼ(ʼʼfuture shockʼʼ).

2. Electorate gathered in long queues for ballots by twelve o'clock.

3. The deadline for the implementation of the law must be prolonged.

Words should be used strictly according to their meaning.

Lexical meaning - ϶ᴛᴏ display in the word of one or another phenomenon of reality (object ͵ quality, relationship, action, state). With a clear, precise presentation of thought, the words we use fully correspond to their subject-logical meaning. The use of words without taking into account their meaning leads to a speech error - inaccuracy of word usage. For example:

1. ʼʼThere were mostly people in the hall fair ageʼʼ.

2. ʼʼThis fight is under thesis protection of human rightsʼʼ.

3. ʼʼThousands of Leningraders gathered at the microphonesʼʼ.

for the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning, it is extremely important to take into account the peculiarities of lexical compatibility, ᴛ.ᴇ. the ability of words to connect with each other.

Violation of lexical compatibility is a common lexical error. For example:

1. In Moscow schools a new tradition was born.

3. In deep childhood he looked like his mother.

The semantic accuracy of speech must be impaired as a result of speech insufficiency(excessive laconism) - missing the necessary words. For example:

1. Oil Paintings placed in frames.

2. Due to the cold in the X-ray room We only make emergency cuts.

3. Persons you are interested in we will send by mail.

The inability to find the exact words for naming certain concepts leads to speech redundancy- verbosity. For example:

1. They were shocked by the sight of the fire, which they were witnesses.

2. He could not stay away from family conflicts as husband of a woman and father of children.

3. The dead corpse lay motionless and showed no signs of life.

Speech redundancy can take the form pleonasm(from the Greek pleonasmos - excess) - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary words ( main essence, valuable treasures, dark darkness). Pleonasm is a type tautology(from the Greek tauto - the same thing, logos - a word - a repetition of words with the same root (to tell a story, ask a question, resume again).

The word serves to name and designate an object in a variety of situations and relationships. It can have several meanings, which are revealed when the word is used, in context. There are direct, figurative and substitutive words. A figurative (or metaphorical) meaning is associated with the transfer of the properties of one object to another on the basis of a feature common or similar to comparable objects. For example, the word ʼʼtalkʼʼ should be used to characterize the noise of waves, and the word ʼʼbronzeʼʼ should be used to characterize body colors. The replacing (metonymic) meaning of a word arises when one word is replaced by another on the basis of the connection of their meanings by adjacency. For example, ʼʼthe audience got upʼʼ - instead of ʼʼstudents got upʼʼ, ʼʼthe neighbor is on fireʼʼ - instead of ʼʼthe house of the neighbor is on fireʼʼ.

In the event that the ambiguity of the word is not taken into account, there is ambiguity or inappropriate semantic associations:

1. Our chess player lagged behind her opponent in development.

2. People saw in him good leader.

3. The plane flies much faster than the train.

Similar in appearance to polysemy homonymy(from the Greek homos - the same, onima - name), ᴛ.ᴇ. coincidence in sound and spelling of words with different meanings. Mistakes in the use of homonyms are extremely widespread in speech. For example:

1. Now judges endure glasses.

2. Growth of young figure skaters is stimulated with the help of demonstration dances.

3. You see on the screen Gavrilov in a beautiful combinations.

Phraseological norms - ϶ᴛᴏ rules for the use of phraseological units, non-free word combinations that are not produced in speech, but are reproduced in it. Phraseologisms are distinguished by a stable ratio of semantic content, lexical composition and grammatical structure, in connection with this, any changes in the composition and structure of these expressions lead to speech errors.

There are the following main types of phraseological speech errors:

1. Stylistically unjustified change in the composition of a phraseological unit: with all her long legs she rushed to run.

2. Unjustified reduction in the composition of a phraseological unit: this is an aggravating circumstance(instead of aggravating circumstance).

3. Distortion of the lexical and grammatical composition of a phraseological unit: he entered himself (instead of leaving ); he thought that these words would come true in his fate to the full extent (instead of to the full extent).

4. Distortion of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit: Oblomov was a sign of the times (instead of a sign of the times).

The grammatical norms of the Russian literary language include morphological and syntactic . Morphological norms- ϶ᴛᴏ rules for the use of forms of different parts of speech (gender forms, number of a noun, degree of comparison of an adjective, verb forms, etc.). Syntactic norms- ϶ᴛᴏ rules for using phrases and sentences. Violations of the grammatical norms of the Russian literary language are gross speech errors.

Morphological norms are numerous and relate to the use of forms of different parts of speech. These norms are reflected in grammars and reference books. Let's take a look at some of the rules.

1. Nouns with a stem in a soft consonant and a zero ending can be both masculine and feminine. Some semantic groups can be distinguished among them. Thus, the names of animals, birds, fish, insects are usually masculine, with the exception of the words: bittern, moth, owl, mouse. Among real and specific nouns there are words of masculine and feminine gender, which is determined only by the traditions of use, in this regard, in cases of doubt, one should refer to dictionaries. Morphological norms are numerous and relate to the use of forms of different parts of speech. These norms are reflected in grammars and reference books. Let's take a look at some of the rules.

1. Nouns with a stem in a soft consonant and a zero ending can be both masculine and feminine. Some semantic groups can be distinguished among them. Thus, the names of animals, birds, fish, insects are usually masculine, with the exception of the words: bittern, moth, owl, mouse. Among real and specific nouns there are words of masculine and feminine gender, which is determined only by the traditions of use, in this regard, in cases of doubt, one should refer to dictionaries. Wed:

2. Nouns with subjective assessment suffixes (-yshk-, -ishk-, -ushk-, -ish-) retain the gender of the word to which the suffixes are attached: house - big house, barn - old shed, sparrow - young sparrow, perch - a small perch, a strong voice, an absurd letter.

3. The gender of indeclinable nouns is associated with the meaning of the word. Inanimate nouns are usually neuter: aloe, coat, taxi, cocoa, piano, medley, popsicle, jersey, jelly, jury, landau, muffin, kimono, mashed potatoes, stew, radio, etc. At the same time, some deviations from the norm are registered in the modern literary language, for example: avenue - for women. genus, and also less often cf.
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genus; bolero (Spanish national dance) - male. and cf.
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genus; whiskey (vodka) cf.
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and wives. genus; kohlrabi (cabbage) - for women. genus; mango (fruit of a tropical tree) - husband. and cf.
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genus; sirocco (hot wind in Africa) - husband. genus; penalty - husband. and cf.
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genus; salami (sausage variety) - for women. genus; Urdu, Hindi (languages) male. clan, coffee - husband. genus; in times. speech - cf.
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clan and a few others.

The names of persons are masculine or feminine based on the gender of the designated person, for example:

Some words belong to the common gender, as they can denote males and females: vis-a-vis, incognito, protégé, Sami (nationality), Somali (nationality).

The names of animals, in accordance with the literary norm, are masculine, for example: dingo, jaco, zebu, hummingbird, cockatoo, kangaroo, marabou, pony, chimpanzee. The exception is the words: ivasi (fish) - female. genus; tsetse (fly) - female. genus.

The names of animals in a sentence can be used as feminine words, if the text refers to a female animal: the kangaroo was feeding the cub.

4. For alphabetic abbreviations (complex abbreviated words read by the names of the letters), the gender is associated with their morphological form. If the abbreviation is inclined, then its gender is determined by the ending: university - husband. gender, since in the nominative case it has a zero ending (cf .: in a university, university, etc.); tsum - husband. clan (in tsume, tsumom). If the abbreviation is not declined, then usually its gender is determined by the gender of the core word from which the abbreviation is formed: Central Committee - Central Committee - husband. kind, VDNKh - exhibition - for women. genus. At the same time, this kind of abbreviations often deviate from this rule, especially in cases where abbreviations become familiar and break away from the core word. For example, NEP is a husband. gender, although the core word is feminine (politics); MFA - husband. gender, although the core word of the middle gender (ministry); VAK - husband. gender, although the commission is feminine.

5. A large number of masculine words in Russian denote both males and females. Such nouns designate persons by profession, occupation, name positions and titles, for example: hero, associate professor, professor, lawyer, economist, accountant, lawyer, prosecutor, etc. Over the past decades, constructions such as director have become widespread in literary use came with the designation of females. Moreover, if the predicate when designating females is put in the feminine gender, then definitions for them are used only in the masculine form: the young prosecutor Ivanova, an experienced economist Petrova made a report.

6. In the instrumental case of the singular for feminine nouns, in accordance with the literary norm, variant endings -oy, -oy, (-ey, -ey), which differ only stylistically: endings -oy (-ey) are characteristic of the book, official or poetic speech, and the endings - oy (-ey) have a neutral character, ᴛ.ᴇ. are used in any style: water - water, country - country.

7. For masculine nouns that name substances, in the genitive case of the singular, variant endings -a and -u are possible: snow - snow, sugar - sugar, forms with these endings differ either in meaning or stylistically. The difference in meaning lies in the fact that the forms ending in -y denote part of the whole: bought sugar, but: sugar production, got drunk on tea, but: growing tea. Stylistic differences are manifested in the fact that forms with the ending -a are neutral (characteristic of any style), and forms with the ending -y are primarily characteristic of oral, colloquial speech. In written speech, the forms in -y are found in stable combinations: give heat, there was no agreement, give a blunder, no passage, no passage, without asking. These forms are also found in words with a diminutive meaning: a beam, a seagull, a kvass.

8. In the nominative plural, according to the traditional norms of the literary language, most words correspond to the ending -ы, -и: locksmiths, bakers, turners, searchlights. At the same time, the ending -a occurs in a number of words. Forms with the ending -a usually have a colloquial or professional coloring. Only in some words the ending -a corresponds to the literary norm, for example (70 words are stable): addresses, banks, sides, sides, centuries, bills, director, doctor, tunic, master, passport, cook, cellar, professor, variety, watchman , paramedic, junker, anchor, sail, cold.

Sometimes forms with endings -a and -s (-i) differ in meaning, cf .: furs (dressed animal skins) and furs (blacksmith's); corps (torsoes of people or animals) and corps (buildings; large military formations); camps (socio-political groups) and camps (parking lots, temporary settlements); breads (cereal plants) and breads (baked); sable (furs) and sables (animals); wires (electrical) and wires (of someone); orders (insignia) and orders (in medieval society, for example, the Order of the Sword).

Here are examples of nouns ending in -s, -i: boatswains, accountants (accountants - razᴦ.), winds (winds - razᴦ.), elections, reprimands, jumpers (jumpers - razᴦ.), contracts (contracts - razᴦ.), inspectors , instructors (instructors - razᴦ.), engineers (engineers - razᴦ. and vernacular), designers, sweaters (sweaters - razᴦ.), drivers (chauffeurs - razᴦ.), turners.

Variant forms, forms corresponding to the literary norm, are described in detail in the book: L.K. Graudina, V.A. Itskovich, L.P. Katlinskaya. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech: Experience of the frequency-stylistic dictionary of variants. – M.: Nauka, 1976, p. 116-119.

9. Particular attention should be paid to the inclination of surnames of non-Russian origin and geographical names. Here are just a few norms of the literary language.

a) Surnames on ʼʼkoʼʼ such as Shevchenko, Sidorenko in official speech and in written form of the literary language are not inclined.

In colloquial speech and in fiction, these surnames are used in two versions, ᴛ.ᴇ. they are inflexible, but they can also be inclined: he sent to Semashka, talking about Ustimenka.

b) If the surnames coincide with common nouns, then female surnames do not decline (met Anna Sokol), but male ones decline (met Vladimir Sokol), while several cases are possible: surnames with suffixes -ets, -ek, -ok, -ate better to decline without dropping out a vowel: Ivan Zayats, Timothy Peretz; surnames ending in a soft consonant, denoting males, are declined as masculine nouns, although, being common nouns, they are feminine words. Wed: lynx - female. kind, but: Ivan Rys, far - wives. genus, but: Vladimir Dahl.

c) Russian surnames ending in -in, -ov in the instrumental case have the ending -y: Frolov, Ivanov, Kalinin. Geographical names in the instrumental case have endings -om: ᴦ. Kalinin, s. Golyshmanov. The ending -om also has foreign-language surnames in -in, -ov: Darwin, Chaplin, Colvin. Female foreign-language surnames do not decline: Darwin, Zeitlin, etc. [For more on this, see the book cited above, pp. 150–160]

The norms for the use of numerals in modern Russian are peculiar and specific.

So, for example, complex numbers like eighty, seven hundred - ϶ᴛᴏ is the only group of words in which both parts are declined: eighty, seven hundred (creation.
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Pad.), about eighty, about seven hundred (adv. Pad.). In modern colloquial speech, the declination of complex numbers is lost, which is also facilitated by the professional speech of mathematicians, however, in official speech, the norm requires the declination of both parts of complex numbers.

Collective numbers (two, three, ..., ten) are not used in official speech, although they coincide in meaning with cardinal numbers. But even in colloquial speech, their use is limited: they do not combine with the names of feminine persons, with inanimate nouns, with the names of high ranks, positions (hero, general, professor, etc.). Collective numerals are combined with the names of males (except for the names of high ranks, positions): two boys, six soldiers; with the names of the cubs: seven kids, five wolf cubs; with substantiated adjectives: seven cavalry, four military.

In the field of adjectives, the formation of a complex form of a comparative degree belongs to frequent violations of the norm. The norm corresponds to forms like “more + the initial form of the adjective”: more interesting. Formation of the type more interesting is erroneous.

There are many rules regarding the use of verbs.

1. So, when forming aspectual pairs of a verb, there are norms regarding the alternation of vowels in the root:

a) Alternation is mandatory if the stress does not fall on the root (shorten - shorten);

b) There is no alternation, if the stress falls on the root (to lure - to lure), however, in a number of words, the absence of alternation is archaic, artificial (earn, procure, master, challenge, adapt, finish, reassure, double, triple).

c) About 20 verbs allow fluctuations (options) in the formation of aspect pairs (with alternation in colloquial speech, without alternation in book, business), for example: agree - agree and agree, honor - honor and honor, condition - condition and condition .

2. There are verbs in Russian that end in -ch. In the personal forms of these verbs, except for the 1st person singular and the 3rd person plural, the alternation of the consonants Mrs., k-ch is obligatory: burn, burn, but: burn, burn, burn, burn; dragging, dragging, but: dragging, dragging, dragging, dragging.

Residents of the Tyumen region often do not have this alternation of consonants in such verbs, which is explained by the influence of dialects and vernacular: bake (instead of bake), flow out (instead of flow out) and under.

The appearance of syntactic speech defects is due to ignorance of 1) the order of words in a sentence, 2) the coordination of the subject and the predicate, 3) the coordination of definitions and applications, 4) the rules of management. B) the rules for the use of participial and adverbial phrases.

1. In Russian, there is a relatively free order of word arrangement, that is, there is no strictly fixed place for one or another main or secondary member of the sentence. At the same time, there is a more or less accepted order of the members of the sentence in declarative, motivating and interrogative sentences - the direct order and deviation from it - the reverse order (inversion - lat. inversio - permutation). Inversion is used in colloquial speech and in works of fiction to give speech a special expressiveness.

In declarative sentences with direct word order, the subject precedes the predicate, and the topic (initial information) is the rheme (new information). If this provision is not observed, we receive an ambiguous sentence and hardly understand its content. For example, sentences with the same forms of the nominative and accusative cases in the subject and object: ʼʼThe sun covered the cloudʼʼ - ʼʼThe cloud covered the sunʼʼ, ʼʼThe bike crashed the busʼʼ - ʼʼThe bus crashed the bikeʼʼ. Only the words ʼʼcloudʼʼ (it could cover the moon, stars, mountain, lake, etc.) and ʼʼbusʼʼ (it could crash a motorcycle, car, pole, etc.) are the only topic here. But in the sentences ʼʼThe tram crashed the busʼʼ or ʼʼThe bus crashed the tramsʼʼ only submission to the direct word order allows you to understand the true meaning of the information. Compare the sentences: ʼʼTruck is towing a dump truckʼʼ and ʼʼDump truck is towing a truckʼʼ, ʼʼOar hit the dressʼʼ and ʼʼDress hit the oarʼʼ. How does the meaning of statements change in connection with the change of topic in rhemes?

In the declarative sentence ʼʼThere is a bookcase in the cornerʼʼ, the theme (initial information) is the predicate ʼʼstandsʼʼ and the adverb ʼʼin the cornerʼʼ, and the rheme (new information) is the subject ʼʼcaseʼʼ. If the subject and circumstance are interchanged (ʼʼThe closet is in the cornerʼʼ), the ratio of rheme and theme will change, and, consequently, the meaning of the transmitted information. The subject can be located after the predicate if: 1) denotes a period of time or a natural phenomenon with a predicate with the meaning of being, becoming, the course of an action - ʼʼAutumn has comeʼʼ, ʼʼA day has passedʼʼ, ʼʼThere was an equal winterʼʼ; 2) the text is descriptive: ʼʼThe sea sings, the city hums, the sun shines brightly, creating fairy talesʼʼ (M. Gorky); 3) in the words of the author, standing after or inside a direct speech: ʼʼWe will have to spend the night here, - said Maxim Maksimych, - you won’t move through the mountains in such a snowstormʼʼ (M. Lermontov); ʼʼWhy aren't you going?ʼʼ - I asked the driver impatientlyʼʼ (A. Pushkin).

2) Coordination (lat. con - with, together, jointly + ordinatio - ordering, arrangement) (the term ʼʼagreementʼʼ is used in the school course) of the subject and predicate - ϶ᴛᴏ syntactic connection, in which there is a complete or partial likeness of word forms. The laws of coordination are generally well acquired in a natural way, but there are cases that cause difficulties. Οʜᴎ are associated with fluctuations in number forms in gender. The verb can take both the singular form and the plural form in the following cases: if the subject is expressed by a word or phrase with the meaning of quantity - ʼʼ two came (came)ʼʼ, ʼʼ part of the students did not appear (did not appear)ʼʼ; if the subject is expressed by a combination with the meaning of compatibility - ʼʼ came (came) brother and sister ʼʼ; if the subject is expressed by the pronoun ʼʼwhoʼʼ, ʼʼsomeoneʼʼ, ʼʼsomeoneʼʼ, ʼʼsomeoneʼʼ, ʼʼsomeoneʼʼ, indicating many, - ʼʼEveryone who came (came) was placed in the standsʼʼ. The norm prescribes to use only the singular form of the verb-predicate when: a) subjects expressed by the phrase ʼʼnoun of quantitative-collective meaning + noun in the genitive plural ʼʼ: ʼʼA flock of swans flew to warm climesʼʼ; b) with the subject expressed by the phrase ʼʼ indefinitely quantitative numeral + noun ʼʼ; ʼʼIn the yard he brought up several wolf cubsʼʼ.

Gender fluctuations can occur when the subject is expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination - ʼʼletters survived (preserved) very littleʼʼ; a masculine noun, naming a person by occupation, but in this sentence referring to a female person, - ʼʼthe doctor came (came)ʼʼ.

In sentences with the link ʼʼwasʼʼ or with a semi-significant verb, if the generic and numerical meanings of names in the subject and predicate do not match, there may be fluctuation in the generic forms of the verb - ʼʼthe wedding was (was) a joyful eventʼʼ.

3) In accordance with the norm of the literary language, the gender of the definition for nouns of the general gender depends on the gender of the person in question. For this reason, about a girl, a girl, a woman, we will say: ʼʼShe is a terrible confusion (a bastard, dirty, sweet, etc.)ʼʼ, and about a boy, a young man, a man: ʼʼHe is an incorrigible bully (a couch potato, an evil, a sleepyhead, etc. .)ʼʼ. In colloquial speech, it is permissible to use a feminine definition to characterize the quality of a male person: ʼʼHe is such a messʼʼ.

Special rules exist in the use of the case. When the definition refers to the phrase ʼʼnumeral ʼʼtwoʼʼ (three, four) + noun ʼʼ and stands between its elements, the following forms of agreement are used:

1) with masculine and neuter nouns, the definition is put in the form of the genitive plural, for example, ʼʼfour deep wellsʼʼ, ʼʼtwenty-two small windowsʼʼ; 2) with feminine nouns in this position, the nominative plural form is more often used, for example, ʼʼthree lush lilac branchesʼʼ, ʼʼtwenty-four diligent studentsʼʼ. It is permissible to use the genitive plural with a feminine noun (ʼʼtwo dark boatsʼʼ, ʼʼthree large roomsʼʼ), but this form is less common. If the definition comes before the phrase ʼʼnumeral ʼʼtwoʼʼ (three, four) + noun ʼʼ or after it, then most often it is put in the form of the nominative case, for example, ʼʼthe next three yearsʼʼ, ʼʼany four definitionsʼʼ, ʼʼtwo doors, boarded up tightly ʼʼ, ʼʼfour bags filled with groceriesʼʼ.

How to use the number of definitions when agreeing? Quite often there are nouns that have two definitions with them, which indicate the type of objects. In the singular, the definition is made in the following cases: 1) if the noun does not have a plural form: ʼʼscientific and technological progressʼʼ, ʼʼhappy and carefree childhoodʼʼ; 2) if the noun takes on a different meaning in the plural: ʼʼelectronic and cosmic connectionʼʼ (compare, ʼʼclose tiesʼʼ); 3) If the definitions characterizing the noun are connected (compared or opposed to) among themselves (“right” - “Fire”, “Muzhsky” - “General”, “Enhibited”, “Supervisor”, “Supervision” - “Sninzhny”) and form a combination of the terminological character, “The right side and the left -handed side”. ʼʼsingular and plural verbsʼʼ, ʼʼequations of the first and second orderʼʼ. In the plural, a noun is used when the presence of several objects is emphasized, for example, ʼʼwooden and plastic framesʼʼ, ʼʼJapanese and Chinese dictionariesʼʼ, ʼʼbasketball and football teamsʼʼ.

There are expressions where one definition refers to two or more nouns: ʼʼmy father and motherʼʼ, ʼʼsiblingsʼʼ. What should be followed to avoid mistakes? We use the definition in the singular, if it is clear in meaning that it refers not only to the first (nearest) noun, but also to the rest: ʼʼtraffic vanity and confusionʼʼ, ʼʼwinter cold and coldʼʼ, ʼʼnight silence and peaceʼʼ. In the plural, we use the definition when it may be unclear whether it refers only to the nearest noun or to the entire series of homogeneous members: house and school (the house is multi-storey, but the school is not)ʼʼ.

When matching applications, difficulties arise, as a rule, when you need to choose the case form of a geographical name that acts as an application. The names of cities usually agree in all cases with the word being defined: ʼʼin the city of Kazanʼʼ, ʼʼnear the city of Vitebskʼʼ, ʼʼto the city of Rostovʼʼ. Consistent and inconsistent forms for city names on -О are acceptable: ʼʼin the city of Zverevoʼʼ and ʼʼin the city of Zverevoʼʼ. The compound names of cities do not agree: ʼʼnear the city of Velikiye Lukiʼʼ, ʼʼto the city of Velikie Lukiʼʼ, ʼʼwith the city of Nizhny Novgorodʼʼ, ʼʼin the city of Nizhny Novgorodʼʼ.

The names of the rivers, as a rule, are consistent with the word being defined, only little-known ones do not change into compound names: ʼʼbetween the Volga and Donokʼʼ, ʼʼat the Lena Riverʼʼ, in ʼʼon the Shilka Riverʼʼ, ʼʼHide and Seek of the Aksai Riverʼʼ, ʼʼwith the Seversky Donetsʼʼ. The names of bays, straits in bays, islands in peninsulas, mountains and mountain ranges, deserts do not agree. The only exceptions are well-known names, which are often used without a generic word. Compare: ʼʼto the Yamal Peninsulaʼʼ, ʼʼalong the Elton lakes to Baskunchakʼʼ, ʼʼnear the Bosphorusʼʼ, ʼʼto the Golden Hornʼʼ, but ʼʼon the Kamchatka Peninsulaʼʼ - ʼʼthe southern part (peninsula) of Kamchatkaʼʼ.

The names of ports, stations, foreign administrative-territorial units, astronomical names do not agree; ʼʼat the metro station ʼʼKropotkinskayaʼʼ, ʼʼin the port of Murmanskʼʼ, ʼʼin the department of Bordeauxʼʼ, ʼʼin the orbit of the planet Jupiterʼʼ. The names of the streets in the form of the feminine gender are consistent (ʼʼon Ordynka Street, Ostozhenkaʼʼ) and the rest are not consistent (ʼʼnear Krymsky Val Street, Krinichny Proezdʼʼ). The names of foreign countries, including the word ʼʼrepublicʼʼ, are consistent if they end in -IYa: ʼʼagreement with the Republic of Zambiaʼʼ, ʼʼtrade relations between Russia and the Republic of Nigeriaʼʼ, ʼʼtraveled in the Republic of Cyprusʼʼ.

4) The title of management rules allows, using case forms and prepositions, to correctly build phrases. Consider the designs in which errors are most common.

The verb ʼʼpayʼʼ has the meaning of ʼʼpay someone for somethingʼʼ and forms, with the help of control, a phrase with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition: ʼʼpay expenses (bill, travel, food, accommodation, work)ʼʼ. Most often, its nouns, not denoting ʼʼ a specific subject. The verb ʼʼpayʼʼ has the meaning ʼʼto give money in return for somethingʼʼ and is used in a phrase with a noun in accusative hope with the preposition ʼʼforʼʼ: ʼʼto pay for tickets (for food, for furniture)ʼʼ. In this case, we are dealing with nouns denoting specific objects. The verbs ʼʼpayʼʼ and ʼʼpayʼʼ form an unprepositional construction with the noun ʼʼtaxʼʼ: ʼʼpay taxes, pay taxesʼʼ.

Mastering the rules for constructing phrases with control, you need to remember about such phenomena as synonymy and variability in the meanings of prepositions. ʼʼВʼʼ (inside something) and ʼʼonʼʼ (on the surface of something) are close in meaning in the phrases: ʼʼ ride a tram - ride a tram ʼʼ, ʼʼ fly in an airplane - fly on an airplane ʼʼ. At the same time, they cannot be recognized as identical - the use of the preposition ʼʼinʼʼ indicates being inside a specific named object͵, and the preposition ʼʼonʼʼ indicates the vehicle used.

A great difficulty is the use of the preposition ʼʼpoʼʼ in combination with nouns and pronouns in the dative and prepositional cases. In combination with nouns and personal pronouns of the 3rd person, the preposition ʼʼpoʼʼ governs the dative case: ʼʼmiss your loved onesʼʼ, ʼʼmiss herʼʼ. If the pronoun of the 1st or 2nd lad is used in the phrase, this preposition requires a prepositional case, in this regard, you should say in writing: ʼʼmiss youʼʼ, ʼʼmiss usʼʼ, and not ʼʼfor youʼʼ and ʼʼfor youʼʼ, as it is can often be heard and read. If the preposition ʼʼpoʼʼ is used in the meaning of the preposition ʼʼafterʼʼ, then the noun must also be put in the prepositional case: ʼʼupon receiving the orderʼʼ, ʼʼafter the end of the sessionʼʼ, ʼʼupon the expiration of the termʼʼ.

It should be noted that there are frequent errors in the use of nouns with the prepositions ʼʼthanks toʼʼ and ʼʼcontraryʼʼ. Both prepositions require the dative case, in connection with this, the expressions ʼʼcontrary to threatsʼʼ, ʼʼcontrary to instructionsʼʼ, ʼʼthanks to a good educationʼʼ and so on are outside the norm. The preposition ʼʼthanks toʼʼ has a pronounced positive connotation, in this regard, it should not be used if it is a negative phenomenon - ʼʼdid not come to the exam due to illnessʼʼ.

Ambiguity can arise when a noun or pronoun in the genitive case is used in a sentence. This case can denote the one who performs the action expressed by the verb, be the so-called ʼʼgenitive of the subjectʼʼ. It is extremely important to distinguish it from the ʼʼparent objectʼʼ, which names the object of action, desire, achievement, expectation. In the sentence ʼʼPetrov's treatment turned out to be uselessʼʼ it is impossible to clearly understand whether the doctor Petrov is treating or Petrov's patient is being treated.

In written speech, there is also such a stylistic flaw as ʼʼheapingʼʼ of genitive cases. D.E. Rosenthal and I.V. Golub cites in his manual a construction that describes the owner of a certain book in this way; book niece of the husband of the teacher of the son of my neighbor ...ʼʼ This speech defect is especially common when trying to express family relationships. The authors of the manual remind about the found by K.I. Chukovsky in a school manual on literature example: ʼʼCreative processing courtyard image walks the line strengthening the display of the tragedy of his fate ...ʼʼ

In constructions with control, often with two control words there is a common dependent: ʼʼrun and jump on the siteʼʼ, ʼʼcollect and scatter stonesʼʼ. Such constructions are flawless if the verbs in them require the same management. At the same time, there is a speech defect caused by the fact that the common dependent word is used with words that require different management: ʼʼtreat and take care of the sickʼʼ, ʼʼI love to be interested in musicʼʼ: treat (whom?) - take care (of whom?), love (what?) - to be interested in (what?).

5) Proper use of participial phrases requires knowledge of the following rules; a) op

Lecture 3. The norms of the modern Russian literary language and speech errors - the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Lecture 3. Norms of the modern Russian literary language and speech errors" 2017, 2018.

Language norm- these are the rules for using speech means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of grammatical and stylistic means. This is a uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

Norm - this is a relatively stable way of expression, historically accepted in the language community (the norm is implemented in the language on the basis of choosing one of the options that is mandatory for the educated part of society). normativity- this is the most important factor in proficiency in the Russian literary language.

Question about the norm associated with the circumstances of choice for the speaker, with the real speech competition of two or, more rarely, several language units. At the same time, it develops two types of competition.

First, a normative fact can compete with a non-normative fact, or speech error violation of the norm (cf. correct put, turn off and erroneous lay down, turn off).

Secondly, a variant common to the literary language and limited use option(cf. condition and unfold condition).

The first situation, in case of a wrong choice, is connected with the concept of rough speech error, the second - with the concept speech (stylistic) error (speech deficiency).

Norm types. Depending on which level of language a particular norm belongs to, the following types are distinguished.

Orthoepic norms (pronunciation norms) cover the actual pronunciation and the norms of word stress. These norms are associated with the phonetic level of the language.

Lexical norms (norms of word usage) associated with understanding the correctness, accuracy, relevance of the word in the context and text.

Grammatical norms (morphological and syntactic) regulate the choice of the necessary grammatical forms of words or grammatical constructions. These norms are associated with the morphological and syntactic levels of the language and are based on their systematics.

Taking into account the form of speech (oral, written), the system of norms of the literary language can be represented in the form of a table:

Standards of the literary language

For oral and written speech

Lexical norms (correct usage)

Morphological norms(correct shaping)

Syntactic norms(correct use of grammatical constructions)

Stylistic norms(correct use of the language in different situations and areascommunication)

According to the level of obligation for the speaker are different:

1. Imperative (strictly binding norms  fix only one option as the only true one; score, but not score; kilometer- not kilometer; more beautiful, but n it's more beautiful; their business but not their business; puts, but not lays down; librarian, but not librarian). Even a single violation of imperative norms is regarded by public opinion as a sign of a general poor command of the Russian language.

2. Variant (not strictly mandatory, norms  provide for the possibility of a free choice of options: for example, the following nouns can be used both in masculine and feminine: cuff - cuff, duct - duct). In the field of dispositive norms, the speaker is in a situation of choosing between a commonly used norm and its variant, characteristic of a narrower sphere of use. For example, turners, locksmiths - general norm, turner', locksmith'(named pl.) - a colloquial version of the norm. The use of one option instead of another does not lead to a speech error, but a speech error, a deviation from the accepted use still takes place.

3. Equitable Options - doublets(parallel forms are equated with each other in semantics and usage so that the speaker can choose any of them: curd - your "horn, otherwise - and" differently, at the same time - at the same time). Over time, the language is freed from doublet forms, for example, if there are variants of the short form of adjectives typical, important and typical, significant, shorter forms are now increasingly crowding out longer ones.

Variability of norms develops historically. Variant norms reflect the desire of the language to change, which gives rise to variability.

Literary norms are reflected in all linguistic dictionaries of the modern Russian language. At the same time, explanatory dictionaries reflect a set of basic (mandatory) norms and commonly used variant norms. For example, in the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language, accent variants (i.e. stress variants) of such words as normalize and normalize, thinking and thinking. Some variants of words are given with appropriate marks: cottage cheese and (colloquial)curd, contract and (simple.) agreement. In the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" one can follow the fate of some accent variants of words. Yes, the words normalize and thinking become preferred and normalize and thinking have an additional mark. (permissible).

All non-literary units, included in the dictionary, are marked special litters:simple.(colloquial), jarg.(slang) places.(local), etc. Speech errors are not recorded in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. A comprehensive reflection of the difficulties of the Russian language is given in the reference dictionary “Difficulties in word usage and variants of the norms of the Russian literary language”, ed. Gorbachevich K.S.

The language norm is the rules for the use of the language, which are “legitimized by literature, preferred and recognized by society as mandatory, and therefore supported and protected by literature, society, and the state. (Skvortsov)

Language norm - a set of rules for choosing and using language means, how it is customary to speak and write in a given society in a given era (our Morozova)

Speech is recognized as correct if it is consistent with the norms of the literary language (LA)

Each level of the language has its own norms: phonetic, syntactic, lexical, word-forming, phraseological, grammatical, etc. Language norms cover not only individual linguistic units, but also the patterns of choice and organization of these units within the text; norms are also manifested at the language level (style norms are the norm for the choice and organization of language units in a text of a certain style and the norm for choosing a style that corresponds to the conditions of linguistic communication.)

The norm is inextricably linked with the concept of Russian literary language (it is a hallmark of LA, guards the integrity and comprehensibility of LA, recommends some language means and methods as legal and rejects others as illegal)

Signs of a language norm:

v Possesses relative stability and stability (after all, the norm is a historical category)

v At the same time, the norm is characterized by historical variability, dynamism (at the time of Pushkin, the ghost a k, suff and ks, and now we put the emphasis on the first syllable) In connection with the dynamism of the norm, it is customary to distinguish between the old (older) and new (younger) norms.

v They play a very important role: they ensure the continuity of linguistic traditions, the connection between the older and younger generations.

The literary norm depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out. Language means that are appropriate in one situation (everyday communication) may turn out to be ridiculous in another (official business communication). The norm indicates their communicative expediency.

What are the functions of norms?

Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This is an important function of the rules - language protection function.

In addition, the norms reflect what has developed in the language historically - this is language history reflection function.

Speaking about the essence of the norm, it should be remembered that the norm is not a law (although the similarity of these two concepts is obvious). The law is a necessity that does not allow any deviations, the norm is only prescribes, it should be. Let's compare the following examples: 1. A stone thrown up must then fall down (this is the law of nature); 2. A person living in society must comply with the rules of the hostel, for example, do not knock on the wall with a hammer after 23:00 (these are social norms); 3. A person in the process of verbal communication must put stress correctly (these are language norms). So, the norm only indicates how it should be - it is prescription function.

Correlative with the concept of norm are the concepts of usage (Latin usus - custom, custom) and codification (from Lat codex - book and facere - to do).

Usus is the tradition of using a language.

Codification is the bringing together of the mandatory rules for the use of a language.

Usus and codification (i.e., tradition and the work of specialists) determine the norm.

Variant of the norm (not an error !!!) - at the same time e exactly - at the same time e nno (equal)

Deviation from the norm arises from the strong influence of dialects and vernacular on speech.

Examples of violations of the rules:

Orthoepic (determine the pronunciation of sounds and separate grammatical forms) - hello - hello, An Vanna - Anna Ivanovna

Accentological (stress rules) - say m and grain - but it is necessary e rny, mark e ting - right m a Rketing

Morphological (establish the correct use of parts of speech and their forms): Lay notebook on the table put, Not above laugh at him theirs the house is guarded by a dog.

Syntactic (regulates the order and connection of words in a sentence, agreement of the predicate with the subject, etc.) - They brought peasant cows from the field, who urgently needed to be milked. (whom to milk - then?) I love game on the piano and sing in the choir.

The ideal norm is difficult to achieve because:

First, there is professional use any linguistic means: in the speech of many specialists, including people with a high general linguistic culture, forms that are different from the generally accepted ones are common, - comp á With(for sailors) syringe s´ (for doctors), price contract á I(for economists) comb fund- neatly arrange books in the library (at the librarians), comp(for computer scientists) and many others.

Secondly, there is territorial (dialect) usage. In everyday colloquial speech of native speakers of the Russian language living in different territories, local words and forms of dialect origin are often used, for example * drink tea (drink tea), * byvat (it happens), * kartovina (potatoes) in the speech of the inhabitants of the Russian North. Dialectisms can be inherent in residents not only of villages, but also of central cities. So, it was found that along with the generally accepted name of rectangular bread loaf residents of Moscow and St. Petersburg actively use the word brick(this is already a local dialect), and in the speech of Perm and Chelyabinsk residents, all forms of bread, including rectangular ones, are referred to as the word bun(from the point of view of the norm, this word refers only to a special type of round-shaped white bread).

Question #5 single and multiple words. Homonyms, types of homonyms.

4.1. Violations of orthoepic norms.

Orthoepic (Greek orthos - correct + Greek epos - speech) norms - norms of pronunciation and stress. Their observance facilitates and accelerates mutual understanding in the process of communication. The rules of orthoepy and Russian can be divided into three groups:

a) pronunciation of vowels;

b) pronunciation of consonants;

c) pronunciation of borrowed words.

Common deficiencies in pronunciation:

one). In the pronunciation of consonants, the laws of assimilation and deafening apply. Voiced consonants at the end of a word are stunned, this norm, as a rule, is not violated, with the exception of the voiced consonant [r] at the end of a word. It should sound like an explosive deaf [k] - boot [k].

But in practice, the pronunciation is often found as a deaf fricative [x]. Such a pronunciation is unacceptable as a dialect (a feature of the southern dialects) - (an exception is the word “god” - bo[x].

2). Often there are errors in the pronunciation of “ch”. In accordance with the norms, this combination is pronounced as [h]: eternal, marriage, correspondence, cereal, planting. The pronunciation [shn] is required in female patronymics - Fomini [shn] a, Kuzmini [shn] a - and is preserved in the words bitter [shn] yy, horse [shn] o, empty [shn] yy, square [shn] ik. There is also a double pronunciation - bulo [shn] th and bulo [ch] th, kope [shn] y - kope [ch] th, young [shn] y - young [ch] th, order [shn] th - order [ch] ]th, plum [shn] th - plum [ch] th.

The norms of pronunciation of vowels include the norms of stress. They are studied by accentology (Latin accentus - stress). In russian language free stress, that is, it can be on any syllable in a word, unlike some languages ​​​​of the world, where the stress is assigned to a specific syllable:

a) in Estonian, Latvian, Czech, Finnish - 1 syllable;

b) in Polish and Georgian - penultimate;

c) in Armenian and French - the latter.

Another feature of Russian stress is its morphemic mobility- the stress can move from one significant part of the word to another in its different forms and cognates.

The main function of stress is the phonetic association of a word. But there are words where the stress plays a semantic and distinctive role - flour - flour, drank - drank. In polysyllabic words, in addition to the main stress, a secondary (collateral) one also appears: avalanche-like, four-story.

Most often, accentological errors occur in the formation of the following forms of various parts of speech:

one). in monosyllabic nouns. husband. kind in R.p. singular, the emphasis falls on the ending: umbrella - umbrella, ladle - ladle, fruit - fruit, coat of arms - coat of arms. Exception: goose - goose, coal - coal.

2). noun zh.r. 1st declension in V.p. units numbers have an accent on the end: ash, hut, pick, goat, hole, floor, dew, resin, owl, stanza, grass, based on (beard, harrow, price, cheek), double stress (river - river, board - board ).

3). Some nouns 3rd sk. When used with the prepositions “in” and “on”, they have an accent on the ending - in the chest, in the bones, in the blood, in the night, on the stove, in connection, in the canopy, in the steppe, in the shade, in the chain.

four). noun 3rd sk. In R. p. pl. Numbers have an accent on the basis (localities, honors, profits, ice holes, pranks), double stress (industries and industries, statements and statements), at the end (branches, handfuls, positions, fortresses, planes, degrees, tablecloths, speeds).

5). Prepositions used with nouns and numerals can take on stress, making an independent part of speech unstressed - missing, without a year, to no avail, for the winter, for the hand, for the soul, for the year, out of sight, out of the forest, out of the nose , on the mountain, on the back, on the wall, for two, for six, for a hundred, through the forest, across the sea, across the field, two, one hundred, three, under the feet, in the evening, in the evening, under the nose, under arms.

6). short adjectives have an accent on the first syllable of the stem in the masculine, neuter, and many others. number. In the feminine, it goes to the ending: striker - striker, cheerful - cheerful, stupid - stupid. Double stress occurs in the plural form - pale and pale, close and close, hungry and hungry, thick and thick, friendly and friendly, fat and fat, empty and empty, cramped and cramped, dumb and dumb, cold and cold.

7). stress in verbs past. time can stand on the basis in all forms (beat, shave, put, steal, crush, sew), on the basis in all forms, except for the feminine form in which it passes to the ending: took, was, took, drove, fought, called, on a prefix in all forms, except for the form of wives. kind (pestered, froze, occupied, locked, hired, started, departed, accepted, departed). Double stress in the forms of verbs lived - lived, drank - drank, set - set, amassed - amassed, took away - took away, drank - drank, gave - gave, raised - raised, sold - sold, lived - lived, spilled - spilled, distributed - distributed.

eight). in the verbs na - toirovat, two groups are distinguished: with an emphasis on “and” (to block, guarantee, debate, conduct, disqualify, inform, copy, summarize) and with an emphasis on “a” (to bombard, engrave, make up, group, seal, reward, shape, etc.).

9). in passive participles of the past tense, the emphasis in the feminine form falls on the ending (taken - taken, twisted - twisted, obsolete - outdated, started - started, accepted - accepted), in others - on the prefix. In participles on - abusive - tattered - called, the emphasis falls on the prefix (dobrana, taken away, pulled up, called, elected, tidied up, interrupted, called, torn off).

Mistakes in stress There may be other reasons to keep in mind:

one). Ignorance of the rules of stress in the source language. Miserable (Latin miser - poor) from the French "Miser" and is pronounced "Miserable".

2). The absence of the letter "e" in the printed text. Meanwhile, it is known that, in accordance with the norm, it always takes on stress. Not properly: beet, bile, bile, newborn, bewitched (correct: beet, bile, bile, newborn, bewitched).

3). Ignorance of spelling rules. The words “armor” and “armor” are nouns of the 1st declension.

The stress performs a semantic function: armor is “a pre-emptive right to receive something” and armor is a “protective coating”.

Often there is an uneven use of the word "booking".

four). Ignorance of the belonging of a word to a particular part of speech.

For example, the adjective “developed” and the participle “developed”.

The first is used in the phrases “developed youth”, “developed industry”, “developed agriculture”, the emphasis falls on the ending. The participle, formed from the verb “develop”, is pronounced with an accent on the first or second syllable - an activity developed by citizen N, a question developed by a teacher, a developed rope, a developed curl.

Mastering the norms of Russian accentology, one must also keep in mind the phenomenon of stress variability. There are words in which the following are recognized as normalized: 1). two accents; 2). one is considered bookish, and the other is colloquial; 3). One version is general literary, and the other is professional.

So, the options “otherwise - otherwise”, “loop and loop”, “rust and rust”, “cottage cheese and cottage cheese” are equal; “spoil and spoil”, “agreement and agreement”, “keta and keta” - the first is bookish, and the second is colloquial; “astronomer and astronomer”, “compass and compass”, “report and report”, “spark and spark”, “mining and mining”, “atomic and atomic” - general literary and professional, respectively.

A cultured person uses orthoepic dictionaries.

4.2. Violations of morphological norms and ways to overcome them.

one). Formation of noun forms.

When using the gender of nouns, errors are grouped as follows:

a) gender change

b) the use of nouns of a general gender that does not correspond to the norm;

c) errors related to the possibility of using masculine nouns in relation to females.

For example: Mom and I baked pies with jam (with jam), Grinev was undersized (undersized). New role (new), sick callus (sick), white tulle (white), pink shampoo (pink).

Cinderella lost her shoe (shoe)

We drove out to the spacious avenue (to the spacious avenue)

Indeclinable nouns for animals and birds usually take the masculine form: funny pony. (Exception: iwasi, tsetse - feminine).

Indeclinable nouns denoting geographical names take the form of gender in accordance with the words “city”, “river”, “lake”, “capital”, “mountain” - full-flowing Ontario, sunny Sochi.

In modern Russian, there are about two hundred nouns of the general gender. They can be used both in the meaning of the feminine (“such a mess”), and in the meaning of the masculine gender (“such a mess”).

For example: Gavrik grew up as an orphan (round).

When Lomonosov came to study at the academy, everyone teased him: “Such a tall girl came to study!” (Such a dumbass came to study!).

Molchalin turned out to be a cunning fox (cunning).

In modern language, masculine nouns can be used to refer to females, so the following options are quite possible: Krylova is an experienced teacher and Krylova is an experienced teacher.

The use of noun does not correspond to the norm. masculine, if there is a correlative noun. feminine: “Alyosha seemed like a kind magician to Alyosha (correctly, a good sorceress).

The category of the number of nouns is based on the opposition of singularity and plurality, which manifests itself in different ways in concrete, material, collective and abstract nouns.

Errors occur in the following cases: a) the formation of plural forms that do not exist in the normative language. and units numbers;

b) the use of a form of number that is inappropriate in this context.

For example: “The older brother had a lot of cattle (cattle), and the younger one only had a donkey.”

“The guys shouted and whistled (whistling) drove the dog away.

“In our yard, the swing (swing) has broken (broke).”

“The windows were painted with white” (white).

Or: "The earth from the cold (cold) became strong."

“The boy was a scout for the partisans (for the partisans).”

“The sisters had many beautiful dresses (dresses).”

“I will make you drink cocoa (cocoa).”

“Mom covered the dough with a coat (coat).”

“What time is it? (of time)”

“You can’t betray your youthful dreams.” (the form of the generic case of the plural is absent from the nouns “dream”, “ottoman”, “prayer”, “bottom”.

2). Formation of forms of the adjective.

The form of an adjective depends on the categories of gender, number and case of the noun to which it belongs. Its assimilation occurs naturally, and errors are not so numerous here.

They are found in the use of full and short forms and in the formation of a comparative degree.

The following speech errors occur:

a) the full form is used instead of the short one:

“The mushroom cap was full of water” (full).

b) the short form is used instead of the full one:

“I am capable, and you should accept me into the institute” (Able to what?)

Errors also appear in the formation of degrees of comparison of the adjective. This happens in two cases: a) when forming the comparative degree of an adjective that does not have this form in the language, and b) when forming the comparative degree in a non-normative way.

“At first I argued with my mother, and then I realized that she is always more right than me. (rights)."

“I have never seen a thicker (thicker) book.”

“This problem is easier than the one that was solved yesterday.”

“The most capable student”, “the highest building”.

Only in isolated cases is the combination “most” + the superlative degree form normative, although it has an outdated character: “the shortest road”, “the closest way”, “the closest way”.

3). Formation of forms of pronouns.

The specificity of pronouns as parts of speech is that they are words - understudies. Their role in the organization of the sentence and the text as a whole is extremely great. Speech errors associated with the use of pronouns occur when using the pronouns “self” and “own”; demonstrative pronouns and the pronoun “he”, colloquial possessive pronouns.

For example: “Maria Semyonovna asked me to bring my briefcase.” The briefcase can belong to both Maria Semyonovna and me. If the first, then you need to use the pronoun "her", if the second - the pronoun "my".

The pronouns “own” and “self” are often used instead of the personal and possessive pronouns required by the norm. For example: “Kostya liked his slippers.” (his slippers)

“I found a book on my desk” (in my room)

The unjustified repetition of demonstrative and personal pronouns is also a mistake: “When he was at the lake, he saw an unusually shaped tree there.” (repeat)

Substitutive pronouns must agree with the person being replaced in gender and number: “The nobility was afraid that it might lose power.” (It might)

In the use of pronouns, errors are very common, the cause of which is the influence on the literary language of vernacular: “theirs”, “theirs”, “einy”.

four). The formation of forms of the numeral.

The numeral is a lexically closed category, numbering only a few dozen words and no longer replenished with new formations. Despite this, the assimilation of the forms of numerals is a rather complicated process, and mistakes are often encountered here.

A large number of them is associated with the use of compound forms of numerals. The rules for declension of this part of speech are simple - when declension composite quantitative numerals, all the words included in it change, with declension composite ordinal numerals - only the last word:

“The flow of the river reaches 120 (one hundred and twenty) - 400 (four hundred) meters per minute”; “On the night of August 26 (twenty-sixth) it was raining.”

When forming phrases “numeral + noun, which has only the plural form (day, sleigh, scissors, trousers, glasses)”, collective (up to 5) or quantitative (from 5) numerals are used: “two (three, four) days” - “five (six, seven) days”.

Often found in speech is the incorrect use of the collective numeral “both” (both). If it determines the number of masculine and neuter nouns, then the form “both” (brother, lake) is used. If feminine - “both” (sisters, girls).

The declension of the numeral “one and a half” depends on the gender of the noun. Husband. and cf. genus. in the nominative and accusative cases they take the form “one and a half”, in other cases - “one and a half”, feminine in the nominative and accusative cases - “one and a half”. In the rest - "one and a half". In this case, nouns change in accordance with the rules.

5). The formation of verb forms.

Errors in the formation of verb forms are varied. The following types can be distinguished:

a) incorrect formation of the verb stem: “I like people who admit their shortcomings” (recognizing). “He's molesting me” (molesting).

“She admits her mistakes” (admits). “If you offend him, he will immediately complain to his mother” (complain).

b) non-observance of alternations in the basis of the present tense: “protects” (protects), “guards” (guards), “burn” (instead of “burn”).

c) unification of the bases of the infinitive and the past tense: “Although I hurt myself a lot, I still didn’t cry” (I hurt myself).

“Wet in the rain” (mok); “dry in the sun” (dry); “disappeared into the distance” (disappeared).

d) deformation of the different conjugated verbs “to want” and “to run”: “Let's run home soon”. " He said. That he doesn't want to come with us." “They want to show their education. “(A.P. Chekhov).

e) non-normative formation of imperative mood forms:

“Finish this work quickly! “(finish).

The forms “ehai (those)” and “go (those)” are of a pronounced colloquial nature and cannot be recommended for use. It is necessary to say: "go (those)".

f) filling in “empty cells” in the paradigm.

A number of verbs have an incomplete paradigm, that is, in the system of their forms, certain formations are missing. So, some verbs do not have the normative form of the 1st person singular of the present or future tense for phonetic reasons: dare, win, find yourself, blow, buzz, feel, nonsense, outshine, convince, kink, mischief. It is necessary to say: “I can win”, “I will not be naughty.”

However, in speech there is also an erroneous formation of such forms:

“I never thought I would be in this situation.”

Participle errors can be divided into two groups:

a) those that arise during the formation of participle forms: “a student who is able to complete the task on time” (who succeeded), “a dog trying to get a stick out of the water” (tried). “Everyone who would like to come to the resort will have such an opportunity” (incorrect). “Torn jacket”, “passed the exam” is incorrect. “Torn jacket”, “exam passed” - right.

“The owners of the plots contribute to the city's treasury a land tax, which is established in accordance with the law” - is incorrect.

It is necessary: ​​“installable” or “installable”.

Or errors:

b) those that are associated with the use of the sacraments: “Why are you giving me a broken glass? “, (burst). Incorrect: “ticket won” (winner), “melted water” (melted).

4.3. Violations of syntactic norms and ways to overcome them.

The appearance of syntactic speech defects is due to ignorance:

a) word order in a sentence. The Russian language has a relatively free word order. However, there is a more or less accepted order of the members of the sentence in declarative, imperative and interrogative sentences - direct order and deviations from it - reverse order(inversion - lat. inversio - permutation). Inversion used in colloquial speech and in works of fiction to give speech a special expressiveness.

In a declarative sentence with direct word order, the subject precedes the predicate, and the topic (initial information) is the rheme (new information). If this provision is not observed, we get an ambiguous sentence and hardly understand its content: “A cloud covered the sun.” “Crashed the bus bike” - the reverse order, it is not clear.

The subject can be placed after the predicate if:

one). Denotes a period of time or a natural phenomenon with a predicate with the meaning of being: “Autumn has come.” "Days passed." “It was early winter.”

2). The text is descriptive: “The sea sings, the city hums, the sun shines brightly…” (M. Gorky).

b) coordination of the subject and the predicate. Coordination (lat. con- with, together, together + ordinatio- ordering, arrangement) of the subject and predicate is a syntactic connection in which there is a complete or partial assimilation of word forms.

The verb can take both the singular form and the plural form in the following cases: 1) if the subject is expressed by a word or phrase with the meaning of quantity - “two came (came), “some of the students did not appear (did not appear)”;

2) if the subject is expressed by a combination with the meaning of compatibility - “a brother and sister came (came)”;

3) if the subject is expressed by the pronoun “who”, “someone”, “someone”, “someone”, “someone”, indicating many: “Everyone who came (came) settled in the stands “.

The norm prescribes to use only the singular form of the verb-predicate when:

1 subject, expressed by the phrase “noun. quantitative-collective meaning + noun in the genitive plural: “A flock of swans flew to warm lands.”

2 With the subject, expressed by the phrase “indefinitely quantitative numeral + noun”: “He brought up several wolf cubs in his yard.”

The appearance of syntactic speech defects is due to ignorance:

c) harmonization of definitions and applications.

In accordance with the norm of the literary language, the gender of the definition of nouns of the general gender depends on the gender of the person in question: “She is a terrible confusion (kopush, sweet, etc.)”. “He is an incorrigible bully (evil, couch potato, etc.).”

Special rules exist in use case. When the definition refers to the phrase "numeral" two "(three, four) + noun" and stands between its elements, the following forms of agreement are used:

1 with noun masculine and the neuter gender is put in the form of the genitive plural: “four deep wells”, “twenty-two small windows”;

2 with noun. female gender in this position, the nominative plural form is more often used: “three magnificent branches”, “twenty-four diligent students”.

How to use the number of definitions when agreeing?

Quite often there are nouns that have two definitions with them, which indicate the type of objects.

In one. The number is defined in the following cases:

1) if noun. does not have a plural form: “scientific and technological progress”, “happy and carefree childhood”;

2) if noun. takes on a different meaning in the plural: “electronic and cosmic communications” (cf.: “close ties”);

3) if the definitions characterizing the noun are connected (contrasted, contrasted) with each other (right - left, male - female, upper - lower) and form a combination of terminological character together with the noun: “on the right and left sides”, “verbs of the singular and plural”, “equations of the first and second order”.

In the plural, noun. is placed when the presence of several items is emphasized: “wooden and plastic frames”, “Japanese and Chinese dictionaries”, “basketball and football teams.”

There are expressions where one definition refers to two or more nouns: “my father and mother”, “brother and sister”. What should be followed to avoid mistakes?

We use the definition in units. including, if it is clear in meaning that it refers not only to the first (nearest) noun, but also to the rest: “road bustle and confusion”, “winter cold and cold”, “night silence and peace”.

In the plural, we use the definition when it may be unclear whether it refers only to the nearest noun or to the entire series of homogeneous members: “A multi-storey building and a school were built on a wasteland.” (house and school are multi-storey)

When matching applications, difficulties arise, as a rule, when you need to choose the case form of a geographical name that acts as an application. The names of cities usually agree in all cases with the word being defined: “in the city of Ufa”, “near the city of Kazan”, “to the city of Rostov”.

Acceptable and inconsistent forms for the names of cities on - O: "in the city of Zverevo" and "in the city of Zverevo".

The compound names of the cities do not agree: “near the city of Velikie Luki”, “to the city of Velikiye Luki”, “with the city of Nizhny Novgorod”, “in the city of Nizhny Novgorod”.

The names of the rivers, as a rule, are consistent with the word being defined, only little-known and compound names do not change: “between the Volga and Don rivers”, “near the Lena river”, but “on the Shilka river”, “Aksay river tributary”, “with the Seversky river Donets.

The names of bays, straits and bays, islands and peninsulas, mountains, mountain ranges, deserts do not agree: “To the Yamal Peninsula”, “along the lakes Elton and Baskunchak”, “near the Bosporus”, “through the Sahara desert”, “to the Golden Bay Horn."

The names of ports, stations, foreign administrative and territorial units, astronomical names do not agree: “at the Kropotkinskaya metro station”, “in the port of Murmans”, “in the department of Bordeaux”, “in the orbit of the planet Jupiter”.

The names of the streets in the form of the feminine form are consistent: “on Ordynka, Ostozhenka” and the rest are not consistent: “not far from Krymsky Val Street”.

The names of foreign countries are consistent, including the word “republic”, if they end in - FL: “agreement with the Republic of Zambia”, “trade relations between Russia and the Republic of Nigeria”, “traveled in the Republic of Cyprus”.

The appearance of syntactic speech defects is due to ignorance:

d) management rules.

It should be said: “pay expenses (bill, travel, food, accommodation, work)”;

“Pay for tickets (for groceries, for studies, for furniture)”;

“missing you”, “missing us”;

“upon receipt (P. p.) of the order”; “at the end (P. p.) of the session”; “after the expiration of the term (P. p.) of the term”; “due to (D. p.) good education” ; “according to the order” (D. p.); “Contrary to the instructions” (D. p.).

In written speech, there is also such a stylistic flaw as a “heap” of genitive cases: “The book of the niece of the husband of the teacher of the son of my neighbor” (Rosenthal D. E.).

“The creative processing of the image of the courtyard goes along the line of enhancing the display of the tragedy of his fate ...” (K. Chukovsky).

In constructions with control, with two control words, there is a common dependent: “run and jump on the site”, “collect and scatter stones”. Such constructions are flawless if the verbs in them require the same control.

Incorrect: “treat and take care of the sick”, “love and be interested in music”: treat (whom?) - take care (of whom?), love (what?), - be interested (what?).

The appearance of syntactic speech defects is due to ignorance:

e) rules for the use of participial and adverbial phrases.

Proper use of participial phrases requires knowledge of the following rules: 1) the word being defined must come before or after the participial phrase: “The facts presented in the report testify to the great successes of modern science” - incorrect.

“The facts given in the report testify to the great successes of modern science,” - that's right.

2) a common mistake is the incorrect placement in the sentence of the participial turnover and the attributive clause: “There was a fireplace in the room, in which the fire had not been lit for a long time and served as a shelf for the residents” - incorrect.

“There was a fireplace in the room, which had not been lit for a long time. He served as a shelf for the tenants “- that's right.

The most common mistake in constructing a sentence with a participial turnover is that the authors do not always clearly understand the main action expressed by the verb, and the additional action expressed by the participle turnover is performed by one person (object). If this circumstance is not taken into account, then we received, for example, the following statement: “Approaching the city, a strong wind began,” “opening the window, it smelled of pines.”

Some verbs do not form gerunds with the suffix -А (-Я) in the present. time: “write”, “run”, “save”, “smear”, “knit”, “be able”, “reap”, “sing”, “scratch”, etc.

City scientific and practical conference

"Schoolchildren of the city - scienceXXIcentury"

Research work

Section "Russian language"

Literary norm and speech practice of the newspaper

(on the material of the newspaper "News of Mordovia")

Prepared by: students of grade 10A

MOU "Secondary school No. 35"

Likinova Olga,

Enikeeva Kristina

2008

Introduction

ILiterary language and language norm

1.1 The concept of "literary language" and its main features

IINewspaper and journalistic style as one of the varieties of the Russian literary language

2.2 General characteristics of the periodical press as a mass media

III The main types of violations of the literary norm on the pages of the newspaper "Izvestia of Mordovia"

3.1 Grammar errors

3.2 Mistakes in word usage

3.3 Spelling errors

3.3.1 Spelling errors

3.3.2 Punctuation errors

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Subject This study includes cases of various types of errors (spelling, punctuation, speech, grammar) found on the pages of the local press.

Topic proposed work - "Literary norm and speech practice of the newspaper (on the basis of the newspaper" News of Mordovia ")". The choice of this topic is due primarily to the importance of the object of study at the present stage of development of the Russian language. I would like to emphasize that Izvestia Mordovia is the official newspaper in Mordovia, each issue of the newspaper as a whole corresponds to the level and all the criteria for a quality publication, such as: awareness, reliability, objectivity, representativeness of opinions, independence of judgment. The publication promptly covers all the events taking place in the world and the republic, gives them a balanced, professional assessment. The information and analytical part of the newspaper is devoted to the news of politics, economics, culture, sports and social problems, as a result of which it is of interest to all residents of Mordovia. At the same time, the texts of the articles contain various violations of the norms of the Russian literary language, which cannot but affect the quality of the materials.

Relevance the topic under consideration is due to the negative process of non-compliance with the norms of the Russian literary language in the speech practice of the media in general. It is no secret that in the speech of TV presenters, announcers there are deviations from orthoepic, speech norms, and on the pages of newspapers and magazines you can find errors of various kinds. It should be noted that the language of the media should be a model for readers, the leading role in this should belong to print media: newspapers, magazines, etc. Today, there are serious concerns about non-compliance with the norms of the literary language in the press, which can lead to a violation of the idea of ​​correctness. as a key point in the culture of speech among newspaper readers, especially among young people, who absolutely need a role model.

aim This work is to identify, analyze and classify typical deviations from the literary norm in the articles of the newspaper "Izvestia of Mordovia". Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks:

1. Analyze the available theoretical scientific materials related to the concepts of "literary language", "norm", "types of norms".

2. Consider and analyze specific articles in the newspaper "Izvestia Mordovia" in terms of the presence / absence of errors.

3. To classify the detected deviations from the norms of the literary language in newspaper materials.

4. Suggest possible options for correcting the detected errors.

In solving the above tasks, the following research methods:

1. descriptive method with methods of observing linguistic phenomena;

2. research method;

3. method of systematics and classification.

The material of the study may be of interest to philology students, school teachers, students, as well as to everyone who is not indifferent to the problems of speech culture. Practical value work lies in the fact that the results can be used as theoretical and practical exercises in the classroom of optional and elective courses on the style and culture of speech, as well as in preparation for the exam in grade 11, because, in our opinion, it is at school it is necessary to carry out systematic work on the education of schoolchildren of speech culture.

The work consists of an introduction, three parts and a conclusion. The introduction defines the purpose, objectives, subject, relevance, methods and techniques of research, as well as the practical significance of the work. Chapter I is an analysis of theoretical material on the topic of research, it identifies and defines the main scientific concepts: the literary language, the norm of the literary language. In Chapter II, the main features of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech, the press as one of the most popular mass media are considered, as well as the characteristics of the communicative qualities of speech are given and their connections with the literary norm are determined. Chapter III presents a practical study, the purpose of which was to find in the newspaper material cases of violation / deviation from the norms of the Russian literary language, their systematization, classification and description. The most important component of the chapter is the proposed options for editing the detected errors. In conclusion, the main conclusions of the work are presented. The bibliography includes a list of works that served as theoretical sources for this study, dictionaries. We relied on research on the stylistics and culture of speech,. When classifying the norms of the Russian literary language and describing, we focused on the works,. When analyzing spelling norms - for textbooks, manuals and reference books.

I Literary language and language norm

The Russian literary language dates back to the 11th century. Thanks to the written fixation of the literary language, written and printed texts, the process of its improvement is greatly facilitated: on the basis of the language of texts, the most adequate ways of conveying thoughts, feelings, new forms and methods of linguistic expression are developed, while everything archaic is ignored, although sometimes it returns to speech use. , receiving a new understanding (for example, the words philanthropist, lyceum).

The modern Russian literary language is developing in line with those principles of organizing linguistic means in literary texts that have been defined and consolidated, approved in its authorial practice. Many books and articles have been written about the Russian literary language. They tell about its complex and whimsical history, and about the richness and expressive power of this greatest national treasure, and about the important role played by the Russian literary language in our country and in the international arena. “Being a living connecting thread of generations, the literary language has absorbed all the best, healthy from folk speech. It embodies the worldview of the Russian people, reflecting, as in a mirror, the achievements of its national spirit and culture” [Gorbachevich, 1989:6].

1.1 The concept of literary language and its main features

Literary language they call the historically established higher (exemplary, processed) form of the national language, which has a rich lexical fund, an ordered grammatical structure and a developed system of styles [Gorbachevich, 1989: 6]. Literary language has special properties. Among its main features, researchers distinguish the following:

1) the presence of certain norms (rules) of word usage,
stress, pronunciation, etc., the observance of which is of a general educational nature and does not depend on the social, professional and territorial affiliation of native speakers of a given language;

2) possession of a rich lexical fund;
3) the desire for sustainability, for the preservation of the general cultural heritage and literary and book traditions;

4) suitability not only for designating the entire amount of knowledge accumulated by mankind, but also for the implementation of abstract, logical thinking;

5) stylistic wealth, consisting in abundance
functionally justified variant and synonymous
means, which allows you to achieve the most effective expression of thought in various speech situations.

6) concentration and the best organization into a single system of linguistic elements of all levels of the language: vocabulary, phraseological units, sounds, grammatical forms and constructions of a national character; all these linguistic elements have been selected from the national language for many decades by the efforts of many generations of writers, publicists, and scientists;

7) availability of written and oral forms.

These properties of the literary language did not appear immediately, but as a result of a long and skillful selection, carried out by the masters of the word, the most accurate and weighty words and phrases, the most convenient and expedient grammatical forms and constructions.

Thus, the modern Russian literary language, which has become one of the world's languages, has the richest lexical fund, an ordered grammatical structure and an extensive system of styles. At the current stage of development, it is opposed not to gradually disappearing territorial dialects, but to irregular speech and outdated facts of word usage. During the time separating us from the era of Pushkin, significant changes have taken place in the norms of the Russian literary language. However, this did not destroy his ties with a rich cultural tradition.

1.2 The concept of "literary norm", its features and types

The ability to distinguish between right and wrong in speech is associated with the concept of a language norm. The norm of the literary language - this is the generally accepted use of linguistic means: sounds, stress, intonation, words, their forms, syntactic constructions [Maksimov: 2004, 272]. Among its main properties, the professor singles out: obligation for all speakers and writers in Russian, stability, but at the same time historical variability. “If the norms were not stable, if they were subjected to various kinds of influences, the linguistic connection between generations would be broken. Of course, it is difficult for an unprepared reader, for example, to understand texts written in the 11th-12th centuries, according to the works of A. Pushkin, we understand, with the exception of individual words and expressions, although these works were created almost three centuries ago” [Maksimov: 2004, 272] The stability of the norms is also ensured in many respects by the continuity of the cultural traditions of the people, the possibility of the emergence and development of a powerful stream of national literature.

In the Explanatory Dictionaries, “norm” is a legalized establishment, the usual generally accepted, mandatory order, the state of something; sample; rule.

In the textbook "Russian Language and Culture of Speech" we find the following definition: "A literary norm is a set of fixed socially approved rules of a language that are obligatory for implementation in speech, reflecting the laws of the language system and confirmed by the use of authoritative native speakers of the Russian language" [Ippolitova, 2008: 132].

According to the opinion, the norm is not only a socially approved rule, but also a rule that reflects the laws of the language system and is confirmed by the word usage of authoritative writers [Gobachevich, 1989:31].

Perhaps the most complete definition of a literary norm belongs to: “A norm is a set of the most suitable (“correct”, “preferred”) language means for serving society, which are formed as a result of the selection of elements (lexical, pronunciation, morphological, syntactic) from among coexisting, existing formed again or extracted from the passive stock of the past in the process of social, in a broad sense, evaluation of these elements.

In the culture of speech, each type of norm (ethical, communicative and speech) suggests its own scale for assessing communication in general and its specific aspects (especially speech) in particular. Ethical standards are evaluated on a scale decent / indecent, good / bad. Communicative: successful / unsuccessful, effective / ineffective, etc. Etiquette (within the framework of ethical and communicative): accepted / not accepted. Speech - for each of the virtues: logical / illogical, accurate / inaccurate, appropriate / inappropriate, accessible / inaccessible, varied / monotonous, expressive / inexpressive, etc. Language: correct / incorrect.

According to scientists, the norm is necessary for people to understand each other correctly (social and communicative functions); to distinguish an educated person from an uneducated person (social and cultural functions); so that the educated part of people with the most developed linguistic taste influence the upbringing and development of the rest (social and aesthetic functions); to preserve linguistic traditions (social and cultural functions) [Ippolitova, 2008: 130].

Norms require a clear correlation of stylistic features, semantic and expressive shades of parallel ways of expression with a specific context or speech situation.

Recognition of the normativity of a linguistic fact is usually based on the indispensable presence of three main features:
1) regular use (reproducibility) of this mode of expression;
2) the correspondence of this way of expression to the possibilities
literary language system (taking into account its historical restructuring);
3) public approval of regularly reproduced
way of expression (moreover, the role of the judge in that case is usually you
falls to the share of writers, scientists, the educated part of society) [Ippolitova, 2008: 289].

Literary norms are fixed in dictionaries, grammars, reference books on pronunciation, stress, management, spelling rules, etc. This is called the codification of norms (obtaining the status of law). Because of this, the literary language turns out to be the only possible means of communication in the most diverse spheres of human life, therefore, knowledge of the basic rules for its use is necessary for everyone.

The norms of the modern Russian literary language are very diverse, numerous and in most cases quite definite and strict. The ability to use them allows a person to speak and write correctly, helps the accessible expression of thoughts for others and a clear understanding of the thoughts expressed by others.

In accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of linguistic means in science, the following types of norms of the Russian literary language are distinguished:

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Orthoepic norms - these are the rules for the sound design of words, parts of words, sentences, i.e., the rules for pronouncing sounds, setting stress, using intonation.

Lexical norms- these are the rules for the use of words, as well as stable phrases in strict accordance with their meanings.

Stylistic norms - these are the rules for the use of language units in accordance with their stylistic qualities and characteristics, i.e., stylistic coloring.

To grammar rules include word-formation, morphological and syntactic norms.

Word-building norms are the rules for the formation of words.

Morphological norms- these are the rules for the formation of word forms of different parts of speech.

Syntactic norms These are the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.

Spelling norms includes spelling and punctuation rules.

Spelling norms are the spelling rules.

Punctuation norms- these are the rules for setting punctuation marks, which serve for the semantic, intonational and grammatical design of written speech [Ippolitova, Zagorovskaya, etc.].

1.3 Variation of norms in the literary language

Speaking of the norm, one cannot fail to point out its relative stability. The norm, like everything in the language, is slowly but continuously changing under the influence of colloquial speech, local dialects, the vocabulary of various social and professional groups of the population, borrowings, etc. Since something inevitably and constantly becomes obsolete in the language, something appears new, there is a variability of the norm. The norm changes: 1) when it is functionally expedient and necessary; 2) when the norm is unknown to speakers of the given language; 3) when the violation of the norm does not affect the functioning of the language (mutual understanding).

Language changes lead to options some norms. This means that the same grammatical meaning (for example, place, time, reason, purpose), the same human thought can be expressed differently, through different words, their forms and combinations, using different phonetic means. Without exaggeration, we can say that the variance of norms is an invariable and inevitable companion of the development of such languages ​​\u200b\u200bthat live an intensive life, like Russian, and often the cause of difficulties for those who speak it.

In case of inequality of options, the main option is considered to be the one that can be used in all styles of speech. . A secondary, non-primary variant is recognized, the use of which is limited to any one style.

Within the limits of the literary language, the presence of “senior” and “junior” variants of use, the absence of sharp boundaries between right and wrong, subjectivity in assessing linguistic facts from the point of view of their admissibility are noted - all this allows, on the one hand, to maintain the integrity of the literary language and, on the other hand, to prevent its necrosis. However, the literary language always strives to avoid facts, phenomena that are absolutely identical in their semantics (meaning) and function, or to reduce such words and forms to an acceptable minimum, therefore, variants of the same norm are often distributed according to speech styles.

Thus, linguistic norms are not absolutely immobile, but nevertheless it is they who orient in the boundless sea of ​​speech activity, and turn out to be one of the main conditions for the unity of the national language.

Most linguists agree that the variation of the norm is an objective and inevitable consequence of linguistic evolution. [Ippolitova, 2008: 288] The fluctuation continues for a more or less long period, after which the variants either diverge in meaning, acquiring the status of independent words, or the productive variant completely displaces its competitor.

At the same time, in the speech of the people around us, from the TV screen, on the radio, we all the time observe violations of the norms. Is it really necessary to strictly observe them? After all, in most cases we understand what exactly these people are saying.

As with any violation of the established rules, there is a punishment for breaking the rules. This punishment is communicative interference (misunderstanding, switching attention to how a person speaks - how competently, and not to what he says. In addition, the very perception of a person by others as uncultured, uneducated, and as a result may there will be an internal barrier in communication with the speaker himself: I don’t know how to say it, I won’t say anything (as if I have to speak in a foreign language). This may result in a drop in self-esteem. Compliance with the norms in the language of the media is especially important, since it is he who is understood under the modern Russian literary language, serves (or should serve?) as a role model.

IINewspaper and journalistic style as one of the varieties of the Russian literary language

2.1 The concept of newspaper and journalistic style of speech and its features

The newspaper and journalistic style functions in the socio-political sphere and is used in oratory, in various newspaper genres (for example, editorial, reportage, etc.), in journalistic articles in the periodical press. It is implemented both in written and oral form.

One of the main characteristic features of the newspaper-journalistic style is the combination of two trends - the tendency towards expressiveness and the tendency towards the standard. This is due to the functions that journalism performs: the information-content function and the function of persuasion, emotional impact. Information in this area of ​​social activity is addressed to a huge circle of people, all native speakers and members of this society, and for the relevance of information, the time factor is very significant: information must be transmitted and become generally known as soon as possible. In the newspaper-journalistic style, persuasion is carried out by means of an emotional impact on the reader or listener, therefore the author always expresses his attitude to the information being reported, but, as a rule, it is not only his personal attitude, but expresses the opinion of a certain social group of people, for example, some party, movement, etc. So, with the function of influencing the mass reader or listener, such a feature of the newspaper-journalistic style as its emotionally expressive character is associated, and the standard of this style is associated with the speed of transmission of socially significant information.

The trend towards the standard means the desire of journalism to be rigorous and informative, which are characteristic of scientific and official business styles. The tendency towards expressiveness is expressed in the desire for accessibility and figurativeness of the form of expression, which is characteristic of the artistic style and colloquial speech - the features of these styles are intertwined in journalistic speech.

The newspaper-journalistic style has both conservatism and mobility. On the one hand, publicistic speech contains a sufficient number of clichés, socio-political and other terms. On the other hand, the desire to convince readers requires ever new language means to influence them. It is this purpose that all the riches of artistic and colloquial speech serve.

The vocabulary of newspaper and journalistic style has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, includes colloquial, colloquial and even slang elements, such lexical and phraseological units and phrases are used here that combine functional and expressive-evaluative coloring, even includes proper names in the sphere of evaluativeness , titles of literary works, etc. Newspaper and journalistic speech actively uses foreign words and elements of words.

The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressively colored constructions: exclamatory sentences of various meanings, interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dissected constructions, constructions with colloquial coloring: constructions with particles, interjections, phraseological constructions, inversions, non-union sentences, ellipses.

2.2 General characteristics of the periodical press as a mass media

Periodical press, the most traditional type of mass media, devoid of many advantages of television (the illusion of "live" communication, the presence of a "picture", the use of paralinguistic means, ample opportunities for the formation of a "journalistic image" - up to the demeanor and appearance), remains the same less and today the most important mass media, which has a significant potential to influence not only the reader, but also on different aspects of the life of society.

The periodical press performs the following functions:

Informational (message about the state of affairs, various facts and events);

Commentary-evaluative (often the statement of facts is accompanied by a commentary on them, their analysis and evaluation);

Cognitive and educational (transmitting diverse cultural, historical, scientific information, the media contribute to replenishing the knowledge fund of their readers, listeners, viewers);

The function of influence (the media is not accidentally called the fourth power: their influence on the views and behavior of people is quite obvious, especially during periods of so-called inversion changes in society or during mass socio-political actions, for example, during general elections of the head of state);

Hedonistic (we are talking here not just about entertaining information, but also about the fact that any information is perceived with a great positive effect, when the very way it is transmitted causes a feeling of pleasure, meets the aesthetic needs of the addressee).

The newspaper belongs to the visual media, that is, it uses a written form of information expression. The periodical press presents a binary sign system: natural language in its written (printed) form + iconic signs (photographs, drawings, cartoons) playing an auxiliary role, as well as various types of font highlights, layout methods, etc.

In general, the difference between the written and oral forms of the language is not only that one is written and read, and the other is pronounced and listened to. Writer and reader do not see each other. This makes it difficult to establish contact, so the writer should strive to improve the text as much as possible in order to be understood. Written speech exists indefinitely, and the reader always has the opportunity to clarify an incomprehensible expression in the text. The linguistic features of written speech are as follows: the predominance of book vocabulary, strict adherence to literary norms, the absence of non-verbal elements, a complex system of graphics and spelling, the possibility of preliminary reflection and selection of vocabulary and phraseology, the presence of a processed syntax with complex sentences, a more strict word order and sequence of presentation, slow reading, the possibility of re-reading, thinking after reading, etc. Therefore, written speech is much more complex than oral speech.

2.3 Communicative qualities of speech and literary norms of the language

Communicative qualities of speech are those properties of speech that help organize communication and make it effective [Ippolitova, 2008: 184]

Relevance- this is one of the most important communicative qualities of speech, because very often the success of the entire statement is determined by its appropriateness or inappropriateness. Appropriate is the speech that corresponds to all the components of the communicative situation. Relevance is a communicative quality that, more than other qualities, is focused on the situation of communication as a whole and, accordingly, more than others indicates the communicative competence of the addresser. Relevance in a broad sense reflects the observance of ethical and communicative norms in speech, its compliance with the main parameters of the communication situation, therefore this kind of manifestation of this quality is defined as situational appropriateness. Relevance in the narrow sense involves the implementation of the named quality in the text, that is, an assessment of the appropriateness of using one or another speech means in a particular statement regarding the features of this speech work.

Wealth language and speech as a whole reflects the abundance of different means of language and speech that can be used in any situation of communication and in any speech genre. The richness of speech is an indicator of the degree of diversity of speech and language means used, a quality that indicates a certain level of speech skill and a conscious desire to diversify one's speech using different language and speech means. Accordingly, figurative speech is called rich, and monotonous speech is called poor. Wealth is assessed as the dignity of speech only when the various means of language and speech are used appropriately. The main sources of speech wealth are: phonetics, word-formation models, synonyms, antonyms, vocabulary of different stylistic layers, polysemy, syntax, phraseology. Thus, it is possible to single out the wealth of intonational, semantic, etc.

Accuracy speech is its unconditional dignity, an indicator of the speech skill of its author. The accuracy of speech is a necessary condition for its adequate and complete understanding, and hence the effectiveness of speech communication in general. Speech is called exact if the meanings of words and phrases used in it are fully correlated with the semantic and subject aspects of speech. In an effort to create an accurate speech, the author takes care that it cannot be understood approximately, incorrectly or differently.

Accurate word usage is achieved primarily through the following speech skills associated with linguistic means: the ability to choose the right word from a synonymic series; avoid speech inaccuracy due to inattention to the form of expression; distinguish between single-root words and paronyms; the ability to use words of passive vocabulary.

Logic of speech- this is the quality of speech, which must necessarily be inherent in it, and if logic is observed in everything, then it becomes one of the most important virtues of speech. The main definitions of the logic of speech emphasize that speech can be called logical when it complies with the laws of logic.

The communicative quality of speech, which depends entirely on the characteristics of the communication situation, namely, on the addressee, is availability. Accessibility implies such a structure of speech, in which the level of complexity of speech, both in terms of terminology, content, and structurally, corresponds to the level of understanding of the addressee. Accessibility implies the obligatory response of the addressee as a confirmation of the degree of comprehensibility of what is heard or read. At the same time, accessibility is not so much a quality as a dignity of speech, since accessibility is manifested to a greater or lesser extent.

expressive such a speech is called, in which the expression of one's attitude to the subject and / or form of speech corresponds to the communicative situation, and the speech as a whole is assessed as successful and effective. The expressiveness of speech is achieved by using expressive means that contribute to a positive impression on the reader or listener. The main condition for expressiveness is that the author of the speech has his own feelings, thoughts, his own position, his own style. Expressiveness usually implies originality, originality, surprise. In this regard, expressive speech is always new, "fresh", creative. This is how it is able to arouse interest and approval among those to whom it is intended.

Correctness of speech- this is the correspondence of its linguistic norms: orthoepic, lexical, word-formation, morphological, syntactic. Taking care of the correctness of speech is one of the main tasks that, in our opinion, journalists should face. However, the researchers note that "often the neglect of normative recommendations and the traditional literary norm leads to obvious errors in the use of linguistic means, and modern printing provides abundant examples of such errors" [Krysin, 2005:54]

In any case, we should talk about the relationship and interdependence of the communicative qualities of speech and the norms of the Russian literary language: non-compliance with the norms inevitably entails violations of various communicative qualities of speech.

IIIThe main types of violations of the literary norm on the pages of the newspaper "Izvestia of Mordovia"

Based on the classification of the norms of the modern Russian literary language and the classification of errors, we identified three groups of errors found on the pages of the Izvestia Mordovia newspaper: grammatical, word usage and spelling errors (spelling and punctuation). It is not possible to talk about the violation of orthoepic norms, since we have studied the written form of the Russian language. In total, we analyzed 35 issues of the newspaper, and identified more than a hundred errors.

3.1 Grammar errors

3.1.1 Confusion of verb types

Connection as homogeneous members of verbs of different species is not allowed.

1) Much more difficult, according to Lobanov, lead people organize the working process.

Verb lead organize - perfect.

2) There are almost 30 people in Victor's brigade. They need distribute by sections, guide and prompt. Art. Olga Shuvalova "I am proud of my profession!" August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 1.

Verbs guide and prompt imperfective form, and the verb distribute - perfect. (The erroneous use of the pronoun will be discussed below).

3) Everyone could to play or observe playing tennis, volleyball, basketball. August 12, 2008 No. 000 page 2. Art. "The sports festival was a great success."

Verb observe imperfective form, and the verb to play - perfect.

To correct these sentences, you need to use verbs of the same type, for example: Much more difficult, according to Lobanov, lead people organize the working process. - They need distribute by sections, guide and tell them. - Anyone can to play or observe playing tennis, volleyball, basketball.

3.1.2 Control disorders associated with the choice and use of prepositions

The correct choice of case and preposition is important for constructing sentences. Sometimes, instead of prepositional constructions, prepositional combinations are incorrectly used. For example:

1) The object was delivered on time and with good quality. Art. “Modern sports complexes and schools are being built by Spetsmontazhstroy” August 8, 2008, No. 000, p. 16.

Correctly: good quality.

In this case, there was an erroneous change in the second part of the union not only but. the correct option should be: At this moment you are performing Not only as a coach but also like a psychologist.

3.3 Spelling errors

3.3.1 Spelling errors

According to the majority of researchers, “attention should be paid to the negative role of the press, to a certain extent, in the spread of typical spelling errors” [Maksimov, 2004: 344]. We analyzed the articles of the newspaper "Izvestia Mordovia" for the presence of spelling errors in them. Unfortunately, the neglect of spelling norms takes place on the pages of this respected publication.

1) At the stage of completion, find to be installation of a line for the production of columns. Art. “construction company” - we work globally!” August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 4.

Spelling error of the verb form. In the manual "Russian language. For high school students and those entering universities "we read:" The letter b is written:

1) in an indefinite form (wash - wash);

2) at the end of the 2nd person singular. h. (rejoice);

3) in the imperative mood after consonants (suspension - weigh);

4) in the reflexive particle (suffix) after the vowel (learn).

Thus, in accordance with paragraph number 1 in the verb find to be no need to write a soft sign: installation (what does?) is located.

2) For example, work can be carried out under rivers, ravines, forests, agricultural facilities, in specific soils (such as rocks, floating waters, etc.)

An error in the spelling of roots with alternating vowels. The spelling of a vowel in the root of a highlighted word cannot be checked by selecting a single-root word to swim , but obeys the following rule: “At the root floating spelled a under stress and without stress; pilaf- - - swim- written in words swimmer, swimmer, quicksand". Thus, at the root of the word, you should write a vowel s.

3) We must pay tribute to our Olympians: they did not refuse autographs no one although it took them a long time. August 27, 2008. No. 000. art. Kirill Dashkova "Mordovia met the heroes of the Olympic Games" Page 3

Error in the spelling of a negative pronoun. The particle NI, which is part of negative pronouns, is written together with them in the absence of a preposition: no one - no one.

3.3.2 Punctuation errors

The articles published on the pages of the Izvestia Mordovia newspaper provided a wealth of material for analyzing cases of violations of punctuation norms. There were much more errors associated with incorrect punctuation marks than spelling errors. As a result of the analysis of the articles of the newspaper "Izvestia Mordovia", we found the following groups of punctuation errors.

1) Mistakes in punctuation with homogeneous members of a sentence

1) The city simply fascinated me, we were already talking about the wedding, and decided to get married here. August 12, 2008 No. 000 page 1. Art. Natalia Zamotaeva "We like it in Mordovia!"

2) “You probably won’t push through,” he agreed, and immediately left the conversation about his work. August 15, 2008 No. 000 Art. A. Gromykhina, I. Borodacheva "From love to" Brownie "p. 7

Before us are sentences complicated by homogeneous members (predicates), connected by a single coordinating union AND, therefore a comma before it is not needed in any of their sentences.

2) Mistakes in punctuation with homogeneous members of a sentence with a generalizing word

1) "Son of the Regiment" is aimed at teenagers from the "risk group" » - orphans, children from dysfunctional and low-income families. Art. Olga Shuvalova "Young commandos from Mordovia will be shown on Channel One" August 7, 2008. No. 000 page 1

2) We have everything for excellent and productive work – technical base and a well-coordinated team of experienced workers. August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 13. Art. "Burvodstroy": keeping up with the times"

3) Yesterday the winners of the Beijing Olympics returned to Mordovia - Olga Kanisknna, Denis Nizhegorodov and their coach Viktor Chegin. They were greeted by hundreds of residents of the republic - coaches, young athletes, relatives. August 27, 2008. No. 000. art. Kirill Dashkova "Mordovia met the heroes of the Olympic Games" Page 3

4) Here, too, tenants and owners understood that they were paying for specific services - water, gas, heating, electricity.

The rule says: "After a generalizing word, a colon is placed before the enumeration of homogeneous members." Thus, after the generalizing words of adolescents, everything in front of homogeneous additions should not be a dash, but a punctuation colon: "Son of the Regiment" is aimed at adolescents from the "risk group": orphans, children from dysfunctional and low-income families. - For excellent and productive work, we have everything : technical base and a well-coordinated team of experienced workers. - Yesterday, the winners of the Beijing Olympics returned to Mordovia: Olga Kaniskina, Denis Nizhegorodov and their coach Viktor Chegin. They were greeted by hundreds of residents of the republic: coaches, young athletes, relatives. - And here the tenants and owners understood that they were paying for specific services: water, gas, heating, electricity.

3) Mistakes in punctuation in introductory words

Introductory words are words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence (i.e., not related to them by the way of agreement, control or adjacency), which are not members of the sentence and express the speaker's attitude to the expressed thought, characterize the way it is framed, etc. Introductory words the intonation of introductoryness is inherent, expressed in a lowering of the voice and their faster pronunciation compared to the rest of the sentence. Water words are separated by commas in writing.

When analyzing the articles, we found two types of such errors: the lack of separation of introductory words and the erroneous separation of words with commas that are not introductory.

1) And since then this sport has become for me, one might say relatives. August 7, 2008 No. 000 p. 6. Art. Vladimir Kirillov "Boxing does not like the weak" Interview with boxing coach Sergei Morozov.

water word you can say indicating the design of the expressed thoughts, should be separated by commas on both sides, because it stands in the middle of the sentence: And since then, this sport has become, one might say, native to me.

2) First of all, these are Chamzinsky and Ruzaevsky. August 19, 2008 No. 000 p. 5. Natalia Zamotaeva "New buildings in Dubyonki"

In the science of language, the following main groups of introductory words are distinguished:

1) introductory words expressing the speaker's feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message: fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to surprise, to joy, to annoyance, to horror etc.;

2) introductory words expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reality of what is being reported (confidence, assumption, possibility, uncertainty, etc.): of course, undoubtedly, without any doubt, perhaps, probably, maybe, maybe, should be, it seems, it would seem, obviously, obviously, apparently, obviously, naturally, obviously, certainly, really, truly, probably, perhaps etc.;

3) introductory words indicating the source of what is reported: they say, report, transmit, according to ..., according to the message ..., according to ..., according to information ..., in my opinion, in your opinion, they say, heard, etc.;

4) introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation: so, therefore, it means, firstly, secondly, etc., then, finally, first of all, on the contrary, on the contrary, however, by the way, in general , in particular, by the way, to say, therefore, in addition, on the one hand, on the other hand, the main thing, for example, in this way, etc .;

5) introductory words indicating the design of: expressed thoughts: in a word, in one spruce, in short, in general, generally speaking, in other words, in fact, as they say, so to speak, etc.;

6) introductory words, which are an appeal to the interlocutor or to the reader in order to draw his attention to what is being reported, to inspire a certain attitude to the facts presented: see (if), see (if), understand, understand, understand (if), understand, imagine, know, know (if), please, excuse, forgive, believe (if), believe (if), let's say, let's say, suppose etc.

3) By analogy , design estimates are being developed for residential facilities on the street. Veselovsky and on pr. 60 years of October. Art. "Four" and "" Gorstroyzakazchika "August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 6.

4) - I would not refuse to work with the artists of the Mordovia Museum Theater either, - assured , from my side , choreographer in a conversation with an IM correspondent. August 15, 2008 No. 000 p. 4. "Saranian artists dance no worse than Volochkova"

Word (Similarly and the phrase from my side do not belong to any of the above groups, therefore they are not introductory and should not be separated by commas.

4) Mistakes in punctuation with isolated members of a sentence

Separation is the semantic and intonation separation of minor members in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Separate members of the sentence contain an element of an additional message, due to which they are logically emphasized and acquire greater syntactic weight and stylistic expressiveness in the sentence.

1) construction company" carries out the whole range of works and services allowing to be called a full-cycle construction company and fulfill its obligations on a turnkey basis. Art. “construction company” - we work globally!” August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 4.

The sentence has a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover ( allowing to be called a full-cycle construction company and fulfill its obligations on a turnkey basis), which comes after the word being defined services. In this case, the participial phrase must be separated by a comma: construction company" provides a full range of works and services , allowing to be called a full-cycle construction company and fulfill its obligations on a turnkey basis.

2) After all, as models, the brothers chose real-life girls-painters who finished the apartments in a neighboring house in their overalls powdered with chalk. August 15, 2008 No. 000 Art. “Fresh Wind” by the Shadrin Brothers, p. 5

Participial powdered with chalk stands before the noun being defined, so it should not be separated by commas.

3) If earlier the funds collected from all the houses of the district were concentrated on one account, now each house has a separate savings personal account, on which all the money is accumulated. August 27, 2008. No. 000. art. Irina Mazina “Give a salary to the janitor!” Page 2

Participle phrase referring to a noun funds and standing after it, should be separated by commas on both sides: funds collected from all houses in the district , were focused on one account.

4) But the Rogulev family is also directly related to aviation, Igor Vladimirovich's uncle is a pilot, he died protecting the skies of Moscow. August 15, 2008 No. 000 Art. Valentina Kovshova "Russian Knights" from Mordovia "p. 7

The adverbial turnover is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the verb-predicate: died defending the skies of Moscow.

5) Mistakes in punctuation in turnovers with a union how

1) As an athlete , Viktor Volkov failed to achieve great heights in boxing. August 7, 2008 No. 000 page 4

Not separated by commas turnover with a union how, if it is close in meaning to the expression with the words as or from one side: I took it as a refusal to work.

Therefore, a comma should not be used in this sentence: How athlete Viktor Volkov failed to achieve great heights in boxing(as an athlete).

2) Respect, recognition, as well as prestigious and responsible orders do not come by themselves. August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 14. Art. "We build for the people."

The sentence is simple, complicated by a comparative turnover with the union how. In Russian spelling, there is the following rule: if the main part of the sentence has a demonstrative word so, such, that, so, turnover with the union how highlighted or separated by commas. So, punctuation marks should be placed as follows: Respect, recognition, as well as prestigious and responsible orders, do not come by themselves.

3) For example, work can be carried out under rivers, ravines, forests, agricultural facilities, in specific soils (such as rocks, quicksand, etc.) August 8, 2008 No. 000 page 9. Art. "Modern technologies "SMU-412" - trenchless construction of pipelines even in extreme conditions"

In accordance with the above rule, punctuation marks should be as follows: in specific soils (such as rocks, quicksand, etc.).

6) Comma with complex subordinating unions

1) In order , it took him only two years to get into the national team of Mordovia. August 7, 2008 No. 000 page 5. Art. Vladimir Kirillov "My girls don't like to lose" Interview with a freestyle wrestling coach.

Before us is a complex sentence with a subordinate goal attached to the main part by a complex union to.

In the "Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing" we read: "If the subordinate clause is connected to the main clause with the help of a complex subordinating union (due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because, because, despite the fact that, instead of, in order to, so that, while, after, before, since, just as etc.), then the comma is placed once: before the union, if the subordinate clause follows the main clause or is inside it, and after the entire subordinate clause, if it precedes the main one, for example: ...Breathing became deeper and freer as his body rested and cooled. However, depending on the meaning, the logical underlining of the subordinate clause, the presence of certain lexical elements in the sentence, a complex union can be divided into two parts: the first is part of the main sentence as a correlative word, and the second plays the role of a union, in these cases a comma is placed only before the second part combinations (i.e. before the union what, how, to). More often, a complex subordinating conjunction is not divided if the subordinate clause precedes the main one. Therefore, the first comma should not be placed: It took him only two years to get into the national team of Mordovia.

7) Dash errors in a simple sentence

As a result of the analysis of sentences, the following types of punctuation errors were found associated with the use of a dash in a simple sentence:

1) dash between subject and predicate

In the absence of a linking verb between the subject and the predicate, expressed by nouns in the nominative case, a dash is put: Pine is a resinous tree. Including before words this, here, means, this means: Avral is a common work.

Dash usually not put in conversational sentences: My sister is a Komsomol member. If a comparative conjunction acts as a link: This garden is like a forest. If there is an introductory word between the predicate and the subject: Ivanov, apparently, is a student. If there is a negation before the predicate: The heart is not a stone.

1) Rain or wind, snow or scorching sun – no reason to stop work on the objects. August 8, 2008 No. 000, p. 7 “Happiness has been “registered” in our house.”

Thus, putting a dash in the sentence under consideration is a mistake.

2) a dash in an incomplete sentence

In an incomplete sentence, a dash is placed when one of the members is omitted: Terkin - further. The author follows.

1) The first set was won by Elgin, the second by Istomin. Art. “Cup of Mordovia-2008 leaves for St. Petersburg” V. Kirillov August 5, 2008 No. 000 Page. one

In place of the missing predicate in the second part of the complex non-union sentence, there should be a dash: The first set was won by Elgin, the second by Istomin.

8) Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

1) Sometimes even the natives find it difficult to understand _ Which street does the corner house belong to? August 14, 2008 No. 000 page 3. Art. Olga Ruzmanova "Mordovia is preparing for the All-Russian population census of 2010"

The subordinate clause must be separated from the main comma. Correct should be: Sometimes even the indigenous people find it difficult to understand which street the corner house belongs to.

2) The history of the Air Fleet holiday goes back to the distant 30s, when the whole country created aviation, when pilots were considered gods, when Chkalov was played in the yards , and every boy dreamed of becoming an aviator.

Before us is a complex sentence with several homogeneous subordinate clauses, the last two are connected by a coordinating union AND, so a comma is not needed before it.

9) Mistakes in punctuation in a complex non-union sentence

1) But the Rogulev family is also directly related to aviation , Igor Vladimirovich's uncle, a pilot, died defending the skies of Moscow. August 15, 2008 No. 000 Art. Valentina Kovshova "Russian Knights" from Mordovia, p. 7

Before us is a complex non-union sentence, the second part of which explains, reveals the content of what is said in the first. Therefore, there should be a colon between the parts: But the Rogulev family is also directly related to aviation : Igor Vladimirovich's uncle, a pilot, died defending the skies of Moscow.

10) Mistakes in punctuation in sentences with direct and indirect speech

1) According to the director of the Tengushevsky Central District Hospital Tatiana Ivanova: “We don’t complain about the shortage of readers” August 15, 2008 No. 000 Art. Mila Melnikova "Profitable Reading" p. 6

The mistake lies in mixing direct speech with indirect speech. The following editing methods are possible: Tatyana Ivanova, director of the Tengushevsky Central District Hospital, says that they do not complain about the shortage of readers. - The director of the Tengushevsky Central District Hospital, Tatiana Ivanova, says: "We do not complain about the shortage of readers."

Conclusion

Literary language is the only possible means of communication in the most diverse spheres of human life, therefore, everyone needs to know the basic rules for its use. The presence of certain norms of word usage, stress, pronunciation, etc., the observance of which is of a general educational and mandatory nature for everyone, is one of the main features of the modern Russian literary language. The norms of the modern Russian literary language are very diverse, numerous, quite definite and quite strict. Possessing stability, they ensure the continuity of the cultural traditions of the people, the possibility of the emergence and development of a powerful stream of national literature, and their historical variability is explained by the ongoing process of development of the Russian language. Since something inevitably and constantly becomes obsolete in a language, something new appears, a variability of the norm arises, which is an objective and inevitable consequence of linguistic evolution. The norm performs various functions: social, communicative, cultural and aesthetic. The cultural function turned out to be a priority for our study, which makes it possible to distinguish an educated person from a poorly educated person, since compliance with norms is an indispensable condition for a person’s speech culture.

In the conditions of a post-industrial society (it is also called informational), the role of information is constantly increasing. It should be noted that a significant share in the information flow belongs to print media: newspapers, magazines, etc. Therefore, it is especially important to comply with the norms in the language of the media, since it is he who is understood as the modern Russian literary language and should serve as a role model .

The study of theoretical material on the issues of speech culture, stylistics led us to the concept of communicative qualities of speech, among which are appropriateness, richness, purity, accuracy, consistency, accessibility, expressiveness and correctness. The latter became for our use

following the fundamentals. As a result of the work done, we identified cases of violation of relevance, consistency, purity (about which the relevant comments were made), but we did not specifically have a goal to analyze them.

Our work is devoted to the consideration of cases of violation of the norms of the modern Russian literary language in the language of the newspaper. The focus was on language norms, assessed by us on a scale of correct/incorrect.

The purpose of the study - to identify, analyze and classify typical deviations from the literary norm in the articles of the Izvestia Mordovia newspaper - was achieved by studying not only scientific works, but also by analyzing specific data contained in the Izvestia Mordovia newspaper itself.

When describing the various errors that we found on the pages of the Izvestia Mordovia newspaper, we relied on the proposed classification of the norms of the Russian literary language. It was not possible to talk about orthoepic norms, since we studied written speech. The following linguistic features of written speech are distinguished: the predominance of book vocabulary, strict adherence to literary norms, the absence of non-verbal elements, a complex system of graphics and spelling, the possibility of preliminary reflection and selection of vocabulary and phraseology, the presence of a processed syntax with complex sentences, a stricter word order and sequence of presentation, etc. as a result of the analysis of newspaper materials, we came to the conclusion that in often there are cases of violation of the norms of the literary language. We believe that the presence of various errors reduces the quality of newspaper material, since the newspaper-journalistic style is one of the varieties of the Russian literary language, therefore, compliance with the norms in the texts of this style must be mandatory and strict.

We have identified three groups of errors found on the pages of Izvestia Mordovia:

1. Grammar errors (cases of violation of grammatical norms);

2. Errors in word usage (cases of violation of lexical and stylistic norms);

3. Spelling errors (violation of spelling and punctuation).

The grammatical norms include word-formation, morphological and syntactic norms. Among the grammatical errors, we identified: mixing types of verbs; cases of management violations associated with the choice and use of prepositions; monotony of syntactic constructions; errors in the agreement of the predicate with the subject. It should be noted that this is not the most numerous type of errors; in most materials, grammar norms are observed exactly.

The largest block was made up of word usage errors. Unfortunately, the newspaper material is replete with various speech errors and shortcomings. Among them we singled out: stringing cases; errors in the use of compound unions; errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members; inappropriate use of slang, colloquial, borrowed words; speech redundancy (examples of pleonasm and tautology); errors in the use of stable phrases; errors caused by incorrect word choice; use of speech stamps unnecessarily. Some of the proposals met brought a smile.

The articles published on the pages of the Izvestia Mordovia newspaper provided a wealth of material for analyzing cases of violations of punctuation norms. We have identified the following types of punctuation errors: punctuation marks with homogeneous sentence members and introductory words; with separate members of the sentence, punctuation marks in turns with the union how, comma with complex subordinating unions; a dash in a simple sentence; punctuation marks in complex sentences; in direct and indirect speech.

Disregard for the rules of spelling also takes place on the pages of this respected publication, but these are isolated cases.

In conclusion, it should be noted once again that the basic element of the language as a single sign system of communication and transmission of information is the Russian literary language, which is considered the highest exemplary form of the national language. This type of language developed gradually and is now in a state of constant development. It is influenced by writers, poets and other masters of the word, creating new literary norms. It is this type of language that is studied and promoted in schools and the media. However, I would like to emphasize that the media do not always follow the rules and norms of the literary language exactly, it is in the mass media that there are various errors that, as a result of the significant size of the audience covered, are fixed in the mass consciousness. Modern journalism, due to its inextricable connection with everyday life, is replete with colloquial words, you can find vernacular, jargon, a large number of words of foreign origin. Scientists have not yet definitively established whether they, due to their frequent use in various publications, can be fixed in the language as a literary norm over time. Here one can put forward the assumption that such a process cannot yet take place, and deviations from the norms of the Russian literary language in the media are unacceptable.

Unfortunately, the identified errors can negatively affect the quality of perception of information and lead to some decrease in the popularity of this respected publication among readers.

List of sources used

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