It is customary to distinguish five main styles of speech. Each of them is peculiar to certain segments of the population and types of journalism. The most difficult to perceive is the scientific style of speech. The reason for this is the large number of inclusions in the text of specialized terms.
General concepts
Scientific language is a means of communication in educational research and professional analytical activities. With this style of writing texts in real life, for one reason or another, every person, without exception, has come across. Many people perceive scientific language better orally.
Today, mastering the norms of this style is one of the most important components of Russian culture. Scientific speech is often referred to as a literary (bookish) language. The reason for this is such functioning conditions and stylistic features as a monologue character, the desire to normalize terminology, reflection on each statement and a strict list of means of expression.
The history of the style
Scientific speech appeared due to the rapid development of various fields of knowledge in new narrow-profile areas of life. Initially, this style of presentation could be compared to a fictional narrative. However, in the Alexandrian period, the scientific language gradually separated from the literary one. In those days, the Greeks often used special terminology that ordinary people simply could not understand properly. Also during this period, signs of a scientific style began to emerge.
The original specialized terminology was only in Latin. Soon, however, scholars from all over the world began to translate it into their own languages. Nevertheless, Latin remains the international way of transmitting scientific information to this day. In the Renaissance, many professors strove for the accuracy and conciseness of writing texts in order to move away from the artistic elements of presentation as much as possible, since literary emotionality contradicted the canons of the logical display of things.
The "liberation" of the scientific style proceeded extremely slowly. An example is the unflattering remarks of Descartes regarding the works of Galileo, that his texts are too fictionalized. Kepler also shared this opinion, believing that the Italian physicist unjustifiably often resorts to an artistic description of the nature of things. Over time, Newton's work became a model of style.
The Russian scientific language began to take shape only at the beginning of the 18th century. During this period, the authors of specialized publications and translators began to create their own terminology. In the middle of the 18th century, Mikhail Lomonosov, together with his followers, gave impetus to the formation of a scientific style. Many masters relied on the works of the Russian naturalist, but the terminology was finally put together only at the end of the 19th century.
Types of scientific style
Currently, there are 2 classifications: traditional and extended. According to modern standards of the Russian language, there are 4 types of scientific style. Each of them has its own specifics and requirements.
Traditional classification:
1. Popular science text. Its addressee is an audience that does not have special skills and knowledge in a particular area. Popular science text retains most of the terms and clarity of presentation, but its nature is greatly simplified for perception. Also in this style it is allowed to use emotional and expressive forms of speech. Its task is to familiarize the general public with some facts and phenomena. Not without reason, at the end of the 1980s, a subspecies of style appeared - It minimizes the use of special terms and numbers, and their presence has a detailed explanation.
The popular science style is characterized by the following features: comparisons with everyday objects, ease of reading and perception, simplifications, narration of private phenomena without classification and general overview. Statements of this orientation are most often printed in books, magazines, and children's encyclopedias.
2. Educational and scientific text. The recipients of such works are students. The purpose of the message is to familiarize with the facts necessary for the perception of certain material. The information is presented in general terms with a large number of typical examples. This style is characterized by the use of professional terminology, strict classification and smooth transitions from overview to particular cases. Works are printed in educational and methodical manuals.
3. Actually scientific text. Here, the addressees are experts in the field and scientists. The purpose of the work is to describe specific facts, discoveries and patterns. The scientific style, examples of which can be found in dissertations, reports and reviews, allows the use of not only terminology, but also personal unemotional conclusions.
4. Technical and scientific text. Works of this type of style are addressed to specialists of a narrow profile. The goal is to apply knowledge and achievements in practice.
The extended classification, in addition to the above types, also includes informative and reference scientific texts.
Fundamentals of scientific style
The variability of the types of this language is based on the general proper linguistic properties that manifest themselves regardless of the field (humanitarian, precise, natural) and genre differences.
The sphere of the scientific style of communication is significantly different in that its goal is to unambiguously logically express thoughts. The primary form of such a language will be concepts, inferences, dynamic judgments that appear in a strict sequence. Scientific speech should always be filled with arguments that would emphasize the logic of thinking. All judgments are based on the synthesis and analysis of available information.
Signs of the scientific style of the text take on an abstract and generalized character. Common extralinguistic features and properties of speech are:
Language characteristics
The scientific style finds its expression and consistency in certain units of speech. Its linguistic characteristics can be of 3 types:
- Lexical units. Determine the functional-style coloring of the text. They have special morphological forms and syntactic constructions.
- stylistic units. They are responsible for the neutral-functional load of the text. Thus, the determining factor is their quantitative predominance in the report. Individually marked units occur as morphological forms. Less commonly, they can acquire syntactic constructions.
- Interstyle units. They are also called neutral language elements. Used in all styles of speech. They occupy the largest part of the text.
Scientific style and its features
Each form and type of speech has its own demonstrative properties. The main features of the scientific style: lexical, linguistic and syntactic.
The first type of properties include the use of specialized phraseology and terminology. Lexical features of the scientific style of speech are most often found in words with a specific meaning. Examples: "body" - a term from physics, "acid" - from chemistry, etc. Also, these features are characterized by the use of generalizing words, such as "usually", "usually", "regularly". Expressive and should not be used. On the other hand, cliché phrases, various drawings and symbols are allowed. In this case, there should be links to sources of information. It is important that the speech is filled. The narration is in the third person without the frequent use of synonyms. Lexical signs of the scientific style - 6th grade in high school, so the speech should be in a popular language. Narrow terminology is not common.
The linguistic features of the scientific style of the text must meet such requirements as objectivity and unemotionality. It is important that all phrases and concepts are unambiguous.
Syntactic features of the scientific style: the use of the pronoun "we" in a special sense, the predominance of complex sentence structures, the use of compound predicates. The information is presented in an impersonal form with standard word order. Explanatory, passive and sentences are actively used.
All the main features of the scientific style of speech imply a special composition of the text. The report should be divided into parts with the appropriate title. It is important that the text consists of an introduction, a basis and a conclusion.
Scientific style: lexical features
In professional speech, the main form of thinking and expression is the concept. That is why the lexical unit of this style denotes some abstract object or phenomenon. Unambiguously and exactly such specialized concepts allow to reveal the terms. Without these words or phrases denoting this or that action in a narrow field of activity, it is impossible to imagine the modern scientific style. Examples of such terms are numerical methods, zenith, atrophy, range, radar, phase, prism, temperature, symptom, laser, and many others.
Within the lexical system, these expressions are always unambiguous. They do not require expression and are not considered stylistically neutral. Terms are usually called the conditional language of the scientific field of activity. Many of them came into the Russian lexicon from English or Latin.
Today, the term is considered a separate conceptual unit of communication between people. Such lexical features of the scientific style in quantitative terms in profile reports and works significantly prevail over other types of expressions. According to statistics, terminology makes up about 20% of the entire text. In scientific speech, it embodies uniformity and specificity. The definition of terms is given by a definition, that is, a brief description of a phenomenon or object. Every concept in scientific language can be identified.
The terms have a number of specific features. In addition to unambiguity and accuracy, this is simplicity, consistency and stylistic certainty. Also, one of the main requirements for terms is modernity (relevance), so that they are not obsolete. As you know, in science it is customary to replace some concepts with newer and more capacious ones. In addition, the terms should be as close as possible to the international language. For example: hypothesis, technology, communication and others. It is worth noting that today most of the terms have generally accepted international word-building elements (bio, extra, anti, neo, mini, marco, and others).
In total, narrow-profile concepts are general and interscientific. The first group includes such terms as analysis, problem, thesis, process, etc., the second - economics, labor, cost. The most difficult to understand are highly specialized concepts. The terms of this lexical group are typical only for a certain area of science.
Concepts in professional speech are used only in one specific meaning. In the event that the term is ambiguous, it should be accompanied by a defining word that clarifies its focus. Of the concepts that need specifics, the following can be distinguished: body, force, movement, size.
Generalization in the scientific style is often achieved by using a large number of abstract lexical items. In addition, the professional language has its own specific characteristic phraseology. It includes such phrases as “solar plexus”, “participle turnover”, “inclined plane”, “represents”, “is used for”, etc.
Terminology provides not only informational understanding at the international level, but also the compatibility of regulatory and legislative documents.
Scientific style: linguistic features
The language of a narrow-profile sphere of communication is characterized by its own morphological features. The generalization and abstractness of speech are manifested in separate grammatical units, which are found when choosing forms and categories of presentation. The linguistic features of the scientific style are characterized by the frequency of repetition in the text, that is, the quantitative degree of load.
The unspoken law of economy of lexical means forces the use of short variations of phrases. One of such ways to reduce the language load is to change the forms of nouns from feminine to masculine (for example: key - keys). A similar situation is with the plural, which is replaced by the singular. Example: June only. In this case, we mean not one specific tree, but the whole plant family. Real nouns can sometimes be used in the plural: great depths, noise in a radio station, etc.
Concepts in scientific speech significantly prevail over the names of actions. This is done artificially to reduce the use of verbs in the text. Most often, these parts of speech are replaced by nouns. In the scientific style, the use of verbs leads to the loss of lexical meaning, translating the presentation into an abstract form. Therefore, these parts of speech in reports are used only to connect words: to be, to become, to be, to be called, to be made, to be concluded, to have, to be considered, to be determined, etc.
On the other hand, in the scientific language there is a separate group of verbs that act as elements of nominal combinations. In this case, they convey linguistic meaning to the presentation. Examples: lead to death, make calculations. Often in the scientific style of communication verbs of abstract semantics are used: to have, to exist, to continue, to occur, and others. The use of grammatically weakened forms is also allowed: distillation is performed, a conclusion is drawn, etc.
Another linguistic feature of the style is the use of a timeless part of speech with a qualitative meaning. This is done to indicate the signs and properties of the phenomena or objects under study. It is worth noting that verbs in the past timeless meaning can only include a scientific text (examples of texts: reports of experiments, research reports).
In a professional language, nominal predicates in 80% of cases are used in an imperfect form so that the presentation is more generalized. Some verbs of this form are used in the future tense in stable phrases. For example: consider, prove, etc.
As for personal pronouns, they are used in the scientific style in accordance with the nature of the abstract text. On rare occasions, forms such as "we" and "you" are used as they concretize the narrative and appeal. In professional language, 3rd person pronouns are widespread.
Scientific style: syntactic features
This type of speech is characterized by the desire for complex sentence structures. This allows you to more accurately convey the meaning of concepts, to establish a connection between terms, causes, consequences and conclusions. The syntactic features of the scientific style of the text are characterized by generalization and homogeneity of all parts of speech.
The most common types of clauses are compound subordinate clauses. Complex forms of conjunctions and adverbs are also included in the presentation (scientific text). Examples of texts of a general orientation can be seen in encyclopedias and textbooks. Linking phrases are used to combine all parts of speech: in conclusion, in this way, etc.
Sentences in the scientific language are built uniformly with respect to the chain of utterance. A mandatory requirement is a consistent narrative. Each sentence should be connected logically with the previous one. Interrogative forms are used in scientific speech extremely rarely and only to attract the attention of the audience.
To give the text an abstract timeless character, certain syntactic expressions (impersonal or generalized) are used. There is no active person in such sentences. Attention must be focused on the action and its circumstances. Generalized and indefinite personal expressions are used only when introducing terms and formulas.
Genres of scientific language
Texts of this style are designed as finished works with the appropriate structure. One of the most common genres is the primary. Such scientific speech (examples of texts: article, lecture, monograph, oral presentation, report) is compiled by one or more authors. The presentation is being made public for the first time.
The secondary genre includes texts that are compiled on the basis of available information. This is an abstract, and a synopsis, and annotation, and theses.
Each of the genres has certain style features that do not violate the structure of the scientific style of narration and inherit generally accepted features and characteristics.
Indicate a scientific style sentence that uses vocabulary from other styles.A. A solid body, i.e., a crystal, continues to reveal many new and unexpected things to us.
B. Physicists find liquid helium at low temperatures.
B. Ideas and methods of quantum field theory penetrate into all branches of physics.
D. And if high-energy physics stuns us with a firework of new particles, then quasi-particles enter the scene - strange "ghosts" of particles.
Write down the words of other styles from the scientific style sentence you indicated. Write down which style these words belong to.
be separate dense stars, so precise and specific ideas are constantly formed in the mind of the writer from the boundless ocean of life impressions.
(2) Only yesterday it seemed that nothing could be gleaned from the depths of the soul and memory, but today there are broad horizons, an abundance of material ... (3) The maturation of material is a largely mysterious thing.
(4) Is there a difference between a notebook and just memory? (5) I think they are one and the same. (6) If the writer wanted to remember (write down) a thought or a case, then the professional perceiving apparatus did its job. (7) In a word, the notebook should be in your pocket.
(8) Professional memory is selective. (9) There is no professional memory at all, but there is a professional memory of such and such a writer. (10) I think that if Prishvin and Erinburg, for example, walked around the city at the same time, and then through the forest, then each of them would remember his own, what the other missed.
(11) I sometimes see how, during a lively conversation, my comrade, a writer, takes out a notebook and quickly writes down in it the phrase just uttered, the incident just told. (12) And then I suddenly come across this episode in the book. (13) From it, like from a grain, a whole chapter of a story or story developed and blossomed magnificently.
(V. Soloukhin.)
A1. Determine the type and style of speech of this text.
1) storytelling, fiction
2) storytelling, scientific
3) reasoning, journalistic
4) description, artistic
1) Because it is impossible to remember everything.
2) Because everyone remembers his own.
3) Because only the most important things are remembered.
4) Because only the most interesting information is remembered.
A3. What is the meaning of the word COLOSSAL in sentence 1?
1) delicious
2) huge
3) mysterious
4) amazing
A4. What means of artistic expression is used in the expression "From him, like from a grain, ..." from sentence 13?
1) comparison
2) metaphor
4) hyperbole
A5. Choose the correct answer to the question: “How are the ideas of works formed in the writer’s mind?”
1) They are prompted by literary friends.
2) The writer borrows them from already created masterpieces.
3) They are completely based on the imagination of the writer.
Part 2.
IN 1.In sentence 12, find and indicate the word(s) in which there are more sounds than letters.
IN 2.Write down a synonym for the word COMRADE (sentence 11)
IN 3.Define and indicate the way the word is formed UNLIMITED (sentence 1)
AT 4.In sentence 4, find and indicate the phrase with the connection AGREEMENT.
AT 5.Indicate what part of speech the word is SELECTIVE (sentence 8)
AT 6.Among sentences 2-5, find and indicate the sentence with an introductory word.
AT 7. Write down the grammatical basis from sentence 7.
AT 8.Identify and indicate the number of grammatical bases in the sentence1
AT 9.In sentences 7-9, find and indicate the word with an alternating vowel in the root.
AT 10 O'CLOCK.Among sentences 10-13, find and indicate the sentence with an uncommon application.
AT 11.Among sentences 2-5, find and indicate the sentence in which the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns.
AT 12.In the sentence from the text, all commas are numbered. Indicate the numbers indicating the comma(s) between the parts of the complex sentence.
Only yesterday it seemed (1) that nothing could be gleaned from the depths of the soul and memory, (2) and today there are wide horizons, (3) an abundance of material ...
B13.From sentence 5 write out all service parts of speech.
B14.In the sentence from the text, all commas are numbered. Specify the numbers that indicate the comma(s) at the introductory word.
Just as from a colossal, (1) almost limitless nebula, (2) maybe (3) separate dense stars are formed, (4) so constantly in the mind of the writer from the boundless ocean of life impressions accurate and specific ideas are formed.
B15. Determine and indicate the syntactic role of the word SUCH in sentence 9.
Introduction
however, nevertheless …), conclusion ( and etc.).
Writing a thesis
General provisions
Graduates of higher educational institutions are subject to final state certification. This certification consists of certification tests, one of the types of which is the defense of the final qualification work.
Final qualifying works are carried out in forms corresponding to certain levels: for the qualification (degree) "bachelor" - in the form of a bachelor's work; for the qualification "certified specialist" - in the form of a thesis.
Bachelor's final qualifying work is carried out in accordance with the curriculum and has as its goal: systematization, consolidation and expansion of theoretical and practical knowledge in the direction and application of this knowledge in solving specific scientific, economic and industrial problems. The qualification (thesis) work of a bachelor is the development (research) of one of the topical problems of theory or practice in the field of economics, law, management, marketing, etc. This study should be based on knowledge of legislative, scientific, educational literature, the state of practice within the subject of research . The qualification (thesis) work of a bachelor is usually theoretical, generalizing in nature and contains some separate independent conclusions and recommendations.
Qualification (thesis) work of a specialist should be a relatively complete theoretical or experimental study of one of the current problems; contain a scientific analysis of scientific and practical literature, the state of practice; contain independent scientifically substantiated conclusions and proposals.
A thesis is a graduate qualification work of a research nature, completed at the final stage of a student's education and having the following objectives:
1. Systematization, consolidation and expansion of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the specialty;
2. Identification of the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in solving specific scientific and practical problems;
3. Revealing the ability to make generalizations, conclusions, develop practical recommendations in the area under study.
In the final work, the student must demonstrate the ability to identify a topical problem in a particular area, formulate the purpose and objectives of the study, put forward a hypothesis and prove its correctness. To do this, it is necessary to analyze the available empirical material and scientific literature and draw reasonable conclusions.
The structure of the thesis
The work should contain an abstract, introduction, main part, conclusion.
Annotation (Appendix 1) of one page should contain a bibliographic description of the work, the purpose of the work, the order of the sections, a summary of the essence of the work, the basic principles for solving the tasks. Indication of the presence of applications.
Most often, the difficulties of students and the comments of teachers are associated with two structural components of the research work - with the introduction and conclusion. It is they that contain the main qualification characteristics of the research work, so it is necessary to dwell on them in more detail.
Introduction A research thesis typically includes the following:
Justification of the relevance of the topic, accompanied by a brief outline of the history of the issue, which should eventually lead to the conclusion that this particular problem has not yet been solved (or solved only partially or not in the aspect chosen by the student);
Definition of the object and subject of research; Object of study- this is a social phenomenon (process) that contains a contradiction and generates a problem situation. One should not strive to fit into the thesis everything that is known about the object of research. It is necessary to adhere to the clearly defined boundaries of the study, given in the introduction, to use references to other works that analyze in detail the phenomena that are only mentioned in the thesis. This will give the work the necessary solidity and will demonstrate the author's awareness of scientific developments on related topics. Subject of study- these are the most significant from the point of view of practice and theory of the properties, sides, features of the object that are to be studied. For example, if the topic of the work is devoted to street crime, then the object of study is street crime as a negative social phenomenon and an independent type of crime, and the subject is its main properties, causes and conditions, the personality of a street criminal, etc. The object is always wider than the subject;
Statement of the problem, for which it is necessary to separate the facts that are not explained by science and require explanation from those that have already been comprehended by researchers and are not contradictory to existing theories;
A brief and extremely precise statement of the purpose of the work, which is concretized and developed in several sequentially performed tasks (for example, study, describe, establish, identify dependence, prove, etc.). Purpose of the study- this is a mental anticipation (prediction) of the result, the determination of optimal solutions in terms of choosing research methods and techniques in the process of preparing a qualification work by a graduate student. Research objectives qualification work are determined by the goal and represent specific successive stages in solving the problem of research to achieve the main goal;
Explanation of the structure of the work, which should correspond to the objectives of the study and their sequence;
Indication of research methods (comparative-historical, historical-genetic, descriptive, measurement, questioning, scaling, modeling);
An indication of the specific material on which the work was performed (what chronological framework, types of media, publications, etc. are limited by the scope of the study);
Characteristics of the main sources of obtaining information (primary, i.e. materials from archives, filing newspapers, magazines, etc., and secondary, i.e. works of scientists).
It is appropriate already in the Introduction to formulate a working hypothesis, i.e. his version of the solution of the scientific problem. Hypotheses are:
1. Descriptive, when the existence of a phenomenon, relationship is assumed;
2. Explanatory, when the causes of the subject are revealed;
3. Descriptive and explanatory.
The main thing is that the hypothesis must be testable. And the main chapters of the work should contain a detailed proof of the truth of the hypothesis put forward as a consequence of its verification using optimally selected methods or a specially developed methodology. Only that research work can be considered accomplished, which contains a strictly reasoned confirmation or refutation of the put forward provisions. Proof is a necessary stage and the main content of research work. Usually the volume of the introduction does not exceed 5-7% of the volume of the main text.
AT imprisonment usually contains:
Conclusion on the achievement of the goal set in the work and on the solution of its tasks stated in the introduction;
An indication of the main outcome and important by-products of the study, if any;
Indication of the practical and theoretical significance of the work performed;
Designation of further prospects for work, due to questions that have arisen in the process of research.
The volume of the conclusion should not exceed 5-7% of the volume of the main text.
The bulk of the text should be presented in chapters main part, the content of which must exactly correspond to the topic of the work and fully disclose it on strictly selected material, which reasonably proves the correctness of the working hypothesis. Usually, the final qualifying work includes two or three chapters, consisting of several paragraphs.
Approximate content of the chapters of the qualifying work
Chapter 1
As a rule, the first chapter contains a description of the problem, introduces the problem itself, describes the state of the theory of research on this topic, and analyzes historical experience (historical problems).
Chapter 2
Traditionally, in the second chapter, a detailed analysis of the subject of research is already carried out, its main parameters and characteristics are described.
Chapter 3
Usually this is a chapter where evidence of previously put forward assumptions is given and arguments are built, calculations are given, conclusions and proposals are formulated.
Of course, a comparative study of foreign experience in solving similar problems will be of some interest.
In the final paragraphs of individual parts of the diploma, it is necessary to give intermediate conclusions, which will give them a compositional completeness, allowing you to track the sequence of already solved tasks.
The text of the final work is completed by appendices. These are auxiliary or additional materials that would clutter up the text of the main part of the work: copies of documents, excerpts from reporting materials, previously unpublished or inaccessible texts, calculations, maps, tables of auxiliary digital data, illustrations, etc. Applications should be arranged in the order in which references to them appear in the text, which are usually arranged in brackets.
Registration of works
The volume of the thesis is about 70-80 pages. The volume of the final qualification work of the bachelor should be approximately 60-70 pages of printed text.
Diploma works and any other printed works should be done on a computer in 14 Times New Roman type with one and a half line spacing. Text justification.
Each page of text has margins: the size of the left margin is 30 mm, the right margin is 20 mm, the top margin is 20 mm, and the bottom margin is 20 mm. The paragraph indent must be the same and equal to 1.25 (on the ruler).
The title page is the first page of the work (the number is not put on the title page) and is filled out according to strictly defined rules. On the title page, sequentially, from top to bottom, the following details are placed (not highlighted in bold):
Full name of the educational institution;
Faculty;
department;
Topic of the work (the word "topic" is not written, the title itself is typed in capital letters 14 in Times New Roman type);
Information about the performer;
Information about the supervisor;
Location of the university (Chelyabinsk);
Year of writing the work (the word "year" is not written)
At the top of the title page of the thesis is placed the stamp of admission to the defense, signed by the head of the department. The title page is not numbered. (Annex 7)
Page numbering begins with the table of contents, which is indicated by the number 2. Further, the entire subsequent volume of work, including the bibliographic list and appendices, is numbered in order to the last page. The serial number is printed at the top in the middle. The font size for the page number is 12 pt.
The table of contents reflects the content and structure of the work and is placed after the title page. The table of contents lists all sections (chapters) and subsections (paragraphs) of the work, numbered in Arabic numerals, and indicates the pages from which they begin. The page index, indicated by the letter "C", is placed once at the top of the page index (Appendix 8). The first paragraph of each chapter contains the number of the chapter in which it is included, and its own serial number, which always starts with the number 1. The paragraph sign is not put. Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the headings in the text. Headings of chapters should not repeat the title of the thesis, and titles of paragraphs should not repeat the titles of chapters.
Table of contents, introduction, each chapter, conclusion, bibliographic list, each appendix should begin on a new page. Paragraphs continue on the current page. Paragraph headings are separated from the body text by a line break. There should be no less than three lines of text after the heading on the page, otherwise the text should start along with the heading on the next page.
Auto-assembled table of contents
To create a table of contents:
Number pages (it is better to do this through the Headers and Footers menu);
Style your headings. A document has headings and subheadings. You need to select the first heading, go to the tab home - Styles, find a style in the list of styles Heading 1, and click on it with the left mouse button. Do the same for all other headers. Subheadings are styled Heading 2.
Create a page for the table of contents. Place the cursor at the very beginning of the page in front of which there will be a page with a table of contents, and press Ctrl+Enter.
Titles
All headings start with a capital letter, do not put a dot at the end of the heading. Wrapping in headings is not allowed. Headings are separated from the body text by a line break. Do not underline headings. The title should not be the last line on the page.
Chapter title:
Font - 16, type Arial, bold (style - heading 1)
Red line indent - 0
Center alignment.
Headings are formatted the same way. Table of contents, Introduction, Conclusion, Bibliographic list, Applications.
Title of paragraphs
Font - 14, type Arial, bold, italic (style - heading 2)
Line spacing - one and a half
Red line indent - 0
Left side alignment.
For example:
Legislative materials
1. Russian Federation. Constitution (1993). Constitution of the Russian Federation: official. text. - M.: Marketing, 2001. - 39 p.
2. Russian Federation. The laws. Family Code of the Russian Federation: Feder. law: [adopted by State. Duma 8 Dec. 1995: accessed 3 Jan. 2001]. - St. Petersburg: Victory: Stone Country, 2001. - 94 p.
3. On the basic cost of social recruitment: Federal Law of February 4, 1999 No. 21-FZ // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - 1999. - 11.02. – P. 4.
4. On measures to develop federal relations and local self-government in the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 27, 2003 No. 1395 // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2003. - Art. 4660.
Single volume edition
5. Institutional economics: a new institutional economic theory: a textbook for universities / ed. A. A. Auzan. - Moscow: INFRA - M, 2010. - 416 p.
6. Spirkin, A. G. Philosophy: textbook / A. G. Spirkin. - 3rd ed. - Moscow: Yurayt, 2011. - 828 p.
7. Taranukha, Yu. V. Microeconomics: textbook / Yu. V. Taranukha, D. N. Zemlyakov. - Moscow: Knorus, 2010. - 320 p.
8. Selezneva, T. D. Histology: textbook / T. D. Selezneva, A. S. Mishin, V. Yu. Barsukov. - Moscow: EKSMO, 2010. - 352 p.
9. Brodsky, A. M. Engineering graphics (metalworking): a textbook for colleges / A. M. Brodsky, E. M. Fazlulin, V. A. Khaldinov and others - 6th ed., stereotype. - Moscow: Academy, 2010. - 400 p.
Engineering graphics (metalworking): a textbook for colleges / A. M. Brodsky and others - 6th ed., stereotype. - Moscow: Academy, 2010. - 400 p.
Multi-volume edition
10. Galperin, V. M. Microeconomics: in 3 volumes: textbook / V. M. Galperin, S. M. Ignatiev, V. I. Morgunov; ed. V. M. Galperin. - Moscow: Omega-L; St. Petersburg: Economics, 2010 - V. 3: Collection of tasks: study guide. - 2010. - 171 p.
Galperin, V. M. Microeconomics: textbook. V. M. Galperin, S. M. Ignatiev, V. I. Morgunov; ed. V. M. Galperin. - Moscow: Omega-L; St. Petersburg: Economics, 2010. - 171 p.
11. Buydysheva, S. V. Systems of strategic and target-oriented planning in the Altai Republic /S. V. Buydysheva // Management of the region: trends, patterns, problems: materials of the 7th interregional scientific and practical conference / ed. R. T. Adarina. - Gorno-Altaisk: RIO GAGU, 2010. - P.5-7.
12. Kalinovsky, K. B. Will we hit corruption with the Inquisition? / K. B. Kalinovsky // Criminal trial. - 2010. - No. 12. - S. 11-12.
13. Latyshev, I. V. Derivative financial instruments in the economy / I. V. Latyshev, I. A. Latysheva //Postgraduate student and competitor. - 2010. - No. 5. - S. 19-22.
14. Yatsko, Ya. N. Pigment complex of winter and evergreen plants in the subzone of the middle taiga of the European North-East / Ya. N. Yatsko, O. V. Dymova, T. K. Golovko // Botanical Journal - 2009. - No. 12. - S. 1812-1820.
15. On the impact of environmentally conditioned exposure to lead on the health and development of children in the industrial cities of the Middle Urals / LI Privalova et al. // Biosphere. - 2010. - No. 4. - S. 554-565.
Examples of the design of Internet sources
16. Lomonosov Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov: [Electronic resource]. M., 1997-2012. URL: http://www.msu.ru. (Accessed: 02/18/2012).
17. Information for applicants: [Electronic resource] // Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. M., 1997-2012. URL: http://www.msu.ru/entrance/. (Accessed: 02/18/2012).
18. Secretary-referent. 2011. No. 7: [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.profiz.ru/sr/7_2011. (Accessed: 02/18/2012).
19. Kameneva E.M. Document registration forms: // Assistant secretary. 2011. No. 7. URL: http://www.profiz.ru/sr/7_2011/formy_registracii_dokov. (Accessed: 02/18/2012).
20. Stepanov V. Internet in professional information activity: [Electronic resource]. 2002-2006. URL: http://textbook.vadimstepanov.ru. (Accessed: 02/18/2012).
Applications
Appendix 1
Annotation Sample
annotation
Ivanov, I. I. The movement of cash flow at the enterprise on the example of ATP LLC / Final qualifying work. - Chelyabinsk: NOU VPO "ChIEP them. M. V. Ladoshina, 200_. – 82 p.
The work is intended to be defended at a meeting of the attestation commission in order to obtain the qualification of an economist in the specialty Accounting, analysis and audit.
The work, consisting of three chapters, six figures, seven tables, five appendices, assesses the dynamics of the enterprise's property, reveals changes in the placement of funds and in the sources of their formation; analyzed the financial stability and liquidity of the enterprise; analysis of business activity was carried out; analyzed profit and profitability; identified ways to improve the financial condition of the enterprise and ways to implement them; planned indicators for the future period are calculated; a method for optimizing the movement of cash flows is proposed.
A bibliographic list is presented, which includes 50 titles, which became the theoretical basis of the study.
Applications contain...
Annex 2
higher professional education
Faculty
APPROVE
Head department
Position, rank, I.O.F.
______________________
"__" _____________200_
STATEMENT
From a student of the ___ course of the specialty / direction _______
groups ____________________________________________
full-time / part-time education (underline as appropriate)
(surname, name, patronymic of the student)
Please assign me the topic of the qualification (thesis) work: ________________________________
___________________________________________________
I ask you to appoint ____________________________________ as the head of the qualification (thesis) work
___________________________________________________
(position, title, surname, name, patronymic)
__________________ ________________
(supervisor's signature) (student's signature)
"___" ______ 200_ "____" _______ 200_
Annex 3
Non-state educational institution
higher professional education
Chelyabinsk Institute of Economics and Law named after M.V. Ladoshina»
Correspondence faculty
Specialty / direction
APPROVE
Head department
"__" _____________ 200_
on qualification (thesis) work of a student
___________________________________________________
1. Theme of the qualification (thesis) work _________________________________________________
approved by order of the NOU VPO "ChIEP them. M.V. Ladoshina»
from "_____" _____________ 200_
2. Deadline for the submission of the qualification (thesis) work to the department "_________" _____________ 200_
3. Brief description of the main content of the qualification (thesis) work ___________________________________________
4. Consultants for qualification (thesis) work (indicating the sections related to them):
5. Date of issue of the task: "_____" _______ 200__
6. Supervisor: ___________________________________ (full name, signature)
CALENDAR PLAN
performance of qualification (thesis) work
Graduate student __________________________________________________
Supervisor _______________________________________________
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Variant of the supervisor's review of the student's thesis
Non-state educational institution
higher professional education
Chelyabinsk Institute of Economics and Law named after M.V. Ladoshina»
Department of Criminal Law, Procedure and Criminalistics
about the final qualifying work
"__" ___________ 200__
Student ___________________________________________
Speciality _____________________________________
Subject ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________
I. I. Petrov's diploma work is written on a topic whose relevance is beyond doubt. Mass media, employees of power structures and law enforcement agencies state that corruption in Russia has acquired an unprecedented scale in recent years and causes enormous social harm. This is convincingly stated in the introduction (pp. 3-4). It is not superfluous to recall that many lawyers consider corruption to be a mandatory feature of organized crime.
The author of the work set a goal to theoretically comprehend the problems of the legal fight against corruption and, through the analysis of the current criminal legislation, to develop proposals for its improvement in the part related to the topic under study. It can be stated that this goal has been achieved. In his thesis, he gave the concept of corruption, revealed its social danger, using the statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for a number of years, both in Russia as a whole and in the Chelyabinsk region (Chapter 1). Then he made a legal analysis of the elements of bribery (receiving and giving a bribe) and commercial bribery, including their types, considered special issues of responsibility for bribery with deceptive mediation and positive post-criminal behavior of the bribe giver, as well as issues of improving criminal legislation aimed at combating corruption (chapter 2)
I. I. Petrov performed a large amount of work, quite fully disclosed the issues of the topic. He explored the problematic issues of the fight against corruption, cited various points of view on them, substantiating his position on controversial issues, arguing it with references to the ruling decision of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of February 10, 2000 "On judicial practice in cases of bribery and commercial bribery" and specific criminal cases heard by courts of various instances. The work was done by him quite independently.
The graduate student showed his ability to analyze and generalize judicial practice. He studied 50 criminal cases on bribery and commercial bribery, considered by the regional court and district courts in 1997-2007, and based on the results of their study, he prepared recommendations for the courts on controversial issues of qualifying giving, receiving a bribe, mediation in bribery and commercial bribery.
It is impossible not to note such a merit of the work as the coverage of criminological problems of the fight against corruption.
I. I. Petrov studied almost all the main sources on the topic. When writing the work, he used criminal law, guidelines, monographs, educational literature, scientific and newspaper articles, and reference materials.
The thesis work is framed correctly. The bibliographic list and references comply with the rules.
Along with the advantages, there are some disadvantages in the work. The graduate student did not comply with all the instructions and recommendations of the supervisor, ignored the issues of sentencing for bribery.
However, the remarks made in no way can shake the conclusion that I. I. Petrov's thesis meets the requirements, can be admitted to the defense and deserves high praise.
FULL NAME. manager _________________________________
Academic title_______________ Academic degree _________
Place of work ______________________________________
Position held ______________________________
Signature (signature transcript) _____________________
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Appendix 8
Introduction…………………………………………………………3
1. Title of the chapter (without quotes) the same page number is not put X
1.1. Paragraph title (without quotes)……………………..6
1.2. Paragraph title (without quotes)…………….…...…18
2. Title of the chapter (without quotes) the same page number is not put X
2.1. Title of the paragraph (without quotes)……………………28
2.2. Title of paragraph……………………………………46
3. Chapter title the same page number is not put X
3.1. Paragraph title…………………………………….54
3.2. Paragraph Title…………………………………….67
Conclusion…………………………………………………….70
Bibliographic list ………………………...……...74
Applications……………………………………………………79
Appendix 9
Introduction
Research work of students is a continuation and deepening of the educational process, one of the important and effective means of improving the quality of training of specialists with higher education.
The goals of students' scientific work are the transition from mastering ready-made knowledge to mastering the methods of obtaining new knowledge, acquiring the skills of independent analysis of various phenomena using scientific methods.
The main tasks of the scientific work of students:
1) development of creative and analytical thinking, expansion of scientific horizons;
2) instilling sustainable skills of independent research work;
3) improving the quality of mastering the studied disciplines;
4) development of the ability to apply theoretical knowledge and modern methods of scientific research in professional activities.
The main features of a scientific text
A scientific text is, in the strict sense, a report on the research done - theoretical (abstract-logical) or practical (laboratory, empirical). When creating any scientific text, including a term paper or a thesis, it should be remembered that it has a number of stable features:
1) reliance on a broad generalization, on a representative amount of reliable, documented and repeatedly verified facts;
2) the solution of some new scientific problem or a new approach to known phenomena;
3) the use of a strictly scientific language that differs in terminology from the common language;
The scientific text is characterized by brevity, accuracy and unambiguity of expressions. This is facilitated by the use of special terms. (A term is a word that accurately designates a concept in science).
A feature of the language of scientific speech is the emphasized logic. This consistency should be manifested at various levels: the entire text, its parts and individual paragraphs. It is characterized by a consistent transition from one thought to another. As a means of communication between them are used: introductory words and sentences ( as noted, as already mentioned etc.); special functional-syntactic means indicating the sequence of thought development ( firstly, secondly, then etc.), on causal relationships ( however, nevertheless etc.), the transition from one thought to another ( having considered, we will stop at ..., we turn to…), conclusion ( so, thus, therefore, summing up, in conclusion, we note and etc.).
To confirm the objectivity of the presentation of the material, it is necessary to make references to who expressed this or that idea, in which source the information used is contained. In this case, the text uses introductory words and phrases indicating authorship ( according to, according to, according to, according to and etc.). The position of the author himself is expressed in the words: in our opinion, it seems to us, we hold the point of view etc. Some objectivity is given to the work by the use of the pronoun "we" instead of "I".
You should avoid clericalism and cliches, redundant phrases, repetitions, stretched phrases with a pile of subordinate clauses and introductory words.
The scientific text necessarily reflects the author's own efforts to solve a particular problem. The criteria for the quality of a scientific text depend on the level of its complexity.
With regard to term papers and theses, these criteria can be presented in the form of a number of questions:
1. Is the manuscript formatted correctly?
2. Is the structure of the text logical?
3. Are the methodological foundations that the author adheres to correct?
4. Is there an original study of the presented factual (empirical) material in the text?
5. Is there a classification work?
6. Is there a theoretical generalization (typology)?
From these questions follows the very principle of evaluation of scientific work. If for all these positions the supervisor gives an affirmative answer, then the work is done at a high level.
scientific style(researcher) serves various branches of science and technology, provides the educational process in universities of various profiles (humanitarian, natural and technical).
scientific style- functional style associated with scientific activity and reflecting the features of theoretical thinking.
The main function of the n.s.- communication (transfer) of scientific information, the most accurate, logical and unambiguous expression of thoughts in a particular field of knowledge.
The main goal of a scientific work- inform the addressee of new knowledge about reality and prove its truth.
1. N.s. implemented in two forms: oral (oral scientific speech) and written (written scientific communication). Written monologue speech is the main form of scientific presentation.
2 . The language of scientific presentation supplemented by means of graphical visualization, i.e. drawings, diagrams, graphs, symbols, formulas, diagrams, tables, figures, etc.
Stylistic features (signs) of scientific speech:
objectivity (presentation of different points of view on the problem, lack of subjectivity in the transfer of scientific content, impersonality of linguistic expression);
consistency (consistency and consistency of presentation);
evidence (argumentation of certain provisions and hypotheses);
accuracy (use of terms, unambiguous words, clear design of syntactic links in the sentence and text);
conciseness and information richness (use of types of scientific text compression);
generalization and abstractness of judgments (use of general scientific vocabulary, nouns with an abstract meaning),
impersonality and abstractness of the utterance (the use of special grammatical forms: the predominance of reflexive and impersonal verbs, the use of the 3rd person of the verb, indefinite personal sentences, passive constructions);
standardization of means of expression (the use of scientific style speech clichés to design the structure and components of scientific work, as well as the genres of annotations, abstracts, reviews, etc.).
For scientific and technical literature also characteristic:
Lack of figurativeness, metaphorical turns of language and emotionally expressive means,
The ban on the use of non-literary vocabulary,
The almost complete absence of signs of a conversational style,
Wide use of terms, abstract and highly specialized vocabulary,
The use of words in their direct (and not figurative) meaning,
The use of special ways of presenting the material (primarily description and reasoning) and methods of logical organization of the text.
Within the framework of the scientific field of activity, special methods of logical organization of text, namely : 1) deduction; 2) induction; 3) problem statement;
Deduction (lat. deductio - derivation) - this is the movement of thought from the general to the particular. The deductive method of presenting the material is used when it is necessary to consider some phenomenon on the basis of an already known provision and law and draw the necessary conclusions regarding this phenomenon.
Composition of deductive reasoning:
Stage 1- putting forward a thesis (Greek thesis - a position, the truth of which must be proven) or a hypothesis.
Stage 2- the main part of the reasoning is the development of the thesis (hypothesis), its justification, proof of truth or refutation.
To prove the thesis, various argument types(lat. Argumentum - logical argument):
interpretation of the thesis
"proof from reason"
facts and examples, comparisons.
Stage 3- conclusions, suggestions.
The deductive method of reasoning is widely used in theoretical articles, in scientific discussions on controversial scientific issues, at educational and scientific seminars.
Induction (lat. inductio - guidance) is the movement of thought from the particular to the general, from the knowledge of single or particular facts to the knowledge of the general rule, to generalization.
Composition of inductive reasoning:
Stage 1- determination of the purpose of the undertaken research.
Stage 2- presentation of the accumulated facts, analysis, comparison and synthesis of the material obtained.
Stage 3- on the basis of this are made findings, regularities are established, signs of this or that process are revealed, etc.
Inductive reasoning widely used in scientific reports, monographs, term papers and theses, dissertation research, research reports.
Problem statement involves the formulation of a certain sequence of problematic issues, solving which, one can come to theoretical generalizations, the formulation of rules and patterns.
Problem statement is a kind of inductive method of reasoning. During a lecture, report, in the text of a monograph, article, graduation project, dissertation, the author formulates a particular problem and suggests a number of possible ways to solve it. The most optimal of them are subjected to a detailed analysis in the study (the internal contradictions of the problem are revealed, assumptions are made and possible objections are refuted), and thus the process of solving this problem is demonstrated.
The main features of the scientific style of speech
The most common a specific feature of this style of speech is the logical presentation .
Any coherent statement should have this quality. But the scientific text is distinguished by its emphasized, strict logic. All parts in it are rigidly connected in meaning and are arranged strictly sequentially; conclusions follow from the facts presented in the text. This is done by means typical of scientific speech: linking sentences with repeated nouns, often in combination with a demonstrative pronoun.
Adverbs also indicate the sequence of development of thought: first, first of all, then, then, next; as well as introductory words: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, vice versa; unions: because, because, in order to, therefore. The predominance of allied communication emphasizes the greater connection between sentences.
Another typical feature of the scientific style of speech is accuracy. .
Semantic accuracy (unambiguity) is achieved by careful selection of words, the use of words in their direct meaning, the wide use of terms and special vocabulary. In the scientific style, the repetition of key words is considered the norm.
abstraction and generality certainly permeate every scientific text.
Therefore, abstract concepts are widely used here, which are difficult to imagine, see, feel. In such texts, words with an abstract meaning are often found, for example: emptiness, speed, time, force, quantity, quality, law, number, limit; formulas, symbols, symbols, graphs, tables, diagrams, diagrams, drawings are often used.
It is characteristic that even specific vocabulary here stands for general concepts .
For example: The philologist must carefully, i.e., a philologist in general; Birch tolerates frost well, i.e., not a single object, but a tree species is a general concept. This is clearly manifested when comparing the features of the use of the same word in scientific and artistic speech. In artistic speech, the word is not a term, it contains not only a concept, but also a verbal artistic image (comparison, personification, etc.).
The word of science is unambiguous and terminological.
Compare:
Birch 1) Deciduous tree with white (rarely dark) bark and heart-shaped leaves. (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.) Genus of trees and shrubs of the birch family. About 120 species, in the temperate and cold zones of the North. hemisphere and in the mountains of the subtropics. Forest-forming and decorative breed. The largest farms, B. warty and B. fluffy are of importance. |
White birch under my window (S. Yesenin.) |
The scientific style of speech is characterized by the plural of abstract and real nouns: length, magnitude, frequency; frequent use of neuter words: education, property, value.
Not only nouns, but also verbs are usually used in the context of scientific speech not in their basic and specific meanings, but in a generalized abstract meaning.
The words: go, follow, lead, compose, indicate b and others do not denote movement proper, etc., but something else, abstract:
In scientific literature, especially mathematical literature, the form of the future tense is often devoid of its grammatical meaning: instead of the word will are used is, is.
Present tense verbs also do not always get the meaning of concreteness: used regularly; always indicate. Imperfect forms are widely used.
Scientific speech is characterized by: the predominance of pronouns of the 1st and 3rd person, while the meaning of the person is weakened; frequent use of short adjectives.
However, the generality and abstractness of the texts of the scientific style of speech do not mean that they lack emotionality and expressiveness. In this case, they would not have achieved their goal.
The expressiveness of scientific speech differs from the expressiveness of artistic speech in that it is associated primarily with the accuracy of the use of words, the logicality of presentation, and its persuasiveness. The most commonly used figurative means in popular science literature.
Do not mix the terms established in science, formed according to the type of metaphor (in biology - tongue, pistil, umbrella; in technology - clutch, paw, shoulder, trunk; in geography - sole (mountains), ridge) using terms for figurative and expressive purposes in a journalistic or artistic style of speech, when these words cease to be terms ( pulse of life, political barometer, negotiations stall etc.).
To enhance expressiveness in a scientific style of speech , especially in popular science literature, in works of a polemical nature, in discussion articles, are used :
1) amplifying particles, pronouns, adverbs: only, absolutely, only;
2) adjectives like: colossal, most advantageous, one of the greatest, most difficult;
3) "problem" questions: in fact, what kind of bodies does a ... cell find in the environment?, what is the reason for this?
Objectivity- Another sign of the scientific style of speech. Scientific theories and laws, scientific facts, phenomena, experiments and their results - all this is presented in texts related to the scientific style of speech.
And all this requires quantitative and qualitative characteristics, objective, reliable. Therefore, exclamatory sentences are used very rarely. In a scientific text, a personal, subjective opinion is unacceptable; it is not customary to use the pronoun I and verbs in the first person singular. Here, indefinitely personal sentences are used more often ( think that...), impersonal ( it is known that...), definitely-personal ( Let's look at the problem...).
In the scientific style of speech, several substyles, or varieties, can be distinguished:
a) actually scientific (academic) - the most strict, precise; they write dissertations, monographs, articles of scientific journals, instructions, GOSTs, encyclopedias;
b) popular science (scientific journalism) he writes scientific articles in newspapers, popular science magazines, popular science books; this includes public speeches on radio, television on scientific topics, speeches by scientists and specialists in front of a mass audience;
c) scientific and educational (educational literature on various subjects for different types of educational institutions; reference books, manuals).
| Destination target | Academic |
|
|
| Selection of facts, terms | Academic | Scientific and educational All terms are explained | Popular science Minimum terminology. |
| Leading type of speech Title | Academic reasoning | Scientific and educational Reflects the type of educational material | Popular science Narration Intriguing, interesting |
Lexical features of the scientific style of speech
The main purpose of a scientific text, its vocabulary is to designate phenomena, objects, name them and explain, and for this, first of all, nouns are needed.
The most common features of scientific style vocabulary are:
a) the use of words in their direct meaning;
b) lack of figurative means: epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, poetic symbols, hyperbole;
c) wide use of abstract vocabulary and terms.
In scientific speech, there are three layers of words:
The words are stylistically neutral, i.e. common, used in different styles.
For example: he, five, ten; in, on, for; black, white, large; going, happening etc.;
General scientific words, i.e. occurring in the language of different sciences, and not of any one science.
For example: center, force, degree, magnitude, speed, detail, energy, analogy etc.
This can be confirmed by examples of phrases taken from texts of different sciences: administrative center, center of the European part of Russia, city center; center of gravity, center of movement; the center of the circle.
The terms of any science, i.e. specialized vocabulary. You already know that the main thing in the term is accuracy and its unambiguity.
Morphological features of the scientific style of speech
In a scientific text, verbs in the 1st and 2nd person singular are practically not used. They are often used in literary texts.
Verbs in the present tense with a "timeless" meaning are very close to verbal nouns: splashed down - splashed down, rewinds - rewind; and vice versa: fill - fills.
Verbal nouns convey objective processes and phenomena well, so they are often used in a scientific text.
There are few adjectives in a scientific text, and many of them are used as part of terms, have an exact, highly specialized meaning. In a literary text there are more adjectives in percentage terms, and epithets and artistic definitions predominate here.
In the scientific style, parts of speech and their grammatical forms are used differently than in other styles.
To identify these features, let's do a little research.
Syntactic features of the scientific style of speech
Typical for scientific speech are:
a) special turns of the type: according to Mendeleev, according to experience;
c) the use of words: given, known, suitable as a means of communication;
d) using a chain of genitive cases: Establishment of the dependence of the wavelength of x-rays of the atom.(Kapitsa.)
In scientific speech, more than in other styles, complex sentences are used, especially complex ones.
Complicated with subordinate explanatory clauses express a generalization, reveal a typical phenomenon, a particular pattern.
The words As you know, scientists believe it is understandable etc. indicate when referring to the source, to any facts, provisions.
Complicated sentences with subordinate causes are widely used in scientific speech, since science reveals the causal relationships of the phenomena of reality. In these sentences, they are used as common conjunctions ( because, since, since, since), and book ( due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, for).
In scientific speech, comparisons help to reveal the essence of the phenomenon more deeply, to discover its connections with other phenomena, while in a work of art their main purpose is to vividly and emotionally reveal the images, the picture depicted by the artist of the word.
Often the use of participial and adverbial phrases.
Using expressive means
Generalization and abstractness of scientific speech does not exclude expressiveness. Scientists use figurative means of language to highlight the most important semantic moments, to convince the audience.
Comparison is one of the forms of logical thinking.
Ugly (devoid of imagery), for example: Borofluorides are similar to chlorides.
Extended comparison
... In the history of new Russia, we are met by an "excess" of factual material. It becomes impossible to include it in the entire research system, because then you get what is called “noise” in cybernetics. Imagine the following: several people are sitting in a room, and suddenly everyone starts talking about their family affairs at the same time. In the end, we won't know anything. The abundance of facts requires selectivity. And just as acousticians choose the sound they are interested in, we must select the facts that are needed to cover the chosen topic - the ethnic history of our country. (L.N. Gumilyov. From Russia to Russia).
figurative comparison
Human society is like a surging sea, in which individual people, like waves, surrounded by their own kind, constantly collide with each other, arise, grow and disappear, and the sea - society - is forever seething, agitated and does not stop ...
Problematic issues
The first question that confronts us is: What is the science of sociology? What is the subject of its study? Finally, what are the main divisions of this discipline?
(P. Sorokin. General sociology)
Limitations of the use of linguistic means in a scientific style
- Inadmissibility of non-literary vocabulary.
- There are practically no forms of the 2nd person of verbs and pronouns you, you.
– Incomplete sentences are used to a limited extent.
- The use of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology is limited.
All of the above can be presented in the table
Features of the scientific style of speech
| In vocabulary | a) terms; b) the unambiguity of the word; c) frequent repetition of keywords; d) lack of figurative means; |
| As part of a word
| a) international roots, prefixes, suffixes; b) suffixes that give an abstract meaning; |
| In morphology
| a) the predominance of nouns; b) frequent use of abstract verbal nouns; c) unused pronouns I, you and verbs of the 1st and 2nd person singular; d) the uncommonness of exclamatory particles and interjections; |
| In syntax | a) direct word order (preferred); b) widespread use of phrases noun + n. in the genus P.; c) the predominance of indefinitely personal and impersonal sentences; d) rare use of incomplete sentences; e) an abundance of complex sentences; f) frequent use of participial and adverbial phrases; |
| Basic type of speech
| Reasoning and description |
scientific style pattern
1918 spelling reform brought writing closer to living speech (i.e., canceled a number of traditional, rather than phonemic spellings). Approximation of spelling to live speech usually causes a movement in another direction: the desire to bring pronunciation closer to spelling ...
However, the influence of writing was controlled by the development of internal phonetic trends. Only those spelling features had a strong influence on literary pronunciation. Which helped to develop the Russian phonetic system according to the law of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay or contributed to the elimination of phraseological units in this system ...
At the same time, it must be emphasized that, firstly, these features were known at the end of the 19th century. and that, secondly, even now they cannot be considered completely victorious in modern Russian literary pronunciation. Old literary norms compete with them.
