1. Highlight the main features of the geographical position of the European North.

The main features of the geographical position of the European North are:

• access to the White and non-freezing Barents Seas;
• proximity to the economically developed but poorly supplied fuel and raw material resources of the North-Western, Central and Volga-Vyatka regions;
• northern position, long polar night and short warm period;
• various minerals.

2. What areas differing in natural conditions can you identify in the European North? How do they differ from each other? What causes heterogeneity? What cards, other than physical ones, do you need to answer?

If you look at a tectonic map (you will need an atlas or a 8th grade textbook for this), then on the territory of the region you will see two distinct parts: western and eastern. The western part is based on the Baltic Shield, to which deposits of metallic minerals are confined (iron ores: Kovdor, Olenegorsk, Kostomuksha). The eastern part is distinguished by a thick cover of sedimentary rocks - there are oil and gas fields.

According to the map of natural zones on the territory of the Northern region, one can distinguish the northern tundra-forest-tundra part and the southern taiga. These differences are associated with a change in the angle of incidence of the sun's rays. When moving towards the poles from the equator, this angle becomes smaller and smaller, the same portion of heat falls on a larger area of ​​the surface, and, consequently, the soil warms up less. Therefore, the further north, the colder. Where the average temperature of the warmest month does not rise above +10 °C, trees cannot grow. Only mosses, lichens and grasses that are undemanding to heat can withstand here - this is the tundra zone.

3. Name and show mineral deposits in the area. Is there a pattern in their placement? What other resources, besides minerals, is the North rich in?

The tectonic structure of the territory and the patterns of distribution of minerals are described in the previous question. Remember the main places of birth.

Minerals	Place of Birth
Iron ores	Kovdor, Kostomuksha, Olenegorsk
Copper Nickel Ores	Nickel, Pechenga
Apatity, Nepheline	Kovdor (extraction and enrichment of apatite-magnetite ores). Apatity (Apatite-nepheline) mining and processing plant
Mica	Karelia (to the north of Sortavala)
Gas	Vuktylskoye, Voivozhskoye
Oil	Ukhtinskoye, Usinskoye
Coal	Pechora coal basin (Vorkuta, Inta)
bauxites	Iksinskoe, Timsherskoe
Diamonds	Kholmogorskoe

In addition to mineral resources, the region is rich in forests and water resources. In the west of the region, the hydropower potential has not yet been fully utilized. The area is the most promising for the construction of tidal power plants.

4. Do the seas washing the coast of the European North influence the life of the entire region as a whole?

The entire history of the development of the region is connected with the Barents and White Seas. The seas of the European North largely determine its economic specialization even now. A significant part of the harvested wood is exported through the port of Arkhangelsk. The ice-free port of Murmansk carries out an annual shipment of goods from Europe.

5. Once upon a time there was a project to turn the northern rivers to the south. The direction of the Pechora current had to be changed as well. Think about what consequences the implementation of this project could lead to.

The author of the idea of ​​turning part of the flow of the Ob-Irtysh basin to the south is the engineer Ya. G. Demchenko, who, back in 1868, submitted his proposal to the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. At the beginning of the XX century. large-scale hydrotechnical construction began. In 1933-1937. canal was built. Moscow, through which the Volga water is supplied to the capital over a distance of over 100 km, the Big Fergana Canal with a length of 270 km and a number of others. In the post-war period, these works took on an even greater scope, and artificial hydraulic structures on the territory of the former USSR redistributed approximately 40 km 3 of water per year.

In 1970-1980. several projects are being developed for the transfer of northern rivers to the southern regions. For example, take about 40 km 3 of water a year from Pechora and Vychegda and supply them to the Volga. The hydrotechnical system would make it possible to connect the Pechora and the Volga. Through the Volga-Don canal, northern water would also go to the Sea of ​​Azov. Part of the water from the mouth of the Ob could flow into this stream, through the Urals into the Pechora basin. The options for transferring water from the Ob and Irtysh to Kazakhstan and Central Asia looked much more complicated. It was supposed to irrigate the vast expanses of the Aral and Caspian regions, improve the water supply of the industrial Urals, replenish the Aral Sea. material from the site

This project, which is most often remembered now, involved the construction of a main canal with a length of 2550 km, a width of 200 m and a depth of about 16 m. The volume of transfer is 27.5 km 3 of water. This amounts to 6-7% of the Ob runoff in average water years, and 10% in dry years. In the 1980s The cost of the project was estimated at $17 billion.

The following option was also considered: in the area where the Tobol flows into the Irtysh, to build the Tobolsk Sea with a system of shipping locks on the dam. Pumping stations will raise water to a height of 75 m to the Turgai watershed. It was assumed that further it would go by gravity to the Aral lowland, and from this reservoir it would be supplied to the Amu Darya, Syr Darya and irrigation canals.

In the early 1980s there was a heated discussion about the transfer of part of the flow of the northern and Siberian rivers.

Experts came to the conclusion that the project of transferring part of the flow of Siberian rivers was not justified. Because of this and because of the lack of investors, this project was rejected.

Recently, the mass media again raised the problem of transferring part of the flow of Siberian rivers to the south, to the CIS countries of Central Asia.

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Russia is the largest country in the world (1/8 of the land). The area of ​​Russia is 17.1 million km 2, which is almost twice as large as China or the USA. The Russian territory is comparable to the whole mainland - South America.

Russia accounts for 77% of the territory and 53% of the population of the CIS countries.

In terms of population, Russia is in seventh place after China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Brazil and Pakistan.

Russia is located in the northern part of Eurasia, with the European part accounting for about 1/3, and the Asian part for 2/3 of the country's territory.

The length of Russia from west to east is about 9 thousand km. The extreme western point of the Russian Federation is near the city of Kaliningrad (38° 38" E), the extreme eastern point is on Ratmanov Island (169° 02" W), on the mainland - Cape Dezhnev (160° 40" W Therefore, almost the entire territory of the Russian Federation is located in the Eastern Hemisphere.There are 11 time zones within Russia.

The extreme northern point of the country - m. Fligeli on about. Rudolf as part of arch. Franz Josef Land (81 ° 50 "N), on the mainland - Cape Chelyuskin (77 ° 43" N). The extreme southern point is on the border with Azerbaijan, on the crest of the Main Caucasian Range (41° 10" N).

Thus, Russia is located mainly in temperate latitudes, although the northern part of the country is located in the harsh Arctic, and a small section of the Black Sea coast is in subtropical latitudes. The geographical position determines the exceptional severity of natural conditions: about 64% of the territory falls on areas with permafrost soils (Russia accounts for 1/2 of the area of ​​the planetary zone of the North), everywhere in winter precipitation falls in the form of snow.

The total length of the borders is 58.6 thousand km, of which only 14.3 thousand km are land, and 44.3 thousand km are sea.

The maritime borders in the north and east are 12 nautical miles (22.7 km) from the coast, and the border of the maritime economic zone of the Russian Federation is 200 nautical miles (about 370 km).

By land, Russia borders in the northwest with Norway and Finland, in the west and southwest - with Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, in the south - with Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, in the southeast - with the DPRK.

Most of the maritime borders run in the north, along the waters of the seas of the Arctic Ocean and in the east - along the seas of the Pacific Ocean. In the north, Russia borders on the USA, Canada, in the east - on the USA, Japan. In the west there are maritime borders with Sweden, Poland, Germany and other Baltic states, in the south - with Ukraine, Georgia (along the waters of the Azov and Black Seas). The borders with Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan pass through the waters of the inland Caspian Sea. Before the collapse of the USSR, Russia bordered on only eight foreign states, and the borders with Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and others within the former USSR were internal. The borders coinciding with the borders of the USSR are for the most part fixed in international treaties, they are equipped with frontier outposts and customs, and are guarded by frontier troops. A significant part of the borders with the CIS states does not yet have all the attributes inherent in the state border, and is sufficiently "transparent" for the penetration of people and goods. This situation, unfortunately, damages the country's economy and poses a threat to its security.

Geographical location includes three components - physical-geographical location, economic-geographical and and means the features of the position of a country or other geographical object on the physical, economic and.

A serious question is the relationship with the Muslim states on the southern borders of Russia, as well as with the countries of the South.

As a result of the collapse of the USSR, the length of Russia's borders is now 60,933 km. Thus, almost 2/3 of Russia's borders are maritime. Our country has the longest land border with Kazakhstan (41% of the entire land border of Russia), (about 20%) and (10% of the land border of Russia).

Assessing the geographical position of the country, one cannot bypass such a concept as "extensiveness". The Russian territory is huge. There are countries that can be walked in a few hours (,). In a day you can drive a car,. Crossing Russia from west to east in a day is possible only by plane.

Unfortunately, our age of high speeds has changed the old perception of space and distance. In the 19th century French writer Germaine de Stael wrote about the spaces of Russia: “Russia is the threshold of another, unknown land of the East. There is such space in Russia that everything is lost in it, even palaces, even the population itself. Everything is drowning in an immense space, it reigns over everything and captures the imagination.

The territory of Russia is also difficult to imagine because there are no countries in the world that are similar in size to it. For example, the area of ​​the United States (9.4 million km2) is 55% of the area of ​​Russia, and the area of ​​all states of foreign Europe is 35% of the area of ​​our country.

1% of the territory of Russia (for example, the republic, Tuva) is the area of ​​\u200b\u200bcountries such as or; 2% (for example, the Republic of Buryatia, Amur Region) is

The natural and economic region of Central Russia is called so not by location, but for historical reasons. The Russian centralized state was born here and the capital of Russia - Moscow is located.

Typical plan for the characterization of the area

1. The composition of the region.
2. Physical and economic-geographical position of the region.
3. Features of nature and natural resources of the region.
4. The history of the development of the territory and the formation of the economic complex.
5. Population and labor resources.
6. Economy.
7. Territorial structure of settlement and economy.
8. Main problems and prospects.

The area of ​​Central Russia is more than 900 thousand km² or 5% of the territory of Russia.

1. The region includes three large subdistricts: Central, Central Chernozemny, Volga-Vyatsky.
2. These are 19 regions (Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Moscow, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl, as well as Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod, Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov), 3 republics (Mari El , Mordovia and the Chuvash Republic) and the city of Moscow.

Economic and geographical position- this is the position of an object in relation to other objects of economic importance.

1. First of all, consider the position of the region on the territory of the state. To do this, we will use the administrative map of Russia. The map shows that Central Russia is located in the west of the country and occupies a border position. Its western borders run along the state border of Russia.

2. The economic environment of the region consists of: Ukraine and the Republic of Belarus, with which Central Russia borders in the west. In the northwest, northeast and south, the neighbors of Central Russia are other economic regions. In the north and north-west there are the Northern and North-Western natural and economic regions, in the east the Volga and Ural regions, in the south the North Caucasus region.

3. Central Russia is also well located in relation to the country's large fuel, energy and raw material bases. On the territory of the Northern region there are large reserves of coal, oil, gas, iron ores, non-ferrous metal ores and apatites. In the Volga region there are large reserves of oil, in the Urals there are ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, salts, natural gas, the North Caucasus region has reserves of tungsten-molybdenum and lead-zinc ores. The sedimentary rocks of the Ciscaucasian trough contain oil and gas deposits.

4. Central Russia also has a convenient transport and geographical position, that is, a position on transport routes connecting the territory with the main sources of raw materials, energy, food, and markets. The region is located at the intersection of major transport routes. These are oil pipelines, gas pipelines, railways and roads. From north to south, the Volga River is the main waterway of Russia (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Single waterway

The only drawback is the lack of access to the sea.

5. EGP of the territory changes in time. This is mainly due to the economic changes that are taking place in neighboring territories. EGP may improve or worsen over time.

Having considered the EGP of Central Russia, we will conclude. The EGP of the region is beneficial and contributes to the economic development of the region, since the region occupies a central position, the capital of Russia is located on its territory, it has good transport accessibility, and the territories adjacent to the region have large reserves of natural resources.

Central Russia is located in the center of the East European Plain, so the flat relief prevails here. The lowlands alternate with the highlands.

The climate is temperate, temperate continental with relatively mild winters and warm summers. The amount of precipitation is from 400 to 600 mm, the average temperatures in January are -10 ° ... -12 °, in July - + 17 ° ... + 18 °.

Very cold winters are typical only for the Volga-Vyatka region (Fig. 2), droughts often occur in the southeast of the region, and the northeastern part of the region is waterlogged and waterlogged.

Rice. 2. Winter

The richest soils, chernozem (Fig. 3), are located in the Central Chernozem region, but soddy-podzolic soils predominate in most of the region, gray forest soils are often found. These types of soils have a fairly high fertility and, in combination with the climate, create conditions for the development of agriculture.

Rice. 3. Chernozem soils

Most of the region is located in the zone of mixed forests, broad-leaved forests grow in the south and forest-steppes extend, and taiga lies in the northeast.

But the availability of forest resources, especially per capita, is low.

Central Russia is not rich in minerals. The northeastern part is part of the Volga-Ural oil and gas basin, but production volumes here are insignificant. The main resources of the region are concentrated in the Central Chernozem region: iron ore reserves of the KMA (60% of Russia's iron ore raw materials) and very large deposits of limestone and raw materials for cement production. On the territory of the region there are deposits of brown coal, peat, phosphorites, mineral building raw materials. But most of the raw materials needed by the region are imported from other states and regions of the country.

The recreational resources of the region are diverse, but not yet fully developed.

The main types of recreational activities in the region include:

• Excursions and tourism
• Spa treatment
• Organization of recreation places for the population

In Central Russia there are 12 state nature reserves, 2 biosphere reserves (Central Chernozem and Voronezh), 9 national parks. Here conditions are created for the preservation of natural landscapes (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Voronezh Reserve: muskrat

The long history of the Russian state is captured in numerous cultural and historical monuments. A number of cultural and historical sites are included in the list of world natural and cultural heritage sites: Red Square and the Moscow Kremlin, monuments of the Vladimir-Suzdal land (Fig. 5). Many cities combine historical, cultural and natural landscape attractions.

Rice. 5. Suzdal

Bibliography

Main

1. Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: Grade 9, textbook for students of educational institutions. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2011.
2. Fromberg A.E. Economic and social geography. - 2011, 416 p.
3. Atlas of economic geography, grade 9. - Bustard, 2012.
4. Geography. The entire course of the school curriculum in diagrams and tables. - 2007, 127 p.
5. Geography. Student's handbook. Comp. Mayorova T.A. - 1996, 576 p.
6. Crib on economic geography. Schoolchildren, applicants. - 2003, 96 p.

Additional

1. Gladky Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook - M.: Gardariki, 2000 - 752 p.: ill.
2. Rodionova I.A., Textbook on geography. Economic geography of Russia. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 189 p.
3. Smetanin S.I., Konotopov M.V. History of ferrous metallurgy in Russia. - M.: "Paleotype", 2002.
4. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography of Russia. Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Bol. Ros. ents., 1998. - 800 p.: ill., maps.
2. Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Stat.sb./Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002. - 690 p.
3. Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief Statistical Collection/Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003. - 398 p.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

1. GIA-2013. Geography: typical examination options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M.: "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI - school)
2. GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and typical examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M.: "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI - school)
3. GIA-2013. Exam in a new form. Geography. Grade 9 / FIPI authors-compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Astrel, 2012.
4. Excellent student of the exam. Geography. Solving complex problems / FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012.

Electronic educational resources

1. Educational multimedia manual 1 C Educational collection Geography of Russia. Economy and regions Grade 9
2. Educational multimedia manual “Geography Lessons of Cyril and Methodius. 8th and 9th grade"

1. Russian Geographical Society ().
2. Wild nature of Russia. Caucasus ().
3. Wild nature of Russia. Ural().
4. Wild nature of Russia. Primordial valleys ().

1. I. Epishin In the upper reaches of the Volga (N4/2012)
2. E. Chervyakova In the Volga Delta (N3/2011)

Yes, you can, because in comparison with other regions of the European part of the country, the European North is distinguished by more severe natural conditions, a small number of cities, and a low population density.

Questions and tasks

1. Highlight the main features of the geographical location of the European North.

The European North has the northernmost position in the European part of Russia. The area occupies the northern strip of the Russian Plain, the Kola Peninsula. Part of the region lies beyond the Arctic Circle. A significant influence on the development of the region has its coastal position - a wide outlet to the northern seas.

2. What areas differing in natural conditions can you identify in the European North? How do they differ from each other? (For your answer, use the material in § 17.)

There are two distinct parts on the territory of the district: western and eastern. The western part is based on the Baltic Shield, to which deposits of metallic minerals (iron ores: Kovdor, Olenegorsk, Kostomuksha) are confined. The Baltic Shield corresponds to the low Khibiny Mountains and the elevated hilly plains of Karelia and the Kola Peninsula. The relief of the entire northern half of the East European Plain was formed under the influence of repeated glaciations. On the Kola Peninsula and in Karelia (“the country of lakes and granite”), the modern appearance of the relief is determined by unusually picturesque glacial forms: moraine ridges overgrown with dense spruce forests, granite rocks polished by a glacier - “ram's foreheads”, hills covered with golden pine forests. Numerous lakes with intricately indented shores are connected by rapid rapid rivers with sparkling waterfalls. The eastern part is distinguished by a more flat relief, a thick cover of sedimentary rocks - there are oil and gas fields. It has practically no lakes, but larger river systems have formed here.

The European North can be divided into northern and southern parts. The northern part is tundra. The southern part is taiga.

What is the reason for the heterogeneity of the nature of the region? What cards, other than physical ones, do you need to answer?

The reason for the heterogeneity of the nature of the region is its geographical position and large area. The European North stretches to the east from the border with Norway and Finland for 2 thousand km to the Polar Urals and for more than 1.5 thousand km. from the Arctic Ocean to the border of Central Russia and the North-West. It also includes the vast water area of ​​the Barents Sea with the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach, Kolguev and the more modest area of ​​the White Sea with the Solovetsky archipelago. Most of its territory, with the exception of the Vologda Oblast, belongs to the zone of the North. In the northern regions, the Arctic air exerts its influence for most of the year. Early frosts in autumn and late spring, short cool summers, multi-day snowstorms and snowstorms, severe frosts - all these are the consequences of the icy breath of the Arctic. Summer in the Vologda region is moderately warm, winter is moderately cold and long (frosts below -40 C are not uncommon), and in general the weather is unstable. Western winds often bring thaws from the Atlantic in winter, and coolness and prolonged rains in summer. The climate of the Arkhangelsk region is cool and humid, with frequent strong winds. In winter, frosts are -20’C and below, and frosts are possible in spring and even at the beginning of summer. The north of the region and the entire Nenets Autonomous Okrug are the Arctic, the permafrost zone. In winter, the sun does not rise from the horizon, but in summer the polar day lasts around the clock.

3. Name and show the mineral deposits in the area. Is there a pattern in their placement? What other resources, besides mineral resources, is the North rich in?

At the heart of the western part is the Baltic Shield, to which deposits of metallic minerals are confined. Iron ores - Kovdor, Kostomuksha, Olenegorsk

Copper-nickel ores - Nickel, Pechenga - Apatity, Nepheliny - Kovdor (extraction and enrichment of apatite-magnetite ores).

The eastern part is distinguished by a more flat relief, a thick cover of sedimentary rocks - there are oil and gas fields. Gas - Vuktylskoye, Voivozhskoye deposits. Oil - Ukhtinskoye, Usinskoye. Coal - Pechora coal basin (Vorkuta, Inta). Bauxites - Iksinskoe, Timsherskoe. Diamonds - Kholmogorskoye

In addition to mineral resources, the region is rich in forests and water resources. In the west of the region, the hydropower potential has not yet been fully utilized. The area is most promising for the construction of tidal power plants.

4. Do the seas washing the coast of the European North influence the life of the region?

The entire history of the economic development of the European North is inextricably linked with the seas - the Barents and the White. The seas are located side by side, both are cold, interconnected by a wide strait and have much in common, but at the same time surprise with contrasts. The local population has long hunted sea animals (seals) here, and was engaged in fishing. Now there are important ports on the northern seas. In the White Sea, Arkhangelsk is a timber export port, in the Barents Sea - Murmansk with the largest port facilities, a port for the export of apatite, iron ores, and non-ferrous metals. At the bottom of the Barents Sea, rich deposits of oil and gas have recently been discovered.

5. Once there was a project to turn the northern rivers to the south. The direction of the Pechora flow had to be changed as well. Think about the consequences of this project.

The transfer of part of the flow of Siberian rivers to Kazakhstan and Central Asia (the turn of the Siberian rivers; the turn of the northern rivers) is an unrealized Soviet project in order to provide water to the arid regions of the country. One of the most ambitious engineering and construction projects of the 20th century. The transfer of water was to be carried out using canals. According to the environmentalists who have specially studied this project, the implementation of the project will cause the following adverse consequences:

rise of groundwater throughout the canal with flooding of nearby settlements and highways;

unpredictable change in the permafrost regime;

increased salinity in the waters of the Arctic Ocean;

climate change, ice cover change;

violation of the species composition of flora and fauna in the territories through which the canal should pass.