Many historical figures become so popular over time that people living centuries later give their children their names. In this regard, the Central Asian emir Timur (the Europeans called him Tamerlane) was incredibly lucky - tens of thousands of people bear his name today. Why is this ferocious and cruel emir so famous for centuries?

In the middle of the XIV century, Central Asia was a territory on which the tribes, mixed up during the invasion of the hordes, frenziedly slaughtered and robbed each other. Sometimes the luckiest khan, emir or sultan took over, who put together a more or less strong army, attacked neighbors and stole herds of sheep and horses from them. The fantasy of such “field commanders” did not go further than robbery and massacre. And suffered from their raids, as is often the case, ordinary people.

Strength in Unity

What internecine wars and raids were, Timur, the son of Emir Taragay, who was not rich in herds and subjects, was well aware. He was a native of the Mongol tribe Barlas, which came to Central Asia along with the army of Genghis Khan. Timur - this name is translated from the language of his tribe as "iron" - was born in 1336 in the village of Khoja-Ilgar (now it is the territory of Uzbekistan). As is customary among nomads, the boy was taught archery, horseback riding, spear and sword skills from an early age. From the age of 12, he began to take part in raids on neighboring tribes. From his youth, he showed himself as an intelligent, cunning and successful military leader. People follow this. And zhigits reached out to Timur, risking to link their fate with a young, but smart and brave leader. Gradually, he subjugated other rulers, joining their warriors to his own and putting together a strong and efficient army. It was she who became Timur's support in all his undertakings.

In 1347, the Chagatai ulus of the Golden Horde split into two states: Moghulistan and Maverannahr (“That beyond the river”). The embarrassment began. The next 23 years of Timur's life were filled with intrigues, betrayals and endless wars. He tried to unite the disparate Central Asian tribes into a single state, where one ruler would rule.

Unfortunately, Timur himself was not a descendant of Genghis Khan, and therefore did not have the right to become a khan and rule over his subjects. Therefore, he limited himself only to becoming an emir (that is, a leader), and, having married a young widow, the daughter of Genghisid Kazankhan, he added the honorary title "Gurgan" (that is, "Khan's son-in-law") to his name. That was enough for him. Although the nominal rulers in his state were the Genghisids, who were declared khans, everyone knew perfectly well who the real ruler of a huge state stretched from the Black Sea to China and from the Urals to the Indian Ocean was.

However, one can hardly say that he became the ruler of a huge power easily and simply. During the procession of Timur to the pinnacle of power, fate seemed to test his strength. Once he was even deceived into captivity and almost sent with a caravan to Persia, to the slave market.

But be that as it may, the Iron Lame (Timur received this nickname after a severe wound in the leg, which made him lame for life) became the lord of Maverannahr - an area located between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, on the territory of which there were such rich ancient cities as Samarkand , Bukhara and Khujand. Timur made Samarkand the capital of his state.

Naturally, Timur's conquests did not take place exclusively peacefully and bloodlessly. The century was cruel, and there were many victims during his campaigns. But still there were fewer of them than during the continuous internecine wars and raids by gangs of nomadic robbers from the main road. All this lawlessness after Timur's campaigns stopped, because he severely punished robbers and robbers.

All for the glory of Samarkand

Unlike other conquerors, Timur did not fill his chests with captured booty, so that later he could admire the brilliance of gold and precious stones. He spent all his money on maintaining a mighty army and decorating his capital, Samarkand. In this city, he brought many captured artisans and builders from Syria, Iran, and India. They erected many palaces, mosques, madrasahs, mausoleums and country gardens. European ambassadors who visited Samarkand at the beginning of the 15th century admired its beauty and wealth. Even today, after more than six centuries, we can admire the masterpieces of architecture created by the will of the Iron Lame.

Timur made Samarkand one of the centers of trade in Central Asia. As one of the European travelers wrote: “In Samarkand, goods brought from China, India ... and other places, as well as from the richest kingdom of Samarkand, are sold annually. Since there were no special rows in the city where it would be convenient to trade, Timur ordered a street to be laid through the city, on both sides of which there were shops and tents for selling goods.

Timur was a deeply religious Muslim and paid great attention to the development of Islamic culture and the improvement of places sacred to Muslims. In the mausoleums of Shahi Zinda, he erected tombs over the graves of his relatives. At the request of one of his wives, whose name was Tuman-aka, a mosque and a monastery of dervishes were erected. By order of Timur, the Gur-Emir mausoleum was built - the family tomb of the Timurids.

But it would be wrong to consider Timur a monarch who was engaged exclusively in creation, multiplying the wealth of his state by the work of artisans and merchants. First of all, Timur was a brilliant commander and conqueror, and he spent most of his life in campaigns and battles. Timur needed money to maintain his professional army. And this money could only be received as a tribute or war booty.

He made many campaigns, defeating his neighbors, who were dissatisfied with the rise of Timur's power and were themselves preparing to attack him. But the great conqueror was able to defeat them one by one.

Ungrateful Tokhtamysh

Naturally, Timur made all the campaigns, first of all, for the sake of his own interests and for the sake of strengthening the state. But it so happened that he became the unwitting savior of two states - Moscow Russia and the Byzantine Empire.

In 1359-1380, in the Golden Horde, as Russian chroniclers recorded, there was a "Great jam". During this time, more than 25 khans have changed on the throne of the Golden Horde. The Moscow princes took advantage of the fact that the Horde was not up to them, and slowly increased their possessions.

In the 1370s, Urus Khan, the ruler of the Syrdarya ulus, became one of the most influential khans in the Golden Horde. He tried to unite the uluses that had fallen away from the Horde, but Timur did not want a strong state to appear on his northern borders. He decided to support another contender for the throne - Tokhtamysh. However, Timur's henchman turned out to be a rather incompetent military leader - Urus Khan defeated Tokhtamysh several times. However, every time he managed to escape to Timur, who again and again gave him troops to conquer the Golden Horde throne.

When Urus Khan suddenly died unexpectedly, Tokhtamysh united most of the uluses of the Golden Horde. After the battle on the Kulikovo field, Tokhtamysh finished off the army of Khan Mamai (more precisely, what was left of him), declared himself the ruler of the Golden Horde and went to war against Russia. In 1382, he burned Moscow and forced the Moscow prince Dmitry Donskoy to pay tribute to the Horde again.

As often happens, Tokhtamysh, having become the ruler of the Golden Horde, repaid with black ingratitude to those who helped him become the ruler of this state. In 1388, Tokhtamysh's troops suddenly attacked Timur's possessions. The Golden Horde army entered Maverannahr and laid siege to Bukhara. Taking advantage of Tokhtamysh's attack, Timur's old rivals in Moghulistan and Khorezm revolted. Returning in the fall of 1388 to Samarkand, Timur first dealt with the rebels. The Khorezm city of Urgench was razed to the ground, and its ruins were sown with barley. Timur gathered a large army and moved north. His troops pushed back the vanguard of Tokhtamysh, but prolonged snowstorms in the bare steppe made it impossible to continue hostilities.

By the end of 1390, Timur again gathered an army of 200,000 and moved north with it. After analyzing the situation, Iron Lame decided to launch a preemptive strike against the enemy. Timur's army set out on a campaign in January 1391, in the very cold. Tokhtamysh, who did not have time to gather all his forces into a fist, sent ambassadors to Timur. He accepted the ambassadors, but did not stop the movement of his army.

Tokhtamysh, realizing that with the forces at his disposal he would not be able to stop Timur, he slowly retreated, inflicting harassing blows on small enemy detachments.

Sich on the Terek

In the end, Timur forced Tokhtamysh to accept the battle, and on June 18 the battle took place on the Kondurcha River (modern Samara Region). This battle is considered one of the largest battles of the Middle Ages - more than half a million people met on the battlefield from both sides in a deadly battle. Losses were also gigantic - about 100 thousand soldiers died on each side. In this battle, the Golden Horde were utterly defeated, but Tokhtamysh managed to escape. The army of Tamerlane did not cross the Volga and moved back through the Ural steppes.

But the stubborn Tokhtamysh did not lay down his arms. In 1394, Timur learned that Tokhtamysh had again raised an army and made an alliance against him with the Sultan of Egypt, Barquq. The Golden Horde detachments poured south through Georgia and again began to devastate the borders of Timur's empire. An army was sent against them, but the Horde retreated to the north and hid in the steppe. Timur decided that Tokhtamysh should be destroyed once and for all.

In the spring of 1395, Timur held a review of his army on the shores of the Caspian Sea.

The vanguard of Timur's left flank stood at the foot of the Elburz mountains (not to be confused with Elbrus!), and the right flank was on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Rounding the Caspian, Timur went first to the west, and then turned to the north in a wide arc. The army passed through the "Iron Gates" - a narrow passage between the sea and the mountain ranges near Derbent, crossed Georgia and entered the territory of Chechnya. Here, in a mountainous area, Tokhtamysh could not force Timur to lead a tedious, months-long chase.

On April 15, 1395, on the banks of the Terek, two gigantic armies met in mortal combat. In a bloody battle, the Golden Horde army was completely destroyed. Timur chased Tokhtamysh, who had fled from the battlefield, for a long time. So that the fugitive would not gather troops again, Timur's army went north, to the banks of the Volga, and drove Tokhtamysh into the Volga forests.

Then Timur moved to the west, to the Dnieper, then went up to the north and, having entered the borders of Russia, took Yelets. But he did not go further north. Timur decided that Russia was not his rival, but the unfinished Tokhtamysh posed a much greater danger. Detachments of Timur passed through the Black Sea Tatar pastures and occupied the Crimea.

Timur's campaign against Tokhtamysh undermined the military and economic power of the Golden Horde. Hundreds of thousands of warriors died from the sabers of Timur's goulams. And after the defeat of Urgench, Saray and Tana (a city on the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov), the northern branch of the Great Silk Road was destroyed, thereby ceasing to bring income to the Golden Horde. Caravans now went along the southern route - through the lands of Timur, and the wealth that had previously gone to Tokhtamysh now settled in the treasury of the Iron Lame. Tokhtamysh remained in the country devastated by the war and soon lost his throne.

Georgy Petrov

1395 - Invasion of Tamerlane

In the 1360s. in Central Asia, Timur (Tamerlane) rose, an outstanding ruler and commander, known for his lameness, military exploits and incredible cruelty that amazed even his contemporaries. He created a huge empire and wanted to conquer the whole world. By defeating the Turkish Sultan Bayezid, who was finishing off the once mighty Byzantine Empire, Timur thereby helped Constantinople to prolong its existence for another half a century. In 1395, on the Terek River, Timur destroyed the army of Khan Tokhtamysh, who then fled to Lithuania. Timur invaded the Tatar steppes, and then into the Ryazan lands. With him was a gigantic 400,000-strong army. Horror gripped Russia, which remembered Batu's invasion, and now knew that Timur defeated the Horde king himself! Prince Vasily could not resist the new merciless conqueror. Having captured Yelets, Timur moved to Moscow, but on August 26 he stopped and, after standing for two weeks, turned south. On the eve, the Muscovites tried to fortify their city, began to dig a huge ditch, but they worked in a hurry, thoughtlessly: “And they caused a lot of damage to people: they swept the houses, but did nothing.” I had to rely on a lucky chance or the will of God. And so it happened. Since the “iron lame” turned back, Moscow believed that Russia was saved not by the strategic calculations of Timur, who did not want to get bogged down in Russia at the beginning of autumn, but by the famous icon of Our Lady of Vladimir, once brought by Andrey Bogolyubsky from Kyiv. She was urgently delivered from Vladimir to Moscow, and just on the same day Timur turned back. People believed that it was their desperate common prayer that averted the coming of a terrible conqueror to Russia.

1395 - Invasion of Tamerlane

In the 1360s. in Central Asia, Timur (Tamerlane) rose, an outstanding ruler and commander, known for his lameness, military exploits and incredible cruelty that amazed even his contemporaries. He created a huge empire and wanted to conquer the whole world. By defeating the Turkish Sultan Bayezid, who was finishing off the once mighty Byzantine Empire, Timur thereby helped Constantinople to prolong its existence for another half a century. In 1395, on the Terek River, Timur destroyed the army of Khan Tokhtamysh, who then fled to Lithuania. Timur invaded the Tatar steppes, and then into the Ryazan lands. With him was a gigantic 400,000-strong army. Horror gripped Russia, which remembered Batu's invasion, and now knew that Timur defeated the Horde king himself! Prince Vasily could not resist the new merciless conqueror. Having captured Yelets, Timur moved to Moscow, but on August 26 he stopped and, after standing for two weeks, turned south. On the eve, the Muscovites tried to fortify their city, began to dig a huge ditch, but they worked in a hurry, thoughtlessly: “And they caused a lot of damage to people: they swept the houses, but did nothing.” I had to rely on a lucky chance or the will of God. And so it happened. Since the “iron lame” turned back, Moscow believed that Russia was saved not by the strategic calculations of Timur, who did not want to get bogged down in Russia at the beginning of autumn, but by the famous icon of Our Lady of Vladimir, once brought by Andrey Bogolyubsky from Kyiv. She was urgently delivered from Vladimir to Moscow, and just on the same day Timur turned back. People believed that it was their desperate common prayer that averted the coming of a terrible conqueror to Russia.

From the book History of Russia in stories for children (volume 1) author

Faith and piety of Russians 1389-1395 Happy is the man who passionately loves God, is sincerely afraid of angering him, and in sorrow firmly hopes for his help! No dangers are terrible for him: he can always be sure that, having prayed earnestly to God, he will be heard

From the book History of Russia in stories for children (volume 1) author Ishimova Alexandra Osipovna

Two cunning enemies 1395-1425 God loves our fatherland, dear children! How many troubles and misfortunes it endured! And the terrible foreign conquerors, and their own Russian princes ruined, burned, devastated it. Noble, generous sovereigns had to kneel

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The Invasion of Tamerlane and Yedigei At the time when the Kipchak Horde, to the joy of the Russians, was weakened and decomposed, a terrible thunderstorm almost fell again on the Russian land. In Central Asia, a new mighty conqueror appeared, similar to Genghis Khan, terrible in his strength and cruelty.

1395 Stiglitz J..., p. 46, 36.

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In general, Princess Sofya Vitovtovna was an outstanding woman: strong-willed, stubborn and resolute. She gave birth to four daughters and five sons to Vasily, and after the death of her husband from the plague, she fiercely defended the rights of her youngest son Vasily II Vasilyevich during the terrible strife that then again swept over Russia. The Grand Duchess died in 1453, having outlived her husband by almost 30 years.

1395 - Invasion of Tamerlane

In the 1360s. in Central Asia, Timur (Tamerlane) rose, an outstanding ruler and commander, known for his lameness, military exploits and incredible cruelty that amazed even his contemporaries. He created a huge empire and wanted to conquer the whole world. By defeating the Turkish Sultan Bayezid, who was finishing off the once mighty Byzantine Empire, Timur thereby helped Constantinople to prolong its existence for another half a century. In 1395, on the Terek River, Timur destroyed the army of Khan Tokhtamysh, who then fled to Lithuania. Timur invaded the Tatar steppes, and then into the Ryazan lands. With him was a gigantic 400,000-strong army. Horror gripped Russia, which remembered Batu's invasion, and now knew that Timur defeated the Horde king himself! Prince Vasily could not resist the new merciless conqueror. Having captured Yelets, Timur moved to Moscow, but on August 26 he stopped and, after standing for two weeks, turned south. On the eve, the Muscovites tried to fortify their city, began to dig a huge ditch, but they worked in a hurry, thoughtlessly: “And they caused a lot of damage to people: they swept the houses, but did nothing.” I had to rely on a lucky chance or the will of God. And so it happened. Since the “iron lame” turned back, Moscow believed that Russia was saved not by the strategic calculations of Timur, who did not want to get bogged down in Russia at the beginning of autumn, but by the famous icon of Our Lady of Vladimir, once brought by Andrey Bogolyubsky from Kyiv. She was urgently delivered from Vladimir to Moscow, and just on the same day Timur turned back. People believed that it was their desperate common prayer that averted the coming of a terrible conqueror to Russia.

Vasily and Edigey

The relations between Lithuania and Muscovite Russia were closely observed from the Horde by Emir Yedigey, the de facto ruler under successive puppet khans Temir-Kutluk, Shadibek and Bulat-Saltan. In 1408, having failed to push Moscow Russia against Lithuania with their foreheads, he attacked Moscow, which by this time had not paid the Horde “exit” for 13 years, “owed” 90 thousand rubles (!), and generally began to behave independently. In 1408, Yedigei wrote reproachfully to Vasily: “How Tsar Temir-Kutluk sat down to the kingdom, and you became your sovereign ulus, since that time you have not been to the tsar in the Horde, you have not seen the tsar in his eyes and his princes, nor your boyars, He did not send anyone else, neither son nor brother, with any word. And further: “And how do you send complaints and letters of complaint to us, and in them you say that “the ulus is exhausted, there is no one to take a way out”? As if we had never seen your ulus before, but only heard about it! and what about your messages or your letters to us, then this is all a lie, but what did you get for your state from every ulus from two rubles, and where did you put this silver?

In a word, Edigei, although he called Vasily "beloved son", nevertheless decided, like his predecessors on the throne, to teach the tributary to reason. He wrote to Vasily that he was going to Lithuania, and he himself unexpectedly struck at Moscow. Prince Vasily fled to Kostroma, but the cannons of the Kremlin and its high stone walls, as well as the presence of a strong army led by Prince Vasily Andreevich (the one who commanded the reserve regiment on Kulikovo Field) forced the Mongol-Tatars to abandon the assault on the capital of Moscow Russia. For a successful defense, Prince Vasily Andreevich ordered the settlements to be burned. “And it was a pity to watch,” we read in the annals, “how wonderful churches, created over many years and with their high heads giving grandeur and beauty to the city, suddenly disappeared in the flames – so the greatness and beauty of the city and wonderful temples perished from the fire. It was a terrible time: people rushed about and shouted, and a huge flame hummed, rising into the air, and the city was surrounded by regiments of lawless foreigners.

Then Yedigei decided to starve Moscow to death. He settled in Kolomenskoye for the winter camp and began to wait for his vassal - Prince Ivan Mikhailovich of Tver with siege weapons. He could not come close to the Kremlin because of the fire of the Moscow cannons. But Prince Ivan of Tverskoy got ready so slowly, marched so hard against Moscow, that the matter was resolved without him. Edigey, having received bad news from the Horde, where another rebellion began, entered into negotiations with the besieged, demanded a huge ransom of 3 thousand rubles from the Muscovites at that time, received it and on December 20, with many Russian polonyans, migrated to their native steppes. “It was sad to see and worthy of many tears,” the chronicler wrote, “how one Tatar led up to forty Christians, roughly tying them ... the land was captivated, starting from the land of Ryazan and to Galich, and to Beloozero.

Muscovites, ruined by a huge ransom, only later learned about the true reasons for the hasty departure of Edigey, and therefore bit their elbows, sparing their money. After all, it turned out that they paid the filthy in vain, Edigey himself would have left Moscow!

In general, the true reason for Edigei's raid on Moscow was that Vasily I's relationship with him did not work out: the prince considered the Tatar no higher in status than himself. The situation with Donskoy and Mamai was repeated - according to the “Golden Horde account”, both were emirs, that is, they were equal in status to the royal Genghisides. And the Russian emir, according to the traditional right to bow to the Horde emir, could not go. But when a coup took place in the Horde - Edigei was overthrown, and the real Genghisid, the son of Tokhtamysh Khan Jelal ad-Din, reigned, Vasily I was going to go to the Horde with a bow and with a big "exit".

But he was unlucky: before he had time to set off, Khan Jalal ad-Din was killed by his brother Kerim-Berdi, and then, having nominated his protege Khan Chokre, Yedigey, the sworn enemy of Moscow, again returned to power. In general, in Moscow they decided to wait until clarity comes to the Horde. But she was still gone: Edigei's henchmen, Tokhtamyshevichs, other princes and emirs fought desperately for power, replacing each other in the khan's tent. The death in battle of Yedigei in 1419 did not change the situation - the "hush" in the Horde continued until in 1422 Khan Ulug-Mukhammed reigned there, who only by the beginning of 1430 managed to cut and strangle all his opponents.

1410 - The feat of priest Patrikey

Those who saw Andrei Tarkovsky's great film "Andrei Rublev" remember the terrible scene of the capture of the city by the Russian-Tatar army, the destruction of churches and the terrible torture of the priest, who refused to show the robbers where the church treasures were hidden. This whole story has a genuine, documentary basis.

In 1410, the Nizhny Novgorod prince Daniil Borisovich, together with the Tatar prince Talych, secretly approached Vladimir and suddenly, at the hour of the afternoon rest, the guards burst into the city. The priest of the Assumption Cathedral, Father Patrikey, managed to close himself in the temple, hid the sacred vessels, and also locked his clerks in a special secret room. Himself, while the Tatars and Nizhny Novgorod were breaking the doors of the church, knelt down and began to pray. The intruding villains seized the priest and began to inquire where he had hidden the treasures. They burned him with fire, drove chips under their nails, but he was silent. Then, having tied him to a horse, the enemies dragged the priest along the ground, and then killed him. But people and church treasures were saved.

The beginning of the civil war in Moscow Russia

While the struggle for power was going on in the Horde, in Moscow they were biasedly and interestedly expecting: how will it end? The fact is that by this time Vasily I had already died (in 1425), his 10-year-old son Vasily II Vasilyevich was on the throne. But he did not have a golden label. And who in the Horde, torn by strife, to ask for this label, was unknown! ..

1395 Failed invasion of Tamerlane into Russia

In the 1360s Timur (Tamerlane), an outstanding Turkic ruler and commander, who became famous for his military exploits and shocked the world with incredible cruelty, advanced in Central Asia. In a fierce struggle for power in the Chagatai ulus of the Great Horde, he managed to become the sovereign ruler of a new state with its capital in Samarkand. Timur showed himself as an experienced statesman, but most importantly - as a tireless conqueror. From Samarkand, the decoration of which he attached great importance, he made destructive invasions of the lands of Persia, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, Transcaucasia, North India, Anatolia, Syria, and finally undertook a campaign against China. In this campaign, he died in Otrar in 1405. Timur was brought to the borders of Russia by the war against the Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, which dragged on for many years with varying success, then fading, then flaring up again. In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the battle on the Terek and, pursuing him, invaded the Tatar steppes, and then went to the southern outskirts of the Ryazan lands. With him was a gigantic 400,000-strong army. Horror gripped Russia, which remembered Batu's invasion, and now knew that Timur defeated the Horde king himself! Prince Vasily could not resist the new merciless conqueror. However, having captured Yelets, Timur stood for two weeks and turned south to fight the Horde - to Azov, Astrakhan, Saray, and then on new and new long-distance campaigns ... Frightened Muscovites tried to fortify their city, began to dig a huge moat in a hurry, but in essence they The only thing left to do was trust in God. And since Zhelezny Lame turned back, Moscow believed that Russia was saved by the famous icon of Our Lady of Vladimir, urgently delivered to the city.

author

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1. Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in Russia Divided into a number of warring feudal principalities, Kievan Rus weakened resistance to external enemies. The Germans, Swedes, and Hungarians were advancing from the west. From the southeast - from the Caspian and Black Sea steppes - to Russian lands

From the book Native Antiquity author Sipovsky V. D.

Invasion of the Tatars on Northern Russia It would seem that the unfortunate massacre on the Kalka should have forced the Russian princes to change their minds, gather their strength, so that in the event of a new attack by the Tatar hordes, give them a courageous rebuff together, save their Russian land from ferocity. To

From the book Native Antiquity author Sipovsky V. D.

Invasion of the Tatars on South Russia In the next year, in 1239, the Tatars invaded South Russia. They went the same way as the Polovtsy usually made their raids. The city of Pereyaslavl was taken and devastated. The church of St. Michael, magnificently decorated with gold and silver, was

From the book Native Antiquity author Sipovsky V. D.

The Invasion of Tamerlane and Yedigei At the time when the Kipchak Horde, to the joy of the Russians, was weakened and decomposed, a terrible thunderstorm almost fell again on the Russian land. In Central Asia, a new mighty conqueror appeared, similar to Genghis Khan, terrible in his strength and cruelty.

From the book Native Antiquity author Sipovsky V. D.

To the story "Invasion of the Tatars in Northern Russia" Batu - Batu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, the son of his eldest son Jochi ... his countless hordes ... - The number of steppe nomads has always been less than that of neighboring settled peoples engaged in agriculture. However, the nomads

From the book Native Antiquity author Sipovsky V. D.

To the story "Invasion of the Tatars on Southern Russia" Mengu - Khan Mongke, cousin of Batu. Batu ... moved to the Hungarian borders. - The main reason for the campaign against Hungary was the desire to finally defeat the Polovtsy - the only remaining competitors of the Mongols for

From the book Native Antiquity author Sipovsky V. D.

To the story “Invasion of Tamerlane and Edigei” The Kipchak Horde is the Golden Horde. Timur, or Tamerlane, is the emir of Samarkand, the conqueror, the founder of a major Asian power, which collapsed shortly after his death, in 1405. In Western Europe, he was called Tamerlane (distorted Temurleng -