Complex sentences (CSS) are syntactic constructions containing two or more simple sentences, connected by a subordinating relationship between themselves and connected by the corresponding unions. The subordinating relationship in a complex sentence can be of several types, depending on the semantic relationships between its structural elements.

In order to determine sentences with a subordinate relationship, you need to check them for compliance with the following parameters:

• two or more simple sentences that are unequal parts: one is the main one, the second is the subordinate clause;
• there is a subordinating union or allied word;
• in writing, its parts are separated by a comma.

In NGN, from the main part to the subordinate one, you can raise a question. It depends on the type of connection. Examples: “We couldn’t get instructions on time (why?) because we were very tired and went home early”, “When I need help, I will turn to the right sources (when?)”.

Link in a phrase

Useful video: what are complex sentences

Means of subordination

The parts of the sentence are connected with the help of subordinating conjunctions: while, how, if, so, since, as if, and many others. Each union expresses a certain type of relationship that differs in meaning.

Sometimes, to connect the main and dependent parts, other language means are used - allied words, which include:

• relative: who, what, what, etc.;
• relative pronominal adverbs: why, how, when, etc.

Allied words and conjunctions that express different semantic relationships are presented in the table:

Communication type	semantic relationships	Examples
Explanatory	formulates an explanation	I told my mom not to worry about me
Temporary	Indicate the time of action, specify the time	Marina ordered flowers when she heard that it was Masha's birthday
Causal	expresses the reason for the action	I never thought about it before because I didn't know it could happen.
Conditional	Formulate conditional relationships	Dmitry would have placed an order immediately if he knew that the goods would rise in price.
Target	Formulate target relationships	Oksana sang to earn money
concessions	Formulate concessive relationships	Despite the fact that it was raining outside, there were a lot of people on the beach.

Union and allied word are elements that connect parts of a complex sentence. In a schematic representation, the union belongs to the subordinate clause, it is not a member of the sentence.

Attention! The allied word not only connects two structural elements, but also plays a syntactic role in the subordinate clause.

For example: "There are no such events that could be changed." In this example, the word "which" is not a conjunction, but a union word.

Types of subordination

In a complex sentence, there may be not one, but several dependent parts. They communicate with each other in different ways. Depending on this, the following types of subordination are distinguished:

• homogeneous;
• parallel;
• sequential;
• combined.

Each type has its own characteristics and differs from the rest in certain characteristics.

Types of subordination

Homogeneous and parallel

A homogeneous bond is formed under the condition that all dependent parts belong to the main part or belong to the same type. For example: "It seemed to me that I see the day, that I hear strange sounds, that I feel cold."

Three subordinate clauses in this example answer one question and belong to the main one on the same basis. They belong to the same word and belong to the same species. In this case, all dependent elements are of the same type and answer the same question.

Parallel subordination occurs in constructions in which one of the homogeneous conditions is not met.

For example, clauses can refer to the same word but answer different questions. For example: “When I finished reading the book, it was difficult to understand (when? What?) what exactly I felt for its heroes”, “When a storm was raging outside the window, I read a book (when?, what?), Which told about story that happened to the children when they were relaxing in the forest with their parents.

Homogeneous connection

Sequential and combined

Sequential subordination is the relationship in the sentence, in which the dependent parts are interconnected by a "chain", i.e. i.e. each next element depends on the previous one. They are defined as adjectives of varying degrees. For example: "Maxim saw a film (what?), Where the actor (what?) Played, whom he loved (when?), When he was a child (what?), Who was in love with pictures about heroes."

In this example, the second clause depends on the first, the third on the second, and the fourth on the third. Questions in such sentences are asked sequentially from one part to the next. They can be different and express different semantic relationships.

In combined subordination, all types of subordination are used: parallel, sequential, homogeneous are mixed. This is typical for long constructions with a large number of dependents. For example: “Yesterday I was so tired that I couldn’t understand whether my head hurts from the weather, or from the blockage at work.” In this example, two types of communication are used: sequential and homogeneous submission.

Note! In order to determine the type of connection, diagrams and symbols are used for main members, arrows for questions, and brackets to indicate the beginning and end of dependent elements.

NGN with combined subordination

Punctuation marks

In NGN, the position of the subordinate clause can be different:

• is after the main clause;
• on both sides "surrounded" by the main one;
• located in front of the main.

The adjective is always separated by commas.

Useful video: punctuation marks in SSP and types of SSP

Compound sentences always include two or more simple ones (they are also called predicative parts) that are connected by various types of connection: allied coordinating, non-union and allied subordinating connection. It is the presence or absence of unions and their meaning that make it possible to establish the type of connection in the sentence.

Definition of a subordinate relationship in a sentence

Subordination, or subordination- a type of connection in which one of the predicative parts is the main, subordinate, and the other is dependent, subordinate. Such a connection is transmitted through subordinating conjunctions or allied words; from the main part to the subordinate it is always possible to ask a question. Thus, the subordinating connection (unlike the coordinating one) implies a syntactic inequality between the predicative parts of the sentence.

For example: In geography lessons, we learned (about what?) why there are ebb and flow, where In geography lessons we learned- main part, there are ebb and flow- subordinate clause, why - subordinating conjunction.

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words

The predicative parts of a complex sentence connected by a subordinating relationship are connected using subordinating conjunctions, allied words. In turn, subordinating conjunctions are divided into simple and complex.

Simple unions include: what, to, how, when, barely, while, if, as if, as if, exactly, for, although and others. We want all nations to live happily.

Compound conjunctions include at least two words: because, because, since, in order to, as soon as, while, until, despite the fact that, as if and others. Once The sun rose, all the songbirds woke up.

Relative pronouns and adverbs can act as allied words: who, what, which, whose, which, how much(in all cases); where, where, from where, when, how, why, why and others. Allied words always answer a question and are one of the members of a subordinate clause. I brought you there, where even the gray wolf did not run!(G. Rosen)

You need to know: what is it, its examples in the literature.

Types of subordination in a complex sentence

Depending on the means linking predicative parts, the following types of subordinations are distinguished:

• allied subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected by simple or complex unions. He opened the doors wider to let the procession pass freely.
• relative subordination - there is an allied word between the predicative parts. After death, people return to the same place from where they came.
• interrogative-relative subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected by means of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs. In the subordinate part, a member of the main sentence expressed by a verb or a noun is explained, which has the meaning of an utterance, mental activity, feeling, perception, internal state. Berlioz looked around sadly, not understanding what had frightened him.(M. Bulgakov).

Often, one complex sentence contains more than two predicative parts that are dependent on the main one. Concerning There are several types of submission:

This is interesting: in the rules of the Russian language.

Based on which member of the main clause is explained or extended by the dependent, subordinate clauses in some sources are subdivided subject, predicate, attributive, complementary and adverbial.

• Each, whom he met here, offered him help. The subordinate clause extends the subject of the main clause each.
• Never think that you already know everything.(I. Pavlov) The subordinate part explains the predicate of the main think.
• You should never regret what can no longer be changed. In this case, the subordinate part answers the question of the prepositional case.

A more common classification is that, depending on the questions they answer, adjuncts are divided as follows:

Please))))) 1) Replace the bookish word reverent in the sentence with a stylistically neutral synonym. Write it as a synonym. Ian looked

upon him with awe.

2) In the sentences below from the read text, all commas are numbered. Write down the numbers denoting commas between parts of a complex sentence connected by a subordinating relationship. To shoot him now, (1) when he was resting, (2) unaware of the danger, (3) it would be a crime ... But Yang has longed for this meeting for a long time, (4) he must shoot!

3) Among sentences 1-4, find a complex sentence with heterogeneous (parallel) and sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

1) The hunting season was already drawing to a close when Jan, one windy frosty morning, met a woodcutter he knew. 2) The woodcutter told him that he saw a giant deer in the forest, which had a whole forest of horns on its head. 3) Jan realized that this was exactly the deer that he had been tracking for a long time, and quickly went in the direction that the woodcutter indicated to him. 4) Soon he attacked tracks that undoubtedly belonged to the deer of the Sand Hills.

4) Among sentences 26-31, find a complex sentence with an allied and allied coordinating connection. Write the number of this offer.

26) Poor, beautiful animal! 27) For a long time we were enemies: I was a persecutor, you are a victim, but now everything has changed. 28) For many days I pursued you, and now you can stand before me without fear. 29) Never my hand will not rise to kill you.30) Go, wander without fear through the wooded hills: I will never pursue you again.

5) How do you understand the meaning of the word humanity? Formulate and comment on your definition. Write an essay on the topic: What is humanity, taking as a thesis the definition you gave. Argument your thesis, give an example from your life experience.

Please)))))

Among sentences 1-9, find a complex sentence with an allied and allied coordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Our mathematics teacher's name was Kharlampy Diogenovich.
(2) His main weapon is to make a person funny.
(3) A student who deviates from the rules of the school is not lazy. not a lazybones, not a hooligan, but just a funny person.
(4) It must be said that Kharlampy Diogenovich did not give anyone privileges: anyone could turn out to be funny.
(5) Of course, I also did not escape the common fate.
(6) I didn't solve my homework problem that day.
(7) In general, the task was somehow confusing, and my solution did not agree with the answer in any way.
(8) The lesson began, and Kharlampy Diogenovich began to look around the class, choosing a victim. - I held my breath.
(9) At that moment, the door suddenly opened and a doctor and a nurse appeared.
Just let's be serious. it is very important.

Help please!! From these simple sentences, make complex sentences using the appropriate

in terms of subordinating conjunctions: after, as soon as, barely, before, before, before. Put a comma between parts of a compound sentence.

Complex sentences with different types of connection- this is complex sentences , which consist of at least of three simple sentences , interconnected by a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection.

To understand the meaning of such complex structures, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.

Often complex sentences with different types of connection are divided into two or more parts (blocks), connected with the help of coordinating unions or union-free; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.

For example:

1) [Sad I]: [No friend with me], (with whom I would wash down a long parting), (to whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many merry years)(A. Pushkin).

This is a complex sentence with different types of connection: non-union and subordinating, consists of two parts (blocks) connected asylum-free; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination.

2) [lane was all in the gardens], and [the fences grew lindens throwing now, by the moon, a wide shadow], (so that fences and gates on one side completely drowned in darkness)(A. Chekhov).

This is a complex sentence with different types of communication: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating connecting union and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on everything main, joins it with a union so.

In a complex sentence, there may be sentences with various types of allied and allied connection.

These include:

1) composition and submission.

For example: The sun set, and the night followed the day without interval, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).

(And - a coordinating union, as - a subordinating union.)

Schematic of this offer:

2) composition and non-union communication.

For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet had time to subside: the doves murmured near, the cuckoo cuckooed in the distance.(Bunin).

(But - a coordinating conjunction.)

Schematic of this offer:

3) subordination and non-union communication.

For example: When he awoke, the sun was already rising; the barrow obscured him(Chekhov).

(When - subordinating union.)

Schematic of this offer:

4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.

For example: The garden was spacious and grew only oaks; they had only recently begun to blossom, so that now through the young leaves one could see the whole garden with its stage, tables and swings.

(And is a coordinating conjunction, so a subordinating conjunction.)

Schematic of this offer:

In complex sentences with a coordinating and subordinating connection, coordinating and subordinating unions may be nearby.

For example: The weather was fine all day, but when we sailed to Odessa, it began to rain heavily.

(But - a coordinating union, when - a subordinating union.)

Schematic of this offer:

Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of connection

In order to correctly punctuate complex sentences with different types of connection, it is necessary to single out simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.

As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences as part of a complex one with different types of connection.

For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious hoarfrost] , and [this went on for two hours] , [then the frost disappears] , [sun closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].

Sometimes two, three or more simple suggestions most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of an allied connection.

For example: (When he woke up) [the sun was already rising] ; [the barrow obscured him].(The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)

In the place of an allied bond between simple sentences in complex possible also comma , dash and colon , which are placed according to the rules for punctuation in a non-union complex sentence.

For example: [The sun has long since set] , but[the forest hasn't died down yet] : [doves murmured near] , [Cuckoo calls in the distance]. (The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)

[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [there was an idea for an amazing story about Hadji Murad](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connection: coordinative and non-union.)

In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own. own syntactic basis.

For example: [Bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here], (that wild clearing has become like a garden to me) : [every bush, every pine, fir-tree caressed], and [they all became mine], and [it's like I planted them], [this is my own garden](Prishv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a colon; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck its nose into this foliage] (to get a worm out from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the worn layer of old aspen leaves from his beak](Shv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a semicolon.

Particularly difficult is punctuation at the junction of the writing and subordinating unions (or a coordinating union and an allied word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection. However, at the same time, proposals in which several unions are nearby stand out and require special attention.

In such cases, a comma is placed between unions if the second part of the double union does not follow. then yes, but(in this case, the subordinate clause can be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between the two unions.

For example: Winter was coming and , when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest.

You can call me but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.

I think that , if you try hard, you will succeed. “I think that if you try hard, you will succeed.

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of communication

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine (by grammatical foundations) the number of simple sentences, find their boundaries.

4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (union-free or coordinative).

5. Give a description of each part (block) in terms of structure (simple or complex sentence).

6. Draw up a proposal scheme.

A SAMPLE OF ANALYZING A COMPLEX OFFER WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION

[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall he me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I I decided

In which there is a subordinating or coordinating connection, they differ significantly from similar phrases and simple sentences. Further in the article we will consider the main differences between the mentioned structures.

General information

If we talk about phrases and simple sentences, then it is fair to say that the subordinating relationship can only appear in the first version, while the composing type is more often used in the second. In the latter case, the task of converting to a common construction is performed, creating a series of homogeneous members. In complex structures, the coordinating and subordinating connection does not have such sharp differences. This is due to the fact that the same statement can be formulated using conjunctions of both types.

First difference

The use of composition and subordination helps to determine the semantic relationships that exist in simple and complex formulations. At the same time, there is a difference in the very structure of the utterance. Thus, the compositional connection does not create such clear boundaries. When using the second type of connection, parts of the statement are highlighted indicating the need to pay more attention to a particular fragment of the message.

Thus, we can say that the unions used in different variants differ in how they reveal relationships in expressions. In the case of a subordinating relationship, such types of relations as concessive, conditional-effect and causal, take an unambiguous form. At the same time, they are expressed by the unions "although", "because", "if". A coordinative connection in a sentence allows you to use the same union. It is the connecting element "and". But there are situations when the coordinating conjunctions "a" and "but", which are usually considered contrastive, can give the statement a shade of concession, conditions, consequences, comparisons and comparisons. In imperative expressions, conjunctions can create a condition in the message, which in the subordinating clause is expressed by the elements "if (instead, the particle "not" is allowed) ... then". Some interaction is found between composition and submission due to the fact that they cannot be considered absolutely opposite concepts.

Second difference

In complex constructions, the coordinative connection is an important independent element. But in simple structures, its task is to determine the relationship between members of a homogeneous sequence. In addition, a coordinative connection is included in a simple construction in order to enrich the statement with additional members. This is how it is transformed into a common one. In structures consisting of several parts, the coordinative connection is of greater importance.

Third difference

If we compare submission and composition with non-union, then the last two types of communication have much in common. This is explained by the semantic relationship within the structure. So, the coordinative connection reveals them in expression to a lesser extent. However, let's compare them in more detail. The writing connection is not only a syntactic, but also a lexical way of interaction. Thus, the relations that arise between phrases do not have a specific meaning, but only receive a certain characteristic. Coordinating conjunctions can also be combined with subordinating and various lexical elements. This creates a variety of syntactic constructions. As examples of the allied connection, one can cite various combinations of the service parts of speech "and", "here", "a", "well", "therefore", "because", "means". Subordinating conjunctions do not need additions, since they themselves can create clear boundaries for semantic segments.

Special cases

If a coordinating or non-union connection does not allow you to fully explore the relationships that exist in these sentences, then you need to turn to additional factors. They can be the general structure of the statement, as well as the introductory words, particles, various pronouns, turns present in it. In addition, inclinations and forms of time can highlight individual parts and indicate their features. In allied constructions, the meaning of the condition and the consequence is more noticeable when the imperative mood in the first sentence interacts (in the case of a complex formulation, its main part is meant) and other moods or other forms of time located in the second element (in the subordinate part).

Fourth difference

In complex sentences, the subordinate relationship is less multifaceted than in phrases and simple phrases. There are cases when part of the meaning of a complex structure formed from a set of simple ones is not realized. This may be due to the fact that a contradiction is likely to arise between the meaning of the subordinating union, as well as its complete change. An example would be the "when" connector. It is used in subordinating sentences. Its main value is an indicator of time. However, if the main part of the sentence describes any feelings, emotions, or someone's condition, then this union can turn from a temporary one into an investigative one. When in the subordinate clause something is evaluated, trying to determine the importance or significance, then the element "when" takes on the target value. In addition, this union may have a comparative meaning and carry an indication of inconsistency.