Metric system of measures (SI)
1.638048*10 10 micrograms1.638048*10 7 milligrams
1638048 centigram
16380.48 grams
16.38048 kilograms
0.1638048 centner
0.01638048 ton
1.638048*10 -5 kiloton
British (English) pharmacy system of measures
4213.158 drachma526.6447 troy ounce
43.88706 troy pound
American (US) system of measures
9244.871 drachma577.8045 oz
36.11278 pounds
2.579484 stone
Old Russian system of measures
3840 spool40 lb
0.1 Berkovets
More about pud
Pud- this is a unit of measure of mass of the old Russian system of measures that has already become obsolete. 1 pood equals 40 pounds or 1280 lots or 3840 spools or 368,640 shares. And another 10 poods equals one Berkovets.
In Ancient Russia, it was an earlier unit of mass. According to the 1899 document "Regulations on Weights and Measures": one pood is equal to 16.3804815 kilograms. The concept of "pood" comes from the Proto-Slavic form - *podъ. It is borrowed from Late Latin pondo- "pound", which comes from the ancient Latin phrase libra pondo- "a pound by weight", where pondo is an ancient ablative of pondus- "weight".
In 1134, the statutory charter of the Prince of Novgorod Vsevolod Mstislavich, in the earliest use of a pud, to this community of merchants "Ivanovskoye Sto", who traded in honey, wax, when they were given the Church of John the Baptist in Novgorod on Petryatin's courtyard, was indicated to give the great saint Ivan from greatness for the construction of the church and for centuries waxed weight, and in Torzhok a waxed pood. Therefore, it becomes clear that the pood had differences compared to weight. And the weight in Novgorod was indicated as "Berkovets". In the twelfth century, the pud was a certain unit. For example, in 1170, in the Novgorod first chronicle, it is indicated: "I buy ... honey for ten kuna Pud." Here the pood can be taken as weight, but it could also be included in the capi as a unit of measurement.
In the trading book, it was explained that there were sixteen steelyards in a pood, and forty large pound hryvnias, and eighty small hryvnias in a pood of hryvnias. In the book Arithmetic, Magnitsky writes that a pud equals 40 pounds or 30 ansyrs. two mines, amounted to 30 talents - there is an indication from Diodorus Siculus.It is because of this that the talent of gold was equal to 24 mines. And the Alexandrian talents were equal to two and a half talents of gold. 20 Roman ounces were equal to the mine of the Alexandrian talent, and the mines of great talents were equal to 30 ounces "Converting 24 mines from one weight to the second, we get 16 mines of great talent per talent of gold. Firstly, enough to divide a pood into 16 steelyards. Secondly, the charter of military affairs and Magnitsky's Arithmetic are coordinated with the division into two with half a pood of koktara.Proceeding from this, there is reason to believe that the pood originated from the Greek golden talent.
In the reign of Ivan the Terrible, it was prescribed to measure goods exclusively by poods. "And the Novgorod Charter allows only "small" scales to be kept at home. They lift only no more than ten pounds, including the fact that on such small scales nothing can be sold or bought to anyone .In the law of 1797 on measures and weights, it was proposed to make several weights in the form of balls with masses of one and two pounds, as well as one, three, nine and twenty-seven pounds, and another one, three, nine, twenty-seven and eighty one spool. Pud was abolished in the USSR by a decree signed in 1920 by V. I. Lenin.
However, in some cases it is found in documents on the manufacture of agricultural products (mainly grain). Pounds rounded into whole kilograms are still used in kettlebell lifting.
A pood is a unit of weight - a unit of ancient weight. In the charter of the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, this church of St. John the Baptist on the Petryatin courtyard, in 1134-1135, it is said: "I give the great saint Ivan from my great wealth for the construction of the church and for centuries waxed weight, and in Torzhok P. waxed"; this shows that P. differed from the weight, which for Novogorod was set in the form of a berkovsk. In the 12th century, P. represented a certain unit; so, in the Novgorod first chronicle, under 1170, it says: "I buy ... honey for 10 kunas P." The word P. has a special meaning in the Smolensk treaty with Riga, 1230: "if wax P. is distorted, lies a drop in the holy Mother of God, then P. has become more faithless"; here P. can be understood in general in the sense of weight, although he, as a unit, could also be part of the capi. The trade book explains: "in P. there are 16 bezmen. - In P. hryvnias 40 large pounds, and small hryvnias 80". According to P. Magnitsky's "Arithmetic" = 40 pounds = 30 ansyrs.
Where did our P. come from? Diodorus Siculus has information that 360 golden bowls, each weighing 2 mines, amounted to 30 talents. Therefore, in the talent of gold there were 24 mines, according to the number of which the Alexandrian talent (quintal, centner) was equal to 2½ talents of gold. The mina of the Alexandrian talent was equal to 20 Roman ounces, and the mine of the great (phileter) talent was 30 ounces. Transferring 24 mines from the first weight to the second, we get 16 mines of great talent for the gold talent. This, firstly, is quite suitable for the division of P. into 16 steelyards and, secondly, is consistent with the division of the koktar into 2½ P. (according to the charter of military affairs and according to Magnitsky's "Arithmetic"). Thus, there is a reason to produce P. from the Greek gold talent.
Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .
See what the "Pud unit of weight" is in other dictionaries:
Unit of ancient weight. In the charter of the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, this church of St. John the Baptist on the Petryatin courtyard, in 1134-1135, it is said: I give the great saint Ivan from my great wealth for the building of the church and for centuries ... ...
See also: PUD Cast-iron weight weighing 16 kg, traditionally called pood Pud, an obsolete unit of measure m ... Wikipedia
Pud- a unit of weight in the old Russian. metrology, izv. from the 12th century P. equals 40 pounds 16.380 kg ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
A unit of weight (mass) used in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. First mentioned in documents of the 12th century. It was equal to 49 Pounds (about 16.38 kg). Together with other units of the old Russian system of measures, it was abolished in the USSR in 1924, but sometimes even ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
This term has other meanings, see Quarter. A quarter (four) in the 17th and 18th centuries in Russia was a measure of the mass (weight) of certain goods. The so-called waxed quarter was equal to 12 pounds, used for weighing wax. There was one ... ... Wikipedia
The spool is a unit of measurement of the mass of the Russian system of measures. 1 spool equals 96 shares. The name "zolotnik" probably comes from the golden coin zolotnik, which was in circulation in Kievan Rus and later. The spool ("zlatnik") was a small ... ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Spool. The spool is a unit of measurement of the mass of the Russian system of measures. 1 spool equals 96 parts. The name "zolotnik" probably comes from the golden coin zolotnik, which was in circulation in Kievan Rus and ... ... Wikipedia
Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
An ancient Asian weight unit, approved by the Russian tsars for use in the foreign regions of Russia. Afanasy Nikitin, in his Journey beyond the three seas, dully mentions B. Of course, in the 16th century. B. was in use, but it is not in the trading book ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Contents 1 Mass units 1.1 Metric system 1.2 Measures of mass in science ... Wikipedia
A pood is an outdated unit of measurement for the mass of the Russian system of measures.
1 pood = 40 pounds = 1,280 lots = 3,840 spools = 368,640 shares
Also 10 poods = 1 berkovsk (berkovtsu), an earlier unit of mass in Russia
since 1899, in accordance with the "Regulations on weights and measures of 1899":
1 pood = 1 pood = 16.3804815 kg
Etymology
The name pud comes from the Proto-Slavic form *pǫdъ, borrowed from Late Latin pondō "pound", which, in turn, comes from the earlier Latin expression līber pondō "pound by weight", where pondō is an old ablative of pondus "weight".
Story
At the first mention of a pud, in the charter charter of the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, given to the community of wax merchants "Ivanovskoye Sto", who traded in wax and honey when they were transferred to the Church of John the Baptist on the Petryatin courtyard in Novgorod, in 1134, it was said: I give the great saint Ivan from of his greatness on the building of the church and for centuries waxed weight, and in Torzhka Pud waxed
From this it can be seen that the pood differed from the weight, which for Novgorod was set in the form of a berkovsk. In the XII century, the pud represented a certain unit. So, in the Novgorod first chronicle, under the year 1170, it says: I buy ... honey for 10 kunas Pud
The word pud has a special meaning in the Smolensk treaty of 1230 with Riga:
Here Pud can be understood in general in the sense of weight, although, as a unit, it could be part of the kapi. The trading book explains: in a Pud of steelyards 16. - In a Pud of hryvnias 40 large pounds, and small hryvnias 80
According to Magnitsky's "Arithmetic": Pud = 40 pounds = 30 ansyrs.
Diodorus Siculus has information that 360 golden bowls, each weighing 2 mines, amounted to 30 talents. Therefore, in the talent of gold there were 24 mines, according to the number of which the Alexandrian talent (quintal, centner) was equal to 2½ talents of gold. The mina of the Alexandrian talent was equal to 20 Roman ounces, and the mine of the great (phileter) talent was 30 ounces. Transferring 24 mines from the first weight to the second, we get 16 mines of great talent for the gold talent. This, firstly, is quite suitable for dividing the pood into 16 steelyards and, secondly, is consistent with the division of the koktar into 2½ poods (according to the charter of military affairs and according to Magnitsky's Arithmetic). Thus, there is a reason to produce a pud from the Greek gold talent.
Interesting Facts
Under Ivan the Terrible, it is prescribed to weigh goods only at pood-makers, and the Novgorod Rules allow only “small” scales in houses, which lift only up to ten pounds, adding: “however, on these small scales, do not sell or buy anything to anyone.”
According to the law on weights and measures of 1797, it was prescribed to make spherical weights weighing 1 and 2 pounds, 1, 3, 9, 27 pounds and 1, 3, 9, 27, 81 spools.
Substitution per kilogram
It was canceled in the USSR in accordance with the decree signed by V. I. Lenin in 1920 “On the introduction of the international metric system of measures and weights”, but is sometimes still found in materials on the production of agricultural products (mainly grain). Pound weights (rounded up to whole kilograms) are still used in kettlebell lifting.
Greetings to everyone who is now reading this article! Nowadays, without hesitation, we make calculations in meters, grams, liters, etc. It's convenient, the unified SI system suits almost everyone. But, of course, this was not always the case. And so, starting from the ancient times of paganism, up to the 19th century, our ancestors used other measures and units. Often we hear the words: Pud, sazhen, spool - but we don’t know how much it is in translation. Here are some quantities:
Measures of weight :
1) Russian pud= 16.38 kg.
Pud is an old Russian unit of weight. It is mentioned, in particular, in the charter of Vsevolod Mstislavovich (1134-35).
According to the "Arithmetic of Magnitsky" (Petrine times) 1 pood = 40 pounds or 30 ansyrs. In the 19th century, a pud was equal to 40 Russian pounds (Russian pound = 32 lots or 96 spools).
Moscow pood - 6/7 of the usual pood.
2) spool- small measure of weight = 4.1 g.
In ancient Russia, it was often used by jewelry craftsmen. For example, there is such a saying “the spool is small, but expensive!”. Spool = 1/9216 lb or 96 shares.
3) drop- ancient unit of weight = 65.52 kg. Known since the end of the 12th century. At the end of the 13th century, it was approved at 4 poods.
4) Cad- an ancient measure of loose bodies.
In the 17th century, the kad was equal to 2 quarters and contained 12 poods of ordinary or 14 Moscow poods of grain. The more ancient name of the kadi is Okov (an ancient tub bound with iron - hoops).
5) cool(formerly Fur) - a measure of loose bodies of various weights (Moscow, XVII century). Mentioned in chronicles.
6) Garnets(in translation from Old Russian - a pot).
It was used in the Kingdom of Poland until 1849, divided into 4 quarts = 4 liters.
In Galicia, it was used until 1857 = 3.85 liters (according to Yuzhakov).
Common East Slavic measure of loose bodies. There is such a saying: “There is a merchant with a holey garnet!”
7) Thursday= 26.25 liters. A measure of capacity in Russia. There are 8 garnets in one quadrangle, 1/8 of a quarter.
8) octopus(octopus).
A measure of loose bodies equal to half a quarter (105 - 125 liters). (According to the Folklore Library.)
9) ladle. A measure of milk bread. (In Russkaya Pravda, the income of farmers is calculated in ladles.)
10) Korets. A measure for grain bread and honey (drinking) about 1 garnza in size. In Poland, there is also a measure of liquids (outdated) - about 10 buckets.
11) cleaning service. An old Russian measure of small capacity - about a daily portion of grain (according to Russkaya Pravda).
12) Zobnitsa. Goiter - food (other Russian). Ancient Pskov bread measure.
Divided into half and quarters. Approximately equaled 10 pounds of flour. (Mentioned: Pskov chronicles of the 14th - 16th centuries)
Measures of length:
1) Verst. “We are not a mile away with him!” - He is no match for me (proverb).
Presumably the word "verst" comes from the Old Russian "vervst". The sound "v" has been erased in colloquial speech. The word goes back to the ancient "rope", "rope" - measurement, measurement of space.
"Make-up" - measure in length (old)
"Catch up" - catch up, hurry.
"Layout" - the measurement of distance, space. (“Earthly layout” - measurement (vervlenie) put on.)
a) Russian verst \u003d 500 sazhens \u003d 1500 arshins \u003d 1066.8 m.
b) Kolomna verst = 700 fathoms. Old milestone.
c) Measured verst = 1000 sazhens (1629). In 1649 established by the code of 1000 three-arshin fathoms.
At the same time, there was a verst of 500 sazhens "royal".
An analogue of a verst - "field" (other Russian) - is a little more than a kilometer.
d) Field = 700 fathoms and a half (XV century)
e) Field = 1000 fathoms (1629)
2) fathom
a) Fathom - Fly fathom - Interception - the distance between the index fingers of the divorced hands = 2.13 - 2.36 cm. (Sakharov).
b) Oblique sazhen - presumably the distance from the fingers of the outstretched hand to the fingers of the opposite leg slightly set aside.
c) Russian sazhen \u003d 3 arshins \u003d 48 inches.
d) "Printed fathom" - an exact measure of length with a seal certifying its accuracy. (Unfalse yardstick).
3) Arshin= 0.711 m.
Kolovratny arshin (other Russian) - a measure of area - arshin squared.
4) Badog (batog)= half a sazhen = 1.06 m. A common measure during construction work, the so-called "rule" among carpenters.
5) Span(span) - the distance between the thumb and forefinger of the hand (other Russian).
Aglitskaya span = 22.86 cm. (Introduced in Peter's time).
6) Vershok
a) Vershok \u003d 4.4 cm. \u003d 1/16 arshin (according to the "Trading Book").
b) Vershok = 1 + 11/16 English inches (Tasse, 1554)
c) Vershok \u003d 1 + 3/4 English inches (Yuzhakov, XIX century)
Well, now you, without embarrassment, will be able to say how many fathoms are in a kilometer and how many meters are in 100 versts! The main thing is not to confuse anything.
1953—1955pud, old Russian measure of weight. Pood = 40 pounds = 16.380 kg; There are 61.048 poods in a ton.
Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary. 1980
PUD, Russian measure of mass (weight) = 40 pounds = 16.38 kg.
Material from Wikipedia
Pud- an outdated unit of measurement of the mass of the Russian system of measures.
1 pood = 40 pounds = 1280 lots = 3840 spools = 368,640 shares. 10 pounds = 1 Berkovets.
Since 1899, in accordance with the “Regulations on Weights and Measures of 1899”, one pood has been effectively equated to 16.3804964 kg ...
S. I. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language. 1986
pud,-a, pl.-s, -ov. m. Russian measure of weight, equal to 16.3 kilograms.
V. Dahl. Dictionary. 1978
PUD, m. old weight, weight and scales. And don’t keep a pood for yourself to anyone, but whoever learns to keep a pood, otherwise the commandment is two rubles.|| Duty for lifting weights, in favor of the pudovist, when hanging goods on government scales. And imati imati tamga and pud and all duties. || Weight at forty pounds. Himself thin, and the head with a pud? steelyard . Health comes out in pounds, but enters in spools. Hay into poods, and gold into spools. Your own golden pood is more expensive than someone else's. What do I need and poods, but not mine! In a pood for three pounds, I'll lose weight. You recognize a person when you eat a pood of salt with him. To know a person, you need to eat a pood of salt with him. Although there is only one pud, but there is pudik, pudishka and pudik, attributing this pain. to the goods, or to the state of the one we are talking about. Pudishka bought bread. Carry a bunch of fish home. pudishka here it seems poverty, and pudding an unexpected abundance. Pudovy, pudovy, pulling exactly a pud. Pound weight, pudovik, -vichek. Pudovich boy. || Pudovik, prm. sib. Pood measure, tub, pudovka, vlg.pudok m . chetverik, measure, eight garnets, eight measures per quarter. We take ash with pudov to the factory. For this you can pudding ( or : ruble) put a candle. You will dump a pood grief from your shoulders, but you will choke on golden ones. || Pudok lower. a strip of land sown with a puddle of rye, 1/12 tithe. || Crk. fish caviar? Pudok m. , tvr., psk. approximate weight of linen, about 20 pounds. puddysh m. , sib. loading on nets, nets, weights, carts. Pudar m . porter or wretch. Pudovshchik m., old weigher, weigher, watchman or bailiff at the scales, for collecting duties, weighing. pudovoe, weight, duty from scales. pudovka, Kaluga matting grade, weighing 40 pounds in a dozen(Naum).
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. 1890—1907
Pud- a unit of ancient weight. In the charter of the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, given to the church of St. John the Baptist on Petryatyn’s courtyard, in 1134-1135, it is said: “I give the holy great Ivan from my great name for the construction of the church and forever waxed, and in Torzhok P. waxed”; hence it is clear that P. differed from the weight, which for Novogorod was set in the form of a berkovsk. In the XII century, P. represented a certain unit; so, in the Novgorod first chronicle, under the year 1170, it says: “I buy ... copper for 10 kun P.”. The word P. has a special meaning in the Smolensk agreement with Riga, 1230: “if the wax P. is distorted, lies a drop in the Holy Mother of God, then P. has perverted”; here P. can be understood in general in the sense of weight, although he, as a unit, could also be part of the capi. The trading book explains: "in P. bezmenov 16. - In P. hryvnias 40 large pounds, and small hryvnias 80." By Ariѳ metik Magnitsky P. = 40 pounds = 30 ansyri. Where did our P. come from? Diodorus Siculus has evidence that 360 golden bowls, each weighing 2 mines, amounted to 30 talents. Therefore, in the talent of gold there were 24 mines, according to the number of which the Alexandrian talent (quintal, kentinar) was equal to 2½ talents of gold. The mina of the Alexandrian talent was equal to 20 Roman ounces, and the mine of the great (fileter) talent was 30 ounces. Transferring 24 mines from the first weight to the second, we get 16 mines of a great talent for a talent of gold. This, firstly, is quite suitable for dividing P. into 16 scales and secondly, it is consistent with the division of koktar into 2½ P. (according to the charter of military affairs and according to Ariѳ method of Magnitsky). Thus, there is a reason to produce P. from the Greek golden talent. D.P.
