Question #24 . Correlation of concepts: person, person, individual, individuality, subject.

Personality- the basic concept in psychology, is studied by all social sciences, and there is no general definition.

B.G. Ananiev singled out 4 levels of human organization: individual, subject of activity, personality, individuality (Leningrad school).

Individual- a representative of a biological species, has certain innate features (body structure - the ability to walk upright, brain structure - the development of intelligence, the structure of the hand - the ability to use tools, etc.), that is, an individual is the belonging of a particular person to the human race.

Subject of activity- the carrier of consciousness, which is formed and develops in the process of activity. Appearing as an individual, a person is included in the system of social relationships and processes.

Personality- being included in the system of social relationships and processes, a person acquires a special social quality - becomes a personality.

Individuality- the uniqueness and originality of a particular person, expressed in the features of the development of the lower levels (individual, subject, personality).

Thus, personality- this is the most significant level of human organization, that is, a feature of its development as a social being.

There are differences in views on the organization of man in the Leningrad and Moscow schools. The general fact is that the concept of personality includes the quality of a person, manifested at the social level in the course of the formation of social relations and human ties.

The Moscow school (Vygotsky, Leontiev) lacks the level of “subject”, and “individuality” is a narrow concept that includes a small group of qualities and is included in the concept of “personality”.

The system-activity approach - in this scheme, the properties of a person as an individual are considered as "impersonal prerequisites for the development of a personality."

The sociocultural environment affects a person with the help of "signs" (norms, values, roles, tools, ceremonies) and certain behavior (everyday life determines consciousness). The driving force behind the development of the individual is joint activities and communication (introduction of the individual to culture).

The relationship between the individual as a product of anthropogenesis, the individual as a product of socio-historical experience, the individual as a transforming world, is expressed in the formula: “The individual is born. They become a person. Individuality is upheld." An individual experiences a socially conditioned need to be a person and discovers the possibility of this in a socially significant activity: this determines the development of a person as a person.

In a child, this happens with the help of an adult.

Personal development is controlled by a system of motives, and the activity-mediated type of relationship with the most reference group is the determining factor in development.

Personality- is the subject of knowledge and active transformation of the material world, society and oneself (Leontiev).

Personality and individual. The concept of an individual embodies the generic affiliation of a person (the structure of the body and brain, which creates the possibilities and inclinations of a person, what is given to a person by nature), that is, to call a person an individual is to say that he is potentially a person with all inherent innate features.

Personality is the quality of the individual (the unity of the individual and the individual), but they are not identical. Personality is a special quality acquired by an individual in society, in the totality of social relations, that is, it is a social quality of an individual. Can an individual not be a person - yes it can - this is a child. Interpersonal ties that form a personality in a team act in the form of subject-subject ties (communication) and subject-object ties (social activity). The individual is gradually included in social relations, also appropriating the experience of humanity, first from the position of an adult (education is the process of familiarization with the world of human culture), and then independently (self-education).

Personality and individuality. The personality of each individual is endowed only with its inherent combination of features and characteristics that form its individuality. Individuality is a combination of the psychological characteristics of a person that make up his originality, his difference from other people. Individuality is manifested in the traits of temperament, character, habits, prevailing interests, as cognitive processes, in abilities, individual style of activity (define). Personality and individuality also form a unity, but not identity, since individual characteristics may not be represented in the forms of activity and communication that are essential for the group in which the individual is included. If personality traits are not presented in interpersonal relationships (for example, habits), then they are not essential for assessing the personality and do not receive conditions for development. So, for example, dexterity and determination, being personality traits of a teenager, do not act until that time as a characteristic of his personality, until he was included in a sports team. That is, individual characteristics do not declare themselves (do not acquire personal meaning) and do not develop until they become necessary in the system of interpersonal relations of a person.

Man - a creature that embodies the highest stage of life development, the subject of socio-historical activity. A person as a subject and a product of labor activity in society is a system in which the physical and mental, genetically determined and formed in vivo, natural and social form an indissoluble unity.

“... The essence of man,” wrote K. Marx, “is not an abstract inherent in a separate individual. In its reality, it is the totality of all social relations. A person is the subject of study of a number of sciences: anthropology, sociology, ethnography, pedagogy, anatomy, physiology, etc. Psychology studies in a person his psyche and its development, his individual psychological characteristics, the roles that he performs in social life, activities and communication. Practically all psychology is turned to the problem of a person as an individual included in social ties, his development in the processes of education and upbringing, his formation in activity and communication, primarily in labor activity.

Individual(from lat. individu-um - indivisible):

1) Man as a single natural being, a representative of the species Homo sapiens, a product of phylogenetic and ontogenetic development, a unity of congenital and acquired (see Genotype; Phenotype), a carrier of individually unique traits (inclinations, drives, etc.).

2) An individual representative of the human community; a social being that goes beyond its natural (biological) limitations, uses tools, signs, and through them masters its own behavior and mental processes.

Both meanings of the term "individual" are interconnected and describe a person in terms of his separateness and isolation. The most general characteristics of the individual: the integrity of the psycho-physiological organization; stability in interaction with the outside world; activity. The sign of integrity indicates the systemic nature of the connections between the diverse functions and mechanisms that implement the vital relationships of the individual. Stability determines the preservation of the basic relationship of the individual to reality, at the same time assuming the existence of moments of plasticity, flexibility, variability. The activity of the individual, providing his ability to self-change, dialectically combines dependence on the situation with overcoming its direct influences.

Individuality- a person characterized by his socially significant differences from other people; the originality of the psyche and personality of the individual, its uniqueness. Individuality is manifested in the traits of temperament, character, in the specifics of interests, qualities of perceptual processes and intellect, needs and abilities of the individual. The prerequisite for the formation of human individuality is the anatomical and physiological inclinations, which are transformed in the process of education, which has a socially conditioned character, giving rise to a wide variability in the manifestations of I.

Considering the problem of personality, Leontiev comes to the conclusion about the socio-historical essence of the personality, that the personality is formed due to the life of a person in society. Therefore, only a person can be a person, and then only one who has reached a certain age. "Personality is a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of man" According to Leontiev, personality is generated by activity. In the course of activity, a person enters into relationships with other people (social relations), and these relationships become "formative" of his personality. Thus, according to Leontiev, one is not born a person, one becomes a person. From the side of the person himself, the formation and life of him as a person act primarily as the development, transformation, subordination and resubordination of his motives.

That is, at the basis of personality, according to Leontiev, there are relations of subordination of human activities, generated by the course of their development. But since activity in Leontiev's theory "is a process prompted and directed by a motive," then behind the subordination of activities lies the subordination of motives. It is thanks to the hierarchy of motives, according to Leontiev, that the personality is formed.

L.I. Bozovic identifies two main criteria for a formed personality.

1. A person can be considered a person if there is a hierarchy in his motives in one certain sense, namely, if he is able to overcome his own immediate impulses for the sake of something else. In such cases, the subject is said to be capable of mediated behavior. At the same time, it is assumed that the motives by which immediate motives are overcome are socially significant. They are social in origin and meaning; given in society, brought up in man.

2. The ability to consciously manage one's own behavior. This leadership is carried out on the basis of conscious motives-goals and principles. The second criterion differs from the first one in that it presupposes precisely the conscious subordination of motives. Simply mediated behavior (the first criterion) can be based on a spontaneously formed hierarchy of motives, and even “spontaneous morality”: a person may not be aware of what exactly made him act in a certain way, nevertheless act quite morally. So, although the second sign also means mediated behavior, it is conscious mediation that is emphasized. It assumes the existence of self-consciousness as a special instance of personality.

That is, the main way to educate a person is to educate his motives. A person becomes a person to the extent that the system of his motives is formed by the requirements of society. “Personality is the more significant,” writes Rubinstein, “the more the universal is represented in the individual refraction.”

The activity of the child with age more and more appears as realizing his connections with a person through things, and connections with things through a person. Things are revealed to the child in their functional meaning. “Objective activity acquires a tool structure, and communication becomes a speech, mediated language.” At first, the relationship to the world of things and to the world of people are merged for the child. Gradually, their bifurcation occurs, which is expressed in the alternation of 2 phases: the phase of the predominant development of objective activity and the phase of the development of relationships with people, within each phase there are motives that also alternate with the change of phases, which leads to their hierarchy.

The movement of individual consciousness consists in the correlation of motives with each other. "The formation of this movement expresses the formation of a coherent system of personal meanings - the formation of a personality."

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Individual, individuality, personality

Individual- the designation of the individual, in contrast to the totality, mass; an individual person - as opposed to a team, group, society as a whole. The term "individual" usually refers to a single representative of a particular community (worker, farmer, businessman), and the specific features of the real life and activities of a particular person are not included in the content of the concept of "individual". An “individual” is a person as a single representative of some whole – a biological species, a social community, a group.

The human individual is characterized by the following features.

1. External human appearance. Of greatest importance here are: the structure of the body, its organs and the vital forces and needs associated with them; upright posture (forelimbs are free and are used to manipulate objects, means of labor, etc.); the special structure of the larynx, capable of articulate speech; the absence of a significant hairline on most of the body, which significantly increases tactile sensitivity and at the same time creates a greater vulnerability to temperature fluctuations; highly developed central nervous system and brain.

2. Ability to think.

3. Ability to work.

Individuality- the unique originality of any phenomenon, individual creature, person. Each person has not only universal (mind, will, feelings, ability to work), and individual (personal) social qualities and properties that distinguish this person from other people. Individual qualities include the following: 1. Independence of individual existence: the ability to be oneself, to act on one's own impulses, maintaining identity (consent) with oneself, to be independent within one's whole (genus, family, team, society);
2. Integrity or indivisibility; this means that the qualities and properties of a given personality are inseparable from it and do not exist as something independent of the given individual; each person has a cash consciousness of the orderliness and internal integrity of his subjective world, in the system of which he considers all his experiences (sensations, ideas, feelings, desires and inclinations, etc.), assigning each of them his place in this system;
3. The uniqueness and originality of individual existence: each person is unique, unique in his universal essential manifestations, namely, in mental abilities, feelings, in his character, communication, work, not to mention appearance and behavior.

If the concept of “individual” reflects all (not only social, but also biological - anthropological, physiological, etc.) features of a given particular person, then the concept of personality captures the social qualities of a person that are characteristic of him as a separate individual.

Personality- a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society or community. Personality is the focus, a kind of center of interweaving of various social relations of a person, a given particular individual. It is social in its essence, but individual in the way of existence and manifestation of this essence. The unity of the social and the individual, essence and existence as a concrete historical unity of opposites is the most important essential characteristic of any personality.

In its original meaning, the word "personality" meant a mask, a role performed by an actor in the ancient Greek theater. The ancient Greek philosophers did not think of a person outside the community, outside the policy. At the same time, a personality is a very specific person as a system of stable qualities, properties realized in social relations, social institutions, and culture. The term "personality" denotes, firstly, the human individual as the subject of relations and conscious activity; secondly, a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society or community. Man is an integral integrity of biogenic, psychogenic and socio-cultural elements. Personality in the psychological sense of the word represents the unity of temperament, talents, inclinations, character. The social component of personality is associated with the influence of culture and the structure of communities where it is included.

The concept of "personality" fixes the manifestation of social relations in an individual person. That is, social traits of a person appear in the personality. The main parameters of the personality are directly determined by the external social environment. A person's belonging to a particular society, class, social group is indicated in his rights, duties, actions and is rigidly assigned to the individual from the outside by the system of social relations, of which he is an element. There are concepts of “socialization”, “level of socialization”, which fix the degree of spiritual, social values ​​acquired by each person.

In the concept of "individuality" the biological and social in each person are in a unique, specific combination. Individuality is what distinguishes one particular person from others. It can be presented in different ways: it is pronounced due to specific physiological and anatomical features or due to the development of such social traits as the depth of the worldview, willpower, etc. However, in most cases, it is the social component in a person that determines his individuality. It is no coincidence that there is an opinion that this concept arises in the Renaissance, when the multifaceted talent and originality of each of the then masters were especially highly valued.

Individuality in the form of social qualities manifests itself differently depending on age. In childhood, a child, imitating others, wants to be, on the one hand, like everyone else, but, on the other hand, the best, hence the desire to stand out in a group of his own kind. At the stage of youth, there is a desire to be different from everyone else. Formed its own language, tastes, fashion, perhaps "rebellion". An adult person manifests his individuality through society, through a set of socially significant roles that he has to perform. At the same time, the role should not be played, but taken seriously in the form of a free and interested performance. Therefore, a person, becoming a convinced and free performer of public roles, voluntarily assumes certain obligations. As I. Kant said, it is necessary to "give yourself a law."

However, at each of the identified stages of individual evolution, the presence of infantilism is possible - unwillingness to manifest oneself, work on oneself, grow, stop one's development. Therefore, it is difficult to be a person, an individuality, one must constantly make efforts to create oneself. The sequence of concepts individual - personality - individuality reflects the natural pattern of human development, its various levels of interconnection with society.

The human individual becomes an individual only at the social level of development, having become a personality. There is an opinion that in the phylogenetic aspect, this happened to man in the era of the Neolithic revolution, when he became a socio-historical being. In the ontogenetic sense, situations are possible when a person may not become a person without acquiring social experience. Science knows numerous cases when children who grew up in isolation from people, despite all the measures for their upbringing, did not reveal the presence of human personality traits. In general, the diversity of individuals is one of the indicators of the development of society, a condition for its further progress.

To some extent, the search in the direction of studying the relationship between the biological and the social clarifies attempts to outline the structure of man, in which the biological and social are present as elements of the structure.

So, there is a variant of the psychological structure of the human personality, consisting of three components: 1) temperament, to a greater extent determined by the biological in a person, 2) knowledge-practical level and 3) character, which has a social conditionality. If the first two levels answer the question of how an individual will do something, then knowledge of character allows you to answer the question: what will he do in this or that situation?

A similar but more detailed personality structure was proposed by K.K. Platonov, which has four hierarchically arranged levels.

The first substructure combines the properties of temperament, sexual and age properties of the personality and its pathological, so-called organic changes. All these properties are incomparably more dependent on the physiological structure of a person than on social conditions, and therefore this substructure is completely predetermined by human biology.

The second substructure covers the individual characteristics of individual mental processes, or mental functions. There is still a biological influence here, but most of the properties already depend on social conditions (thinking, memory, etc.). This substructure, interacting with the rest, is formed through exercise. Briefly, it can be called a substructure of reflection forms.

The third substructure of personality includes skills, abilities and habits acquired in personal experience, through training, but with a noticeable social influence. Skills and abilities are ways of expressing personality in activity. It is through this substructure that the personality in its individual development is most clearly objectified, and it is through this substructure that the individual development of the personality accumulates the historical experience of mankind. Briefly, it can be called the substructure of experience.

Finally, the highest, fourth substructure combines the orientation, attitudes and moral traits of the personality. The elements of personality included in this substructure do not have direct natural inclinations and reflect the individually refracted social consciousness. This substructure is formed through education. She is socially conditioned. Briefly, it can be called a substructure of the personality's worldview, since the worldview is the most important and defining component of the personality's orientation.

The proposed psychological structure of the personality is universal, since it is applicable to each person, it is also dynamic because it changes in each individual from early childhood until death. It also changes historically due to the fact that each historical epoch forms its own set of conditions for the existence of a person - material, social, determining the existence of a particular type of personality.

Material index
Course: Philosophy about society, man and values
Didactic plan
The doctrine of society
Society as a system
The social structure of society
Society and State
Society and culture
The specifics of human activity
Culture and its types
Culture and civilization

Society is a system of concrete historical social ties, a system of relationships between people. An individual person is also a certain system with a complex structure that does not fit into the spatial and physical framework of the human body.

Its stable components make up the concepts "man", "individual", "personality" and "individuality". The very obvious fact that man, on the one hand, is a part of nature, a natural being of a special kind, and, on the other, a part of socio-practical being, suggests that, in terms of their structure, the concepts of "man", "personality", "individuality "include both social and natural (biological) components, although in different proportions. The most general, generic concept is the concept "Human".Man- is the subject of socio-historical activity and culture, or, more precisely, the subject of these social relations and thus the global historical and cultural process. By its nature, it is an integral biosocial (biopsychosocial) system, a unique being capable of conceptual thinking, producing tools, possessing articulate speech and moral qualities.

Man is considered as an individual as a single representative of the human race. The definition of this concept does not need any specific characteristics. Individual is always one of many, and it is always impersonal. The concept of an individual does not fix any special or individual properties of a person, therefore, in terms of content, it is very poor, but in terms of volume it is equally rich, because each person is an individual. In the concept of an individual, neither the biological nor the social qualities of a person are fixed, although they are, of course, implied. In the question of the relationship between society and the individual, two tendencies often appear: either their dualistic opposition, or the dissolution of the individual in the system of social relations. The antinomy of the social and the individual is overcome if we keep in mind that the individual is not just a single empirical being "embedded" in society, but an individual form of being of the same society.

The human individual, taken in the aspect of his social qualities (views, abilities, needs, interests, moral convictions, etc.), forms the concept of personality. Personality- it is a dynamic, relatively stable integral system of intellectual, socio-cultural and moral-volitional qualities of a person, expressed in the individual characteristics of his consciousness and activity. Although the natural basis of the personality is formed by its biological characteristics, nevertheless, the determining factors of its development (essential basis) are not its natural qualities (for example, one or another type of higher nervous activity), but socially significant qualities.

The concept of personality usually does not include the natural and individual characteristics of the individual. And this, apparently, is correct, because the essence of man, as we have already said, is social. But at the same time, it should be borne in mind that natural individuality exerts its influence on the development of the personality and its perception to the extent that the biological in general affects the social in man. Personality is all the more significant, the more it accumulates the sociocultural experience of a person and, in turn, makes an individual contribution to its development. The problem of personality in philosophy is the question of what is the essence of a person as a person, what is its place in the world and in history. Personality is considered here as an individual expression and the subject of social relations, activities and communication of people.

The social and activity essence of a person, first of all, underlies the socialization of the individual, in the process of which the personality is formed. Socialization is the process of assimilation by an individual of a certain system of knowledge, norms and values ​​that allow him to carry out his life in an adequate way for a given society. Individuality- this is a unique, original way of being of a particular person as a subject of independent activity, an individual form of a person's social life. Personality is social in its essence, but it is individual in its mode of existence. Individuality expresses the individual's own world, his special way of life.

An important role in the development of individuality is played by natural inclinations, innate features. Individuality is the unity of the unique and universal properties of a person, which are formed in the process of interaction of his qualities - general, typical (general human natural and social characteristics), special (concrete historical, formational) and single (unique bodily and spiritual and mental characteristics). As the historical development of human activity develops more and more individualization of man and his relationships in various areas of life. The formation of individuals is the greatest value, since the development of the diversity of individual abilities and talents, their competitiveness in historical terms is one of the necessary conditions for social progress.

Theories of personality.

In the humanities, three basic concepts of personality have emerged. The most common in sociology is status-role concept of personality . Prominent sociologists Merton, Parsons, Mitt and others were supporters of this theory. From the point of view of this theory, a person arises and forms only when a person is included in a social group, enters into various social institutions, in which he acquires a status, roles associated with him, assimilates norms, values, attitudes, etc. At the same time, the social role is considered as a way of human behavior in accordance with one's status. Thus, one can consider personality as a function of a variety of social roles, and role behavior as a tool for adaptation to certain social situations.

Individual- a carrier of various social statuses, and a person can determine for himself which status is dominant for him, the main one. statuses can be prescribed and natural. Natural do not depend on the choice of a person and even society (the status of sex, age). Prescribed Status It is imposed on a person by society, acquired by a person in society and by his own efforts. The system of existing statuses of various social institutions offers a person a choice that he makes on the basis of objective and subjective conditions. All statuses prescribe certain roles - a set of actions that a person must perform in order to comply with them. A person has a whole set of statuses and roles and this can, in some cases, lead to role conflicts - to situations where the performance of some role functions makes it impossible to perform others. The social role is associated with role behavior and role expectation. The implementation of role expectations largely determines the possibility of role-playing actions. Through role expectations, society influences the individual, and in this sense, the autonomy (freedom) of the individual always has a certain limit.

Rice. 10. Social status and its main types

The concept of Z. Freud. The well-known Austrian thinker and psychiatrist builds his reasoning about personality based on the recognition of the dominance of the animal nature in man as a biological being. Like an animal, man strives to satisfy the needs that bring him a sense of satisfaction. Society imposes on a person a system of prohibitions aimed at preserving society as an integrity, at establishing a certain social order. In this regard, in the structure of the human personality, he distinguishes three components: “it”, or “id” - unconscious, impulsive drives of a biological order, eros as a source of activity ( libido- sexual desire); "I" or "ego" - the self-consciousness of a person; "super-I" or "super-ego" - the norms imposed by society and accepted by man.

Human self-consciousness as a mediating link between "it" and "beyond me" is looking for a compromise between deep drives and socially acceptable forms of their implementation.

Rice. 11. The structure of personality according to Freud

Behavioral concept of personality emerged and developed within the framework of psychology behaviorism. From this point of view, the behavior of a person consists of three types of behavior: unconditioned reflex behavior which is determined by the system of unconditioned reflexes and is little realized by the individual; conditioned reflex behavior which is determined by a system of conditioned reflexes formed during the life of an individual and containing his life experience (therefore, such behavior can be quite diverse depending on the conditions of life, and it can also be little conscious); operant behavior, which is spontaneously chosen forms of behavior, fixed in habits and stereotypes. Operant behavior is largely individual and, as a rule, has a certain rational justification.

The concepts of "man", "individual", "individuality", "personality"

In psychological science, the categories man, individual, personality, individuality belong to the basic categories. The problem of personality is central in modern psychology, and this is no coincidence; the most important theoretical task is to discover the objective foundations of those psychological properties that characterize a person as an individual, as an individuality and as a personality.

Personality is the main mystery of the human world, its secret, bewitching thought and feeling of a thinking person, on the other hand, a working concept that is actively used in the business language of almost all professions, in everyday communication. All this sets us up to the fact that it is necessary to perceive this phenomenon and work with the system of concepts in which it is reflected, respectfully and professionally competently.

Figure 1 - The system of personal concepts

Man is born into the world as a man. concept Human is the broadest, it is the main, initial element of this structure, without which there is and cannot be either social actions, connections and interactions, or social relations, communities and groups, or social institutions and organizations.

Man- this is a socio-biological being, embodying the highest stage in the evolution of life and being the subject of socio-historical activity and communication.

The main characteristics of a person:

The special structure of the body;

Ability to work;

The presence of consciousness.

The concept of "man" is used as an extremely general concept to characterize the universal qualities and abilities inherent in all people. Using this concept, psychologists emphasize that a person is biological (natural) and social being at the same time, which by its vital activity influences the environment.

The basis and starting point of the indicated analysis is Human as a social phenomenon.

Natural vector of human development: species in the biological classification of the evolution of life on earth; a natural being belonging to the class of mammals; species - primates; classification categorization - Homo sapiens.

Man, as a being belonging to society, humanity, represents humanity in himself, and this is his essence. Mankind (the human race, the human world) is a special, historically developing social, socio-psychological and spiritual community, which differs from all other material systems on the planet by its inherent way of life.

The main socio-psychological characteristic of this way of life is the “SELF…” mechanism: self-organization, self-knowledge, self-awareness, self-regulation, self-development, self-movement, etc.

Man as a separate representative of humanity is defined by the concept of "individual".

Individual- a single representative of the human race, a specific carrier of all the psychophysical and social features of mankind.

General characteristics of the individual:

The integrity of the psychophysical organization of the body;

Stability in relation to the surrounding reality;

Activity.

An individual is a biological organism, a carrier of common hypothetical hereditary properties of a given biological species. The process of such internal “coordination” is well known, it was noted by Charles Darwin…

An individual is, first of all, a genotypic formation. But the individual is not only a genotypic formation, its formation continues, as is known, in ontogenesis, in vivo. Therefore, the characteristics of an individual also include properties and their integration, which are formed ontogenetically. We are talking about the emerging "alloys" of congenital and acquired reactions, about changing the subject content of needs, about the emerging dominants of behavior.

The most general rule here is that the higher we climb the ladder of biological evolution, the more complex the vital manifestations of individuals and their organization become, the more pronounced the differences in their innate and life-acquired characteristics become, all the more so since, so to speak, individuals are individualized.

Among these concepts, personality is a narrower concept and emphasizes the social essence of a person. Otherwise, one can say that individual is a "concrete person" from birth to death.

Individual- the initial state of a person in phylogenetic and ontogenetic development. Personality is considered as the result of the development of the individual, the embodiment of proper human qualities.

Personality is the social essence of a person. The word "personality" in English comes from the word "person". It originally referred to the masks worn by actors during a theatrical performance in ancient Greek drama. Thus, from the very beginning, the concept of "personality" included an external superficial social image that a person takes on when he plays certain life roles - a kind of "mask", a public face addressed to others. It follows that the concept of "personality", first of all, is associated with the social essence of a person.

Personality- this is a specific person who is a carrier of consciousness, capable of knowing, experiencing, transforming the world around him and building certain relationships with this world and with the world of other personalities.

Personality is considered as the embodiment in a particular person of social qualities that are acquired in the process of activity and communication with other individuals.

Individuals are not born, individuals are made.

That is why we are not talking about the personality of a newborn or the personality of an infant, although the traits of individuality are manifested at the early stages of ontogenesis no less clearly than at later age stages.

Personality is a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of man...

The concepts of personality and individuality are close in meaning. Individuality is one of the sides of the personality, therefore it is more difficult to define the concept of “individuality”, because in addition to personal characteristics, which are the main components of individuality, it includes biological, physiological and other characteristics of a person.

Individuality- a combination of the psychological characteristics of a person that make up his originality and his difference from other people.

We can give the following definition of individuality.

Individuality- this is a specific person who differs from other people in a unique combination of mental, physiological and social characteristics, manifested in behavior, activity and communication.

If a person is an individual by the fact of his birth, then the individuality is formed and modified in the process of his life.

Individuality is manifested in the traits of temperament, character, habits, as cognitive processes (ie, in thinking, memory, imagination, etc.). With the help of the concept of “individuality”, the uniqueness and uniqueness of each person is most often emphasized. On the other hand, in individuality we meet those personal qualities and individual properties that everyone has, but have a different degree of expression and form combinations.

All individual qualities are manifested in various ways of behavior, activity, communication. A person will become a personality when he begins to improve the social factor of his activity, that is, that side of it that is aimed at society. Therefore, the foundation of the personality is social relations, but only those that are realized in activity.

Realizing himself as a person, having determined his place in society and his life path (fate), a person becomes an individual, gains dignity and freedom, which allow him to distinguish him from any other person, to distinguish him from others.

The specificity of the social conditions of life and the way of human activity determines the features of its individual features and properties. All people have certain mental traits, attitudes, customs and feelings, each of us has differences in the cognitive sphere of personality, which will determine our individuality.

The psychological structure of a personality is a holistic model, a system of qualities and properties that fully characterizes the psychological characteristics of a personality (person, individual) (Fig. 2).

Figure 2 - Man - Individual - Individuality - Personality

The explanation of how the individual differs from the personality lies in the duality of human nature. A person is born into the world with a set of unique characteristics and properties. One can speak of a baby only as an individual, a representative of the species Homo sapiens. Life in society gives each individual the opportunity to socialize, develop their natural inclinations and form personal qualities. One can talk about such characteristics of a person as personality and individuality only when he is a full member of society.

Numerous examples from life, when, for various reasons, small children find themselves in a society of animals, confirm that the development of a person as an individual continues according to general patterns. The child grows, but does not acquire personal qualities, as it is deprived of human communication. This confirms the significant role of socialization in the formation of personality.

Differences between the individual and the personality

The duality of human nature, its biosocial essence has repeatedly become the object of study by many philosophers, sociologists and psychologists. The representative of the Russian philosophical school, N. A. Berdyaev, refers the concept of personality to religious and spiritual categories, and the concept of the individual to naturalistic and biological.

A well-known psychologist A. G. Asmolov gave an accurate description of the differences between an individual and a personality, who claims that an individual is born, and a person becomes.

• Development

An individual is a specific person, characterized by activity, mental and physical integrity, and a stable attitude to the surrounding reality.

The life of an individual is aimed at satisfying his own needs. Needs are a kind of incentive that encourages directed actions. The lowest include natural needs, their satisfaction is aimed at ensuring the functioning of the body to sustain life. A person provides himself with food, drink, clothing, creates conditions for sleep, for living and for developing relationships with individuals of the opposite sex.

Life in society makes a person dependent on social relations. Satisfying the need for communication raises the individual to the next level of development, prompting him to cultural activities. He begins to manifest himself as a member of society, as a person, realizing his place in it and realizing his spiritual needs. The social affiliation of an individual expresses his personal essence.

• Consciousness

When interacting with the outside world, a person has such a sign of mental activity as consciousness. The conscious individual is the personality.

Thus, through their own needs and awareness of interaction with society, a human becomes a person.

• Mental activity

The presence of a developed brain in humans is its distinctive biological feature. The development of mental activity in an individual is the foundation for the emergence of unique distinctive features that characterize him as a human person.

The salient features are:

1. a set of knowledge, skills, skills, formed in the process of learning the ways of human activity;
2. the ability for self-assessment and analysis of one's own actions, necessary for the formation of personal characteristics;
3. the adequacy of the perception of the assessment of others.

The listed features carry the characteristics of socialization, while the traits of an individual differ only in a biological and physiological set of qualities.

• social status

The evolution of man is a long way, as a result of which he occupied the highest point in the hierarchy of the animal world. In its individual development, each individual goes through a no less complicated path of transition from an individual to a personality, forming individual qualities that distinguish human individuals from each other and distinguish them from the general mass.

This process cannot be considered separately from the society, since it is the society that gives the direction of development and forms worldview ideas and principles. Any society is able to form a personality that meets its needs. The higher the level of development of spirituality and morality in society, the higher the demand for the formation of a highly moral spiritual person.

A free society gives rise to a free person, characterized by a bright individuality, capable of self-expression and creativity. And any personality grows out of an individual endowed genetically with the ability to develop.

The differences between the individual and the personality are in relation to recognition in society. The individual does not feel the need to prove his advantages over his fellows, and the individual does things for the sake of recognition and status.

Social status is the place of a person, the niche he occupies in society and depends on gender, age, education, profession. Unlike an individual, at this stage there is an awareness of one's status, which can have a temporary characteristic: be permanent (man, son, father, husband) or temporary (student, seller, passenger, patient).

Correlation between the concepts of the individual and the personality

If we talk about the relationship between the concepts of "individual and personality", then the personality does not cease to be an individual, during its formation the mental qualities that were laid down at birth develop. Human activity, his spiritual development and interaction with society develop distinctive properties and features in him.

Personal characteristics include:

1. Self-consciousness is a conscious need for activity, development, self-improvement.
2. Maturity is the readiness of the psyche for changes at a certain stage of development.
3. Socialization is dependence on society and development in interaction with it, an adequate perception of knowledge, norms and values ​​of society in the process of achieving one's own goal.
4. Orientation is a manifestation of the sides of the psyche, the ability to express oneself in various social and public roles.
5. Privilege - the dependence of the influence of the position in society on the strength of the individual.

The relationship between the components of the personality structure is built on the relationship between the concepts of "personality and the individual". Thus, the natural inclinations of an individual determine the type of his temperament, based on the innate characteristics of nervous activity. Manifestations of temperament are observed in human behavior. Behavior is a reflection of the inner world of a person, his maturity and spirituality.

Expression of individuality

The concepts of "personality and individuality" cannot be identified, since the first concept is a characteristic of the second. It is individuality that endows a person with a set of unique properties and traits that distinguish him from the social mass.

Personality is an expression of an objective assessment of a person and his compliance with society, and individuality is a self-esteem, a subjective perception of oneself in terms of acquired qualities.

A person can show his individuality in different areas of activity: in the profession, in creativity, in communication. Individuality enables the manifestation of versatile abilities, while maintaining the integrity of the psyche.

The individuality of a person is in constant dynamics, manifesting itself in various unexpected situations and conditions. The individual qualities of a person find their vivid expression at critical moments when you need to quickly make a non-standard decision or take responsibility. At the same time, the assessment of society will not always be positive. The reaction from the outside is an additional stimulus for the development of the subject, determining its direction.

If there is a stop in development, then we can talk about degradation. Its causes can be internal motives, as well as the influence of external factors, when suppression or submission to someone else's will occurs, which excludes the choice of actions or deeds.