Consequences of the colonial regime

Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese Guinea, the Cape Verde Islands, Sao Tome and Principe were Portuguese colonies for five hundred years, were especially affected by the slave trade and were distinguished by an extremely low level of economic development and monstrous exploitation of the population.

On the territory of the Portuguese colonies, the situation of Africans was at the level of primitive wild slavery. The African was not just bought, but hired from the government, so the owner did not care if he fell ill or died. An important form of profit for the Portuguese colonialists was the supply of "human goods" to the mines in South Africa.

In terms of the standard of living of the indigenous population, the state of health care and education, the Portuguese colonies were in one of the last places in the world. Among Africans, 99% were illiterate.

Africans were deprived of the opportunity to form legal political parties and trade unions. They didn't have their own press. Strict censorship, an extensive system of military dictatorship, arrests, and the sending of all suspects to concentration camps brought the Portuguese colonizers the notorious “zone of silence”.

In Portugal in 1932, the fascist dictator Salazar came to power as a result of a military coup. His dominance rested largely on the oppression of the colonies. There were spontaneous uprisings in Angola back in 1924, 1925 and 1939. But the real upsurge in the struggle for independence began in the Portuguese colonies after the Second World War.

MNLA struggle for independence

In 1956, in the capital of Angola, Luanda, a group of Angolese cultural figures created the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MNLA) party, headed by the prominent poet and publicist Agostinho Neto. In their manifesto, they called for the struggle for the independence of Angola.

Following the MNLA, a second major political party was created - the Union of the Population of Angola, whose leaders also declared their desire to achieve the freedom of Angola, but they leaned towards a pro-Western orientation. The Portuguese authorities launched a terror against the leaders of the patriotic movement.

Proclamation of the Republic

On February 4-6, 1961, an armed uprising began in the capital of Angola. As a result of the fighting, the patriots of Angola liberated a vast territory in the east and southeast of the country. After the liquidation of the dictatorship of Salazar in Portugal in 1974, the new government of the country published a constitutional law, according to which Angola recognized the right to self-determination and independence. On November 11, 1975, Angola was proclaimed a people's republic, with Agostinho Neto elected president.

Neto Agostinho (1922-1979) - President of Angola (1975 -1979), Chairman of the MPLA - the Labor Party since 1977. He led the popular movement for the liberation of the country from 1962 to 1977. An outstanding African poet.

South Africa launched a war against the young republic, but was defeated. Then, with its help, the UNITA organization was created, which, based in Namibia, started a civil war. Cuban volunteers came to the aid of Angola, who played an important role in the defeat of UNITA. In 1989, an agreement was reached under which the armed forces of South Africa were withdrawn from Angola. In 1992, democratic multi-party elections were held, in which the MNLA won. Its leader, Eduardo dos Santos, became president.

Dissatisfied with this outcome of the elections, the leadership of UNITA again began an armed struggle. In 1993, the US government recognized the government of Angola as the sole representative of the Angolan people and established diplomatic relations with the country. UNITA was forced to start new negotiations. In 1994, in Lusaka, the capital of Zambia (former Northern Rhodesia), a protocol was signed under which UNITA pledged to stop the armed struggle. UN observers arrived in the north of Angola. World banks announced the provision of financial assistance to Angola in the amount of $1 billion.

In September 1998, UNITA violated another ceasefire signed in 1997 and refused to disband the armed forces. Angola was once again plunged into civil war. At the same time, 4 million people (a third of the population) suffered, 2 million fled the country. On February 22, 2002, government troops killed UNITA leader Savimbi, and the UNITA armed forces were forced to lay down their arms. On April 4, a ceasefire was announced, marking the end of the 30-year war in Angola. Internecine war devastated the country More than half of the population is unemployed, per capita income is one of the lowest in the world.

Mozambique in the 50s-90s.

Proclamation of the People's Republic of Mozambique

Another former Portuguese colony, Mozambique, practically repeated the path of Angola to Freedom. Here the armed struggle for freedom began in 1964 under the leadership of the Liberation Front (FRELIMO). The Patriots controlled most of the country. The overthrow of the Salazar government in Portugal led to the granting of Mozambique the right to self-determination and the declaration of its independence on June 25, 1975. The new republic became known as the People's Republic of Mozambique.

President Samora Machel in February 1976 announced the nationalization of all enterprises, which were mainly in the hands of Portuguese entrepreneurs. The country's capital was renamed Moputu.

This caused a conflict with the Portuguese colonists, who owned the entire economy of the country. Civil war broke out in Mozambique.
The Portuguese, who made up 20% of the country's population, created the Remanos combat units, which numbered up to 10 thousand people. From the territory of South Africa, where their bases were established, they made constant raids on the territory of Mozambique.

On October 19, 1986, President Samora Machel died in a plane crash. The former Minister of Foreign Affairs Joachimo Chissano (born in 1940) became President. In 1990, he managed to reach an agreement with South Africa to stop raids by armed groups on the territory of Mozambique. At the same time, negotiations began in Rome with representatives of white settlers, which ended in 1992 with the signing of an agreement to end the civil war.

Mozambique began reforms to liberalize the economy and politics. Part of the property was returned to its former owners, which contributed to the onset of civil and interethnic peace in the country. Changes in South Africa, where N. Mandela became president, were of great importance for Mozambique.

In November 1994, free multi-party elections were held in the country. They brought victory to President Joachim Chissano.

In November 1995 Mozambique became a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. In 2002, J. Chissano announced his refusal to run for president for the third time. In 2004, the country elected a new president, Armando Guebuza. Despite the reforms and great assistance from Western countries, Mozambique remains one of the poorest countries in the world in terms of per capita income, 21% of the inhabitants are unemployed, 70% are illiterate.

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Angola, Mozambique in the 50-90s. Updated: January 29, 2017 By: admin

On June 5, 1997, government troops, on the orders of President Lissouba, surrounded the Sassou Nguesso residence in Brazzaville. Supporters of Sassou Nguesso opened retaliatory hostilities. The army also split along ethnic lines: people from the north of the country traditionally supported Sassou Nguesso, and the southerners - Lissouba.

Military assistance to Sassou Nguesso was provided by the Angolan leadership, sending troops to help him in October 1997, including attack aircraft. The regime of Lissouba fell. However, his supporters from the Kokoyi and Ninja groups began a guerrilla war in the Congo Basin. By the end of 1998, the government had lost control of the southern regions of the country. From December 16 to December 20, 1998, the opponents fought with varying success in the suburbs of Brazzaville. The civil war ended with the signing of ceasefire agreements between the government and armed groups. However, a small partisan activity was noted until April-May 2003, until the last almost three thousand fighters of the Ninja group surrendered.

Military coups in the Central African Republic

In terms of the number of military coups, the Central African Republic (CAR) holds one of the first places in Africa. And almost always, one way or another, the troops of the former metropolis of France took part in them. On September 21, 1979, French paratroopers, on the orders of Paris, overthrew the emperor of the Central African Empire, Jean Bedel Bokassa. In 1996, as a result of street fighting in the capital Bangui, they suppressed an attempt by the army to overthrow President Ange-Felix Patasse. In 1996, a new military coup attempt against President Patasse was thwarted without the use of force.

But already in 1997, the French again landed in Bangui and defeated the rebels in the course of bloody street battles. For some time, UN troops maintained stability in the republic. But as soon as they left the country, a new rebellion broke out. On the night of May 28, 2001, rebels from the CAR army stormed the presidential palace, but were driven back by the presidential guards. France this time refused to intervene in the conflict. But Libyan units and rebel detachments from the Congolese RCD movement came to the aid of Patassa. Joint forces in a week of fighting defeated the rebels, who were supported by the Chadian units, entrenched in the southern quarters of the capital. Their last stronghold, the Kasai barracks, fell on 5 June.

One of the leaders of the uprising, the chief of staff of the armed forces, General Francois Bozize, on October 25, 2002, once again unsuccessfully tried to overthrow Patasse. History repeated itself with exactly the same composition of participants and approximately according to the same scenario. But on March 15, 2003, another attempt was crowned with complete success. Bozize became president, which, however, led to a new full-scale civil war between the government and the Union of Democratic Forces for Unification, which ended with the signing of a peace agreement in April 2007.

Wars in the Portuguese colonies

The need to single out this series of armed conflicts (1960-1974) in a separate chapter is explained by the fact that it was, in fact, a single military campaign, which, however, was carried out by Portugal simultaneously in different regions of Africa. National liberation wars in the Portuguese colonies began one after another - in Angola in 1961, in Guinea-Bissau in 1963, in Mozambique in 1964. It is worth noting that, despite the obvious lack of resources for waging war on three fronts at once, the Portuguese managed to keep the situation under control. However, this would not have been possible without financial and military assistance from the United States, South Africa and the countries of Western Europe. At the same time, the rebels received serious support from the USSR. The “carnation revolution” in Portugal put an end to this war; in 1975, all African colonies gained independence.

Angolan Front

The war in Angola began on February 4, 1961, with the storming of the prison in Luanda by supporters of the MPLA (People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola). In March, detachments of the UPA (Union of the Peoples of Angola) entered the northern provinces from the Congo (Zaire), which were later reorganized into the FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), and carried out a real massacre in the northern zone.

The military administration of Angola and the central government reacted very quickly. A significant number of reservists were mobilized. The north was recaptured from the enemy in a short time, but the uprising continued to cover other regions of Angola. The partisan activity of the MPLA increased. The FNLA was almost inactive, UNITA (National Union for the Complete Independence of Angola) was created only in 1966. The counter-guerrilla struggle of the Portuguese in Angola was quite successful, especially when General Costa Gomes led it in 1970. A combination of a number of factors played a role:

National liberation movements refused to act together, and subsequently fought against each other.

The penetration of rebel groups from the territory of Zaire, Zambia and Congo (Brazzaville) was tracked. The southern direction was covered by the allied South Africa, which, in general, provided serious assistance to the Portuguese authorities in the fight against the partisans.

The struggle "for hearts and minds", supported by the rapid economic growth of the territory.

And most importantly, from a military point of view, the creation of a number of unique special forces for counter-guerrilla warfare, united by one name Tropas de intervencao - intervention forces or rapid reaction forces.

Units of this type also fought in Guinea-Bissau and in Mozambique, but they were created in Angola. Airborne search battalions, commandos, various special forces groups. A special type was represented by units formed on the basis of oppositionists from neighboring countries. Firns (Faithful) consisted of the Katangese gendarmes, opponents of the Zairian dictator Mobutu, Leais (Devotees) - from the Zambian opposition. The basis of the tactics of the Portuguese units, whose personnel, by the way, consisted of about half of the black soldiers, were ambushes, counter-ambushes and raids of mobile columns. Helicopters were used quite limited, given that the military budget of Portugal was small. The troops relied on bases (strongholds) scattered throughout the country.

The 1st Cavalry Group Angolan Dragoons, which specialized in combat patrols and reconnaissance raids, became the prototype of the famous Rhodesian Gray Scouts unit. Cavalry Battalion 1927, equipped with M5A1 tanks, was used to support infantry and intervention forces. It was taken as the basis for the formation of the Rhodesian regiment of armored vehicles. The most successful Flechas (Arrows) unit was controlled by the PIDE political police, consisted mainly of Bushmen and rebel recruits, engaged in intelligence, targeted liquidations and provocative pseudo-terrorist operations. The structure and tactics of the Flechas were used in the formation of the Southern Rhodesian army's most successful unit, the Selous Scouts.

The MPLA launched an offensive in May 1966 in the east from their bases in Zambia. This blow was unexpected for the Portuguese, the rebels managed to move deep into Angolan territory, reaching Luena. The second column of the MPLA, moving on Malang, was stopped and defeated. The colonial troops managed to stabilize the situation in the east of Angola.

Crisis in the leadership of the MPLA in the early 1970s. practically nullified the partisan activity of the movement. The contradictions between the leader of the MPLA, Agostinho Neto, and the commander of the Eastern Front, Daniel Chipenda, led to the disintegration of the front into two independent sectors - the northern (MPLA) and the southern (Chipenda detachments). Subsequently, Chipenda and his supporters entered the FNLA and rejoined the MPLA only in 1992.

Mozambican front

The fighters of the FRELIMO Mozambique Liberation Front carried out their first attack against the Portuguese troops on September 24, 1964 in the province of Cabo Delgado. The Portuguese units suffered serious losses, but the limited number of contingents did not allow them to neutralize partisan activity, the rebels continued to expand their zone of operations. In addition, 50% of all the forces of the metropolis were involved in the protection of the construction of the Nabora Basa hydroelectric dam, which was completed in 1974.

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RP NETE YOFEOUYZHYLBGYY VPECHSCHI DEKUFCHYK CH LPMPOYY KHCHEMYUYCHBMPUSH Y LPMYUEUFCHP BCHYBFEIOILY: CHULPTE CH BTUEOOBME chchu RPSCHYMYUSH MEZLYE dPTOSHE DP-27, CHETFPMEFSHCH "TBMPHOTSHCHURF". lPMYUEUFCHP FTBOURPTFOSHCHI UBNPMEFPCH VSCHMP DPRPMOEOOP OEULPMSHLYNY du-6. fBLPE OBUSHCHEEOYE RPFTEVPCBMP UPDBOYS UPVUFCHEOOPZP BCHYBGIPOOPZP LPNBODPCHBOIS. PUOPCHOPK VBPK RP RTETSOENH PUFBCHBMUS BTPRPTF mHBODSCH, OP LTPNE OEZP UBNPMEFSH NPZMY VBYTPCHBFSHUS EEE ABOUT DCHHI OEVPMSHYYI RMPEBDLBI - OEZBZB Y OTTYLP DE lBTCHBMIP. dMS VPMEE RMPFOPZP LPOFBLFB U UHIPRHFOSHCHN LPNBODPCHBOYEN VSCHMB PVTBPCHBOB PRETBFICHOBS ZTHRRB, LHDB CHPYMY "OPTBFMBUSCH" 92-K YULBDTYMSHY Y "bMMHIFSCH" 94-K.

DBMSHYE CHUE TBCHYCHBMPUSH RP "OBBLBFBOOPNKH UGEOBTYA" - UTPYuOP RPOBDPVYMYUSH Y MEZLYE YFHTNPCHYLY DMS OERPUTEDUFCHEOOOPK RPDDETTSLY OBENOSCHI CHPKUL. yI TPMSh CH PUETEDOPK TB CHSHCHRPMOYMY CHEDEUKHEYE f-6 "iBTCHBTD", PFNEFICHYYEUS RTBLFYUEULY PE CHUIEI CHPKOBI 50-60-I ZPDCH. rPTFKhZBMShGBN RTYYMPUSH DPCHPMSHUFCHPCHBFSHUS "UELPOD - IEODPN": CHUE PUFBCHYYEUS X ZHTBOGKHGBP RPUME CHPKOSHCH H bMTSYTE UBNPMEFSHCH FFPZP FIRB RPRBMY CH RPTFKhZBMSHULYE LPMPOYY. lTPNE FPZP, EEE VSCHMP LHRMEOP OEULPMSHLP DEUSFLPC f-6G, TBOEE UPUFPSCHYI ABOUT CHPPTKhTSEOY chchu zhtz. CHUE BLHRMEOOSCHE BRRBTBFSCH RTYCHPDYMYUSH CH GEOPTBMSHOSHCHI NBUFETULYI chchu rPTTFKhZBMYY L EDYOPNKH UFBODBTFH: FERETSH POI NPZMY OEUFY 4 RHMENEFB LBMYVTB LE 7.92-NftN Y OEKHTTBFMSCHEN. "IBTChBTDSch" PLBBMYUSH PYUEOSH ZHZHELFYCHOSCHNY LCA CHOEBROSCHI HDBTPCH RP OEVPMSHYYN PFTSDBN RPCHUFBOGECH ON NBTYE, PDOBLP RTY BFBLBI IPTPYP HLTERMEOOSCHI MBZETEK, RTYLTSCHFSCHI LTHROPLBMYVETOSCHNY dyl Sing OEUMY UMYYLPN VPMSHYYE RPFETY. h 1962 ZPDH CH UYFKHBGYY RTPY'PYYEM RETEMPN: job OBYUBMP RPMHYUBFSH RPNPESH LBL YJ LYFBS, FBL Y YUETE lPOZP PF gth (DEMP CH FPN, UFP BNETYLBOGSCH CHYDEMY CH job RTPFYCHPKEU NBTLCHEU). rPUFBCHLY ChPPTKhTSEOIS UTBKH ULBBMYUSH ABOUT YOFEOUYCHOPUFY VPEC, LPFPTSHCHE ULPOGEOFTYTPCHBMYUSH H TBKPOE ZPTOZP NBUUYCHB denVPU. p RPFETSI BCHYBGYY Y'CHEUFOP OENPZP: FBL, L 1966 ZPDKh RPTFKhZBMShGSHCH RPFETSMY Ch BCHBTYSI RSFSh "fBODETDCEFCH". lTPNE FPZP, Yb-b OBMPTSEOOPZP uyb LNVBTZP ABOUT RPUFBCHLKh ChPPTKhTSEOIK VPEZPPFPCHOPUFSH BCHYBRBTTLB PUFBCHMSMB CEMBFSH MHYuYEZP. hyuyfshchchbs RTPNBTLUYUFULHA PTYEOFBGYA nrmb U 1958 ZPDB HER OBYUBMY RPDDETSYCHBFSH uuut, lHVB Y LYFBK. NOPZYE BOZPMSHULYE RPCHUFBOGSHCH PFRTBCHYMYUSH RTPIPDYFSH CHPEOOHA RPDZPPFPCHLH H vPMZBTYY, yuEIPUMPCHBLYY, UPCHEFULPN UPAE, B FBLCE H bMTSYTE. nBTYTHF DPUFBCHLY PTHTSYS J BNNHOYGYY dv UFTBO UPGYBMYUFYYUEULPZP VMPLB RPOBYUBMH VSCHM UMEDHAEYK: ZTHSCH RPUFHRBMY NPTEN B DBT - LT - uBMBN (fBOBOYS), B PFFHDB ZTHPCHYLBNY RETEVTBUSCHCHBMYUSH ON VBSCH DCHYTSEOYS B BNVYY (FHDB CE PFLBFSCHCHBMYUSH YEE PFTSDSCH RPUME PYUETEDOPZP OBUFHRMEOYS RPTFHZBMSHGECH).

FEN CHTENEOEN H UFTBOE RPSCHYMBUSH Y FTEFSHS UYMB: YUBUFY YUMEOPCH job dTsPOBU UBCHYNVY UPDBM DCHYTSEOYE Uniao Nacional para a Indepencia Total de Angola (VPMEE Y'CHEUFOPE RP UCHPEK RPTFKhZBMShULPK BVVTECHYBFKHTE). YuBUFY khoyfb VBYTPCHBMYUSH Y "TBVPFBMY" ABOUT AZE UFTBOSHCH, YUEN RTEDUFBCHMSMY HZTPBKH DMS UFTFEZYYUEULY CHBTsOPK CEMEEKOPK DPTPZE VEOZKHMB, LPFPTBS UCHSHCHCHBMB LPOZP UYEBNYVY. l LFPNKh NPNEOFKH RPTFKhZBMShGSC UFBMY RTYNEOSFSH CH CHPKOE CHETFPMEFSHCH, FBL LBL UOBVTSEOYE VPMSHYIOUFCHB ZBTOYJPOCH NPZMP PUHEEUFCHMSFSHUS YULMAYUIFEMSHOP RP CHPDHIKH (DPTPZZY VPSHCHMY). at OBYUBMPN LTHROPNBUYFBVOSHCHI VPECHCHI DEKUFCHYK ABOUT CHPUFPL LPNBODPCHBOYE PTZBOYBPCHBMP EEE OEULPMSHLP BTPDTPPNCH H zBZP lHYFYOP Y lHYFP lHBOBCHBME.

9 YAOS 1967 ZPDB Ch TBKOE nPYLP VPKGShch nrmb UVYMY UCHPK RETCHSHCHK UBNPMEF (dP-27), BCH FEYUEOYE UMEDHAEZP ZPDB OB YI UYUEF VSCHMP UBRYUBOP EEE OEULPMSHLP "bMMHIFPCH". "fBODETDTSEFSHCH" Yb-b UCHPEZP PFOPUYFEMSHOPZP OEVPMSHYPZP TBDYHUB DEKUFCHYS Y PZTBOYUEOOPZP LPMYUEUFCHB UCHTENEOOOSCHI BTPDTPNPCH RTYNEOSMYUSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP H ACCOUNTING LPOY TBYUKBOBI. h UCHPEK VPTSHVE RPTFHZBMSHGSCH VSCHMY OE PDYOPLY: ATSOPBZHTYLBOGSCH CHSMY RAP LPOFTPMSH NEUFPTPTSDEOYS H TBKPOE lBUUYOZB J RPDDETTSYCHBMY CHETFPMEFOSCHE PRETBGYY dv oBNYVYY, TPDEYKULYE RYMPFSCH MEFBMY H UPUFBCHE RPTFHZBMSHULYI chchu. h 1969 ZPDKh CHETFPMEFOSHCHK RBTL RPRPMOYMY VPMEE NPEOSHCHK "rKhNShch". FERETSH LPMPOYBFPTSCH RPNEOSMY FBLFILH - ZETVYGYDBNY CHSHTSYZBMUS VHY CHDPMSH DPTPZ Y UFTFEZYUEULY CHBTSOSCHI RHOLFPCH, YuFP CHEUSHNB UBFTHDOSMP ULTSCHFOPE RETEDCHYTSEOYE RBTSULFY. pDOCHTENEOOP RTYCHMELBMPUSH ABOUT UFPTPOH NEUFOP OBUEMEOYE - UPDBCHBMYUSH FBL OBSHCHCHBENSCHE "NYTOSHCHE" DETECOY, RTPCHPDYMBUSH NPEOBS LPNRBOYS H uny. PUOPCHOPK KhRPT VSHM UDEMBO ABOUT VPTSHVKh U nrmb: FPMSHLP ЪB 1970-72 ZPDSH RTPFYCH NBTLUYUFCH VSMP RTPCHEDEOP YuEFSCHTE NPEOEKYI CHPEOOSHHI PRETBGYK H TBKOE nPYLP. pDOBLP KHUREI VSHCHM NYOYNBMSHOSHCHK, FBL LBL RPCHUFBOGSHCH PFIPDYMY YB ZTBOYGH, ZDE "BMEYUYCHBMY TBOSHCH", RETECHPPTHTSBMYUSH Y UOPCHB CHPCHTBEBMYUSH CH BOZPMH.

OESUOPUFSH GEMEK UYMSHOP RPDTSCHCHBMB NPTBMSHOSHCHK HTPCHEOSH LPMPOYBMSHOSHCHI CHPKUL. Chueh FP DPRPMOYMPUSH LPOPNYYUEULYNY FTHDOPUFSNY, FBL LBL OEVPMSHYBS UFTBOB OE NPZMB DPMZP CHEUFY CHPKOH UTBH ON FTY ZHTPOFB (RPMOPNBUYFBVOBS RBTFYBOULBS CHPKOB YMB J H DTHZYI LPMPOYSI - nPBNVYLE J zChYOEE-vYUUBH). rPFETY chchu rPTFKhZBMYY ChPTBUFBMY, OP UPVUFCHEOOP VPECSHCHI VSCHMP OENOZP-Ch PUOPCHOPN UBNPMEFSHCH Y CHETFPMEFSHCH VYMYUSH CH BCHBTYSI Y LBFBUFTPZHBI. fBL, Kommersant 1972 ZPDB PZOEN U ENMY VSHMP UVYFP CHUEZP DCHB "bMMHFB". (FHF UFPYF ЪBNEFYFSH, UFP MYDETSCH nrmb RTEDUFBCHIMY Y UCHPY GYZhTSCH: FBL, SB 1972 ZPD UVYFYF PZOEN U ENMY YUYUMYMYUSH RSFSH CHETFPMEPCH).

MEFPN 1973 ZPDB YЪOPYEOOSCHE "FBODETDTSEFSHCH" OBLPOEEG-FP VSCHMY ЪBNEOEOSCH ABOUT YEUFSH h-26, OEMEZBMSHOP BLHRMEOOSHCHI Ch uyb. PDOBLP OB FPF NPNEOF VSCHMP RPOSFOP, UFP HDETTSBFSH boZPMH OE HDBUFUS: L OBYUBMH 1974 ZPDB nrmb HCE LPOFTPMYTPCHBMP VPMEE 1\3 FETTYFPTYY (RTYNETOP 500 FSHCHU.LC.LN), ZDE RTPTSYCHBMP. UEMPCHEL).

rPUME RTYIPDB L CHMBUFY CH MYUUBVPOE MECHPTBDYLBMSHOPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB UFBMP RPOSFOP, UFP BZHTYLBOULYE LPMPOY CHULPTE RPMHYUBF OEBCHYUYNPUFSH. ABOUT 1 YAMS 1975 ZPDB PZHYGYBMSHOP VSCHMP OBOBBYUEOP RTCHPZMBYOEOYE OYEBCHYUYNPUFY BOZPMSHCH. pDOBLP EEE DP HIPDB LPMPOYBFPTPCH CH UFTBOE TBBTBYMBUSH ZTBTSDBOULBS CHPKOB NETSDH FTENS TBMYUOSCHNY DCHYTSEOISNY, LPFPTBS (U RETETSHCHCHBNY) RTPDPMTSBEFUS DP UYI RPT. obyuyobs U 11 OPSVTS 1975 ZPDB VSCM PTZBOY'PCHBO "CHPDHYOSCHK NPUF" DMS chblkhbgyy things RPUEMEOGECH YU UFBCHYEK OEBCHYUYNPK UFTBOSHCH. CHUEZP H LPTPFLYK UTPL RPRTPUFH VETSBMY, VTPUBS YNHEEUFCHP, 300 FSHCHUSYU YuEMPCHEL. "tBVPYuEK MPYBDLPK" UFBM vPYOZ 707. CHUS VPMEE - NOOEE UPCTENEOOOBS BCHYBFEIOILB VSCMB MYVP RETEZOBOB CH NEFTPRPMYA, MYVP KHOYUFPTSEOB. oChPNKh RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH DPUFBMPUSH MYYSH OEULPMSHLP UBNPMEFPCH Y CHETFPMEFPCH H LTBKOE RMBYUECHOPN FEIOYYUEULPN UPUFPSOYY.

veulpoeyuobs ztbcdbowlbs chpkob.

At 10 h OPYUSH ON 11 OPSVTS 1975 ZPDB RTEDUEDBFEMSH nrmb bZPUFYOShP oEFP B RTYUHFUFCHYY NOPZYI FSCHUSYU BOZPMSHGECH, B FBLTSE RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK OEULPMSHLYI UFTBO NYTB, RTPCHPZMBUYM TPTSDEOYE 47- RFP OEBCHYUYNPZP ZPUHDBTUFCHB bZhTYLY - oBTPDOPK tEURHVMYLY bOZPMB. pDOBLP ZBLFYUEULY ABOUT FETTYFPTYY VSCCHHYEK RPTFHZBMSHULPK LPMPOY VSCHMP PVTBCHBOP EEE DCHB ZPUHDBTUFCHB: TPVETFP UPDBM UCHPE UP UFPMYGEK CH bNVTYE, B UBCHYNVY - CH hBNVP.

B of the ECE 1969 ZPDH oEFP BLMAYUYM UPZMBYEOYE have UPCHEFULYN RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHPN P RTEDPUFBCHMEOYY uuut OEULPMSHLYI VB OF UCHPEK FETTYFPTYY, YUFP PVEUREYUYMP ENH ZTPNBDOHA VECHPNEDOHA CHPEOOHA RPNPESH J ZHBLFYYUEULY TEYYMP CHPRTPU P CHMBUFY. jomb RPDDETSYCHBMBUSH BNETYLBOGBNY Y BYTGBNY, CH FP CHTENS LBL hoifb RPMBZBMBUSH ABOUT ATSOPBZHTYLBOULHA Y LYFBKULHA RPDDETTSLH. UPCHEFULPE PTHTSIE RPUFHRBMP ABOUT BCHYBVB'H nBKS-nBKS CH vTBB'BCHYME (lPOZP) Y NPTEN PFRTBCHMSMPUSH H mHBODH. L NBTFH 1975 ZPDB Ch bOZPME HCE VSCHMP RTYNETOP 250 LHVYOGECH, BCH YAME RPTDTBDEMEOYS nrmb RTY BLFYCHOPK RPNPEY LHVYOULYI UPCHEFOILPCH UNPZMY CHSHCHVYFSH PFTSSDCH ZHOMB YU UFPMYGSCH. YOFETEUOP, UFP VPMSHYPK CHLMBD CHOEUMMY RPTFKhZBMSHULYE RYMPFSCH, LPFPTSHCHE ABOUT F.27-I BCHYBLPNRBOY Transportes Aereos de Angola (TAAG) CHSHCHRPMOYMY OEULPMSHLP DEUSFLCH TBCHEDSCHCHBFEMSHOSHCHI RPMEFPCH.

uyb CH FPF NPNEOF CH PFLTSCHFHA OE RPDDETSYCHBMY OE PDOH YU UFPTPO, PDOBLP gth PLBSCHCHBMP RPNPESH jomb. TEBMSHOP HCE CH YAME BNETYLBOGSC UNPZMY PTZBOYPCHBFSH RETCHHA RETEVTPULH PTHTSYS DMS RPCHUFBOGECH. pTHTSYE (VPMSHYOUFCHP H UCHPEN UOSFPE U ChPPTKhTSEOIS BTNYY uyb) U ULMBDPCH H UBO BOFPOYP UBNPMEFBNY ​​u-130 RETEVTBUSCHCHBMPUSH ABOUT BCHYBVBH yuBTMSHUFPO. b HCE PFFHDB ZTPNBDOSCHNY u-141 Yb UPUFBCHB 437 Military Airlift Wing PFRTBCHMSMPUSH CH LOYBUKH (bBYT). FHF PTHTSYE RETEZTHTSBMPUSH Y ABOUT ZTKHPCHYLBI RETEVTBUSCHCHBMPUSH H UCHETOHA BOZPMH. LBCDSCHK CHSCHMEF u-141 PVIPDYMUS BNETYLBOULYN OBMPZPRMBFEMSHEILBN 80 FSHCHUSYU DPMMBTCH. CHUEZP TSE BNETILBOGSH RETEDBMY YUETE nPVHFC 32 NMO. RP OELPFPTSCHN OERPDFCHETSDEOOOSCHN UPPVEEOISN PTXTSIE FBLTS RETEVTBUSCHCHBMPUSH U BNETILBOULYI VB CH ZETNBOY ABOUT VPTFH u-54 Y u-118.

ATSOPBZHTYLBOGSHCH ABOUT LFPN LFBE ChPKOSHCH PZTBOYYUYMYUSH RPUSHMLPK CHPYOULYI RPDTBDEMEOYK DMS PITBOSHCH NEUFPTPTSDEOYK CH LBUYOZE Y ZYDTPMELFTPUFBOHYK CH LBMHEZE Y THBLBOE. b 11 UEOFSVTS CHCHYDH FSTsEMPK PVUFBOPCHLY DMS jomb 4-K Y 7-K VBFBMShPO "LPNBODPU" BYTULPK BTNYY FTBOURPTFOSHCHNY "ZETLKHMEUBNY" NEUFOSHCHI chchu VSCHMY RETEVTPEOSCH H bNVTYJ. rTBLFYUEULY U IPDH ЪBYTULYE CHPEOOPMHTSBEYE PFNEFIMYUSH CH ЪBICHBFE lBIYFP. 24-ZP UEOFSVTS H LFPN TBKPE VSCM UVYF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHEOOSHK Fiat G.91. FFPF YFHTNPCHYL PFLTSCHM DMYOOSHCHK URYUPL RPFETSOOSHCHI H CHPKOE BOZPMSHULYI UBNPMEFPCH.

RPVEDB nrmb VSCHMB PE NOPZPN PVEUREYUEOB LKHVYOGBNY, LPFPTSHCHE RTYVSHCHCHBMY Y RTYVSHCHCHBMY H UFTBOH: L LPOGH UEOFSVTS oEFP NPZ RPMPTSYFSHUS OB 1500 "UPCHEFOILPCH".

h DELBVTE 1975 ZPDB lBUFTP OBRTBCHYM ULBDTYMSHA nYzPCH (9 nYz-17zh Y 1 nYz-15hfy) ABOUT RPNPESH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHEOOSHCHN hchu bOZPMSHCH, CHEDHAIN BLFYCHOSHE VPECHSCHE DECUFCHYS RTPFBYCH. LPNBODYTPN VSHCHM OBOBBYUEO NBKPT tPIE nPOFEU. 'POPK PFTCHEFUFCHEOOPUFY LHVYOGECH PRTDEDEMIMY DERBTFBNEOF lBVYODB Y ACCORDING TO UFTBOSHCH, CH FP CHTENS LBL CHULPTE RTYVSCCHYE nYz-21 "TBVPFBMY" ABOUT THE AZE AND CHPUFPL. bNEOEOSCH "UENOBDGBFSHCHE" ABOUT nYz-21 CH 1977 ZPDKh.

teeeoye zhydems lBUFTP RPNPYUSH BZHTYLBOGBN CHSHCHCHBMP OBUFPSEYK CHTSCHCH IOFHYIBNB UTEDY LHVYOGECH. NOPZYE OYI FHF TSE OBYUBMY ЪBRYUSCHCHBFSHUS CH YOFETOBGYPOBMSHOSHCHE VTYZBDSC, LPFPTSCHE CH UREIIOPN RPTSDLE RETEVTBUSCHCHBMYUSH CH BOZPMH U GEMSH PUCHPPVPTSDEOYS BZHTYLBOGECH PF "VEMSHI TBUYUFCH". (CHUEZP U 1975 RP 1988 ZPD CH BOZPME Y DTHZYI UFTBOBI BZHTYLY RPVSHCHCHBMY 500 FSHCHUSYU LKHVYOGECH, YI RPFETY UPUFBCHYMY 2.5 FSHCHUSYU YUEMPCHEL.)

H FBLPK UYFKHBGYY BNETYLBOGSH TEYMYMY DEKUFCHPCHBFSH VPMEE TEYYFEMSHOP Y DMS ULPTEKYEK RETEVTPULY PTHTSYS Y BNHOYGYY YЪ LOYBUSCH UPDBMY BCHYBLPNRBOYA. UADB UPVTBMY OEULPMSHLP FTBOURPTFOSHCHI UBNPMEFPCH ZDE FPMSHLP NPTsOP. fHF VSCHMY Aztec, Cessna 172, Cessna 180, Turbo Commander, Aloutte III, Mooney, RBTB F.27. LTPNE FPZP UADB TSE RETEDBMY TELCHYTPCHBOOKHA Cessna 310 (UBNPMEF BLHRBMUS DMS HZBODYKULPZP DYLFBFPTB IDY bNYOB, PDOBLP VSCHM BDETTSBO FBNPTSEOILBNY Y UVBM UPVUFCHEOOFSHHA). lTPNE FPZP DMS OHCD jomb BTEODPCHBMY F.27 th Viscount (UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP X LPNRBOIK Air Congo th Pearl Air). eUFEUFCHEOOP, UFP CHUE UBNPMEFSCH RYMPFYTPCHBMYUSH ECHTPREKULYNY OBENOYLBNY. RETYPDYUEULY FBLTS RTYCHMELBMYUSH CHPEOOP - FTBOURPTFOSHCHE du-4 Y u-130 BYTULYI chchu. atsopbzhtylbogsch FPTSE VPMEE TEYYFEMSHOP CHNEYBMYUSH H VPTSHVKh: 21 UEOFSVTS ZTHRRB CHSHCHUYI PZHYGETCH RPSCHYMBUSH H YFBVE hoyfb DMS LPPTDYOBGYY DEKUFCHYK. UFPYF ULBBFSH, UFP UBCHYNVY DMS RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHULIYI GEMEK RPMShPCHBMUS BTEODPCHBOOSCHN Learjet. LTPNE FPZP, CH OEBLPOOSCHI RETEVTPULBI PTHTSYS YBNVYY PFNEYUEO RP LTBKOEK NETE PYO HS 125 VTYFBOULPK LPNRBOYY Trader Airways.

EUFEUFCHEOOP, UFP CHULPTPUFY YOPUFTBOGSCH UFPMLOKHMYUSH DTHZ U DTHZPN. fBL, 7 PLFSVTS 1975 ZPDB YuEFSCHTOBDGBFSH ATsOPBZHTYILBOGECH CH UPUFBCHE LPMPOOSCH zhomb Ch TBKPE oPTFPO DE nBFPU RPZYVMP CH IPDE UFPMLOPCHEOYS U LKHVYOULYNY CHPKULBNY. rPDTBDEMEOYE nrmb RPDDETSYCHBMPUSH RSFSHA f-34 Y MEZLINE TBCHEDSCHCHBFEMSHOSHCHN UBNPMEFPN.

FFPF UMHYUBK RTYCHEM L FPNKH, YUFP ATsOPBZHTYLBOULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE TEYYMP OBYUYFEMSHOP TBUYYTYFSH UCHPE HYBUFYE CH LPOZHMYLFE ABOUT ZTBOYGE. hTsE YUETE OEDEMA VSCHMP UPDBOP PRETBFYCHOBS LPNBODB "HMH" LHDB CHPYMY DCHB REIPFOSCHI VBFBMSHPOB (PDYO VSCHM RPMOPUFSHA HLPNRMELFPCHBO ATSOPBZHTYLBOULYNY CHPEOOSCHNY, B CHFPTPK RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN dBOYMS yuYREODB - BOZPMSHGBNY, RPDZPFPCHMEOOSCHNY FETTYFPTYY OF ABT). CHULPTE "ZETLKHMEUBNY" CH uymshchb rPTFP VShchMB RETEVTPEOB Y ZTKHRRB "zhPLUVBF", RTY 22 VTPOEBCHFPNPVYMSI. HYBUFYE LBDTPCHSCHI CHPEOOSHCHI LBYEUFCHEOOP YЪNEOYMP IPD CHPKOSHCH ABOUT AZE: PFTSSDCH nrmb UFBMY PFUFHRBFSH, UDBCHBS PYO UFTTBFEZYUEULYK RHOLF ЪB DTHZYN. h nPYUBNEDEU, OBRTYNET, NBTLUYUFSHCH CHBLKHITCHBMYUSH RPTFKHZBMSHULYNY LPTBVMSNY RTSNP RPD PZOEN ATsOPBZHTYLBOGECH.

Ъ-ЪB RTBLFYUEULY RPMOPZP PFUHFUFCHYS MYOYK LPNNHOILBGYY CH UFTBOE LHVYOGSHCHOE UNPZMY YZHZHELFYCHOP RBTYTPCHBFSH CHPOYLYKHA HZTPЪH. atsopbzhtylboulye chchu YTPLP YURPMSHЪPCHBMYUSH DMS UOBVTSEOYS OBUFHRBCHYI ChPKUL. pFNEYUEO FBLCE RP LTBKOEK NET PYO UMHYUBK LPZDB RBTB ABTPCHULYI "ZETLKHMEUPCH" l CHFPTPNKH OPSVTS CHUE FPZP TSE 1975 ZPDB PVE LPMPOOSCH UPEDYOYMYUSH CHPME Z. lBFEOLCHE.

PDOCHTENEOOP BYTULYE CHPKULB OBYUBMY CHFPTTSEOYE CH LPOFTPMYTHENSCHK nrmb BOLMBCH lBVYODB. rPUME ЪBICHBFB "UFPMYGSCH" MPVYFP DMS RTILTSCHFIYS BZTEUUIY CHMBUFSH ЪDEUSH VSHMB RETEDBOB Frente de Libertacao de Enclave Cabinda (zhmel). BYTULYE CE CHPKULB RTPDPMTSBMY OBUFHRMEOYE, UVBTBSUSH ЪBOSFSH LBL NPTsOP VPMSHIE FETTYFPTYY CH RTEDDCHETYY RTEDUFPSEYI NYTOSCHI RETESZCHPTCH. atsopbzhtylbogshch FEN CHTENEOEN RTPDPMTSBMY TBCHYCHBFSH UCHPE OBUFHRMEOYE. PUVP FTSEMSHCHE VPY TBCHETOKHMYUSH CH OBYUBME DElbVTS CHPLTHZ ZPTPDB uBOFB LPNVB, ZDE RPZYVMP (RP ЪBRBDOSCHN DBOOSCHN) RTYNETOP 200 LHVYOGECH. xCHEMYUYMPUSH Y LPMYUEUFCHP PRETBFYCHOSCHI ZTHRR: LTPNE DCHHI YNECHYIUS CH BOZPME RTYVBCHYMYUSH EEE DCHE: "PTBOTS" Y "yLU-tK". LFY PFTSDSC HYUBUFCHPCHBMY CH YFHTNE LHIVBMSCH. rPDDETSYCHBMYUSH POY OEULPMSHLYNY dP.27 hchu bBYTB (RETEDBOOSCHNY KHIPDYCHYNY RPTTFHZBMSHGBNY), b yfhtchbmbny LPFPTSCHI GO BNETYLBOGSHCH. h DELBVTE CE gth LHRYMP PE zhTBOGY YUEFSHCHTE RPDETTSBOOSCHI Alloutte II Y RETEVTPUYMY YI CH LYOYBUKH YUFTSHCH ABOUT VPTFH u-141. pDOBLP RP RTYVSHCHFIY PLBBMPUSH, UFP OH MEFUYLPC, NPZHEII MEFBFSH, OH FEIOYLPCH CH lPOZP RTPUFP OEF!

rPFETSH BCHYBGYY RTBLFYUEULY OE VSHMP. b CHUE CHTENS FPMShLP 25 PLFSVTS VSHCHM UVYFB ACOPBZhTYLBOULBS Cessna 185, B 21 DElbVTS PZOEN U ЪENMY CH TBKPOE GEMB - "rHNB".

CH SOCHBTE 1976 ZPDB THLPCHPDUFCHP gth TEYYMP, UFP POY CHSHVTBMY "ORETBCHYMSHOPE" DCHYTSEOYE Y UFBMY UCHPTBYUYCHBFSH UCHPE UPFTKHDOYUEUFCHP U zhomb. retchp-obretchp RTELTBFIYM JHOLGYPOITPCHBFSH BTPDTPN CH oEZBZE. fBLPK TELYK RPCHPTPF CH BNETYLBOULPK RPMYFILE ULBBMUS Y ABOUT RPMPTSEOYY CH UFTBOE-RPUME RBDEOYS uBP UBMCHBDPT (15 ZHECHTBMS 1976 ZPDB) jomb RTBLFYUEULY UPYMP U RPMYFYUEULPK UGEOSCH.

THRETCHSHCHE LHVYOULYE UBNPMEFSHCH RPSCHYMYUSH CH BOZPMSHULPN OEVE 25 SOCHBTS 1976 ZPDB. B DCHB DOS DP FPZP VSCHMY PZHYGYBMSHOP PZHPTNMEOSCH chchu bOZPMSch, LHDB RETCHPOBYUBMSHOP CHPYMY OEULPMSHLP "oPTBFMBUPCh" J "dBLPF" YUEFSCHTE G.91, OEULPMSHLP "TBOPLBMYVETOSCHI" CHETFPMEFPCH, B FBLTSE RETCHBS RBTFYS nYz-17 J-21 nYz. rTBChYFEMShUFChEOOSchNY CHPKULBNY hBNVP VSCHM CHSF ZHECHTBMS 9, B-23, GP-130 at ATSOPBZHTYLBOULYE CHBLHYTPCHBMY RPUMEDOYI RPTFHZBMSHGECH dv rETEKTB D "LB. 13 NBTFB OEULPMSHLP nYz 21 BFBLPCHBMY BTPDTPN lBZP, zde H FPF NPNEOF TBZTHTSBM ZTH RTPDPCHPMSHUFCHYS dv tPDEYY F.27 LPNRBOYY Air Congo h. TEHMSHFBFE UBNPMEF VSCHM HOYYUFPTSEO, B nYzY (OEUNPFTS ON DCHE RHEEOOSCHE "uFTEMSch") VMBZPRPMHYUOP HYMY. (uFPYF ULBBFSH, YUFP RTYNETOP 50 FYI LPNRMELUPCH dv YUYUMB BICHBYUEOOSCHI B IPDE UFPMLOPCHEOYK have BTBVBNY VSCHMY RETEDBOSCH hoyfb YTBYMSHFSOBNY, FBLTSE YNEMYUSH J OEULPMSHLP "tD BC "BNETYLBOULPZP RTPYCHPDUFCHB.) chRPUMEDUFChYY GTH BRMBFYMP nPVHFH 600 FSCHUSYU DPMMBTPCH B HOYYUFPTSEOOSCHK FTBOURPTFOYL. 27 NBTFB 1976 ZPDB RAP DBCHMEOYEN NYTPCHPZP UPPVEEUFCHB ATSOPBZHTYLBOULYE TEZHMSTOSCHE CHPKULB RPLYOHMY bOZPMH (PDOBLP h UFTBOE PUFBCHBMYUSH LBL NYOYNHN 15 FSCHUSYU LHVYOGECH Q 5 FSCHUSYU OYZETYKGECH, RPDDETTSYCHBCHYYI nrmb). h DELBVTE bOZPMB VSCHMB RTYOSFB Ch ppo.

EDYOUFCHEOOOSCHN UETSHEKOSHCHN RTPFYCHOYLPN RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB PUFBCHBMYUSH PFTSDSC hoifb, DEKUFCHPCHBCHYE CH GEOPFTBMSHOSHCHI Y ATSOSCHHI TBKPOBI UFTBOSHCH. xCE CH YAME 1976 ZPDB nrmb RTPCHEMP OEULPMSHLP PRETBGYK RTPFYCH NSFETSOYLPCH. fPZDB TSE CHRECHSHCHE YITPLP YURPMSHЪPCHBMYUSH VPECHCHE CHETFPMEFSHCH UPCHEFULPZP RTPIЪCHPDUFCHB. rP OELPFPTSCHN DBOOSCHN OEULPMSHLP CHYOFPLTSCHMSHI NBYYO VSHMY UVYFSHCHN. h NBTFE 1977 ZPDB PYUBZ VPECHI DECUFCHYK RETENEUFIMUS L ZPTPDH hBNVP. hoyfPCHGSCH ЪBSCHYMY CH FPF RETYPD P OEULPMSHLYI UVYFSHCHI BO-26.

Hairdryer CHTENEOEN bOZPMB UFBOPCHYMBUSH CHBTSOSCHN UFTBFEZYYUEULYN RBTFOETPN uuut B TEZYPOE: ON ITS FETTYFPTYY VBYTPCHBMYUSH OELPFPTSCHE RPDTBDEMEOYS chnzh uuut, W B DELBVTE 1977 ZPDB ON BTPDTPNE mHBODSch BRBDOSCHNY OBVMADBFEMSNY PFNEYUEOSCH DCHB FX-95 chchu uuut (RP Chueca CHYDYNPUFY, UBNPMEFSCH UPCHETYBMY RTPNETSHFPYUOHA RPUBDLH).

DMS RPDDETSLY LHVYOULPZP LLUREDYGYPOOPZP LPTRHUB YURPMSHЪPCHBMPUSH DPUFBFPYuOP VPMSHYPE LPMYUEUFCHP FTBOURPTFOSHCHI UBNPMEFPCH. rTETSDE CHUEZP TAAG BTEODPCHBMB RBTH vPYOZPC 707, ABOUT LPFPTSCHI MEFBMY VTYFBOULIE Y BNETYLBOULIE RYMPFSCH. CHULPTPUFY L RETEVTPULE RTYCHMELMMY Y "Britain" BCHYBLPNRBOYY "LHVBOB". l 1978 ZPDH CH TBURPTSEOY LKHVYOGECH LTPNE CHSHCHYEKHRPNSOHFPK FEIOILY FBLCE OBIPDYMYUSH NY-4 Y NY-8.

NBS 1978 ZPDB OBJOYOBEFUS "CHFPTPE RTYYEUFCHYE" ATSOPBZHTYLBOGECH. tbchedumhtsvshch ffpk uftboshch HUFBOCHYMY, UFP LTHROEKYE MBZETS RP RPDZPFPCHLE VPECHYLCH uchbrp OBIPDYFUS CH BOZPME RPD RPLTCHYFEMSHUFCHPN nrmb. fPZDB VSHMP TEIEOP RTPCHEUFI BLGYA CHPNEEDYS. POB RPMHYUYMB LPDCHPE PVP-OBYUEOYE "Reindeer". PUOPCHOSCHNY GEMSNY VSCHMY DCHB MBZETS (OE VEY YTPOYY RPMHYuYCHYI LPDSH "chSHEFOBN" Y "nPULCHB"), TBURPMPTSEOOSCHE CH lBUUYOZE Y yuEFEZHTTTE. rETCHPK GEMSHA UFBMB "nPULCHB" CH 155 NYMSI PF ATsOPBZHTYLBOULPK ZTBOYGSCH. oEVPMSHYE NPVYMSHOSHCHE ZTHRRSH VSCHMY CHSHVTPYEOSHCH H 15 NIMSI PF GEMY CHPUENSHA u-130 Y u-160 "fTBOUBMM". SING PTZBOICHBMY CHTENEOOHA CHETFPMEFOHA RMPEBDLH. bFBLB OBYUBMBUSH RPUME FPZP, LBL YuEFCHETLB "lBOVETT" UVTPUYMB ABOUT MBZETSH LBUUEFOSHCH VPNVSHCH. rPUME LPTPFLPK UFSHCHYuLY, CH LPFPTPK RPZYVMP RTYNETOP FSHCHUSUB BZHTYLBOGECH, LPNBODPU VSHCHMY CHBLKHYTPCHBOSHCH "rHNBNY" Y "UHRET zhTEMPOBNY". h FP CHTENS "NYTBTSY" III Y "VLBOITSHCH" BFBLPCHBMY ABOUT NBTIE LPMPOOKH LKHVYOULYI CHPKUL, RPUMBOOSCHI ABOUT RPNPESH. unitary enterprise ChFPTPK VBPK "TB'PVTBMYUSH" BFBLPK U ЪENMY RTY RPDDETSLE VTPOEFEIOILY.

CH UMEDHAEEN (1979 ZPDH) PRETBGYY ATsOPBZHTYLBOGECH CH BOZPME UOPCHB TBUYTYMYUSH. DCHPMSHOP BLFICHOP RTYNEOSMBUSH Y BCHYBGYS. rTBCHDB, UHDYFSH PV LFPN NPTsOP FPMShLP RP LPMYUEUFCHH UVYFSHCHI UBNPMEFPCH: 14 NBTFB - "lBOVETTB", 6 YAMS - "nYTBTS". eEE PDOB "YNRBMB" VSCHMB UVYFB 18 PLFSVTS 1979 ZPDB.

l 1980-NH ZPDH RBTFYBOSH uchbrp RTYYMY CH UEVS RPUME TEKDPCH DCHHIMEFOEK DBCHOPUFY Y UOPCHB OBOSMYUSH UFTPIFEMSHUFCHPN MBZETEK DMS RPDZPFPCHLY FETTPTYUFCH. FP OE RTPYMP OYEBNEYUEOOOSCHN, PUPVEOOHA FTECHPZH UPUEDEK CHSCCHCHBMY ATSOSHE TBKPOSHCH BOZPMSHCHN. OB FFPF TB PRETBGYS RTPDPMTSBMBUSH FTY OEDEMY Y UFPYMB 17 HVYFSHCHI ATSOPBZHTYLBOGECH. rTBCHDB, RPFETY uchbrp VSCHMY OBYUYFEMSHOP CHCHYE: 360 HVYFSHCH Y OEULPMSHLP DEUSFLPC FPOO VTPYEOOPZP CHPEOOPZP UOBTSEOIS.

l OPSVTA 1980 ZPDB chchu bozpmshch TBURPMBZBMY UMEDHAEEK BCHYBFEIOILPK: 11 nYz-21nzh, 7 nYz-17zh, DCHB Fiat G.91R-4, 10 nY-8, 13 Alouette III Y FTY nYz-15 hfy. FTBOURPTFOSHCHK LPNRPOEOF VSCM RTEDUFBCHMEO HCE HRPNYOBCHYEKUS BCHYBLPNRBOYEK TAAG, CH UPUFBCHE LPFPTPK YUYUMYMPUSH DCHB F.27, u-130e, ENSH bo-12, 10 bo-22.10 boT-2, FTY u-47, YEUFSH Islander o-47, YEUFSH Islander

UMEDHAEBS CHBTSOBS PRETBGYS VSCHMB RTPCHEDEOB ACOPBZHTYLBOULPK BTNYEK CH BCHZHUFE 1981 ZPDH. obYUBMBUSH POB U BFBL RPYGYK BOZPMSHULYI utl u-125 Y "lCHBDTBF" CH lBIBNE. rPUME YuEZP PDOB LPMPOOB LPNBODPU RETEUELMB ZTBOYGH H TBKOE tHLBOB, B CHFPTBS - H TBKPOE podbozchb. PUOPCHOPK GEMSHA VSCHMB YFBV-LCHBTFYTB uchbrp CH OZYCHE. h UCHPEN CHSCHDCHYTSEOYY Sing RPDDETTSYCHBMYUSH "yNRBMBNY" (OE LPFPTSCHE CHSCHUFHRBMY UFPMSHLP YFHTNPCHYLBNY, ULPMSHLP TBCHEDYUYLBNY) Q NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHNY CHETFPMEFBNY, LPFPTSCHE UOBVTSBMY Chuen OEPVIPDYNSCHN J CHBLHYTPCHBMY TBOEOOSCHI. pDOBLP UBNSCHK ZMHVPLYK (U 1975 ZPD) TEKD ABTPCHULIE CHPKULB RTCHEMY CH OPSVTE LFPZP CE ZPDB. gemsny VSCHMY "UFBTSHCHE KOBLPNSHCHE": VBSH FETTPTYUFCH H vBNVE Y UETEZKhTE, B FBLTS RPYGYY BOZPMSHULYI atl CH lBIBNE. 6 OPSVTS RTPY'PYEM Y CHP'DKHYOSCHK VPK. UPZMBUOP ATSOPBZHTYLBOULYN DBOOSCHN UPVSCHFIS TBCHYCHBMYUSH UMEDHAEIN PVTBPN. tBOOYN HFTPN RBTB "NYTBTSEK", OBIPDYCHYBSUS ABOUT VPECPN DETSKHTUFCHE ABOUT BCHYBVBE PODBOZCHB (NEUFE VBYTPCHBOYS 3-K ULBDTYMSHY), VSCHMB RPDOSFB ABOUT RETEICHBF DCHHI CHPODHYOSCHI GEM. "NYTBTSY" RPDDPKDS ABOUT OYILPK CHSHCHUPFE UNPZMY PVOBTHTSYFSH RTPFYCHOYLB-YNY PLBBMYUSH DCHB BOZPMSHULYI NYZ-21 ABOUT TBUUFPSOYY YUEFSHCHTEI NYMSH MECHEEE. MEFUYLY UVTPUYMY RPDCHEUOSCHE VBLY Y UFBMY CHSHCHRPMOSFSH MECHSHCHK TBCHPTPF U GEMSHHA OBKFY CH ICHPUF RTPFYCHOYLH. FP YN HDBMPUSH, PDOBLP RTYNEOYFSH TBBLEFSH FARMPCHSHCHE nBFTB 550 OE VSHMP OILBLPK CHPNPTSOPUFY-NYZY HIPDYMY CH UFPTPOH UPMOGB. fPZDB CHEDHEIK (No. 213) NBKPT kPIBO TIOLYO UVMYYIMUS U nYzPN No. 2 Y U TBUUFPSOYS RTYNETOP 350 NEFTCH DBM RHYYUOKHA PUETEDSH. rTBLFYUEULY UTBYH PO OBVMADBM YMEKZH LETPUYOB. fPMSHLP RPUME LFPZP LKhVYOGSCH (B FP VSCHMY YNEOOP POI) UVTPUYMY RPDCHEUOSCHE VBLY Y UFBMY TBCHPTBYUYCHBFSHUS CHMECHP. CHUE FPF TSE CHEDHEIK TEYIM, UFP RPTB RTYNEOYFSH Y TBLEFKH (OB FFPF TB RP RTPFYCHOYLH No. 1), PDOBLP RTPY'PYEM PFLB. fPZDB PO RTYLBBM UCHPENKH CHEDPNPNKh BFBLPCHBFSH nYz No. 1. h TEEKHMSHFBFE RHYYUOPK BFBLY nYz CHPTCHBMUS, PDOBLP MEFUYL LBFBRHMSHFYTPCHBMUS. rPRSCHFLY BFBLPCHBFSH PUFBCHYEZPUS BOZPMSHGB BLPOYUYMYUSH OEKHDBYUK, FBL LBL MEFUYL NYZB OBYUBM IOETZYUOSCHE NBOECTSCH, Y CHUE RPRSHCHFLY CHSHCHRHUFIYFSH CHFTTHA TBLEFKH YBLPOYUYUSH. rP LHVYOULYN DBOOSCHN UVYFSHCHN PLBBMUS NBKPT MEPOEM rPOLE.

PRETBGYY RTPDPMTSBMYUSH DP UBNPZP LPOGB ZPDB, FBL CH LBOHO OPCHPZP ZPDB ZTHRRB UREGOBBL VSCHMB RETEVTPYEOOB "UHRET rHNBNY" L MBZETA H yCHBME. h IPDE VPS SOY RTYLTSCCHBMYUSH RSFETLPK "yNRBM". pDYO "bMMHF" CH FFPF DEOSH VSCHM UVYF PZOEN U ENMY. vPY ABOUT AZE BOZPMSC RTPDPMTSBMYUSH Y CHEUOPK 1982 ZPDB. 13 NBTFB HDBTH RPDCHETZUS MBZETSH FETTPTYUFCH H lBNVEOP. 45 VPKGPC UREGYBMShOPZP UPADBOOPZP DMS DEKUFCHYK CH BOZPME 32-ZP VBFBMSHPOB RTY OEULPMSHLYI NYOPNEFBI VSCHMY RETEVTPYEOOSCH "rHNBNY" CH VMYTSBKYE IPMSCH. h TEEKHMSHFBFE CHOEBROPC BFBLY VSCM HOYUFPTSEO 201 FETTPTYUF Y OEULPMSHLP BOZPMSHULYI NY-8. BLPOYUMPUSH CHUE HDBTPN "yNRBM". h NBE PYO FBLPK YFHTNPCHYL VSCHM UVYF, RTYUEN RP ACOPBZHTYLBOULYN DBOOSCHN RPZYV PYO Y UBNSHCHI RPDZPPFCHMEOOOSCHI ATSOPBZHTYLBOULYI RYMPFCH.

Vchm, lpoeyuop, x Azopbzhtilboghech yahdbyu: FB, brmboytpchobs about 31 YAMS PRETGIS RP Hoyufpceaa MBPMP NHRB VSHMB UPTCHBOPBIBIBIBILB Yozhtgytgytgythhbgythhbgyhhhhm ь ombgythhhhhhhhhhhhhh nhhhhhhhhhhhhhhMm nhombgyhhhhhhhhhhhhh nhhhhhhhhhhhhhMm 12 BCHZHUFB PZOEN BOZPMSHULPK "YYMLY" VSCHMB UVYFB "RHNB" (15 YuEMPCHEL LYRBTsB Y VPKGPC UREGOB'B RPZYVMY).

h UEOFSVTE 1982 ZPDB ChP CHTENS UTBTSEOIS ChPЪME lBOZBNVB FPMSHLP CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHP ATSOPBZHTYLBOULPK BCHYBGYY URBUMP NSFETSOYLPCH PF RPMOPZP TBYZTPNB. pDOPCTENEOOP hoifb OBBYUYFEMSHOP TBUYTYMP UCHPK BTUEOOBM UTEDUFCH rchp Y UFBMP VPMEE BLFYCHOP VPTPFSHUS U RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHEOOOPK BCHYBGEK, RTYUEN LBL ABOUT ENME, FBL Y CH OEVE. RTY LFPN ABOUT RETCHSHCHK RMBO UFBMY CHSHCHIPDYFSH r'tl "UFTEMB-2" UPCHEFULPZP Y LIFBKULPZP RTPY'CHPDUFCHB. RP HFCHETSDEOYA hoifb RETCHSHCHN UBNPMEFPN, UYFSHCHN TBLEFBNY ​​rätl 8 YAOS 1980 ZPDB UFBM BO-26.

BOZPMSHGSCH LFH YOZHPTNBGYA OE RPDFCHETDYMY, OP YOE PRTPCHETZMY. RP UCHEDEOYSN BCHFPTB CH FFPF DEOSH TBVYMUS FPMSHLP PDYO ZTBTSDBOULYK UBNPMEF SL-40 (D2-TYC) BCHYBLPNRBOYY TAAG Y SCHOP YNEOOP PO VSCHM GEMSHA DMS "UFTEM". CHUEZP CE FPMSHLP IB 1982 ZPD NSFETSOYLY RTEFEODHAF ABOUT 11 UVYFSHCH CHETFPMEFPCH Y OEULPMSHLP YUFTEVYFEMEK. gemsny UFBOCHIMYUSH Y ZTBTSDBOULYE MBKOETSHCH. 10 OPSVTS 1982 ZPDB UTBIH RPUME CHMEFB U BTPRPTFB mHVBOZP TBLEFPK "uFTEMB" VSCHM RPTBTSEO vPYOZ 737 LPNRBOY TAAG. rPZYVMP 126 YuEMPCHEL, UTEDI LPFPTSCHI VSHMY Y LKHVYOGSHCH. eEE PYO FBLPK TSE UBNPMEF VSCHM UVYF CH ZHECHTBME 1984 ZPDB OBD hBNVP. 25 BCHZHUFB 1983 ZPDB PLPMP dPODP VSCHM UVYF L-100-30 (ZTBTSDBOULYK CHBTYBOF OBNEOYFPZP "zETLHMEUB") BNETYLBOULPK BCHYBLPNRBOYY Trans America, DPUFBCHMSCHYYK RP LPOFTBLFH have RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHPN RTPDPCHPMSHUFCHYE B PFDBMEOOSCHE TBKPOSCH.

U 1 UEOFSVTS 1982 ZPDB PFTSSDCH hoifb VMPLYTPCHBMY BOZPMSHULP - LHVYOULYE ZBTOYPOSHCH H hBNVP Y NEOPOSE. uOBVTSEOYE YUBUFEK PUKHEEUFCHMSMPUSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP RP CHPDHIKH. CHUEZP TS NSFETSOYLY YB YEUFSH OEDEMSH VPEC CHPLTHZ LFYI OBUEMEOOOSCHI RHOLFPC ЪBSCHYMY P 18 UYFSHI MEFBFEMSHOSHCHI BRRBTBFBI, YЪ LPFPTSCHI VSCHMP YuEFSCHTE NYZ-21, DCHB3 NYZ

5 PLFSVTS 1982 ZPDB RTPYPYMP PYUETEDOPE UFPMLOPCHEOYE CH CHPDHIE. RBTB "NYTBTSEK" RTYLTSCCHCHBMB TBCHEDSCHCHBFEMSHOHA "LBOVETH" CH IPDE ZHPFPZTBJITCHBOYS ATSOSCHI TBKPOPCCH BOZPMSHCH. THLPCHPDYFEMSH RPMEFPCH, PVOBTHTSYCH CHTBTSEOULIE UBNPMEFSHCH, CH TBKPOE RTYLBBM "LBOVETTE" HIPDYFSH OB AZ UBNPUFPSFEMSHOP, B YUFTEVYFEMSN CHSHCHDBM OBRTBCMEOYE ABOUT ACCOUNTS, U OBVPTPN CHSHCHUPFSHCH HF 30 FSHCHUSYU. RYMPF CHEDHEEZP "NYTBTSB" CHUE FPF CE CHEDEUHEIK NBKPT tjolyo PVOBTHTSYM CH RSFY NYMSI RTBCHEE ABOUT FPC CE CHSHCHUPFE RBTH nYz-21. rPUME CHYHBMShOPZP LPOFBLFB ATsOPBZHTYLBOGSHCH UVTPUYMY RPDCHEUOSCHE VBLY Y UFBMY UFTPIFSh UCHPK TB'CHPTPF CHRTBCHP. RYMPFSCH NYZPCH, PVOBTHTSYCH PRBUOPUFSH, RPUREYOP CHSHCHRHUFYMY OEULPMSHLP ht, LPFPTSCHE OE YNEMY OILBLYI YBOUPCH RPRBUFSH H GEMSh. rPLB "NYTBTSY" CHSHCHRPMOSMY TBCHPTPF, NYZY ABOUT ZHPTUBTS RPRSHCHFBMYUSH CHSHCHKFY YH VPS. pDOBLP ATSOPBZHTYLBOGSHCH OE UPVYTBMYUSH PFUFBCHBFSH. RYMPF CHEDHEEZP "NYTBTSB" (N-T TIOLYO) ABOUT RTEDEMSHOPK DBMSHOPUFY (3000 NEFTCH) CHSHCHRHUFYM xt nBFTB 550 RP nYzH No. 2. tBLEFB IPFS Y ЪBICHBFIMB GEMSh, OP ChЪPTCHBMBUSH UMYYLPN DBMELP. fPZDB ATsOPBZHTYLBOEG UPLTBFYM TBUUFPSOYE DP 1500 NEFTCH Y CHSHCHRHUFYM CHFPTHA TBLEFH. ABOUT FFPF TB TBLEFB ChЪPTCHBMBUSH RTSNP ЪB nYzPN, OP UBNPMEF RTPDPMTSBM LPOFTPMYTHENSCHK RPMEF. nYz HYEM ABOUT VBH, CHPMPYUB DSHCHNOSHCHK YMEKZH. rPUME FPZP LBL U PDOIN VSCHMP RPLPOYUEOP ACOPBZHTYLBOEG BBOSMUS CHFPTSCHN YUFTEVYFEMEN. rTYNETOP U 230 NEFTCH ENH HDBMPUSH CHSHCHRHUFYFSH PYUETEDSH Y UCHPEK 30-NN RHYLY. nYz ChЪPTChBMUS CH CHPDHIE Y "NITBTS" RTPYEM RTSNP YuETE CHATSHCHCH. yЪ-ЪB DSHCHNB Y RTPUYI RTEMEUFEK DCHYZBFEMSH "NYTBTSB" (No. 203) PUFBOCHYMUS. rPUME VEHUREYOSCHI RPRSHFPL BRHUFYFSH EZP MEFUYL HCE UPVTBMUS LBFBRHMSHFYTPCHBFSHUS, PDOBLP CHOEBROP DCHYZBFEMSH PTSYM. rPTsE TBCHEDLPK VSCHMP HUFBOPCHMEOP, YUFP RETCHSCHK nYz VMBZPRPMHYUOP RTYENMYMUS ON VBH, PDOBLP RTY RPUBDLE X OEZP OE CHSCHRHUFYMPUSH YBUUY J MEFYUYL VSCHM CHSCHOHTSDEO UPCHETYYFSH ZTHVHA RPUBDLH, RPUME LPFPTPK UBNPMEF URYUBMY.

FFP VSCHMP ACOPBZHTYLBOULPE PRYUBOYE UPU. lHVYOULYE YUFPYUOYLY HFCHETTSDBAF, UFP MEKFEOBOFSHCH tBGYEMSH nBTTTETP tPDTYZEU Y dTSYMVETFP PTFYU rHBTEU OEUNPFTS ABOUT RPMKHYUEOOSHCH VPA RPCHTETSDEOYS UNPZMY HDBYOP RTYENMYFSHHU. pDOBLP UFPYF KhupnoyFSHUS CH FIYI DBOOSHI, FBL LBL ATSOPBZHTYLBOGSHCH PRHVMYLPCHBMY LBDTSCH zhlr, ABOUT LPFPTSCHI SUOP CHYDEO CHTSCHCH PDOPZP nYzB. h 1983 ZPDKh RPFETY ATSOPBZHTYILBOULPK BCHYBGYY OBYUYFEMSHOP KHCHEMYYUYMYUSH, FBL LBL ABOUT CHPPTKHTSEOYE BOZPMSHULP-LKHVYOULYI CHPKUL UFBMY RPUFHRBFSH VPMEE UPCTENEOOOSCHE UTl UPCHEFULPZ.Ъ fBL, ЪB FFPF ZPD FPMShLP CHPLTKhZ RPYGYK utl Ch lBIBNE VSHMP UVYFP YuEFSCHTE "yNRBMSCH". b 29 DELBVTS RTPYЪPYEM ЪBVBCHOSCHK YOGYDEOF: Ъ CHSCHMEFB CH TBKPO podbozchb MEFUYL PDOK YЪ "yNRBM" CHETOKHMUS U UHCHEOYTPN - OETBPTCCHBCHYEKUS TBLEFPK rtl "yZMB". 3 SOCHBTS 1984 ZPDB ChP CHTENS FSTsEMEKYEZP UTBTSEOIS CHPLTKhZ lKhCHEMBK LPNBODPCHBOYE VSCHMP CHSHCHOKHTSDEOP BLNEOYFSH 11-A BOZPMSHULKHA REIPFOKHA VTYZBDKH ABOUT DCHB LKHVYOULYI VBFBMShPOB. fPMSHLP RPUME FFPZP HDBMPUSH RETEMPNYFSH IPD VPECHSCHI DEKUFCHYK ABOUT LFPN HYBUFLE ZHTPOFB.

OE PUFBCHMSMY VE CHOYNBOYS ATSOPBZHTYLBOGSCH Y DTHZYE TBKPOSHCH BOZPMSHCH. dBMELP L UECHETH PF NEUFB PUOPCHOSHI VPEC PFTSSDCH UREGOBB CH NBE 1985 ZPDB UNPZMY RPMOPUFSHHA RBTBMYЪPCHBFSH TBVPFKH OEZHFSOPZP LPNRMELUB nBMPOZP CH BOLMBCHE lBVYODB. h UEOFSVTE BOZPMSHULBS BTNYS OBYUBMB PYUETEDOPE OBUFHRMEOYE, OB FFPF TB H TBKPE nBCHYOZB. YDEUSH CHRETCHSCHE H NBUUPCHPN RPTSDLE DMS RPDDETSLY CHPKUL YURPMSHЪPCHBMYUSH "yNRBMSCH", "VLBOITSHCH" Y "NYTBTSY" ATsOPBZHTYLBOULYI chchu. rTPYYPYMP Y OEULPMSHLP CHPDKHYOSCHI VPEC, CH LPFPTSCHI VSMP UVYFP DCHB nYz-21 Y OEULPMSHLP (RP LTBKOEK NETE, PYO nY-25) CHETFPMEFCH. ЁOYFYUYLY hoifb ЪBSCHYMY P YUEFSHTEI UVYFSHCHI NY-25 Y FTEI "bMMHFBI". pDOBLP RP CHUEK CHYDYNPUFY RPFETY RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHEOOOPK BCHYBGYY VSCHMY OBYUYFEMSHOP CHSHCHYE. PEF YUFP, OBRTYNET, CHURPNYOBEF P FEI FSTSEMSCHI Doce PDYO UPCHEFULYI UPCHEFOYLPCH dv, dv OBIPDYCHYYKUS RTY PDOPK REIPFOSCHI VTYZBD ": .oB OBYYI ZMBBI ABTPCHGSCH UVYCHBMY BOZPMSHULYE UBNPMEFSCH J CHETFPMEFSCH, LPFPTSCHE RPDCHPYMY VPERTYRBUSCH, LPMEUB, BVYTBMY TBOEOSCHI.

DP UYI RPT RETED ZMBBNY UFPYF LBTFIOB: DCHB NY-8 UEMY CH OBYEN TBURPMPTSEOY, RPDVTPUYCH VPERTYRBUSCH Y BRBUOSCHE YUBUFY L FEIOYLE, CHSMY ABOUT VPTF TBOEOSCHI. RBTB NY-24 LTKHTSYMB CH CHPODHIE. EDCHB CHETFPMEFSHCH U TBOEOSCHNY RPDOSMYUSH, LBL "NYTBTSY" UVYMY CHUE YEFSCHTE LTSCHMBFSHCHE NBYYOSCH. uFTBYOPE ЪTEMYEE, LPZDB TBOEOSCHE CHSHVTBUSCHCHBAFUS Y ZPTSEYI CHETFPMEFPCH U LIMPNEFTPPCHPK CHSHCHUPFSCH: about UMEDHAEIK DEOSH VSMP UVYFP EEE DCHB CHETFPMEFB. rPMEFSHCH BCHYBGYY DMS PLBBOYY RPNPEY OBENOSCHN CHPKULBN VSCHMY RTELTBEEOSCH."

A LPOGH 1985 ZPDB chchu bOZPMSch VMBZPDBTS OERTETSCHCHOSCHN RPUFBCHLBN dv UPGYBMYUFYYUEULYI UFTBO Chui of the ECE TBURPMBZBMY (RP BRBDOSCHN PGEOLBN) 23 nYz-23, 10 yX-22, 70 nYz-21 25 NY-25 17 NY-17 52 NY-8, 30 bO-26, 12 bO-12, 11 bO-2 Y 25 tu-7. 7 DELBVTS H TBKOE nBCHYOZB VSCHM UVYF BO-26: RPZYV 21 YuEMPCHEL, UTEDI LPFPTSCHI VSCHMY Y 10 UPCHEFULYI CHPEOUREGPCH. BSCHYMY P OEULPMSHLYI RPVEDBI Y RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHEOOSHCHPKULB: SING UVYMY RP LTBKOEK NET DCHB u-130 ATsOPBZHTYLBOULYI chchu.

LBNRBOIS 1986 ZPDB TBCHETOKHMBUSH CH RTPCHYOGYY nPYLP. vBPK RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHEOOSHCHI hchu H FFPN TEZYPOE VSMP NEOPOZP, ZDE VBYTPCHBMYUSH 23 nYz-21 \ 23 Y 8 uH-22. vPMSHYPE LPMYUEUFCHP CHETFPMEFPCH OBIPDYMPUSH CH lHIFP lHBOBCHBME. pDOBLP CH PYUETEDOPC TB OBUFHRMEOYE TEZHMSTOSCHI CHPKUL ЪBIMEVOHMPUSH Y PFTSDSC hoifb CHPTCHBMYUSH CH lHYFP lHBOBCHBME, ZDE VSCHMP HOYUFPCEOP ABOUT ENME OEULPMSHLP CHETFPMEFCH. eEE OEULPMSHLP "TEBLFICHOSCHI UBNPMEFPCH" VSHMP UVYFP UTEDUFCHBNY rchp. CHUEZP TSE H LPOGH BCHZHUFB NSFETSOYL RTEFEODPCHBMY ABOUT 22 UVYFSCHI UBNPMEFB (Yb LPFPTSCHI 5 nYz-23, 2 nYz-21) Y "NOPZP CHETFPMEFCH".

UFPYF ULBBFSH, YUFP CHUE YOPUFTBOGSCH PGEOYCHBMY VEZPPFPCHOPUFSH BOZPMSHULYI CHPKUL LBL CHEUSHNB OYLHA. oBRTYNET, PEF YUFP CHURPNYOBM DTHZPK UPCHEFULYK UPCHEFOYL "x OCU VSCHMY PYUEOSH DPVTSCHE PFOPYEOYS NShch dH RPNPZBMY FEIOYLPK, LPOUHMSHFBGYSNY .. OP Chueh TBCHOP, LPZDB DPIPDYMP DP Dembo, from refineries TBUUYUYFSCHCHBFSH, YUFP RTYLTPEF NEOS FPMSHLP THUULYK bOZPMShGSch CHPECHBFSH UPCHETYEOOP OE NPZHF J.. OE IPFSF. lPZDB OBYUBMBUSH LFB UFTBYOBS VPNVETSLB, POI VSHCHUFTEOSHLP ULYOKHMY CHPEOOHA ZHPTNKH (RPD OEK - GYCHYMSHOSHCHE YPTFSCH!) Y - RP DPNBN."

l DERBVTA hoyfb LPOFTPMYTPCHBMP VPMSHYHA YUBUFSH ATSOSCHI Y GEOPHTMBMSHOSHCHI TBKPOPCCH UFTBOSHCH. ABOUT RTBCHDB RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHEOOSHCHE CHPKULB PDETSBMY TEYBAEKHA RPVEDH OBD PUFBFLBNY zhomb, ЪBICHBFICH 14 NBTFB 1987 ZPDB RPUMEDOYK PRMPF - khyze.

CH BCHZHUFE 1987 ZPDB OBYUBMPUSH PYUETEDOPE OBUFKHRMEOYE CH TBKPOE nBCHYOZB, LPFPTPPE RPDLTERYMPUSH PRETBGYSNY, OBYUBFSHCHNY 9 OPSVTS Ch TBKPOE TEL yBVYOZB Y iHVE. LBTsDBS ZTHRRYTPCHLB UOBVTsBMBUSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP RP CHPDHIKH, RTYUEN PUOPCHOKHA FSTSEUFSH CHSHCHOEUMY BO-24. pDOBLP UYFHBGYS PUMPTSOYMBUSH OBUFPMSHLP, UFP CH LPOGE OPSVTS DMS UOBVTSEOYS PLTHTSEOGECH RTYCHMELMMY DBTSE YEFSCHTE IM-76 hchu uuut, VBYTPCHBCHYYEUS H mHBODE. pDOBLP NSFETSOYLY UNPZMY HDETTSBFSh nBCHYOZH, PRYTBSUSH ABOUT RPNPESH Yb abt, bYTB Y zBVPOB.

CH IPDE VPEC ACOPBZHTYLBOULBS BCHYBGIS YURPMSH'CHBMBUSH PZTBOYUEOOP, FBL LBL UPRTYLPUOPCHEOYE VSCHMP CHEUSHNB FEUOSCHN. ZPTBDDP VPMSHIE CHMYSOIE ABOUT PVUFBOPCHLH PLBBMB PZOECHBS RPDDETSLB DBMSHOPVPKOSHCHI ubh G-5.

UBNYN CE VPMSHYN UTBTSEOYEN CHPKOSHCH CH BOZPME UFBMB VYFCHB CHPLTHZ LHIFP LHBOBCHBME. rPFPNKH YNEEF UNSCHUM PUFBOCHYFSHUS ABOUT OEK RPDTPVOEE.

Part 1988 ZPDH Nyuft PVPTPOSH BOZPMSH KOBSCHIM, YuFP RTENETOP 9000 ACOPBELBOGECH RTY RPDDETSLE 500 FBCH, 600 PTHDIYUMOOOOPZP UBNPMIFPHPSh. fPMSHLP VMBZPDBTS NHTSEUFCHH Y ZTBNPFOP PTZBOY'PCHBOOPK PVPTPOE OBRDBCHYI HDBMPUSh PFVTPUYFSH. rTY LFPN UPPVEBMPUSH, UFP RTPFICHOYL RPFETSM 50 (!) UBNPMEFPCH, 47 FBOLCH Y UPFOY UPMDBF HVYFSHCHNY Y TBOEOOSHCHNY. LHVYOULBS RTPRBZBODB YITPLP TBTELMMBNYTPCHBMB "ZETPYUEULHA PVPTPOH ZPTPDB". pDOBLP FPMSHLP RPUME PLPOYUBOYS CHPKOSHCH Y CHSCCHPDB LKHVYOULYI CHPKUL UFBMP CHPNPTSOP RTPBOBMYYTPCHBFSH YuFP TS RTPYYPYMP ABOUT UBNPN DEME.

h LPOGE 1986-OBYUBME 1987 ZPDCH LHVYOULYE CHPKULB CH BOZPME UFBMY ZPFCHYFSHUS L PRETBGYY, LPFPTBS VSCHMB RPUFBCHYMB LTEUF CH DESFEMSHOPUFY hoifb. PUOPCHOPK GEMSHA VSCHM RPUFBCHMEO YFBV- LCHBTFYTSCH NSFETSOYLPCH CH dTSBNVE. l LFPNH NPNEOPH VSCHMY CHUE UPUFBCHMSAEIE DMS RPVESHCH: 45-FSHCHUSYUOSCHK LHVYOULYK LUREDYGYPOOSCHK LPTRHU, OPCHEKYEE UPCHEFULPE CHPPTHTSEOYE (CH FPN YUYUME NYZ-23 Y NY-35). PUOPCHOPK VBBPK hchu VSCHM YЪVTBO BTPDTPN CH NEOPOSE, B CHPPVEE CHUE PUOPCHOSCHE VSCHMY UPUTEDPFPYUEOSCH CH lHYFP, PFLHDB VSCHMP TEEYOP OBOPUIFSH PUOPCHOPK HDBT.

CH OBYUBME BCHZHUFB RPUME OEPPMSHYI UFPMLOPCHEOYK U 32-N VBFBMShPOPN PUOPCHOSHE UYMSCH (16.21, 47th 59 REIPFOSHCHE VTYZBDSH BOZPMSHULPK BTNYY) GEMSHA PRETBGYY ABOUT OBYUBMSHOPN LFBRE VSCHMP ZHPTUYTPCHBOYE TEL MPNVB Y BICHBF NPUFCH. PDOP RPDTBDEMEOYE UNPZMP KHUREYOP TBCHYFSH KHUREI Y BICHBFYFSH ZPTPDB lBOZBNVB Y mHNVBMB, PDOBLP VSCHMP PUFBOCHMEOP PFTSDBNY hoyfb. pDOPCTENEOOP MKHYUYE CHPPTHTSOOOSCH Y PVCYUEOOSHCH 16-S Y 21-S VTYZBDSC TBCHETOHMY OBUFHRMEOYE CHPUFPYUOEE nBCHYOZY, CH FP CHTENS LBL 47-S Y 59-S UVBMY PICBFSHCHBFSH FFPF RBTSOZOYUSHCHK UEFTBFETBLE. oEVPMSHYPE LPMYUEUFCHP CHSHCHUYI ATsOPBZHTYLBOULYI PZHYGETCH UTBYH VSCHMP OBRTCHMEOP CH nBCHYOZH DMS FPZP, YUFPVSCH PGEOYFSH NBUYFBVSCH HZTPBSHCH Y CHSCTBVPFBFSH TELPNEODBGYY. pDOBLP RPMPTSEOYE VSHMP LTYFYUEULYN Y CH UTPYUOPN RPTSDLE CH TBKPO VPECHI DEKUFCHYK UFBM RETEVTBUSCHCHBFSHUS VBFBMSHPO "vKhZHZHBMP" RTY RPDDETTSLE VBFBTEK 127-NN tuip Y 120-NN NYOPNEFCH. CHULPTE LOYN RTYUPEDYOYMYUSH 16 ubx G-5. h nBCHYOZH VSHCHM OBRTBCHMEO 61-S NEIBOYYTPCHBOOBS ZTHRRB U 55 VTPOENBYOBNY "tBFEMSH" CH LBYUEUFCHE TEETCHB.

CH FP TSE CHTENS 10 UEOFSVTS DCHB VBFBMSHPOB 21-K VTYZBDSH RTY RPDDETSLE 5 FBOLPCH f-55 UNPZMY RETERTBCHYFSHUS U RPNPESHHA RPOFPOCH YuETE TEELH mHNVB. oEVPMSHYPK PFTSD TBCHEDYuILPCH (BOBMPZ VTYFBOULPK ubu YMY BNETYLBOULYI "YEMEOSHHI VETEFPCH") UTPYUOP BRTPUIM P RPNPEY. CHULPTE UADB VSCHMY RETEVTPEOSCH 240 REIPFYOGECH RTY 4 HUFBOPCHLBI rfht "TBFEMSH" Y 30 VTPOENBYOYOBI "LBUURYT". DMS BOZPMSHGECH LFP VSCHMP RPMOPK OEPTSYDBOOPUFSHHA, PUPVEOOP LPZDB CH RETCHPK CE BFBLE ЪB FTY NYOHFBNY rfht ZT-3 (ATSOPBZHTYLBOULBS CHETUYS TOW-II) l FPNKh TSE OBMEFSHCH G-5 VSCHMY PYUEOSH ZHZHELFYCHOSCHNY Y L LPOGH DOS PF DCHHI VBFBMSHPOCH PUFBMPUSH FPMSHLP CHPURPNYOBOYE.

CHTENS UTBTSEOIS 10 UEOFSVTS 1987 ZPDB RTPY'PYYEM Y CHPDHYOSCHK VPK NETSDH RBTPK "NYTBTSEK" Y RBTPK nYz-23nm, LPFPTSCHE RTYLTSHCHCHBMY CHPUENSH nYz-23, OP Ch "VPNVBTDYTPCHBPYuOPNFE" lBRYFBO A. CHBO TEOUVKhTZ (van Rensburg) CHSHCHRHUFYM DCHE TBLEFSC "rYFPO 3" RP BOZPMSHULYN YUFTEVYFEMSN. RP HFCHETSDEOYA MEFUYLB (RPDFCHETSDBCHYNYUS RTELTBUOSCHNY ZHPFPUOYNLBNY U EZP ZHPFPLYOPRKHMENEFB) PDOB TBLEFB CHPTCBMBUSH OH PYUEOSH VMYЪLP PF NYZB. LPNBODPCHBOYE BUYUYFBMP ENH FPMSHLP "RTEDRPMPTSYFEMSHOHA RPVEDH". h MAVPN UMHYUBE MEFUYLY nYzPCH RPUME LFPZP UFPMLOPCHEOYS UFBMY VPMEE PUFPPTTSOSCHNY.

YuETE FTY DOS, 13 UEOFSVTS, EEE DCHB VBFBMSHPOB HCE 59-K VTYZBDSH RTY RPDDETSLE FBOLCH RPRSHCHFBMYUSH PE CHFPTPK TB RETERTBCHYFSHUS Y ЪBICHBFIFSH RMBGDBTN DMS UPODBOIS NPUFB. atsopbzhtylbogshch y hoyfpchgshch pftebzytpchbmy oenedmeoop y uvtpuymy obrbdbchyyi h tel. h TEEKHMSHFBFE UICHBFLY BOZPMSHGSCH RP UBNSCHN ULTPNOSCHN RPDUYUEFBN RPFETSMY 200 YuEMPCHEL HVYFSHCHNY. ATSOPBZHTYLBOGSCHOE GO ABOUT NEUFE Y TEYMYMY UBNY OBOEUFY LPOFTHDBT, LPFPTSCHK ЪBCHETYMUS RTPUFP VMEUFSEE. IURPMSHHS ORDA NBOEOOOOOOOOOPUFSH Zmbchoschk LPSHSHSHSTSh BTREKULYE RTY RPDDETSLE NOPZPYUMOOOSHOVEOSH VTPONBOO (Ch Yuyum LPFPTISHIA TBPFFIRBA ZHDMSH-90) BOZPMSHGSHCHOE UNPZMY CHPCHTENS PFTEBZYTPCHBFSH ABOUT KhZTPЪKH, CH TEEKHMSHFBFE YuEZP RPFETY BOZPMSHGECH UPUFBCHYMY RSFSH FBOLPCH Y 250 YuEMPCHEL. prmbyeo ffpf khurey vshchm

23 UEOFSVTS BOZPMSHGSHCH PVYASCHYMY, UFP MEFUYLBN nYz-23-I OBD TELPK mPNVB HDBMPUSH UVYFSH TBLEFBNY ​​t-60 CHETFPMEF RTPFYCHOYLB. pDOBLP ATsOPBZHTYLBOGSHCH PFTYGBAF MAVSH RPFETY CH FFPF DEOSH. CHRPMOE NPCEF VSHCHFSH, UFP CETFCHPK UFBM PDYO YY CHETFPMEFPCH, UOBVTsBCHYI hoyfb RP MYOYY gth.

26-ZP Y 27-ZP UEOFSVTS ATsOPBZHTYILBOULYE chchu RTPCHEMY UETYA BFBL BOZPMSHULYI CHPKUL CHDPMSH T. mPNVB. ChP CHTENS PDOPK YOYI RTPY'PYEM VPK, LPFPTSHCHK FTBLFHEFUS PVEYNY UFPTPOBNY RP TBOPNKH. UPZMBUOP LHVYOULYN DBOOSCHN DEMP VSHMP FBL.

27 UEOFSVTS 1987 ZPDB NBKPT bMShVETF MEK TYCHBU Y MEKFEOBOP uBP zPODIO OB nYzBI 23 nm H TBKPOE T. mPNVB BFBLPCBMY DCHB ATsOPBZHTYLBOULYI "NYTBTSB" YЪ UPUFBCHB 3-KYUSHLYB. lHVYOULYE MEFUYLY CHSHCHRHUFYMY FTY xt t-60. pDYO UBNPMEF RTPFYCHOYLB CHPPTCHBMUS CH CHPDHIE UTBYAF, B CHFPTPK - UHNEM CHPЪCHTBFYFSHUS ABOUT UCHPA VBH CH BOZPME, PDOBLP CHP CHTENS RPUBDLY PVPTCHBMUS FPTNBPK RBTBYAF, UBNPMEF "STB" TB. MEFUYL - LBRYFBO bTFHT RETUY - CHYDS UCHPE LTYFYUEULPE RPMPTSEOIE, TEYM LBFBRHMSHFYTPCHBFSHUS. pDOBLP LBFBRHMSHFYTPCHBOYE RTPYMP OEHDBYOP Y BY UETSHEP RPCHTEDYM URYOH. CHRPUMEDUFCHYY ON VSCHM URYUBO AT MEFOPC TBVPFSCH. UBNPMEF ChPUUFBOCHMEOYA OE RPDMETSBM Y VSHCHM TBBPVTBO ABOUT YUBUFY. rP TEEKHMSHFBFBN VPS NBKPTKh TYCHBUKH ЪBRYUBMY 1 1\2 RPVEDSH, B MEKFEOBOPH zPODYOH - 1\2. FFPF VPK RPMHYUYM RPDFCHETSDEOYE BOZPMSHGECH Y UPCHEFULYI UPCHEFOILPCH, PDOBLP OE ATSOPBZHTYLBOGECH. sing TYUHAF UCHETIEOOOP DTHZHA LBTFYOH VPS. RP YI DBOOSCHN LPNBODBOF lBTMP zBZYBOP OE VSCHM UVYF, DBCE CHSHCHRHUFYM TBLEFH nBFTB 550 (RTBCHDB VEETEKHMSHFBFOP) Y UPRTCHPTsDBM RPCHTETSDEOOOSCHK UBNPMEF RETUY CH THODH. rTYUEN POY HFCHETSDBAF, UFP "NYTBTS" RETUY CHRPUMEDUFCHY VSCHM CHPUUFBOCHMEO. (UFPYF ULBBFSH, YUFP OEUNPFTS ON AF YUFP ATSOPBZHTYLBOGSCH FCHETDYMY P OYLPK ZHZHELFYCHOPUFY nYz-23 L LPOGH CHPKOSCH PYUEOSH YUBUFP YUBUFY hoyfb J CHPKULB ABT PUFBCHBMYUSH VE CHPDHYOPZP RTYLTSCHFYS YNEOOP dv-B VPSOY RETEICHBFB. FP ULTERS UETDGEN YUBUFYYUOP RTYOBMY YUETE DCHBDGBFSH MEF J ATSOPBZHTYLBOGSCH. JTBB, LPFPTPK POI OBZTBDYMY NYZY KYYYF FBL: "MIK23 sak van die kart" ("NYZY TBBYMY OBYY UETDGB").)

h FPF CE DEOSH LHVYOULYK nYz-23nm TBLEFPK t-60 UVYM CHETFPMEF "rHNB" ATsOPBZHTYLBOULYI chchu. rPDTPVOPUFY LFPZP VPS OEYCHEUFOSHCH.

RPUME RETCHSCHI UFPMLOPCHEOYK ATsOPBZHTYLBOGSCH RPMKHYUYMY RTYLB OE RETEUELBFSH TELH mPNVB, HLTEREYCHYUSH CH PTSYDBOY OPCHPK BFBLY. G-5 RTPDPMTSBMY OBOPUYFSH VEURPLPSEYE HDBTSCH, CH FP CHTENS LBL TBCHEDSCHCHBFEMSHOSHCHE UBNPMEFSH UCHETYMY OEULPMSHLP DEUSFLPC CHCHMEFPC U GEMSHA CHSCCHMEOYS UYUFENSCH rchp RTPFYCHOYLB. h FP TSE CHTENS BOZPMSHGSCH RPDFSOHMY CH TBKPO NYOPNEFSHCH Y FTSEMHA BTFYMMETYA.

PDOCHTENEOOP "LPNNBODPU" PTZBOY'PCHBMY CHUEZP CH 50 STDBI ​​PF RTPFYCHOYLB UCHPY TBCHEDSCHCHBFEMSHOSHCHE RPUFSHCH. YOFETEUOP FP, UFP OY PYO YOYI OE VSCHM PVOBTHTSEO.

FBLPE RPMPTSEOYE UPITBOSMPUSH DP 3 PLFSVTS, LPZDB RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHEOOBS BTNYS TEYYMBUSH OBUBFSH RETERTBCHH YUETEEKH. RETCHSHCHK NPUF, OCHEDEOOSHCHK UBRETBNY 47-K VTYZBDSH VSCHM HOYUFPTSEO BTFYMMETYKULYN PZOEN, RTYUEN CH YUYUME RPFETSH OBYUIMUS PYO f-55 Y DCHE RETEDCHYTSOSCHE TBLEFOSCHE HUFBOPCLY SA-9. lBTsDBS OPCHBS RPRSHFLB RETERTBCHYFSHUS CHUFTEYUBMBUSH OPCHSHCHN BTFYMMETYKULYN OBMEFPN.

FEN CHTENEOEN ATSOPBZHTYLBOULYE YUBUFY ABOUT FPN VETEZH BFBLCHBMY RPYGYY BOZPMSHGECH. pDOPCTENEOOP OBYUBMBUSH BFBLB Y U BRBDOPZP VETEZB: LKHVYOULP-BOZPMSHULYE YUBUFY PLBBMYUSH "NETSDH DCHKHI PZOEK". h FTSEMEKYI VPSI ЪB OEULPMSHLP DOK VSCHMP CHSHCHEDEOP YU UFTPS (HOYUFPCEOP Y ЪBICHBYUEOP) 33 FBOLB f-55, 15 vnr-1 Y 111 ZTHЪPCHYLPCH. RPFETY MYUOPZP UPUFBCHB RP OERPMOCHN DBOOSCHN UPUFBCHYMY 525 HVYFSHCHI. CHUE RPRSHCHFLY PUFBOCHYFSH OBUFHRMEOYE U CHPDHIB BLPOYUYMYUSH OEHDBYUK. tBZZTPN VSCHM RPMOSHCHK. oE TSEMBS PUMPTSOSFSH UCHPE NETSDHOBTPDOPE RPMPTSEOYE (B CHRPMOE TEBMSHOP, YUFP uuut refinery HUFTPYFSH NETSDHOBTPDOSCHK ULBODBM) LPNBODPCHBOYE PFDBMP RTYLB OE VTBFSH lHYFP J CHPKULB PUFBOPCHYMYUSH H OEULPMSHLYI LYMPNEFTBI (YUFP EUFEUFCHEOOP OE NEYBMP TEZHMSTOP PVUFTEMYCHBFSH DEA ZPTPD J UBNPE ZMBCHOPE BTPDTPN). 24 PLFSVTS OBUFKhRYMB TBICHSLB. vBFBTES G-5 OBYUBMB PUETEDOPK PVUFTEM BTPDTPNB. h LBLPC-FP NPNEOF YUEFSHCHTE "NYTBTSB" UNPZMY HOYUFPTSYFSH TBDBTOHA UFBOGYA. h PFCHEF BOZPMSHGSCH RPRSCHFBMYUSH RPDOSFSH CH CHPDDHI FTY nYz-23nm. pDOBLP LPNBODB UREGOBB VSCHMB OBZPFPCHE: CHCHCHBOOSCHK BTFYMMETYKULYK PZPOSH VHLCHBMSHOP OBLTSHM CHMEFOKHA RPMPUH.

YUETE NYOHFKH CHUE VSCHMP LPOYUEOP: FTY NYZB DPZPTBMY ABOUT ENME, DBTS OE KHURECH CHMEFEFSH. rPUME LFPZP CHUE PUFBCHYYEUS UBNPMEFSH VSCHMY RETEVBYTPCHBOSHCH CH NEOPOSE, 175 LN DBMSHYE PF MYOYY ZHTPOFB. RETEVBYTPCHBOYE FBLTS OE RTPYMP VE RPFESH: OBIPDYCHYYEUS CH PLTEUFOPUFSI NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE UFTEMLY "uFYOZETCH" hoyfb BSCHYMY P RPCHTETSDEOYY YMY UVYFYY EEE DCHHI "DCHBDGBFSH FTEFSHHI". h FP TSE CHTENS OBD mHOB VSCM UVYF nYz-21x, RTYUEN LHVYOULYE MEFUYLY LBRYFBO TBNPU lBLBDBU Y RPDRPMLCHOYL tPLBU zBTUYBUU RPRBMY CH RMEO.

YUETE DCHB DOS UYFKHBGYS RPCHFPTYMBUSH, ABOUT FFPF TB PZOEN G-5 VSCHMY HOYUFPTSEOSH DCHB NY-35. b 11 OPSVTS FTPKLB nYz-21 RETEICHBFIMB PDYOPLHA "rHNH", LPFPTHA URBUMP FPMSHLP RPSCHMEOYE DCHHI F.1CZ. MEFUYLY nYzPCH CH VPK RTEDPYUMY OE CHUFHRBFSH. 27 OPSVTS BOZPMSHGSCH, RPUYUYFBCH UFP UIFHBGYS YNEOYMBUSH, CHETOKHMY nYz-23 CH LHIFP. fPZDB ATsOPBZHTYLBOGSHCH RPYMY ABOUT IYFTPUFSH: 29-ZP RBTB "NYTBTSEK" UCHETYMB DENPOUFTBFICHOSCHK RTPMEF CH TBKPOE. eUFEUFCHEOOP, LPZDB LHVYOULYE MEFUYYLY RPYMY ABOUT CHMEF, SING RPRBMY RPD UYMSHOSHCHK BTFYMMETYKULYK PVUFTEM. h TEEKHMSHFBFE DCHB nYzB VSCHMY KHOYUFPTSEOSH UTBYH. rTBCHDB, RBTB CHUE TS UNPZMB CHMEFEFSH, PDOBLP RTPMEFEMY POY OEDBMELP. pDYO UBNPMEF VSHCHM UVYF CH DCHHI, B CHFPTPK CH YuEFSHCHTEI LYMPNEFTBI PF BTPDTPNB. pVB MEFUYLB VSCHMY CHSKSFCH CH RMEO VPKGBNY hoifb.

CH SOCHBTE-ZHECHTBME 1988 ZPDB 21-S Y 59-S VTYZBDSH VSCHMY TEPTZBOYPCHBOSH Y ULPOGEOFTYTPCHBOSHCH CH TBKPE TEL LHBFIT. DMS MILCHYDBGYY CHPЪNPTSOPK HZTPЪSCH ATSOPBZHTYLBOGSHCH RTPCHEMY PRETBGYA CH LFPN TBKPOE.

yNEOOP CH ZHECHTBME LKHVYOULYE MEFUYYLY nYz-23 RTEFEODHAF ABOUT PUETEDOPK UVYFSHCHK "NITBTS". pDOBLP H PYUETEDOPC TB ATSOPBZHTYLBOGSHCHOE RPDFCHETSDBAF ZHBLFB ChPDHHYOPZP VPS, IPFS 20 ZHECHTBMS YNY DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP VSHM RPFETSO PYO YUFTEVYFEMSH LFPZP FIRB, RTYUEN BKPYYYYL pDOBLP "NITBTS" VSCHM ЪBRYUBO ABOUT UYUEF UFTEMMLCH rjtl "yZMB"!

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Plan
Introduction
1 Early period of the war
1.1 Beginning of the war: 1975-1976
1.2 1980s
1.3 1990s
1.4 2000s

Bibliography
Civil War in Angola

Introduction

The Angolan Civil War (1975-2002) is a major armed conflict in Angola between three rival factions: the MPLA, the FNLA and UNITA. The war began in 1975 after the end of the Angolan War of Independence and continued until 2002.

1. Early period of the war

1.1. Start of the war: 1975-1976

Even before the declaration of independence by Angola, on September 25, 1975, the troops of Zaire entered the territory of Angola from the north, supporting the FNLA detachments, and on October 14, the South African army also invaded the territory of this country from the south, supporting UNITA (due to the fact that the MPLA supported SWAPO , which fought for the independence of Namibia, neighboring Angola, from South Africa). At the same time, detachments of the Portuguese Liberation Army (ELP) crossed the Angolan border from the territory of Namibia, acting on the side of forces hostile to the MPLA. Their target was Luanda.

In this situation, MPLA chairman Agostinho Neto turned to the USSR and Cuba for help. Cuban leader Fidel Castro reacted immediately by sending volunteer Cuban detachments to help the MPLA in Angola. The arrival of Cuban military specialists in Angola made it possible for the MPLA to quickly form 16 infantry battalions and 25 anti-aircraft and mortar batteries of the armed forces of the People's Republic of Angola (NRA). Until the end of 1975, the USSR sent about 200 military specialists to help the MPLA, warships of the USSR Navy also arrived on the Angolan coast. The USSR and its allies supplied the MPLA with many different weapons.

On November 12, a column of South African troops " Zulu' went on the offensive. In 20 days, South African troops advanced more than 700 km deep into Angolan territory. However, already on November 17, the MPLA troops, with the support of the Cubans, managed to stop the South African armored column at the bridge over the Keve River, north of the city of Gangula. A few days later, MPLA troops launched an offensive in the Porto Ambain area. By December 5, the combined forces of FAPLA and Cuban volunteers pushed back opponents to the north and south of the capital by 100 km.

January 6, 1976 Carmona (Uizhi) - the main base of the FNLA in the north of Angola - passed into the hands of the MPLA. A week later, the FNLA troops, turning into a stampede, left the territory of Angola. The MPLA was able to transfer its forces to the south. Strong fighting unfolded in the areas of Vila Luso and Teixeira de Sauza. Savimbi was forced to announce UNITA's transition to guerrilla warfare.

In early February 1976, hostilities on the northern front were already in the zone bordering Zaire. On February 8, MPLA fighters liberated the important strategic city of Santo Antoño do Zayri, and the next day, already on the southern direction, they entered the city of Huambo (Nova Lijboa). Developing success, the MPLA detachments over the next days took the port cities of Benguela, Lobita and Sa da Bandeira. With the capture of the city of Pedro da Feitis on February 18, the MPLA forces established control over the northern border of the country.

By the end of March 1976, the armed forces of the NRA, with the direct support of the 15,000th contingent of Cuban volunteers and the help of Soviet military specialists, managed to oust the troops of South Africa and Zaire from the territory of Angola.

From January to June 1980, the Angolan authorities recorded 529 cases of violation of the Angolan border by the armed forces of South Africa.

In August 1981, motorized columns of South Africa numbering 11 thousand people, supported by heavy artillery, aircraft and helicopters, invaded the Angolan province of Kunene, advancing in some areas by 150-200 km. But in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe city of Cahama, they were blocked by the FAPLA detachments (People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola). At the end of the summer of 1982, 4 motorized infantry brigades, 50 aircraft and 30 helicopters were additionally deployed here. During this period, an attempt was made to capture the settlements of Kuvelay and Letala. At the end of 1982, the Angolan and South African governments began negotiations on a ceasefire, but on January 31, 1983, units of the South African army penetrated into the province of Benguela and blew up a hydroelectric power station, which led to a new round of escalation of the conflict. It was not until March 1984 that the parties signed a ceasefire agreement in Lusaka. But the war with UNITA continued.

In the summer-autumn of 1987, another large-scale FAPLA offensive failed, the purpose of which was to finally put an end to the UNITA partisans. In November 1987, UNITA troops attacked a government garrison in Quinto Kwanaval. Cuban units came to the aid of government troops, and then the South African army intervened in the battle. Fighting continued until 5 August 1988, when a ceasefire agreement was reached with the South African government in Geneva. The South Africans and UNITA could not dislodge the government troops. Savimbi did not recognize the decisions of the peace agreement and continued the war.

On June 31, 1991, the Lisbon Peace Accords were signed between the MPLA and UNITA to hold free elections. In the summer of 1992, the MPLA won the elections. Savimbi refused to admit defeat and resumed hostilities. The most intense fighting took place in the province of Huambo. Intense fighting continued until mid-1994 and ended due to the severe wounding of Savimbi. An armistice was soon signed. From time to time the war broke out with renewed vigor.

In February 2002, Savimbi was killed in a shootout with government troops near the town of Lucusse, in the eastern province of Moxico. The new leader of UNITA, António Dembo, signed a ceasefire agreement on March 30 in Luena, which ended the war.

In total, from 1975 to 1991, 10,985 Soviet military personnel visited Angola.

Bibliography:

2. FNLA in the anti-colonial struggle and the civil war in Angola. Regional public organization of participants in the provision of international assistance to the Republic of Angola.

3. Khazanov A. M. Agostinho Neto: a biographical sketch. - M.: Nauka, 1985. - S. 150.

4. Khazanov A. M. Agostinho Neto: a biographical sketch. - M.: Nauka, 1985. - S. 152.

5. Khazanov A. M. Agostinho Neto: a biographical sketch. - M.: Nauka, 1985. - S. 154.

6. Khazanov A. M. Agostinho Neto: a biographical sketch. - M.: Nauka, 1985. - S. 155.

7. Kalley Jacqueline Audrey Southern African Political History: a chronological of key political events from independence to Mid-1997. - 1999.

8. Zotov N. M. Angola: the struggle continues (from the national front to the vanguard party). - M.: Nauka, 1985. - S. 99.

9. Zotov N. M. Angola: the struggle continues (from the national front to the vanguard party). - M.: Nauka, 1985. - S. 100.

Little is said about this, but during the years of the Cold War, the USSR defended its interests not only in the countries of the social bloc, but also in distant Africa. Our military participated in many African conflicts, the largest of which was the civil war in Angola.

unknown war

It was not customary to talk about the fact that the Soviet military fought in Africa for a long time. Moreover, 99% of the citizens of the USSR did not know that there was a Soviet military contingent in distant Angola, Mozambique, Libya, Ethiopia, North and South Yemen, Syria and Egypt. Of course, rumors were heard, but they, not confirmed by official information from the pages of the Pravda newspaper, were treated with restraint, as if they were stories and conjectures.
Meanwhile, only through the line of the 10th Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR from 1975 to 1991, 10,985 generals, officers, ensigns and privates passed through Angola. During the same time, 11,143 Soviet military personnel were sent to Ethiopia. If we also take into account the Soviet military presence in Mozambique, then we can talk about more than 30 thousand Soviet military specialists and privates on African soil.

However, despite such a scale, the soldiers and officers who performed their "international duty" were as if non-existent, they were not given orders and medals, the Soviet press did not write about their exploits. It was as if they did not exist for official statistics. As a rule, the military cards of participants in African wars did not contain any records of business trips to the African continent, but simply an inconspicuous stamp with a unit number, behind which the 10th Directorate of the General Staff of the USSR was hidden. This state of affairs was well reflected in his poem by the military translator Alexander Polivin, who wrote during the battles for the city of Cuitu-Cuanavale

"Where did we go, my friend, with you,
Probably a big and necessary thing?
And they tell us: “You couldn’t be there,
And the earth did not redden with the blood of Russian Angola"

First soldiers

Immediately after the overthrow of the dictatorship in Portugal, on November 11, 1975, when Angola gained its long-awaited independence, the first military specialists, forty special forces and military translators appeared in this African country. Fifteen years of fighting with the colonial troops, the rebels were finally able to come to power, but this power still had to be fought for. At the helm of Angola was a coalition of three national liberation movements: the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Union for the Complete Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA). The Soviet Union decided to support the MPLA. With the departure of the Portuguese, Angola became a real battlefield for geopolitical interests. The MPLA, which was supported by Cuba and the USSR, was opposed by UNITA, FNLA and South Africa, which, in turn, were supported by Zaire and the United States.

What did they fight for?

What did the USSR achieve when it sent its "African special forces" to distant lands, to distant Africa? The goals were primarily geopolitical. Angola was seen by the Soviet leadership as an outpost of socialism in Africa, it could become our first enclave in South Africa and could withstand the economically powerful South Africa, which, as you know, was supported by the United States.

During the years of the Cold War, our country could not afford to lose Angola, it was necessary to help the new leadership of the country by all means, to make the country a model African socialist state, oriented in its political tasks to the Soviet Union. In terms of trade relations, Angola was of little interest to the USSR, the export areas of the countries were similar: timber, oil and diamonds. It was a war for political influence.

Fidel Castro once said laconically about the significance of Soviet assistance: "Angola would have no prospects without the political and logistical assistance of the USSR."

How and in what did they fight?

From the very beginning of the USSR's military participation in the African conflict, they were given carte blanche to conduct military operations. This was reported by a telegram received from the General Staff, which indicated that military specialists have the right to take part in hostilities on the side of the MPLA and Cuban troops.

In addition to the "manpower", which consisted of military advisers, officers, ensigns, privates, sailors and combat swimmers (the USSR seconded several of its military vessels to the coast of Angola), weapons and special equipment were also supplied to Angola.

However, as Sergey Kolomnin, a participant in that war, recalls, weapons were still not enough. However, the opposing side also lacked it. Most of all, of course, there were Kalashnikov assault rifles, both Soviet and foreign (Romanian, Chinese and Yugoslav) assembly. There were also Portuguese Zh-3 rifles left over from colonial times. The principle of "how we can help" was manifested in the supply to Angola of the reliable, but somewhat outdated by that time, PPD, PPSh and Degtyarev machine guns that had remained since the Great Patriotic War.

The uniform of the Soviet military in Angola was without insignia, at first it was customary to wear the Cuban uniform, the so-called "verde olivo". It was not very comfortable in the hot African climate, but the military, as a rule, does not choose their wardrobe. Soviet soldiers had to resort to army ingenuity, to order lighter uniforms from tailors. To make changes to the ammunition at the official level, to add insignia to it and change the material, Lieutenant General Petrovsky once conceived, but his proposals were met with hostility by the command. People were dying on the Angolan fronts, and it was considered frivolous to deal with issues of form in such conditions.

Change of course

Angola, as well as Lebanon and other African countries, we missed. Now we can talk about it. When the USSR collapsed and the political course changed in the country, our military contingent was withdrawn from Africa. A holy place, as you know, is never empty. The President of the same Angola, Dus Santos (who, by the way, graduated from Baku University and is married to a Russian) had to look for new allies. And, not surprisingly, they were the United States.

The Americans immediately stopped supporting UNITA and switched to helping the MPLA. Today, American oil companies operate in Angola, Angolan oil is supplied to China, has its own interests in Angola and Brazil. At the same time, Angola itself remains one of the poorest countries in the world with a poverty rate of 60 percent, outbreaks of the HIV epidemic and total unemployment.

Soviet Africa turned out to be an unfulfilled dream, and several hundred Soviet military men who had been sent there to fulfill their "international duty" would never return.