Phonetic laws- the laws of functioning and development of the sound matter of a language, which govern both the stable preservation and the regular change of its sound units, their alternations and combinations.
Phonetic laws:
1. Phonetic law of the end of a word. Noisy voiced consonant at the end of a word stunned, i.e. pronounced as the corresponding double deaf. This pronunciation leads to the formation of homophones: the threshold is a vice, young is a hammer, goats is a braid, etc. In words with two consonants at the end of the word, both consonants are stunned: breast - sadness, entrance - drive up [pldjest], etc.
Stunning of the final voiced occurs under the following conditions:
1) before a pause: [pr "ishol post] (the train came); 2) before the next word (without a pause) with the initial not only deaf, but also a vowel, sonorant, as well as [j] and [c]: [praf he ], [our sat], [slap ja], [your mouth] (he is right, our garden, I am weak, your kind). Sonorant consonants are not stunned: rubbish, they say, com, he.
2. Assimilation of consonants by voiced and deafness. Combinations of consonants, of which one is deaf and the other is voiced, are not characteristic of the Russian language. Therefore, if two consonants of different voicing appear side by side in a word, the first consonant is likened to the second. This change in consonants is called regressive assimilation.
By virtue of this law, voiced consonants before the deaf turn into paired deaf, and deaf in the same position into voiced. The voicing of voiceless consonants is less common than the stunning of voiced ones; the transition of voiced to deaf creates homophones: [dushk - dushk] (shackle - darling), [in "yes" ti - in "yes" t "and] (carry - lead), [fp" yr "em" yeshka - fp " r "eem" yeschka] (interspersed - interspersed).
Before sonorants, as well as before [j] and [c], the deaf remain unchanged: tinder, rogue, [Ltjest] (departure), yours, yours.
Voiced and voiceless consonants are assimilated under the following conditions: 1) at the junction of morphemes: [pLhotk] (gait), [collection] (collection); 2) at the junction of prepositions with the word: [where "elu] (to business), [zd" elm] (with business); 3) at the junction of a word with a particle: [got-th] (a year), [dod`zh`by] (daughter would); 4) at the junction of significant words pronounced without a pause: [rock-klzy] (goat horn), [ras-p "at"] (five times).
3. Assimilation of consonants by softness. Hard and soft consonants are represented by 12 pairs of sounds. By education, they differ in the absence or presence of palatalization, which consists in additional articulation (the middle part of the back of the tongue rises high to the corresponding part of the palate).
Assimilation by softness has a regressive character: the consonant softens, becoming like the subsequent soft consonant. In this position, not all consonants, paired in hardness-softness, soften and not all soft consonants cause a softening of the previous sound.
All consonants, paired in hardness-softness, soften in the following weak positions: 1) before the vowel sound [e]; [b" ate], [c" eu], [m" ate], [s" ate] (white, weight, chalk, villages), etc .; 2) before [and]: [m "silt], [n" silt "and] (mil, drank).
Before unpaired [g], [w], [c], soft consonants are impossible with the exception of [l], [l "] (compare the end - the ring).
Dental [h], [s], [n], [p], [e], [t] and labial [b], [p], [m], [c], [f] are most susceptible to softening. They do not soften before soft consonants [g], [k], [x], and also [l]: glucose, key, bread, fill, keep quiet, etc. Softening occurs within the word, but is absent before the soft consonant of the next word ([here - l "eu]; compare [L thor]) and before the particle ([grew-l" and]; compare [rLsli]) (here is the forest , otter, whether it grew, grew).
Consonants [h] and [s] soften before soft [t "], [d"], [s"], [n"], [l"]: [m "ks" t "], [v" iez " d "e], [f-ka with "b], [punishment"] (revenge, everywhere, at the box office, execution). Mitigation [s], [s] also occurs at the end of prefixes and prepositions consonant with them in front of soft lips : [rz "d" iel "it"], [r's" t "ienut"], [b" ez "-n" ievo), [b "yes" -s "il] (split, stretch, without it, no power). Before soft labial softening [h], [s], [d], [t] is possible inside the root and at the end of prefixes on -z, as well as in the prefix s- and in a preposition consonant with it: [s "m" ex] , [s "in" kr], [d" in "kr |, [t" in "kr], [s" p "kt"], [s "-n" im], [is "-pkch"] , [rLz "d" kt "] (laughter, beast, door, Tver, sing, with him, bake, undress).
The labials do not soften before soft teeth: [pt "kn" h "bk], [n" eft "], [vz" at "] (chick, oil, take).
4. Assimilation of consonants by hardness. Assimilation of consonants by hardness is carried out at the junction of root and suffix, beginning with a solid consonant: locksmith - locksmith, secretary - secretarial, etc. Before the labial [b], assimilation in hardness does not occur: [prLs "it"] - [proz "b", [mllt "it"] - [mlLd" ba] (ask - request, threshing - threshing), etc. [l "] is not subjected to assimilation: [floor" b] - [zLpol "nyj] (field, outdoor).
5. Assimilation of teeth before sizzling. This type of assimilation extends to dental[h], [s] in position in front of the hissing(anteropalatine) [w], [g], [h], [w] and consists in the complete assimilation of dental [h], [s] to the subsequent hissing.
Complete assimilation [h], [s] occurs:
1) at the junction of morphemes: [zh at "], [pL zh at"] (compress, unclench); [sh yt "], [rL sh yt"] (sew, embroider); [w "from], [rL w" from] (account, calculation); [rLzno sh "ik], [out of sh" ik] (peddler, cab driver);
2) at the junction of a preposition and a word: [s-zh arm], [s-sh arm] (with heat, with a ball); [bies-zh ar], [bies-sh ar] (no heat, no ball).
The combination of zzh inside the root, as well as the combination of zhzh (always inside the root) turn into a long soft [zh"]: [by zh"] (later), (I drive); [in w "and], [trembling" and] (reins, yeast). Optionally, in these cases, a long hard [g] can be pronounced.
A variation of this assimilation is the assimilation of dental [d], [t] following them [h], [c], resulting in long [h], [c]: [L h "from] (report), (fkra q ] (briefly).
6. Simplifying consonant combinations. Consonants [d], [t]in combinations of several consonants between vowels are not pronounced. Such a simplification of consonant groups is consistently observed in combinations: stn, zdn, stl, ntsk, stsk, vstv, rdts, lnts: [usny], [posn], [w" iflivy], [g "igansk" and], [h " ustv], [heart], [sun] (oral, late, happy, gigantic, feeling, heart, sun).
7. Reduction of groups of identical consonants. When three identical consonants converge at the junction of a preposition or prefix with the next word, as well as at the junction of a root and a suffix, the consonants are reduced to two: [pa sor "it"] (time + quarrel), [with ylk] (with a link), [kLlo n s] (column + n + th); [Lde with ki] (Odessa + sk + y).
8. Vowel reduction. Change (weakening) of vowel sounds in an unstressed position is called reduction, and unstressed vowels - reduced vowels. Distinguish between the position of unstressed vowels in the first prestressed syllable (weak position of the first degree) and the position of unstressed vowels in other unstressed syllables (weak position of the second degree). Vowels in a weak position of the second degree undergo more reduction than vowels in a weak position of the first degree.
Vowels in a weak position of the first degree: [vLly] (shafts); [shafts] (oxen); [bieda] (trouble), etc.
Vowels in a weak position of the second degree: [par? Vos] (locomotive); [kyargLnda] (Karaganda); [kulkLla] (bells); [p "l" ie on] (shroud); [voice] (voice), [exclamation] (exclamation), etc.
The main phonetic processes occurring in a word include: 1) reduction; 2) stunning; 3) voicing; 4) softening; 5) assimilation; 6) simplification.
Reduction- this is weakening of the pronunciation of vowels in an unstressed position: [house] - [d ^ ma] - [d ^ voi].
Stun- a process in which voiced consonants before deaf and at the end of the word are pronounced as deaf; book - book [w] ka; oak - du [p].
voicing- a process in which deaf pregnant before voiced are pronounced as voiced: do - [z "] do; selection - o [d] boron.
Mitigation- a process in which hard consonants are soft under the influence of subsequent soft: depend [s "] t, ka [s"] n, le [s"] t.
assimilation is a process in which the combination several dissimilar consonants are pronounced as one long(for example, combinations of sch, zch, shch, zdch, stch are pronounced with a long sound [w "], and combinations of ts (i), ts (i) are pronounced as one long sound [c]): volume [sh] ik, spring [ sh]aty, mu[sh"]ina, [t"]astye, ichi[c]a.
Simplification consonant clusters - a process in which in combinations of consonants stn, zdn, eats, dts, persons and others, sound drops out, although the letter uses a letter denoting this sound: heart - [s "e" rts], sun - [sonts].
Orthoepy(from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) - a department of linguistics that studies the rules of exemplary pronunciation ( Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language D.N. Ushakov). Orthoepy- these are the historically established norms of Russian literary pronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations in the flow of oral speech.
1 . Pronunciation of vowels is determined by position in prestressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels undergo reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. So, the vowels [y], [s], [and] in an unstressed position retain their main sound, while [a], [o], [e] qualitatively change. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends mainly on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.
a) In the first prestressed syllable the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [vÙdy / sÙdy / nÙzhy]. After hissing, [Ù] is pronounced: [zhÙra / shÙry].
In place of [e] after the hissing [w], [w], [c], the sound [s e] is pronounced: [tsy e pnoį], [zhy e ltok].
After soft consonants in place [a], [e], the sound [and e] is pronounced:
[ch٬ e sy / sn٬ e la].
b ) In other unstressed syllables in place of sounds [o], [a], [e], after solid consonants, the sound [b] is pronounced:
par٨vos] After soft consonants in place of sounds [a], [e], it is pronounced [b]: [n" tÙch" ok / h" umÙdan].
2. Pronunciation of consonants:
a) the norms of literary pronunciation require a positional exchange of paired deaf and voiced in a position in front of the deaf (only deaf) - voiced (only voiced) and at the end of the word (only deaf): [chl "epʹ] / trʹpkʹ / proʹ b]];
b) assimilative softening is not necessary, there is a tendency to lose it: [s"t"inaʹ] and [st"inaʹ], [z"d"es"] and [zd"es"].
3. Pronunciation of some combinations of consonants:
a) in pronominal formations what, to– thu pronounced like [pcs]; in pronominal formations like something, mail, nearly the pronunciation [h "t] is preserved;
b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place ch: [kÙn "eshn / nÙroshn].
In words of book origin, the pronunciation [h "n] has been preserved: [ml "ech" nyį / vÙstoch "nyį];
c) in the pronunciation of combinations sun, zdn, stn(hello, holiday, private trader) usually there is a reduction or loss of one of the consonants: [holiday "ik], [h "asn" ik], [hello]
4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:
a) pronunciation of the form I.p. unit adjectives without stress: [red / with "in" and į] - under the influence of spelling arose - uh, - uh; after back-lingual g, k, x ® uy: [t "iх" iį], [m "ahk" iį];
b) pronunciation - sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation became the norm: [n'ch "and e las" / n'ch "and e ls" a];
c) pronunciation of verbs in - ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g "], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt "ag" ivt "].
Orthoepy. Modern orthoepic norms. Basic orthoepic rules of the modern Russian literary language.
In the literary language, we focus on generally accepted patterns - norms. Norms are characteristic of different levels of the language. There are lexical, morphological, spelling, phonetic norms. There are pronunciation rules.
Orthoepy - (Greek orthos- "simple, correct, epos" - "speech") is a set of rules that establish pronunciation standards.
The subject of orthoepy is oral speech. Oral speech is accompanied by a number of mandatory features: stress, diction, tempo, intonation. But orthoepic rules cover only the area of pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as the features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms, in groups of words or individual words.
Compliance with orthoepic rules is necessary, it helps to better understand speech.
Pronunciation norms are of a different nature and have different origins.
In some cases, the phonetic system dictates only one possibility of pronunciation. A different pronunciation will be a violation of the laws of the phonetic system.
For example, indistinguishing between hard and soft consonants
or pronunciation of only hard or only soft consonants; or distinguish between voiceless and voiced consonants in all positions without exception.
In other cases, the phonetic system allows not one, but two or more possibilities of pronunciation. In such cases, one possibility is recognized as literary correct, normative, while others are evaluated either as variants of the literary norm, or are recognized as non-literary.
Norms of literary pronunciation are both a stable and developing phenomenon. At any given moment, they contain both something that connects today's pronunciation with past eras of the literary language, and something that arises as new in pronunciation under the influence of the live oral practice of a native speaker, as a result of the internal laws of the development of the phonetic system.
Modern Russian pronunciation evolved over the centuries, from the 15th to the 17th centuries. on the basis of the so-called Moscow vernacular, formed on the basis of the interaction of northern Great Russian and southern Great Russian dialects.
By the 19th century Old Slavonic pronunciation developed in all its main features and, as an exemplary one, extended its influence to the pronunciation of the population of other major cultural centers. But there was never complete stability in pronunciation; there were always local differences in the pronunciation of the population of large centers.
So, the norms of literary pronunciation are a stable and dynamically developing phenomenon; they are based on the laws of the functioning of the phonetic system of the language and on socially developed and traditionally accepted rules, which are subject to changes in the development of oral literary speech as a result of the influence of various factors of language development on it. These changes initially have the character of fluctuating norms, but if such changes do not contradict the phonetic system and become widespread, they lead to the emergence of variants of the literary norm, and then, possibly, to the establishment of a new pronunciation norm.
There are several sources of deviation from the norms of literary pronunciation: 1) the influence of spelling, 2) the influence of dialect features, 3) the influence of the native language (accent) - for non-Russians.
The heterogeneity of pronunciation in different population groups determined the emergence of the doctrine of pronunciation styles. For the first time, L.V. Shcherba took up the issues of pronunciation style, he distinguished two styles of pronunciation:
1. Full, characterized by maximum clarity and clarity of pronunciation;
2. Incomplete style - the style of ordinary casual speech. Within these styles, various variations are possible.
In general, the current orthoepic norms of the Russian language (and their possible variants) are registered in special dictionaries.
It should be highlighted:
a) rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);
b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;
c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;
d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.
1. The pronunciation of vowels is determined by the position in pre-stressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels undergo reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. So, the vowels [y], [s], [and] in an unstressed position retain their main sound, while [a], [o],
[e] qualitatively change. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends mainly on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.
a) In the first pre-stressed syllable, the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [vÙdy / sÙdy / nÙzhy]. After hissing, [Ù] is pronounced: [zhÙra / shÙry].
In place of [e] after hissing [w], [w], [c], the sound [ye] is pronounced: [tsyepnoį], [zhyeltok].
After soft consonants in place [a], [e], the sound [ie] is pronounced:
[ch٬iesy / s٬iela].
b) In the rest of the unstressed syllables, in place of the sounds [o], [a], [e], after solid consonants, the sound [b] is pronounced:
par٨vos] After soft consonants in place of sounds [a], [e], it is pronounced [b]: [n" tÙch "okʹ / h" mÙdan].
2. Pronunciation of consonants:
a) the norms of literary pronunciation require a positional exchange of paired deaf and voiced in a position in front of the deaf (only deaf) - voiced (only voiced) and at the end of the word (only deaf): [chl "epʹ] / trʹpkʹ / proʹ b]];
b) assimilation softening is not necessary, there is a tendency to lose it: [s"t"inaʹ] and [st"inaʹ], [z"d"es"] and [zd"es"].
3. Pronunciation of some combinations of vowels:
a) in pronominal formations what, to - th is pronounced like [pcs]; in pronominal formations such as something, mail, the pronunciation [h "t] is almost preserved;
b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place of ch: [kÙn "eshn / nÙroshn].
In words of book origin, the pronunciation [h "n] has been preserved: [ml "ech" nyį / vÙstoch "nyį];
c) in the pronunciation of the combinations vst, zdn, stn (hello, holiday, private trader), one of the consonants usually decreases or drops out: [holiday "ik], [h "asn" ik], [hello]
4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:
a) pronunciation of the form I.p. unit adjectives without stress: [red / s "in" iį] - under the influence of spelling arose - th, - y; after back-lingual r, k, x ® uy: [t "iх" iį], [m "ahk" iį];
b) pronunciation - sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation became the norm: [n'ch "ielas" / n'ch "iels" aʹ];
c) the pronunciation of the verbs na-ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g "], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt "ag" ivyt "].
5. Pronunciation of borrowed words.
In general, the pronunciation of borrowed words is subject to the phonetic system of the Russian language.
However, in some cases there are deviations:
a) pronunciation of [o] in place of [Ù]: [boaʹ / otel" / poet], although [rÙman / [rÙĵal" / prucent];
b) [e] is preserved in unstressed syllables: [Ùtel"ĵé / d"epr"es"iįb];
c) before [e], g, k, x, l are always softened: [g "etry / k" ex / bÙl "et].
The pronunciation of borrowed words should be checked in a dictionary.
Speech norms act differently in different styles of pronunciation: in colloquial, in the style of public (bookish) speech, of which the first is realized in everyday communication, and the second in reports, lectures, etc. The differences between them relate to the degree of reduction of vowels, simplification of consonant groups (in colloquial style, the reduction is more significant, the simplification is more intense), etc.
Questions:
1. What is the subject of study of orthoepy?
2. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of vowels.
3. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of consonants.
4. Indicate the main features and pronunciation variants of certain grammatical forms acceptable by the literary norm.
5. Indicate the features of the pronunciation of some combinations of sounds and doubled consonants.
6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in foreign words.
7. What are the main reasons for the appearance of pronunciation options and violations of the norms of literary pronunciation?
Literature:
1. Avanesov R. I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1972.
2. Avanesov R. I. Russian literary and dialectal phonetics. M., 1974.
3. Gorbachevich K. S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1978.
Orthoepic norms of the Russian language- this is a whole set of rules that regulate pronunciation. It is thanks to orthoepic norms that the language acquires beauty, sonority and melody. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - correct, epos - speech) is not only a section of the language that regulates and classifies everything orthoepic norms, these are also the norms of the language themselves, which have developed over many centuries.
The Russian language that we first heard in childhood became so relatively recently, as modern language norms formed by the middle of the 17th century, and they were based on the norms of the Moscow urban spoken language. Since that time, despite the constant development of the Russian language, orthoepic norms have undergone relatively minor changes.
Orthoepy is a section that is mandatory for study, since knowing orthoepic norms not only future poets and writers need it - it is necessary in everyday life. The person who allows spelling errors, can cause misunderstanding of others, or, worse, indignation and irritation. On the other hand, the correct pronunciation indicates the level of education of the speaker. So, consider the basic rules of ideal literary pronunciation.
Pronunciation of vowels.
Clearly and clearly in Russian only those vowels that are under stress. The pronunciation of other sounds in the word is regulated reduction law (lat.reducere - reduce). This law explains the less clear and less clear pronunciation of unstressed vowels in a word. Consider the manifestation of the law of reduction.
Sounds [about] and [a] are pronounced like [a] if they are at the beginning of a word, but in an unstressed position: d[a]horns, [a]laziness, [a]drive. In other cases, when the letter "about" is in an unstressed position and follows a solid consonant, it is read as a short obscure reduced sound, something in between [s] and [a](depending on position): g [b] lova, st [b] ron, t [b] lokno. It's the sound [b] in transcription, this reduced sound is conditionally indicated. If there is a soft consonant at the beginning of the word , then the following letters "a" , "e" and "i" read as a cross between [e] and [and](the lips at the same time stretch, as if to pronounce [and] but pronounced [e]): p [and e] ro - pen, s [and e] ro - gray, [and e] language - language.
After a solid consonant, preposition, or in a continuous phrase, the letter "and" pronounced sound [s]: laughter [s] tears - laughter and tears, pedagogical [s] institute - pedagogical institute, to [s] vanu - to Ivan. In the case of the phrase "laughter and tears" "and" can also be pronounced like [and], if the phrase is not pronounced together, but an intonational pause is made at the place of the union.
Orthoepic norms for the pronunciation of consonants.
When pronouncing consonants, other laws apply as orthoepic norms: assimilation and stuns. So, if a voiced consonant is at the end of a word or before a deaf , then he is stunned: dru [k] - friend, hand [f] - sleeve, smo [x] - could. As you can already understand, as a result of stunning [G] pronounced like [to], [b] how [P], [in] how [f], [h] how [With]. In combinations "gk" and "gch" [g] is read as [X]: le [hk] o, le [hh] e. If the situation is radically opposite, that is, there is a deaf consonant before the voiced consonant, then, on the contrary, it is likened to the voiced vowel corresponding to it: pro[s"]ba, [h]give.
Separately, it must be said about the combination "ch". This combination in the old Moscow pronunciation always sounded like [sn]. Today, in most cases, it is still pronounced as [h], but there are a few exceptions:
- In female patronymics: Lukini[shn]a, Kuzmini[shn]a.
- In single words: Skvore[shn]ik, bore[shn]o, yai[shn]itsa and etc.
Consonant pronunciation [h] in the words "what" and "something" is usually considered a sign of some dialect, because normally "h" stunned and replaced by [w]. Also changing "G" on the [in] in the words “who”, “what”, “some”, etc. To the sound [ tss] the ending of the verbs “-tsya” and “-tsya” changes: dare[cc]a, return[cc]a.
Words of foreign origin.
Orthoepic norms of the literary language if the word is of foreign origin, for the most part remain the same as in the case of native Russian words. But still there are some features of the pronunciation of borrowed words:
- Lack of sound reduction [about]: m[o]del, [o]asis.
- Despite the softening of most consonants before "e", softening does not occur in some words: ant[e]nna, gene[e]tika.
- In some words of foreign origin, both options are allowed - both consonant softening and no softening: therapist, terror, claim, etc..
stress in Russian is not static and can change due to a change in the form of a word, case, and much more. In order to find out the correct pronunciation of a particular word, as well as to find out which syllable will be stressed correctly, you can look at orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Such dictionaries can become real helpers for those who want to learn how to speak correctly and beautifully.
Topic: The main rules of Russian orthoepy. Intonation.
Goals and tasks:
give an idea of the subject of study of orthoepy;
to acquaint with the features of Russian stress;
introduce the concept of orthoepic norm;
summarize information about the features of the pronunciation of some sound combinations;
Developing:
develop cognitive abilities;
develop logical thinking (the ability to analyze, compare, generalize and identify the main thing);
develop the ability to coherently and competently express their thoughts;
Educational:
to form a respectful, careful attitude to the native language;
to form a sense of responsibility for the preservation of the Russian language as an integral part of the national culture;
influence the motivational sphere of the personality of students;
to form the ability to rationally use time;
Lesson progress
Org. moment
Announcement of goals and objectives, lesson plan. Formulation of the problem.
Frontal discussion with the class.
In "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs" A.S. Pushkin there is an episode that tells about the first meeting of the heroes with the princess, remember:
"The elder said:" What a marvel! Everything is so clean and beautiful. Someone tidied up the tower Yes, the owners were waiting. Who? Come out and show yourself, Be honest with us."
Did you notice that the princess in the forest tower of the heroes did not behave like the daughter of the king, but rather like a peasant girl?
"And the princess came down to them, Honored the hosts, Bowed low from the waist; Blushing, she apologized, She came to visit them, Although she was not invited."
But how did the heroes guess that the king's daughter was in front of them?
"In an instant, from the speech, they recognized that they received the princess:"
Conclusion: It turns out that sometimes it is enough to hear how a person speaks in order to understand who he is, what he is. It is the pronunciation that we will devote our lesson today. A studies this branch of linguisticsorthoepy. So we will consider the object of studying orthoepy, get acquainted with the features of Russian stress, with such a concept as the orthoepic norm; summarize information about the features of the pronunciation of some sound combinations; we systematize and generalize knowledge about the placement of stress in adjectives, verbs, and some participles. During the lecture, take brief notes to create reference materials for yourself that you can use in the following classes when completing tests.
III. Teacher lecture with conversation elements
Classification of norms of oral speech
Speech rules include:
orthoepic norms.
Accent rules.
intonation norms.
Orthoepic pronunciation norms
Orthoepy - the system of pronunciation norms of the language.
[G] pronounced like[X] in combinations gk and hh (light - le [x] cue, lighter - le [x] che).
Assimilation when combinedssh, and zsh . They are pronounced like a long hard consonant.[w¯] (lower - not [shsh] y, highest - you [shsh] y, make a noise - ra[shsh] be able to)
Similar assimilation in combinationsSJ and Learn - [and] (unclench - ra [lzh]at, with life - [lzh] life, fry - [lzh] fry).
Combination MF and ZCH pronounced like [sch ] (happiness - [w] astier, score - [w] et), (prikazchik - prik [sh] ik, sample - obraz [sh] ik) .
Combinations PM and DC- how [h] (speaker - report [h] ik, pilot - le [h] k).
Combinations Tts and DC- how [ts ] (twenty - two [ts]at , gold - gold [ts] e).
Combinations PM and DC- how [h] (speaker - report [h] ik, pilot - le [h] ik).
Combinations Stn and Zdn - they have consonant soundst and d fall out (charming - charming, late - knowledgeable, honest - che [sn], sympathetic - teaching [sleep] ive).
9. In modern Russian pronunciation[SHN] considered obsolete, the norm -[H`N].
Combination CHN , usually pronounced according to the spelling(anti [h`n] yy, ve [h`n] yy, yes [h`n] yy, ka[h`n] ut, milky [h`n] yy, but [h`n] oh, different [h`n] oh, poro [h`n] yy, then [h`n] yy).
There are traditional deviations from the norm, legitimized by modern dictionaries and reference books.
Exception : In some words[sn] : kone[shn] o, sku[shn] o, naro[shn] o, yai[shn]itsa, empty[shn], square[shn]ik, laundry[shn]aya, Savvi[shn]a, Nikiti[ shn]a, Fomini[shn]a, etc.
double pronunciation allowed in the words:bulo [shn] ([ch]) th, drain [shn] ([ch]) th, yai [shn] ([ch]) th, sin [shn] ([ch]) left.
10. Combination Thu , basically the same as the pronunciation(ma[th]a, me[th]a, not [th]o, nothing [anything], after [th] and, about [th] and, at [th] and)
But: in union what and in the pronoun that (to, something, something) pronounced [PCS].
11. In reflexive verbs at the end is written– to be or – tsya , but pronounced the same[tsa]
12. Features of the transition [E] to [O] in the modern language.
The general trend - the transition of E into O under stress after soft consonants (Russification).Whitish - whitish, crossbill - crossbill, firebrand - firebrand, faded - faded.
Along with this, there are numerous facts of conservation of [E](Expired, deadwood, guardianship, fishing line).
Words of foreign origin:
Softening consonants before E .
In accordance with the norms of pronunciation in Russian before a vowelE pronounced soft consonant : text [t´e], brunet [n´e], term [t´e] , specifically [r´e], therapist [t´e].
But usually in book words and terminology continues to be pronouncedwith a hard consonant (integral [te], tendency [te], artery [te], asepsis [se], phonetics [ne], Voltaire [te], Descartes [de], Chopin [pe], La Fontaine [te], steak [te] , scarf [ne], timbre [te], thermos [te]).
In many foreign words, after consonants, it is writtenE , and consonants are pronouncedfirmly (atelier [te], atheist [te], dandy [te], scarf [ne], cafe [fe], desk [te], resume [me], stand [te], masterpiece [she]).
But in a number of words, consonants are pronounced softly.(decade [d´e], academy [d´e], demagogue [d´e], museum [z´e], plywood [n´e], flannel [n´e])
A double consonant is pronounced double in one word (va [nn] a, ka [ss] a, ma [ss] a, cape [ll] a) , in others - like a single (neatly - a [k] hurriedly, accompaniment - a [k] accompaniment, chord - a [k] ord, allocate - a [s] ignore, gram - gra [m]).
Accentological norms/mistakes. The main trends in the development of stress norms.
Accent options:
Accent options – double stress :
A short list of equal accentological options:apartments - apartments;
basilica - basilica;
barge - barge;
bijouterie - bijouterie;
delusional - delusional;
rustyAvet - rusty;
Otherwise - otherwise;
sparkle - sparkle;
kirza - kirza;
dropped - armored;
loop - loop;
meatballs - meatballs.
Semantic variants - these are pairs of words in which the heterogeneity of stress is intendedto distinguish the meaning of words (homographs - the same in spelling, different in stress).
A short list of words that differ in their meaning depending on the stress:Book (assign something to someone) - book (cover with armor);
armor - armor;
busy (person) - busy (house);
salted (about vegetables) - salted (about soil);
sharpened (pencil) - sharpened (prisoner);
naked (cut) - naked (hold checkers);
bypass (leaf, path) - bypass (maneuver);
portable (radio receiver) - portable (value);
transitional (score) - transitional (age);
submerged (on the platform) – submerged (in water);
approximate (to something) - approximate (close);
draft (age) - draft (calling);
damned (cursed) - damned (hated);
developed (child) - developed (mentally) - developed (hair);
inclined (to something) - inclined (in front of someone);
folded (from details) - folded (having one or another physique);
haos (in ancient Greek mythology) - haos and haos (disorder);
characteristic (person) - characteristic (act);
linguistic (verbal expression of thoughts) - linguistic (related to the organ in the oral cavity);
Bite (common word) - bite (special);
silk (common) - silk (poetic).
Normative-chronological options are pairs of words in which heterogeneity is associated withtime period the use of this word in speech:
Ukrainian (modern) - Ukrainian (obsolete);
angle (modern) - angle Urs (obsolete).
"Dictionary Words". Basic accentological norms.
Trends in norms at the place of stress:
nouns - tendency towardsmobile stress (folk language invades literary);
at verbs - trendanchoring accents onroot syllable (influence of South Russian dialects);
general trends - is detectedmultidirectional movement of the accent :
regressive - moving the stress from the last syllable to the beginning or closer to the beginning of the word;
progressive - moving the stress from the first syllable closer to the end of the word.
3. Intonation norms/mistakes.
Intonation - this is a rhythmic-melodic and logical articulation of speech.
Intonation is one of the means of expressive speech.
But the intonational norms in the Russian language concern, first of all,correct rise / fall / intonation towards the end of the sentence depending on the purpose of the statement and the correct setting of the logical stress in the phrase.
Towards the end of the declarative sentence, the intonation drops.
Nurse Natasha had a very hard day today.
By the end of the interrogative sentence, the intonation, on the contrary, rises.
She's tired?
intonation errors.
1. Intonation errors are relatedwith wrong intonation (inappropriate rise or fall of intonation).
2. In addition, intonation errors include:incorrect setting of pauses and logical stress. This often leads to a distortion of meaning, especially in poetic works, for example:
For example: Setting pauses.
Not properly: In the heavens / the earth sleeps solemnly and wonderfully / in the radiance of blue.
Correctly: In the heavens / solemnly and wonderfully / / the earth sleeps in a blue radiance.
IV. Orthoepic workout. ).
Key
1. When climbing stairs, hold on to the handrails. Go through the customs check. The customs office has already begun its work. A load divided by two is twice as light. After lifting the suitcase, place it on the conveyor. The expert, who understood his task, began to act. The train arrived at the station on time. Arriving at the place of destination, get your luggage.
Test yourself
1. When climbing stairs, hold on to the handrails. Have you passed customs clearance? Customs has already begun its work. A load divided by two is twice as light. After lifting the suitcase, place it on the transporter. The expert, who understood his task, began to act. The train arrived at the station on time. When you arrive at your destination, don't forget to collect your luggage.
V. Performing training exercises.
Exercise 1. Read correctly.
a)
live for / city,
climb on / mountain,
deliver to / house,
pull for / leg,
take under / arms,
walk on / forest.
b)
Alive - alive, alive, alive.
Right - right, right, right.
Pitiful, pitiful, pitiful, pitiful.
Green - green - green - green.
Tough - tough, tough, tough.
in)
Accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted.
Raised - lifted, lifted, lifted
Sold - sold, sold, sold.
Given - given, given, given.
Busy - busy, busy, busy.
V. Independent work (ex. ____)
VI . Teacher's word. In the first part of our lesson, we noted that the subject of the study of orthoepy is also "literarypronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations. Let's pay attention to the pronunciation rules of some combinations. We will take them into account in everyday life.
1. Combinationmid orzch (at the junction of the root and the suffix starting with the letterh) usuallypronounced like a lettersch , that is, like a long soft [u"u"] - ra[u"u"] from, [u"u"] astute, different [u"u"] ik, sign [u"u"]ik, uka[ u "u"] ik.
2. In place of the letterG at the end-th (-his) the sound [in] is pronounced: big [in] o, blue [in] o, ko [in] o, th [in] o, second [in] o, other [in] o, revived [in] o. Consonant [in] in place of a letterG also pronounced in wordstoday, today, total .
3. The combination of consonants in verbs in-tsya and- be pronounced as double [ts].
4. Combinationch has an interesting history. "Back in the 18th century, the spelling combination ch was consistently pronounced as [shn], as evidenced by the phonetic spellings recorded in the dictionary of the Russian Academy (1789-1794): tie, cap, kopeeshny, lavoshnik, button, factory, etc. However, over time, this option begins to be supplanted by the pronunciation [h "n], which arose under the influence of writing. "Today, words with a combinationch are pronounced differently: 1) as a rule, the pronunciation corresponds to the spelling, that is, it is pronounced [h "n]:durable, country, eternal, start, swing ; 2) in some words in placech pronounced [shn], for example:of course, boring, on purpose, birdhouse, Savichna, Fominichna (the number of such words is decreasing); 3) in a number of cases today both options are considered normative - [h "n] and [shn], for example:candlestick, bakery, dairy (note that in some cases the pronunciation [shn] becomes obsolete:creamy, brown ). "In some cases, pronunciation options distinguish between different lexical meanings:cordial [h "n] attack - friendcordial [shn];pepper pot [h "n] (pepper vessel) - damnpepper pot [shn] (about an evil, grumpy woman)."
5. "Combinationthu pronounced like [pcs] in a wordwhat and its derivative forms (something, something ). In the word something is pronounced [h "t], in the wordnothing both options are acceptable" [Ibid.].
6. "Fricative"[?] in the literary language is allowed in wordsOh God, accountant, yeah, by God, Lord .
7. The final [r] is replaced by the sound [k] (not [x]!): creative [k], dialogue [k], the exception is the wordGod [boh]". [Ibid.]
VII. Exercises for the pronunciation of individual sound combinations.
1. Read the given words aloud. Pay attention to the pronunciation of ch as [ch] or [sh]. In what cases is double pronunciation possible?
Bakery, mustard plaster, creamy, shopkeeper, comic, maid, milkmaid, of course, laundry, boring, match, penny, loser, bachelorette party, on purpose, bribe taker, trifling, decent, unprofitable, Ilyinichna.
2. Based on the rhymes of poetic texts taken from the works of A.S. Pushkin, determine the pronunciation of the combination of ch. How would you explain the discovered orthoepic phenomenon?
1.
On the winter road, boring
Troika greyhound runs
Single bell
Tiring noise.
2.
It's sad, Nina: my way is boring.
Dremlya fell silent my coachman,
The bell is monotonous
Foggy moon face.
VIII. Summarizing.
Pronunciation of vowel sounds:
Remember a few rules that reflect modern orthoepic norms.
Rule 1: letterG at the end of a wordGod pronounced like [x].
Rule 2: -th/-his in masculine and neuter adjectives are pronounced likeo [c] o / e [c] o.
Rule 3: zzh andszh pronounced like[and] (at the junction of morphemes or
official word with a significant one).
Rule 4: AF andmid pronounced like [w "] (at the junction of morphemes).
Rule 5: dh andPM pronounced like [h "] (at the junction of morphemes).
Rule 6; -tsya and- be pronounced like[ca] (in verbs).
Rule 7: ds andts pronounced like[c] (before k in adjectives).
Rule 8: train pronounced like[PCS"] and[w "] (in the word rain and derivatives). The pronunciation of such combinations in case of difficulties should be clarified in the spelling dictionary.
Rule 9: h pronounced like [h "n] - in most words, but pronounced like[sn] in wordsboring [shn] o, kone [shn] o, na-ro [shn] o, laundry [shn] aya, square [shn] ik, Ilyini [shn] a and etc.
Rule 10: Thu" pronounced like [pcs](for what etc.), butsomething [Thurs].
Rule 11: gk pronounced like [x "k"] - in wordslight, soft.
Rule 12: hh pronounced like [hh "] - in wordslighter, softer.
Rule 13: stn, ntsk, stl, ndsk, zdn, rdts, lnts, stv, lvs - contain
unpronounceable consonant. In case of difficulty, please contact
spelling dictionary.
Rule 14: double consonants in loanwords are pronounced
usually as a long consonant, but a number of words can be pronounced
double consonant as one sound(bath [n],flu [P]).
Rule 15: in an unstressed position, the sound [o] is not pronounced. After
hard consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, as well as at the beginning of a word in
the place of the letter o is pronounced [a](kSchza -k [o \ zy, [writing - [o] writing).
Therefore, for example, they are pronounced the same way, with the sound [a], the wordsoxen and
shafts, catfish andherself, although spelled differently.
Homework._________ ex. ___________
Orthoepic rules cover only the area of pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as the features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms, in groups of words or individual words.
It should be highlighted:
a) rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);
b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;
c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;
d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.
The selection of styles in the field of vocabulary and grammar in the literary language is also manifested in the field of pronunciation. There are two types of pronunciation style: colloquial style and public (bookish) speech style. Conversational style is ordinary speech that dominates everyday communication, stylistically weakly colored, neutral. The absence in this style of setting for perfect pronunciation leads to the appearance of pronunciation options, for example: [pr about s "ut] and [pr about s "ut", [high about ky] and [high about to "th]. Book style finds expression in various forms of public speech: in radio broadcasting and sound films, in reports and lectures, etc. This style requires impeccable language design, strict preservation of historically formed norms, elimination of pronunciation options. In cases when pronunciation differences are due solely to the area of phonetics, two styles are distinguished: full and colloquial (incomplete).The full style is distinguished by a clear pronunciation of sounds, which is achieved by a slow rate of speech.Conversational (incomplete) style is characterized by a faster pace and, of course, less careful articulation of sounds .
In the Russian literary language, due to certain sound laws (assimilations, dissimilations, reductions) in words, the pronunciation of individual sounds, their combinations, was established, which did not correspond to the spelling. We write what, whom, went, to study, but it is necessary to pronounce [ what ], [cavo ], [hadil ], [learnt ], etc. This is considered to be the pronunciation norm of the literary language, which was established long before the advent of orthoepy rules. Over time, pronunciation rules have been developed that have become mandatory for literary speech.
The most important of these rules are:
1. Vowels are pronounced distinctly (according to their spelling) only under stress ( sayingAnd whether, xO dim, seeE ly, bE ly, nO Sim). In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced differently.
2. The vowel o in an unstressed position should be pronounced as a sound close to a [ inBUT Yes], [XBUT RBUT sho], [toBUT forces], [mountainsAT ], and write - water, well, mowed, city .
3. Unstressed e, i should be pronounced as a sound close to and [ inAnd sleep], [passAnd obvious], [plAnd sat], [PAnd RAnd watched], and write - spring, sowing, dance, revised .
4. Voiced consonants (paired) at the end of words and before deaf consonants in the middle of a word should be pronounced as their corresponding paired deaf [ duP ], [mountainT ], [loafP ], [maroFROM ], [daroW ka], [grisP ki], [aboutW bba], [smallD bba], [reFROM cue], but it is written - oak, city, bread, frost, path, fungi, please .
5. The sound g must be pronounced as an explosive, except for the word God, which is pronounced aspirated. At the end of words, instead of r, it sounds paired with a deaf k [ otherTo ], [bookTo ], [bootsTo ], [moTo ], but it is written - friend, books, boots, could etc.
6. Consonants s, z before hissing w, w, h should be pronounced as long hissing [ AND burn], [AND heat], [beLearn worn out], but it is written burn, hot, lifeless . At the beginning of some words mid sounds like sch [SCH astier], [SCH no], [SCH italy], but it is written - happiness, counting, counting .
7. In some words, the combination ch pronounced like [ caneSHN a], [skuSHN a], [Me andSHN itza], [squareSHN ik], [NikitiSHN a], [SavvyW on the], [laundrySHN and I], but it is written of course, boring, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, Nikitichna, Savvichna, laundry . In some words, a double pronunciation is allowed - bakery -[buloSHN and I], lactic - [moloSHN th], but only bakery, dairy is written. In most words, the combination of ch is pronounced in accordance with the spelling (eternal, country, durable, night, stove).
8. Words what to pronounce should be like [ what], [shtoby].
9. When a series of consonants converge - rdts, stn, stl, etc., usually one of these sounds is not pronounced. We write: heart, honest, stairs, happy , and pronounce [ seRC e], [CheCH th], [leCH itza], [shchaSL willow].
10. The endings of -th, -it must be pronounced as ava, iva [ redAVA ],[synWILLOW ], [KAVO], [CHIVO], and write red, blue, whom, what.
11. Endings - be,-tsya(study, study) are pronounced like - tsa [teachCC BUT], [daringCC BUT], [vstrychaCC BUT].
12. Letters at the beginning of words uh - e are written in accordance with the pronunciation (this, echo, standard, experiment; go, eat, huntsman).
In a number of foreign words after consonants and and spelled e, although pronounced uh(diet, hygiene, atheist, atelier, muffler, coffee, pince-nez, parterre), exceptions: sir, mayor, peer. After the remaining vowels, e is more often written and pronounced (poetry, poet, silhouette, maestro, but: project, registry).
In a number of foreign words, after consonants that are pronounced softly, it is written and pronounced e(museum, college, academy, dean, decade, cologne, plywood, pace).
In Russian words after w, w, c pronounced uh, but it is always written e(iron, even, six, quieter, whole, at the end).
13. Double consonants, both in native Russian words and in words of foreign origin, in most cases are pronounced as single ones (i.e., without their length).
We write : Russia, Russian, eleven, public, made, chord, cancel, accompaniment, assistant, neatly, balloon, Saturday, gram, flu, class, correspondent, tennis, etc., and we pronounce these words without doubling these consonants, for with the exception of a few words in which double consonants are both written and pronounced (bath, manna, gamma, etc.).
In orthoepy, there is a law of reduction (weakening of articulation) of vowels, according to which vowel sounds are pronounced unchanged only under stress, and in an unstressed position they are reduced, that is, they are subject to weakened articulation.
In orthoepy, there is a rule according to which the voiced consonants B, C, D, D, F, 3 at the end of the word sound like their paired deaf P, F, K, T, W, S. For example: forehead - lo [n], blood - kro [f "], eye - eye [s], ice - lo [t], fear - fright [k]. (The sign " denotes the softness of the consonant).
In orthoepy, the combinations of ZZh and ZhZh, which are inside the root of the word, are pronounced as a long (double) soft sound [Ж]. For example: I’m leaving - I’m leaving, I’m coming - I’m coming, later - I’ll be alive, reins - reins, rattles - rattles. The word “rain” is pronounced with a long soft [SH] (SHSH) or with a long soft [F] (ZHZH) before the combination JD: dosh, rain, dozhzhichek, dozhzhit, dozhzhe, dozhzhevik.
Combinations of MF and AF are pronounced as a long soft sound [SCH"]: happiness - good luck, bill - brush, customer - zakaschik.
In some combinations of several consonants, one of them drops out: hello - hello, heart - heart, sun - sun.
Sounds [T] and [D] soften before soft [B] only in some words. For example: door - door, two - two, twelve - twelve, movement - movement, Thursday - Thursday, solid - solid, branches - branches, but two, courtyard, supply.
In the words “if”, “near”, “after”, “unless” the sounds [C] and [З] are softened and pronounced: “if”, “take”, “after”, “razve”.
In the words ordinary, majestic, special N-Nyn and others, two "H"s are pronounced.
The reflexive particle SJ in verbs is pronounced firmly - SA: washed, boyalsa, dressed. The combination of ST sounds before the soft sound [B] is pronounced softly: natural - natural, majestic - majestic.
In the usual colloquial pronunciation, there are a number of deviations from orthoepic norms. The sources of such digressions are often native dialect (pronunciation in one or another dialect of the speaker) and writing (incorrect, literal pronunciation corresponding to spelling). So, for example, for natives of the north, a stable dialect feature is okane, and for southerners, the pronunciation of [r] fricative. Pronunciation in place of a letter G at the end of the genus. pad. adjectives sound [r], but in place h(in words of course that) the sound [h] is explained by the “letter” pronunciation, which in this case does not coincide with the sound composition of the word. The task of orthoepy is to eliminate deviations from literary pronunciation.
There are a lot of rules in orthoepy and for their assimilation one should refer to the relevant literature.
word stress
Russian stress is the most difficult area of the Russian language to master. It is distinguished by the presence of a large number of pronunciation options: loop and loop, cottage cheese and cottage cheese, calls and calls, beginnings and beginnings, means and means. Russian stress is characterized by diversity and mobility. Diversity is the ability of stress to fall on any syllable of Russian words: on the first - iconography, on the second - expert, on the third - blinds, on the fourth - apartments. In many languages of the world, stress is attached to a specific syllable. Mobility is the property of stress to move from one syllable to another when changing (declension or conjugation) of the same word: water - water, walk - walk. Most of the words of the Russian language (about 96%) have a mobile stress. Diversity and mobility, historical variability of pronunciation norms lead to the appearance of accent variants in one word. Sometimes one of the options is sanctioned by dictionaries as corresponding to the norm, and the other as incorrect. Wed: store, - wrong; store is correct.
In other cases, the variants are given in dictionaries as equals: sparkling and sparkling. Reasons for the appearance of accent variants: The law of analogy - a large group of words with a certain type of stress affects a smaller one, similar in structure. In the word thinking, the stress shifted from the root thinking to the suffix -eni- by analogy with the words beating, driving, etc. False analogy. The words gas pipeline, garbage chute are mispronounced by a false analogy with the word wire with an emphasis on the penultimate syllable: gas pipeline, garbage chute. Development of the ability of stress to differentiate the forms of words. For example, with the help of stress, the forms of the indicative and imperative mood are distinguished: restrain, force, sip and restrain, force, sip. Mixing patterns of stress. This reason operates more often in borrowed words, but it can also appear in Russian. For example, nouns with -iya have two patterns of stress: dramaturgy (Greek) and astronomy (Latin). In accordance with these models, one should pronounce: asymmetry, industry, metallurgy, therapy and veterinary medicine, gastronomy, cooking, speech therapy, drug addiction. However, in live speech there is a mixture of models, as a result of which options appear: cooking and cooking, speech therapy and speech therapy, drug addiction and drug addiction. Action of a tendency to rhythmic balance. This tendency is manifested only in four-five-syllable words.
If the inter-stress interval (the distance between stresses in adjacent words) is greater than the critical interval (the critical interval is equal to four unstressed syllables in a row), then the stress moves to the previous syllable. Accent interaction of word-formation types. Options in the cases of spare - spare, transfer - transfer, platoon - platoon, pressure - pressure, tidal - tidal, branch - branch are explained by the accent interaction of denominative and verbal formations: transfer - from translation, transfer - from translate, etc. Professional pronunciation: spark (for electricians), mining (for miners), compass, cruisers (for sailors), boyish (for sellers), agony, bite, alcohol, syringes (for doctors), armhole, leaflets (for tailors), characteristic (for actors), etc. Trends in the development of stress. Two-syllable and three-syllable masculine nouns tend to shift the stress from the last syllable to the previous one (regressive stress). For some nouns, this process has ended. Once they said: turner, competition, runny nose, ghost, despot, symbol, air, pearls, epigraph. In other words, the process of stress transition continues to this day and manifests itself in the presence of options: quarter (wrong quarter), cottage cheese and additional. cottage cheese, contract, etc. contract, dispensary (incorrect dispensary), catalog (not recommended catalog), obituary not recommended (obituary). In feminine nouns, also two- and three-syllable, there is a shift in stress from the first word to the next (progressive stress): kirza - kirza, keta - keta, foil - foil, cutter - cutter. The source of the appearance of variants can be stresses in words with different meanings: linguistic - linguistic, developed - developed, chaos - chaos, patch - flap. Insufficient mastery of exotic vocabulary: pima or pima (shoes), high fur boots or high fur boots (shoes), shanga or shanga (in Siberia, this is what a cheesecake is called). Thus, the norms of modern Russian literary pronunciation are a complex phenomenon.
