The realities of modern life are such that they provide a growing person with a huge choice of leisure opportunities that exclude much-needed human communication: these are the Internet, social networks, watching television programs instead of reading books.

As a result, at the time the child enters school, it is found that his coherent speech skills are at an incredibly low level, and for everyday communication, a group of monosyllabic sentences and a limited vocabulary are enough for him. To ensure a trouble-free admission to an educational institution for a preschooler, parents are forced to turn to specialist teachers.

Meanwhile, speech development classes at home are not the privilege of graduates, but the most ordinary parents can do it. By devoting only 15-20 minutes a day to such activities, parents will significantly improve the quality indicators of the child's coherent speech.

Exercises for the development of speech can be found in various manuals and reference books on preschool education. But in order for a home lesson to be effective, it is important to understand what types of tasks exist and how to fully use them when conducting speech development classes at home.

Mastering new lexical-thematic vocabulary groups

Tasks related to the study of words of various subjects are necessary, first of all, to replenish the child's vocabulary, expand his speech abilities, and move away from his usual monosyllabic (situational) speech.

Lesson dedicated to the lexical and grammatical group "Autumn"

visual material:

• pictures from books or tutorials;
• children's loto cards;
• family photos on an autumn theme;
• poems of Russian poets about autumn.

Show your child a picture from a book or a photo from the family archive depicting the autumn season. Analyze the typical signs of autumn. Remember together what the autumn months are called. Dream up while training your logical thinking: what will happen if the leaves do not fall off, the birds stay for the winter and do not fly away to warm countries, and the hares do not change their coats from gray to white?

Choose a few pictures or photographs depicting how autumn passes in different places: a forest, a city, a village. What events take place at this time of the year, what is the difference between autumn in the forest and autumn in the city?

Together with your child, choose items from the available children's lotto cards that will surely come in handy in the autumn city or forest: an umbrella, rubber boots, a raincoat, a basket for mushrooms, etc. Ask the young learner to share when they might need these items and how they should be used.

Reading poems about autumn

Read several poems by Russian poets about the autumn season: A. Pleshcheev "Autumn", I. Bunin "Falling Leaves", B. Pasternak "Golden Autumn". Explain to the child the meanings of unfamiliar, obsolete words (terem, chamber, azure, crown, outbuilding). Try with your child to find synonyms for these words using modern vocabulary.

Lesson dedicated to the lexical and grammatical group "Professions"

For this lesson you will need:

• Pictures with images of people of different professions: doctor, policeman, hairdresser, cook, driver.
• Pictures from a children's lotto depicting labor tools necessary for people of different professions: a doctor's phonendoscope, a cook's ladle, a policeman's police baton, an artist's palette with paints.
• Texts of poems by J. Rodari "What do crafts smell like" and V. Mayakovsky "Whom to be?".

Tell your child about the variety of professions. Explain that each profession relates to some area of ​​a person's life, such as education, medicine, construction, the arts, or sports. Show themed pictures depicting workers of different professions. Discuss with your child what the people in the pictures are doing.

Developing the ability to analyze

Choose a few pictures with people of different professions. For example, photographs or images of athletes: gymnasts, chess players, basketball players. Next, put a few pictures depicting representatives of creative professions: a pianist, magician, singer, ballerina. Ask your child to sort the pictures into two groups. Let him comment on his choice, explain how, in his opinion, they are similar and how representatives of these professional fields differ.

Clue

General: artists and athletes perform in public, represent the country in competitions, are popular with spectators and fans.

Differences: athletes demonstrate miracles of agility, endurance and the results of hard training, and artists act on the feelings of the audience, making them wonder and think.

We read poems

Read the poems of J. Rodari and V. Mayakovsky to the child. Pay attention to the words, the meaning of which may not be clear (turpentine, muffin, planer, facade, propeller). Discuss the professions that interested the child the most.

A lesson aimed at practicing word formation skills

It is desirable to include exercises on working on the formation of various word forms in any home lesson on the development of speech, and if it is focused on mastering a new lexical-thematic group, then you can use those words that are studied in its context.

The formation of quality adjectives (denoting the properties of the subject).

Meat is used to make ... products (meat). You can list the types of meat products: (sausage, ham, sausages)

They make ... objects (wooden) from wood. Which?

Paper is used to make ... products (paper). What?

The formation of plural forms.

Select a few baby bingo cards with singular and plural items depicted on them (math bingo cards will do).

Practice making vocabulary chains:

One apple - apples - many apples.

One goose - geese - many geese.

One plate - plates - many plates.

Formation of diminutive forms, names of baby animals:

Key - key, cat - cat, table - table, carpet - rug;

A lion is a lion cub, an owl is an owlet, a hare is a hare, a cat is a kitten;

Pay your child's attention to the fact that there are a number of names for baby animals, which are denoted by a word that is not similar to the name of an adult animal. For example:

A pig is a pig, a dog is a puppy, a cow is a calf, a chicken is a chicken.

Speech therapy exercises

It is better to start speech development classes with a complex. In addition, a lesson on the development of coherent speech should include techniques that contribute to the development of correct articulation and the development of sounds that are difficult to pronounce.

As a rule, the most difficult sounds in pronunciation for a preschooler are the sounds “p”, “l”, “s”, “sh”, which is why the formulation of their correct articulation should be given maximum attention.

An excellent speech material for fixing the correct pronunciation of complex combinations of sounds are tongue twisters. They present combinations of the most difficult sound combinations to pronounce. It is better to start working with tongue twisters after the child has mastered pronunciation, in separate syllables and words.

Factors of effective speech development of children

Teachers identify a number of factors that have a direct impact on the process of forming coherent speech:

• the possibility and intensity of communication between a preschooler and adults;
• the level of speech culture in the language environment where the child grows;
• the role of fiction in the upbringing and education of a preschooler;
• introduction to various types of art: theater, ballet, opera;

These means of speech development are the most significant not only in the process of speech education of a person, but also in the matter of his general development, both intellectual and emotional.

Classes for the development of speech are a necessary component in the preschool education of a child, stimulate him to learn about the world around him, teach him to think, analyze and reason independently.

In order for the lesson on the development of speech skills to be interesting, bring pleasure and benefit to a small person, try not to perform the proposed tasks formally, using the “question-answer” scheme.

Remember that success is guaranteed when the positive attitude of adults, their interest in the activities being carried out, is obvious to children.

Lecturer, child development center specialist
Druzhinina Elena

Lecture on the development of a child's speech:

When a four-year-old toddler does not pronounce individual letters, lisps or distorts words, this causes anxiety among parents, especially if there are examples of peers with almost impeccable speech in the immediate environment. About what speech defects for children of 4 years old are considered the norm, and when to talk about, and what to do to eliminate this backlog - and will be discussed in this article.

Features of the speech apparatus at 4 years old

A child at the age of four is already sufficiently proficient in such a tool as speech, and knows how to use it to communicate with the outside world. A small person no longer simply pronounces words and puts them into sentences, but with the help of words he expresses his own thoughts and draws independent conclusions from information received from outside.

The circle of communication of children of this age group is also expanding significantly. The child already has little communication with parents and relatives, he wants contact with the world in the face of various strangers, and the child not only willingly makes such contact, but also acts as its initiator.
The word "why" most often flies off the language of parents in relation to the child during this particular period of his life. Experts believe that the more questions the “why” asks, the better mental development he demonstrates. The fact that after asking a question, your child often loses interest in the answer without listening to it to the end, is also the norm, the little man has not yet learned to concentrate, and parents should try to formulate answers simply and clearly.

Did you know? If it seems to you that your baby is silent only when falling asleep, do not be surprised: it should be so. At this age, the norm for a child is an almost continuous speech flow throughout the entire time of wakefulness.

The vocabulary of a four-year-old baby is rich enough to communicate, but still too poor to, for example, retell a fairy tale to his grandmother, told by his mother the day before, or detail the events of the past day. On the other hand, thanks to an excellent memory, a rhyme or the same fairy tale, if it is short, the baby can literally repeat without even fully understanding the meaning of individual words and phrases.

Already realizing that all objects and actions around have their own names, the baby can independently replace an unknown name with a collective one, for example, call a violet a flower, and a herring a fish.
In addition to nouns and verbs, the little man already uses more complex parts of speech in conversation - pronouns, adverbs, interjections, conjunctions and prepositions. Case inconsistency and errors in the use of such service parts of speech are completely normal at this age.

To simple questions, the baby already gives not monosyllabic, but rather detailed answers.

The vocabulary of a child by the age of four reaches an average of two thousand words.

Further, this age is characterized by a very rapid improvement in speech, it improves right before our eyes, the baby begins to try to speak correctly, imitating adults (it turns out, of course, not immediately, but the attempts are obvious).

It is normal if, intuitively sensing the presence of complex words in the language (airplane, ship, etc.), the baby begins to invent his own new words in the same way.

In some cases, the little one even tries to explore rhymes and compose simple rhymes.
However, the speech apparatus at this age is still far from perfect. It is not a deviation from the norm if the baby:

• confuses cases, agreement of gender and number (opened the “door”, the cat “ran”, etc.);
• swaps or skips syllables or sounds in compound words;
• does not pronounce whistling, hissing and sonorous sounds: hissing ones are replaced by whistling ones (“ezik” instead of “hedgehog”, “sum” instead of “noise”) and vice versa (“zhayats” instead of “hare”, “sheledka” instead of “herring”), and sonorous "l" and "p" are replaced by "le" and "y" respectively ("yiba" instead of "fish", "swallow" instead of "swallow").

In addition, the child already knows how to adjust the volume of speech depending on the specific circumstances (speak quieter at home, and louder on a noisy street). Speech begins to take shape.

Another feature of this age is that the baby begins to notice speech errors in other children.

The main characteristics of a child's speech at 4 years old

All of the above is considered the norm rather conditionally. All children are individual both in terms of mental abilities and temperament, some develop faster, others slower, and to say that Olya knows two thousand words and writes poetry, and Vasya only a thousand and gets confused in simple sentences, therefore, is mentally retarded , is completely wrong.

Did you know? The concept of the norm in boys and girls is also very different: in terms of speech, four-year-old girls are ahead of their male peers by an average of 4 months, which is a lot for this age!

In addition, constant communication with loved ones for children of 4 years old is the best activity for the development of speech, therefore, in a child growing up in a loving and attentive family, the speech apparatus and vocabulary are objectively better developed than in a baby who is not needed by anyone.

However, there are objective indicators that indicate that something is wrong with the child's speech.

Pathology Tests

Test your child on their own by asking them to complete the following tasks(not necessarily immediately, otherwise the baby will lose interest in the “game” and stop trying, and the test result will be unreliable):

• pronounce your last name, first name and patronymic without prompting;
• list the names of parents, family members, close friends and other people who are in the immediate circle of constant communication;
• describe some interesting situation or adventure (wait for the right opportunity and choose the moment when something happened to the baby that was supposed to impress him);
• recognize a loved one in a group photo or in a photograph where he is depicted in his youth (pattern recognition test);
• divide into groups a certain set of edible-inedible items, clothes, utensils, etc.), and after completing the task, justify your choice;
• describe the signs of a particular object (sharp needle, sour apple, sweet strawberry, dark night, cold winter);
• name the action performed in the picture or in the proposed situation (the girl is crying, the boy is playing around, the cat is running away);
• verbatim repeat what they heard;
• retell what they saw or heard (fairy tale, cartoon);
• speak first loudly, then quietly.

Important! The presence of errors in the performance of the task does not indicate speech disorders. If the faults are minor and the child is able to correct them after being told what the mistake was, there is no cause for concern.

• the baby's speech is obviously too fast or too slow, so much so that it seems that the child is doing it on purpose;
• The “speaker” speaks as if he had taken porridge in his mouth, it is impossible to understand him even to close people;
• the child communicates in separate words, without putting them into sentences in accordance with the rules of grammar;
• the baby does not perceive what they say to him (do not confuse with whims and unwillingness to fulfill the requirements);
• "swallowing" the endings of words is constantly present;
• “one’s own opinion” is not visible in the speech, it consists entirely of phrases heard somewhere;
• the child's mouth is constantly ajar, even if he is silent, and there is so much saliva that it splashes during a conversation or hangs from his lips at rest.

Causes of speech disorders

There can be many reasons for speech disorders. Some of them are signs of a serious illness, while others simply indicate a lack of attention to the baby. In particular, there are such factors that can affect children's speech:

1. Hereditary factor (genetic abnormalities).
2. Intrauterine or generic.
3. Consequences of the transferred disease.
4. Unfavorable family environment.

The second group of reasons is a number of diseases and other harmful factors that a woman could encounter during and (stress, infectious diseases, acceptance, attempt, trauma, alcohol, intrauterine fetal hypoxia, harmful production, birth asphyxia, etc.) .

Speech problems can also be caused by those that have befallen the baby himself in the first years of his life. This is especially true of infectious diseases, injuries of the head and palate.
We will not talk separately about the unfavorable situation in the family, everything is clear here.

How to identify a speech disorder

Speech disorders in a child can manifest themselves in different ways. In the age group of interest to us, they are usually classified as follows:

• phonation(there is no intonation, it is impossible to adjust the volume of speech, etc.);
• structural-semantic(general problems with speech up to its complete absence);
• phonetic(defects in pronunciation and perception), etc.

Did you know? Humanity has known about speech problems for a long time. As follows from the Old Testament, even the prophet Moses had them. According to legend, the pharaoh wanted to kill little Moses because the baby allowed himself to play with the crown, which the priests saw as a bad omen. On the advice of another priest who interceded for the future prophet, the baby had to be shown gold and burning coals: if the baby chooses gold, he will die, if coals, he will live. Moved by the hand of the guardian angel, the child reached for the coal and raised it to his lips. Because of this, the speech of the prophet subsequently remained slurred.

But sometimes, in order to understand what exactly causes speech problems, the child sometimes needs to be comprehensively examined. To this end, a pediatrician and a speech therapist can involve narrow specialists, in particular:

• neurologist;
• otolaryngologist;
• psychiatrist;
• psychologist;
• audiologist.

• magnetic resonance imaging;
• encephalogram;
• Ultrasound of the brain (echoencephalography).

If, in general, everything is in order with the baby, his treatment will consist only in performing special exercises for the tongue, intended for children of 4 years old, taking into account the individual characteristics of a particular small patient.

The structure of a speech therapy lesson at home

Aimed at eliminating speech defects, it should be carried out methodically, systematically, only in this case you can count on a high result.

The psychological aspect of working with a child

First of all, parents should not forget about the age of the child. Everything needs to be done to turn the lessons into a fun game. Also, this time should be used to communicate with the baby, so you "kill two birds with one stone" and get a synergistic effect (properly performed exercises and parental attention together will enhance each other's action).

Gymnastics for fingers

It would seem, what is the connection between fingers and tongue? It turns out to be the most direct. The entire centuries-old experience of speech therapy (and this science has its roots in antiquity) indicates that the development of fine motor skills and speech are directly dependent. That is why speech therapy classes for children of 4 years old always include finger exercises, and when developing a child’s speech at home, this block should not be forgotten.

Gymnastics for fingers in such young children it is carried out not in the form of physical education, but in the form of a game. The child is offered to “make” a hedgehog, a cat, a flower, a ball or a flag with the handles, to show how the bird drinks water or flaps its wings, etc.

A specific set of finger games will be developed by a speech therapist, the task of parents is to strictly fulfill them, devoting at least five minutes a day to the game development of fine motor skills.

Articulation gymnastics with pictures

The next exercise is articulation gymnastics. Its task is to develop and strengthen the muscles of the tongue and lips so that they become strong, flexible and well "obeyed" their master.

The peculiarity of these speech therapy classes for children of 4 years old is that they are held in front of a mirror so that the child can see how his facial muscles work, what position the tongue is in, etc. For the first time, the speech therapist will show the baby's parents how to perform the exercises correctly, in the future this work will be done at home on their own.

The regularity of gymnastics is daily. It is better to give this lesson twice a day for 5-7 minutes than to torment the child for a quarter of an hour in a row and then leave it alone until tomorrow. Under the control of the parents, the baby licks his lips with his tongue, as if he had just eaten sweet jam, “cleans” his teeth, but not with a brush, but with his tongue, depicts a swing with it, etc.

Development of phonemic hearing

A very important part of the lesson is the development of speech (or phonemic) hearing. Our task is to teach the baby to hear and recognize sounds.

Doing these exercises with children at the age of 4 years is a real pleasure. You can come up with a lot of speech therapy games, you can design the attributes necessary for this with your own hands, or you can involve a baby in such a manufacture, then at the same time he will develop fine motor skills, acquire useful skills and expand his horizons.

1. Invite the child to listen to how certain objects “sound” (paper rustles, wooden spoons knock, glass clinks on glass). Then the baby should recognize the same sounds, but with his eyes closed.
2. Pick up a video on the Internet where the voices of various animals or birds sound. Show them to the child and again offer to recognize the "beast" by the voice with closed eyes.
3. In the same way, find a video or sound recording with various noises - the sea, forests, city streets. Let the baby listen to them and ask him to recognize the source of each sound (car, motorcycle, train, wave, etc.).
4. Blindfold the child and move around the room with a bell, trying not to make noise. The task of the baby is to accurately show with his finger where exactly the ringing comes from.
5. Invite your child to imitate the sounds that various animals make. Pay the child’s attention not only to the appearance, but also to the age of the animal (perhaps the little kitten still doesn’t know how to say “meow”, it only squeaks plaintively and thinly, and can’t do it very loudly, because it’s just a baby). For such a lesson on the development of speech, it is good to use special speech therapy pictures or toys in the form of animals - at 4 years old it will be much easier and more interesting for a child.

Fantasize, do not limit yourself to the exercises that the speech therapist has come up with for your child, and then your kid will perceive the classes as an interesting game and look forward to it!

Speech development

Speech, like muscles, needs to be developed. The vocabulary of the child should be replenished constantly, but how to do this if the baby performs the same routine actions all day long? Try to fill your baby's life with new impressions, and then his speech will be enriched by itself, without any additional effort on your part.

Invite the child to make an interesting and fascinating story on the topic: how I spent the summer (of course, this will only work if the baby really has something to remember). Such speech therapy tasks for children of 4 years old are much more interesting and, importantly, more effective than methodical exercises in front of a mirror.
Learn poems and tongue twisters with your child, read fairy tales to him, tell fascinating stories and just chat. Do not forget that at this age the baby's vocabulary is divided into two parts: the words that the baby uses during speech, and the words that he does not repeat yet, but already understands. Try to use as many new words as possible in your stories and don't be lazy to explain their meaning. By developing the baby's passive vocabulary, you thereby, albeit more slowly, expand and active.

Exercises for setting the sound "p"

For children 4 years old who do not pronounce individual letters, special exercises are used. For example, at this age, babies very often do not cope, simply skipping it or replacing it with “l”, also difficulties arise with hissing “sh”, “u”. Speech therapy rhymes help a lot with this. There are a huge number of them, they are classified according to specific problematic sounds, the most successful ones can be selected to your liking on the Web, without even resorting to the help of a speech therapist.

Important! The problem with the “r” sound often has a physiological character (insufficient development of the so-called “bridle”, in connection with which the tongue does not reach the palate, and the baby objectively cannot “growl”). It is for this reason that children who do not pronounce "r" are usually advised to show a specialist nevertheless. For self-control, listen, perhaps your baby “swallows” the letter “p” not always, but only in separate sounds, then, most likely, you just need to practice the skill.

1. The child should open his mouth and press his tongue to the base of the upper teeth. In this position, you need to pronounce the sound “d” several times in a row. Further, the task becomes more difficult. All the same is accompanied by the exhalation of air with its direction to the tip of the tongue. The point is that the baby remembers the vibration that occurs during the exercise. It is she who is present in the pronunciation of the sound "r".
2. We pronounce "zh" with a wide open mouth, gradually raising the tongue to the upper teeth. At this time, an adult carefully places a special spatula under the child's tongue and makes movements to the sides to create vibration. The task of the child is to blow on the tongue.
3. The kid pulls the tongue back and says “for”, and the adult inserts the spatula under the tongue in the same way as in the previous exercise. If you perform the technique correctly, it will sound exactly “p”, and the child should remember this feeling.

Exercises for setting hissing

Of all the hissers, it is easiest to "agree" with the sound "sh", they usually begin the production with it. The baby is invited to say "sa", slowly raising the tongue to the base of the upper teeth until a hiss is heard. Now with the release of air from the lungs, the child adds "a" to pronounce "sha". An adult should help convert “sa” to “sha”, using the same spatula. We remember the sensations and hone the skill.

"Sch" also starts with a simple "s". The setting involves a spatula, with which the adult places the tongue in the correct position.

To set “h”, we pronounce “t” with an exhalation, and the adult pushes the tongue back with a spatula.

We do not forget about the mirror, and we also do not get tired of showing the child the correct pronunciation technique.

Your baby really wants to cope with the task, so that you can be proud of him! And children are natural imitators. Therefore, if a four-year-old child has speech disorders, but no other pathologies have been identified, the problem will be solved very quickly if you are patient and give your child a little attention and love.