One of the most prominent Turkic statesmen and commanders was the great Tamerlane (Timur, Amir Teymur, Timur Gurigan, Teymur-leng, Aksak Teymur) - the Central Asian ruler and conqueror.

Tamerlane was born on April 8, 1336 in the village of Khoja-Ilgar near the city of Kesh (Kish). He came from a noble Turkic-Mongolian family Barlas (Barulas). His father, Targay, was a military man and a feudal lord. Tamerlane did not have a school education and was illiterate, but he knew the Koran by heart and was a connoisseur of culture.

During the infancy of Tamerlane, the Turkic Chagatai ulus collapsed. In Maverannahr, Turkic emirs seized power, under which the Chagatai khans were only nominal rulers. In 1348, the Mogul (Chagatai) emirs enthroned Khan Tugluk-Timur, who became the ruler of East Turkestan and Semirechye. This led to a new civil strife, during which the Turkic and Mogul rulers fought for power in Chagatai.

The first head of the Central Asian Turkic-Mogul emirs was Kazagan (1348-1360). In the same period, Timur entered the service of the ruler of Kesh - Hadji Barlas. In 1360, Maverannahr was conquered by Tugluk-Timur, as a result of which Hadji Barlas had to leave Kesh. Tamerlane entered into negotiations with the khan and was approved as the ruler of the Kesh region, but was forced to leave Kesh after the withdrawal of Tugluk-Timur's troops and the return of Hadji-Barlas.

In 1361, the Khan's troops again captured Maverannahr, and Hadji-Barlas fled to Khorasan, where he was killed. The following year, Tugluk-Timur left Maverannahr, transferring power in it to his son Ilyas-Khadji. Tamerlane was again approved as the ruler of Kesh and one of the prince's assistants. However, after the departure of Tugluk-Timur, the Mughal emirs, led by Ilyas-Khadzhi, conspired to eliminate Tamerlane. As a result, the latter had to retreat from the Moguls and go over to the side of the Turkic emir Hussein, who was at enmity with them. The detachment of Hussein and Timur went to Khorezm, but in the battle near Khiva was defeated by the local Turkic ruler Tavakkala-Kungurot. Tamerlane and Hussein retreated with the remnants of their army into the desert. Later, near the village of Mahmudi, they were taken prisoner by the people of the local ruler - Alibek Janikurban, in whose dungeon they spent 62 days. The prisoners were rescued by Alibek's elder brother, Emir Muhammadbek.

After that, Tamerlane and Hussein settled on the southern bank of the Amu Darya, where they waged a guerrilla war against the Moghuls. During a clash with an enemy detachment at Seistan, Timur lost two fingers on his hand and was wounded in the leg, which made him lame (hence the nickname Timur-leng or Aksak Teimur, that is, lame Timur).

In 1364, the Moghuls left Maverannahr, where Timur and Hussein returned, having placed Kabul Shah, who was descended from the Chagataid (Çağatai) clan, on the throne. However, the confrontation with the Moguls did not end there. On May 22, 1365, a major battle took place between the troops of Timur and Hussein and the Mogul army led by Ilyas-Khoja. During the battle, there was a downpour, due to which the soldiers got stuck in the mud. As a result, the opponents had to retreat to the opposite banks of the Syr Darya. Meanwhile, the Mogul army was expelled from Samarkand by local residents. Serbedar people's rule was established in the city. Upon learning of this, Timur and Hussein lured the leaders of the Serbedars into negotiations and executed them. Then the Samarkand uprising itself was suppressed. Maverannahr came under the rule of both rulers, who, however, wanted to rule alone. Hussein wanted to rule the Chagatai ulus like his predecessor, Kazagan, but power from time immemorial belonged to the Genghisides. Tamerlane opposed the change in customs and intended to proclaim himself emir, since this title was originally held by representatives of the Barlas clan. Former allies began to prepare for battle.

Hussein moved to Balkh and began to strengthen the fortress, preparing for the war with Timur. Hussein's attempt to defeat Timur by cunning failed. The latter gathered a strong army and crossed the Amu Darya, heading for Balkh, on the way to which many emirs joined Timur. This weakened the position of Hussein, who lost many of his supporters. Soon, Timur's army approached Balkh and after bloody battles, on April 10, 1370, took the city. Hussein was captured and killed. Tamerlane, who won the victory, proclaimed himself the Emir of Maverannahr and set up his residence in Samarkand. However, the wars with other Turkic and Mogul rulers did not end there.

Having united the entire Transoxiana, Timur turned his attention to neighboring Khorezm, which did not recognize his authority. Timur was also worried about the situation on the northern and southern borders of Maverannakhr, which were constantly disturbed by the White Horde and the Moguls. However, at the same time, the neighboring Turkic cities - Tashkent and Balkh - came under the supreme power of Timur-Amir, but at the same time Khorezm (also Turkic), relying on the support of the Kipchak nomads, continued to resist the emir. Timur tried to negotiate peacefully with the Khorezmian Turks, but, realizing the futility of trying to negotiate peace, he started a war against a recalcitrant neighbor. Timur Leng made five campaigns against Khorezm and finally conquered it in 1388.

Having achieved success in the fight against the Khorezmians, Timur decided to strike back at the Turkic ulus of Jochi (Golden and White Horde) and establish his power over the entire territory of the former Chagatai ulus. The Moghuls led by Emir Kamariddin had the same goals as Amir Timur. Mogul troops made constant attacks on Fergana, Tashkent, Turkestan, Andijan and other cities of Maverannahr. This led Timur to the need to curb the aggressive Moghuls, as a result of which he made seven campaigns against them and finally defeated Moghulistan in 1390. Despite its defeat, Moghulistan retained its independence and continued to be one of the numerous Turkic state formations in the Middle East.

Having secured the borders of Maverannahr from the raids of the Moghuls after his first campaigns, Tamerlane decided to start a confrontation with the ulus of Jochi, which by that time had disintegrated into the White and Golden Hordes. Amir Timur in every possible way prevented the unification of these territories by pitting Urus Khan, the ruler of the White Horde, and Tokhtamysh, who led the Golden Horde, against each other. However, soon Tokhtamysh began to pursue a policy hostile to Maverannahr. This led to three wars between Timur and Tokhtamysh, which ended in 1395 with a crushing defeat for the latter. The largest battles in this war were the battles on Kondurcha in 1391, and on the Terek in 1395, during which the victory remained with Timur.

After the defeat inflicted by Timur, Tokhtamysh fled to Bulgaria, and Amir Timur, meanwhile, burned the capital of the Golden Horde - the city of Sarai-Batu, and transferred power in the ulus of Jochi to the son of Urus Khan - Koirichak-oglan. At the same time, he defeated the Genoese colonies - Tanais and Kaffa.

Having defeated the Golden Horde, Timur went on a campaign to Russia. His army passed the Ryazan land and captured the city of Yelets. Then Tamerlane headed towards Moscow, but soon turned back and left the borders of Russia. It is not known what prompted Tamerlane to leave Russia, but according to the "Zafar-name" ("Book of Victories"), the reason for this was the persecution of the Horde detachments, which were overtaken and finally defeated on the territory of Russia, and the conquest and plunder of Russian lands itself was not in the plans of the conqueror. included.

Timur waged constant wars not only with the Moguls and the Horde. A very important opponent was the ruler of Herat - Giyasaddin Pir Ali II. Timur's attempts to negotiate peace did not lead to anything, and he had to start a war. In April 1380, Timur's army drove the Heratians out of Balkh, in February 1381 Timur occupied Khorasan, Jami, Kelat, Tuye, and then, after a short siege, took Herat itself. In 1382, Tamerlane defeated the Khorasan state of the Serbedars, and in 1383 he ravaged the Seistan region, in which he stormed the fortresses of Zire, Zaveh, Bust and Farah. The following year, Timur conquered such cities as Astarabad, Amul, Sari. In the same year, he reached Azerbaijan and captured one of its central cities, the capital of many Turkic states (Atabeks, Ilkhanids) of the Middle Ages - Tabriz. Together with these cities, a significant part of Iran passed under the rule of Amir Timur. After that, he conducted a three-year, five-year and seven-year campaigns, during which he defeated the Horde, Moguls, Khorezmians, defeated all of Northern India, Iran and Asia Minor.

In 1392, Tamerlane conquered the Caspian regions, and in 1393 captured Baghdad, the western regions of Iran and Transcaucasia, at the head of which he put his governors.

An important milestone in the history of Timur's conquests is the Indian campaign. In 1398, he went on a campaign against the Delhi Sultanate, defeated the detachments of the Kafirists, and near Delhi defeated the army of the Sultan and occupied the city, which his army plundered. In 1399, Amir Timur reached the Ganges, but then turned the army back and returned to Samarkand with a lot of booty.

In 1400, Timur starts a war with the Ottoman sultan Bayazid the Lightning, whose army captured the city of Arzinjan, vassal of Amir Timur, and also with the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, Faraj. During the war with the Ottomans and Mamluks, Timur takes the fortresses of Sivas, Aleppo (Aleppo), in 1401 - Damascus.

In 1402, in the Battle of Angora (near Ankara), Tamerlane utterly defeated Bayezid's army, and captured him himself. During the period when the Ottomans smashed the European troops one by one, Timur literally saved them from the Ottomans. In honor of Tamerlane's victory over Bayezid, the Pope ordered three days in a row to ring all the bells in all the Catholic churches of Europe. This ringing thundered over the Turkic tragedy - for it taught the Europeans how to defeat the Turks in the future, pitting them against each other ...

... In 1403, Tamerlane ravages Smyrna, and then establishes order in the rebellious Baghdad. In 1404, Timur returned to Central Asia and began preparations for a war with China. On November 27, 1404, his army entered the Chinese campaign, but in January 1405, the great commander died in Otrar. He was buried in the Gur-Emir mausoleum in Samarkand.

In our time, it is believed by many that Tamerlane was engaged only in military campaigns, conquests and plunder of neighboring lands, but this is not so. For example, he restored many cities: Baghdad (Iraq), Derbent and Baylakan (Azerbaijan). Tamerlane also made a great contribution to the development of Samarkand, which he turned into the main trade and craft center of the Middle East. Amir Timur contributed to the development of Islamic culture, architecture and literature. During his reign, masterpieces of medieval Muslim architecture were built in Samarkand: the mausoleums of Gur-Emir and Shakhi-Zinda, the tomb of Rukhabad, the tomb of Kutbi Chakhardakhum, the Bibi-Khanum madrasah, as well as many mosques, caravanserais, etc. Thanks to Tamerlane, the city was rebuilt Kesh (Kish, now Shakhrisabz), where cultural monuments of the Timur era are located: the tomb of Dar us-Saadat, the magnificent Ak-Saray palace, many madrasahs and mosques.

In addition, Timur made a great contribution to the development of Bukhara, Shakhrukhiya, Turkestan, Khujand and other Turkic cities. It should also be noted that under Tamerlane such sciences as mathematics, medicine, astronomy, literature, and history became widespread. In the era of Timur, such cultural figures as the astrologer Maulana (Movlana) Ahmad, theologian Ahmed al-Khorezmi, jurists Jazairi and Isamiddin and many others lived in Maverannahr. All this suggests that under Tamerlane not only constant wars were waged, but also the flowering of oriental culture was going on. Amir Timur had a great influence on the development of the entire Middle East, and he can rightfully be considered not only a great commander, but also one of the greatest Turkic statesmen in the history of mankind.

This amazing man is yet another enigmatic figure in a long line of unusual rulers who have achieved incredible success. He was called one of the greatest conquerors in the history of mankind, along with Napoleon, Genghis Khan and Alexander the Great, and was also titled "ruler of the world." At birth, he was named Timur, Tamerlane began to be called much later, when the Europeans, impressed by his victories, changed the name in their own way. He claimed dominance in Italy, kept the Ottoman sultan in a cage, however, for some reason of his own, did not begin to conquer Kievan Rus. But often the knowledge of the majority ends there, therefore it makes sense to understand in more detail who the great conqueror really was.

Lame Timur Tamerlane: biography of the recalcitrant son of the leader

The greatest emir, the founder of the Timurid dynasty, went down in world history as an outstanding conqueror and connoisseur of arts, science and other cultural achievements. According to legend, just like with Genghis Khan, a clot of gore was squeezed in the tiny fist of the newborn Timur. This sign promised the baby a wonderful future full of accomplishments and exploits. This is practically what happened - the boy grew up and took over half the world.

According to the Arab tradition, it was customary to call boys according to the formula alam-nasab-nisba, and our character is no exception. His full name sounds like Timur ibn Taragay Barlas, which can literally be translated as Timur the son of Taragay from Barlas. He acquired his nickname much later, after the Persian campaign, in which, having received a serious wound, he could not fully recover from his illness. Then the brilliant and invincible commander began to be called pejorative and insulting Timur (-e) Liang, which means "lame". Over time, it lost its bad connotation and was transformed by Western peoples into Tamerlane or, in the Russian manner, Asak-Temir (“Iron Leg”).

Briefly about the cruel commander

By birthright, he could acquire influence exclusively in his small tribe, since he was the son of a leader. However, thanks to organizational and strategic-tactical talent, as well as cruelty, often excessive, but justified, he managed to crush the colossal lands of Central Asia, the Middle and Far East. In the best years of the emir's possessions stretched for five million kilometers. For comparison, it is worth saying that the modern area of ​​\u200b\u200bRussia is about seventeen million square kilometers.

Kievan Rus also had to suffer from Timur's conquests. In pursuit of the Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, the commander led his troops into Yelets and plundered it, burning it almost to the ground. For some reason, he did not go to Moscow then. Researchers believe that internal conflicts in his empire are worth thanking. Be that as it may, this significantly weakened the influence of the Horde on the world political situation. The Tatar khanates became less and less powerful, in contrast to the Russian princes, who were increasing their influence.

Understanding who Tamerlane is in history, we must not forget that, in addition to being one of the most cruel rulers, he was also well educated, respecting science and art. He actively built his own state: thanks to him, a huge library was erected, the magnificent palace of Koksaray. On its gates there was an inscription that best reflects the essence of this man’s rule: “Having doubted our power, look at our buildings.” In modern Uzbekistan, this ancient leader is considered a real national hero.

The birth of Timur: an emir from a small tribe

Muhammad Taragay, or Turgay, was born and raised in a small village of the Mongolian Barlas family. According to some sources, he was the son of a leader and in due time stood at the head of his clan. Perhaps his ancestor was Karachar-noyon (secular leader of the clan), who was the first assistant to Chagatai himself, the second son of Khan Chingiz and his wife. He became a devout Muslim and a military man who cultivated the land between campaigns.

According to tradition, Muhammad married a beautiful and healthy girl, Tekina-Khatun. On April 8, 1336, in the village of Khoja-Ilgar, which is located in the mountains near the town of Kesh (now Shakhrisabz, Uzbekistan), she gave birth to a boy, whom it was decided to name Timur. By that time, he already had an older sister, a little later a younger sister appeared, as well as three brothers: Suyurgatmysh, Dzhuki and Alim-sheikh.

There he spent his childhood. Apparently, he received an excellent education, since, according to the testimony of the Arab historian and writer Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Arabshah, who was captured by him, he was fluent in Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages, in addition to his native Mongolian. His teacher was the confessor of his father - Shams ad-din Kulal, an imam, a man enlightened in every sense. In addition, the boy had to learn hunting, tactics and strategy, which was not inherent in simple tribal leaders. But Turgay had his own view of education. He was clearly preparing his son for an outstanding career, therefore, at the age of ten, he was placed under the care of atabeks (tutors of the Seljuk Sultan).

On the way to the revival of the Mongol Empire: Tamerlane on the throne

There is no exact information about what Timur did at a young and early young age. In the sixty-first year, his father died. Only after that began to appear information about his political and military career. Probably, after the death of the pope, he received real power in his clan, concentrating it in one hand - his own.

Should know

At the very beginning of his political career, only people from his family obeyed Timur. Among them, he recruited quite numerous detachments of adherents, ready to follow him into the fire and into the water. It was they who became the backbone, the basis of his powerful army in the future.

From vassals of Togluk-Timur to rulers

Even during the life of Muhammad Taragai in the forty-seventh year of the fourteenth century, the ulus of Chagatai, to which our character belonged, broke up into two separate powers: Mogolistan (Mogulistan) and Maverannahr. A year before the death of the father of the future commander, the second was captured by Tugluk-Timur-khan (Togluk-Timur), a man of completely unknown origin. There is evidence that he arrived in these lands, and was not born here, but on top of everything, he converted to Islam at the age of twenty-four and performed the rite of circumcision on himself. A year later, he also captured Mogolistan, becoming the sole ruler of the former Chagatai ulus. It is clear that Tamerlane became his direct vassal.

However, he did not have to hide his own ambitions for a long time - Tugluk fell ill in the sixty-second year and died, as the local chroniclers wrote in their reports. Before his death, he transferred all rights to his son - Ilyas-Khoja-Khan. An educated, educated, and ambitious young man, Timur Taragai, became his right hand and ruler of the Kesh region. However, this alignment did not suit the heir who had just entered into the rights, he did not want to share power with anyone, therefore he gave the order to secretly kill Tamerlane. He did not wait for reprisals, taking a detachment of the most devoted and faithful, went over to the side of the enemy - Emir Hussein. He went to the vicinity of Khorezm, where for some time he led the life of a "gentleman of fortune", but in fact - an ordinary robber.

During his wanderings in the Persian lands, Timur managed to be both a winner and a prisoner, whom they intended to sell, and also received a thigh injury during a battle near Sistan (Sakastan or Drangian) (سیستان ), which is southwest of Iran. Then he was deprived of three fingers on his right hand. All these injuries will be with him for the rest of his life. Until the year 1964, Hussein and Timur, living on the banks of the Amu Darya, waged a real hidden "underground" war against the son of Tugluk-Timur Khan. As a result, they had to retreat, but the uprising that broke out in Samarkand helped to drive out Ilyas-Khoja. In the spring of 1966, the allies managed to suppress the rebellion by executing two of its leaders - an arrow and an artisan, but saving the life of the third - the teacher of the madrasah Mavlan-zade, who had a huge influence among the people.

After that, relations between Hussein and Timur began to go wrong, because everyone wanted to take power into their own hands. The commander Timur was more powerful and successful, therefore many minor leaders with considerable armies joined him, thereby strengthening his power.

In the seventieth year, he finally conquered Hussein, becoming the de facto ruler, but everything suddenly became more complicated. The fact is that, according to the law, only a descendant of Genghisides could govern the country, otherwise he could not receive the title of khan. Therefore, at the kurultai (supreme assembly), he took the oath as a military leader, after which he began to be called the great emir. Samarkand was chosen as the main city, and he himself began to make plans to improve all institutions of power.

Interesting

Intending to expand his state as much as possible, as well as to arrange a perfect centralized power in it, Timur figured out how to get around the ban on the title of ruler. He married Sarai-mulk khanym (Bibi, Kanyo, Katta), the daughter of a direct descendant of the Genghisides - Kazan Khan. Since then, he received the right to the title of "gurgan", that is, son-in-law. Thus, he became a member of the family of the great ruler, gaining access to any titles.

Leadership of the conquered state

A little time passed, and the power of Tamerlane was also recognized by Tashkent and Balkh, but the rulers of Khorezm continued to resist. In the spring of 1971, they even tried to retake the southern territories that had previously belonged to the Persians. In the future, in order to conquer the city and the country, Timur had to march against him five times. But inside the state, he also decided to carry out large-scale reforms.

• The first was the administrative reform of the army management (yasa), which is better known as the Code of Timur. The new law clearly regulated the relationship between Sharia and secular law.
• The second part of the reforms was construction, including the erection of monuments and buildings in honor of military campaigns and victories. Tamerlane restored Baghdad, Bailakan and Derbent, which were seriously damaged during the conquests. But most of the funds and efforts were invested in Samarkand. Mosques, madrasahs, gardens, fountains and much more were built here. Often the wife of the new khan, Bibi Khanum, did this.
• Establishing roads and developing a transport system is another merit of the ruler. He diligently erected hundreds of caravanserais along the entire length of the roads between cities.

The emir created an extensive network of scouts who vigilantly monitored that the laws of the state were executed exactly. A new tax system was also introduced for merchants, who had to pay what they could to support the poor, the sick and the disadvantaged. There was a social assistance system - the poor were collected in certain places, they were given housing, salaries and jobs, but they were stigmatized for this. If a person continued to work hard after that, then he was left alone. When the homeless preferred to beg, he was subject to deportation outside the state.

Conquest Wars of Iron Lame

Khan Tamerlane was a cruel and even ruthless warrior, although after the capture of one or another people he tried to protect people from all sorts of misunderstandings. He successfully completed several trips to Mogolistan, after which he was able to drive out the ruling Kamar ad-Din there beyond the Irtysh, where he subsequently died of dropsy.

• In the eightieth year of the fourteenth century, Malik Giyas-ad-din Pir-Ali II, ruling in Western Asia, doubted the power of Timur. Three years later, our hero defeated the recalcitrant vassal and became, in fact, the sole ruler of Persia.
• The curbing and subjugation of the Golden Horde was the second goal of Tamerlane. At least eight years had to be spent to finally deal with the problem, and first they lost and then recaptured Samarkand. By 1396, everything was over - Timur was finally proclaimed ruler.
• Two years later, he raided Indian Delhi, and he managed to get to the Ganges itself. He plundered the city and burned it, and he returned home with rich booty.
• In the ninety-ninth year, he advanced on a difficult campaign against Iran, which lasted seven years, but in fact, by the second year of the fifteenth century, the Ottoman Empire had already submitted to him.

Around the following year, the conqueror Tamerlane began preparations for a new campaign - to China. This time he planned to do something different from India - to capture and destroy. The smart ruler hoped to establish control over the Silk Road in order to receive additional profit.

Personal life and death of an Asian conqueror

With all his ambitions, Timur managed to establish quite acceptable relations with a large number of neighboring countries. France, England, Byzantium, Egypt and China were ready to have a dialogue with this man. In the fourth year, Gonzalez de Clavijo, a Castilian traveler, diplomat and historian, chamberlain Enrique III the Sickly, visited Samarkand. In addition, letters from the Mongol to the French monarch Charles VI the Mad have survived to this day. However, all this does not explain in any way how he was in private life, whether he was happy in marriage, whether he extended his family with heirs, which is also worth understanding.

Wives, concubines and children

Information about Tamerlane's family is quite scattered and contradictory. According to one version, he considered Sarai-mulk xanim to be his beloved wife, because it was she who was appointed the main one of all. However, according to other sources, he considered the closest man to his second wife, Uldzhay-Turkan aga (Tarkan Uldzhay Khanym), the daughter of Kazan Khan, thanks to whom he received the opportunity of the title of khan. In total, he had eighteen wives and an unknown number of concubines. From these women he had four sons.

• Giyas-ad-din Muhammad Jahangir (1356), who later died at the age of twenty from heart disease.
• Mughis ud-Din Umar-sheikh (1356) was appointed ruler of Fars by his father and was killed in battle by an enemy arrow.
• Jalal-ad-din Miran-shah (1366), later governor in Iran and Iraq and ruler of Transcaucasia. He died in battle after the death of his father at the age of forty-two.
• Muin al-Haqq wa-d-Din Shahrukh (1377), who became the king of Khorasan and the Timurids. His son Ulugbek became a famous astronomer.

Timur also had daughters, most of whose names history has not preserved. Only a few of the girls are known: Bigi Jan, Uka Begim, Miran Shah, Umar Sheikh, Mussala, Saadat Sultan. Those of them who survived to adulthood were successfully married off, did charity work and in every way supported the greatness of their husbands and their native country.

Death of the Conqueror of Asia

Even during the military campaign against the ruler of the Ottomans, Bayezid I Lightning, Khan Tamerlane planned campaigns in China, without breaking off diplomatic relations with him. The rulers of the Middle Kingdom claimed Turkestan and Transoxiana (Maverannahr or Fararud), which did not suit the leader of the Mongols at all. On the twenty-seventh of November of the fourth year, at the head of an army of two hundred thousand, he advanced on a new campaign. Almost immediately after the new year, when the cavalcade reached the fortress city of Otrar, he suddenly felt ill.

Modern scientists believe that, in addition to injuries and battle wounds, he had bone tuberculosis, which eventually forced him to literally live on horseback. However, whether this disease was the cause of death is unknown. Immediately after his death, his body was embalmed, placed in a black wooden coffin on a bed of silver brocade, and taken home to Samarkand. There, in the mausoleum of Gur Emir, which at that time was not yet completed, he was laid to rest. His sarcophagus was made of dark green jade.

Mysticism and secrets around the great khan

The personality of Tamerlane is shrouded in secrets and riddles, and even modern scientists cannot give answers to some questions about him. There is a version that the appearance of the ruler was quite European, like that of Genghis Khan. He was much taller than the Mongols - almost 173 centimeters. For a long time it was believed that he dyed his beard and hair with henna, but this turned out to be untrue. Analyzes showed that by nature the man was fiery red. He wore long hair braided into braids, a beard and mustache, which he did not trim above his lip. But this is the most common of the incomprehensible - further more.

• On the grave of the great man, according to legend, Timur's curse was inscribed, which said that anyone who disturbed him would soon suffer himself. In 1747, the Iranian Shah Nadir liked the jade sarcophagus. He ordered it to be cut open and loaded onto camels. On the same day, his country was covered by a terrible earthquake with a huge number of victims.
• Later legends are also associated with the stone of Tamerlane. Soviet researchers opened the tomb to study the mummy just on June 19, 1941. No one needs to be reminded of what happened soon. He was reburied with honors a year later. Only then came the turning point in the Great Patriotic War.
• The Persian shahs by unknown means obtained the original sword of Tamerlane, which at the beginning of the nineteenth century was kept in one of the museums in Tehran, after which it was presented as a gift to Nicholas the First, as it was considered a sign of invincibility.

Where the weapons of an outstanding ruler and warrior went after the revolution is not exactly known. Perhaps Hitler became interested in him with his secret service "Ahnenerbe". He was a lover of mystical witchcraft artifacts.

Evaluation of the activities of the bloodthirsty commander

Tamerlane played a significant role in the history of Central, Central and South Asia. He was the first to establish a truly majestic and strong Temurid empire with its capital in Samarkand. He, like Genghis Khan, managed to group previously scattered and often even warring tribes around the center, reconcile them and force them to make every effort for the common good. Timur had a huge impact on the development of the peoples that later became residents of the post-Soviet space. He promoted science, the arts, introduced a comfortable political system, as well as an early social policy aimed at supporting everyone who wanted to work.

It was Tamerlane who managed to finally crack down on the Horde, taking its place on the world stage. True, his empire could not hold out for a long time, and the descendants of the khan were unable to preserve what the illustrious ancestor left them as a legacy. For Europe, the appearance of such a hero turned out to be frightening and incomprehensible, especially after the plague and the Tatar-Mongol invasion rushed there from the dark depths of Asia. A medieval historian from Armenia said that the "fire-bearded Mongol" could be called "the forerunner of the Antichrist."

In memory of the Turkic warrior

Nowadays, the names Timur, Tamir, and even the full form Tamerlane are common not only in Asia, but also in the European part of the continent - this is a tribute to the great warrior. In Uzbekistan, there are extremely many objects that are named after this formidable ruler: caves, gorges, valleys and even settlements of various sizes. The Temurids National Park has recently been opened in Tashkent. In the same place, in the main library of the country, the only copy of the history of Khan Tamerlane, inscribed by the ancient chronicler Ali-ben Jemal-al-Islam, is kept. Moreover, there is a later retelling of the same text, made by Nizam-ad-Din Shami, but it is already in London's Bloomsbury.

The story with the curse of the “lame ruler” and his Chalk of Destiny is played out in the mystical-fiction film “Day Watch”, directed by Timur Bekmambetov. There are many other feature films and documentaries about him. The outstanding Russian artist Vasily Vereshchagin, like others, repeatedly returned to the theme of conquest and mysticism around the Mongol invader. Two large paintings - "The Apotheosis of War" and "The Doors of Khan Tamerlane" - belong to his brush.

TIMUR(Tamerlane), Central Asian ruler, commander and conqueror (1336–1405). Born in the spring of 1336 in the village of Khoja-Ilgar, the son of Bek Targay from the Turkicized Mongolian Barlas tribe. In his youth, he led an armed group of robbers who carried out predatory raids and stole herds of sheep. However, in the conditions of civil strife that engulfed Central Asia after the collapse of the Mongol ulus of Jagatai, Timur became more and more interested in politics. With his detachment, he entered the service of the ruler of Kesh (Kashkadarya vilayet) - Haji, the head of the Barlas tribe. When in 1360 Maverannahr (between the Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya) was captured by the Mongol Khan of East Turkestan Togluk-Timur, Timur concluded an agreement with him and was appointed ruler of Kesh. In 1361, the army of Togluk-Timur returned to Central Asia again and drove out Hadji, who returned to Kesh. Timur was appointed head of the Kashkadarya vilayet and assistant to Ilyas-Khoja, son and governor of Khan Togluk-Timur in Maverannahr. Timur soon broke with them and made an alliance with their rival Hussein, emir of Samarkand and Balkh, by marrying his sister. Both emirs, with a small detachment of supporters, led the life of adventurers and carried out numerous raids on their neighbors with varying success. In 1362, during a raid on Seistan (southwest of modern Afghanistan), Timur lost two fingers on his right hand, was wounded in his right leg and went lame (in this regard, he received the nickname "Timur-leng", in Persian "Lame Timur" , distorted by Europeans as "Tamerlane"). In 1364, the Mongol armies left Maverannahr, Hussein seized power in the country, and Timur again headed the Kashkadarya vilayet.

Hussein and Timur acted together until 1366, when they suppressed the uprising of the Serbedars in Samarkand. In the same year, Timur rebelled against his former comrade, but in 1368 reconciled with him. The peace did not last long, in 1369 Timur again raised an uprising, Emir Hussein was captured and in March 1370 was killed. In April 1370, at a kurultai (meeting) of military leaders, Timur was proclaimed the "great emir" and became the sole ruler of Maverannahr with his capital in Samarkand. Like his predecessors, he preferred to formally keep representatives of the dynasty of Genghis Khan on the khan's throne, but the khans Suyurgatmysh (1370–1388) and his son Mahmud (1388–1402) did not have any real power. Having married a Genghisid woman Saray-Mulk from Hussein's harem captured by him, Timur called himself a guragan (son-in-law of the khan).

Relying on the support of the nomadic nobility, settled feudal lords and the Muslim clergy, Timur set about uniting all of Central Asia under his control. Like Genghis Khan, Timur paid great attention to the organization of the army and intelligence, personally appointed commanders of military detachments and developed plans for campaigns, proving himself to be a talented commander. In 1373-1374 and 1379 he conquered Khorezm, in 1376 he suppressed the uprising of the emir of the influential Jelair tribe (the head of the rebellion was executed, and the tribe was scattered in various districts), made campaigns in Semirechye and East Turkestan. Having suppressed riots and conspiracies and strengthened the centralized state, the "Iron Lame" began campaigns against neighboring lands. He intended to do what Genghis Khan failed. “The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the World,” he said, “is not worth having two kings.”

In 1380 Timur set about conquering Persia. In 1381 he took Herat, and in 1382 appointed his son Miran Shah as the ruler of Khorasan. In 1383 Seistan was conquered. The ruler justified the cruel wars in the Shiite lands with the desire to exterminate heretics and protect orthodox Islam. In 1386-1389 Timur fought in Western Persia. The capture of provinces and cities was accompanied by cruelties reminiscent of Genghis Khan.

However, he had to interrupt this campaign because of the attack in 1387 of the Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh on Khorezm. Taking revenge on the Khorezmians for their alliance with the Golden Horde, Timur completely destroyed Khorezm in 1388, and ordered the city to be sown with barley. Having set out to pursue Tokhtamysh's allies, the Mongols, the Central Asian ruler in 1389 made a devastating raid up to the Irtysh in the north and Big Yulduz in the east, putting an end to the nomadic invasions. In 1391 he invaded the Volga possessions of the Golden Horde.

The following years were devoted to the war with Tokhtamysh and the conquest of Western Persia. In 1392 Timur conquered the Caspian regions, in 1393 - the west of Iran and Baghdad. He appointed his sons Omar Sheikh (in Fars) and Miran Shah (in Azerbaijan and Transcaucasia) as the ruler of the conquered lands. Pursuing Tokhtamysh, who invaded Transcaucasia, Tamerlane defeated him in 1395 on the Terek River, drove the Horde Khan to the territory of Russia, destroyed Yelets, plundered the rich trading cities of Azov and Kafa (Feodosia), burned the capital of the Golden Horde - Saray-Berke and Astrakhan. The Golden Horde fell, but Timur did not subjugate these lands. In 1396 he returned to Samarkand and in 1397 appointed his younger son Shahrukh as the ruler of Khorasan, Sistan and Mazandaran.

In 1398 Tamerlane planned to make a campaign to China. Then the conqueror's plans changed and he invaded India. Having defeated the highlanders of Kafiristan, Timur defeated the army of the Sultan of Delhi and entered the city without resistance. Despite the voluntary surrender, Delhi was plundered by the army of invaders, allegedly without the consent of Timur himself. The next year, the commander reached the Ganges, and then turned back, captured several cities and returned to Samarkand with rich booty. During the Indian campaign, he ordered the death of 100 thousand prisoners, fearing their possible rebellion.

Almost immediately, Timur had to conquer Persia again, where riots broke out due to the insanity of the governor of Miran Shah. In 1399, he deposed his son and the next year attacked his opponents - the Turkish sultan Bayezid (1389-1403) and the Egyptian sultan Faraj. In 1400 the "Iron Lame" stormed Sivas and Aleppo, in 1401 - Damascus, in the same year he restored his power in Baghdad. In 1402, Timur utterly defeated and captured Bayezid at the Battle of Ankara, putting an end to the hegemony of the growing Ottoman Empire for a long time. Having plundered most of the important cities of Asia Minor, the conqueror restored the power of independent small dynasties in its eastern part and divided only the western part in 1403 between the sons of Bayezid. Having appointed Miran Shah's children, Abu Bekr and Omar, as rulers in Baghdad and Azerbaijan, Timur returned to Samarkand in 1404 and began preparing a campaign against China. Having gathered a huge army, he arrived in Otrar, but there he suddenly fell ill and died in February 1405.

By the end of Timur's reign, his state included Maverannahr, Khorezm, Khorasan, Transcaucasia, Iran and Punjab. If in the conquered lands Timur acted with exceptional cruelty, then in his capital Samarkand and in Maverannahr he behaved like a zealous master. The city was adorned with numerous magnificent buildings. It became a city of representatives of art and science gathered from different countries. The illiterate Tamerlane was fluent in Turkic and Persian, knew history well and liked to talk with scholars. The military and civil administration in his empire was built according to the laws of Genghis Khan. After the death of Timur, the power he created quickly disintegrated.

• Timur was born in 1336 in Kesh (now Shakhrisabz), a city south of Samarkand (region of modern Uzbekistan).
• Timur's father, Taragai, most likely, was the leader of the Mongol-Turkic tribe of the Barlas and descended from Genghis Khan.
• In his youth, Timur served in the army of Kazgan, the ruler of Mesopotamia.
• Approximately 1361 - Timur becomes the son-in-law of the grandson of Kazgan, Emir Hussein.
• Throughout his life, Tamerlane will have several dozen wives and a corresponding number of children. The sons of the conqueror became governors of the occupied lands.
• 1361 - 1370 - Timur and Hussein fight in Mesopotamia, trying to conquer it.
• Approximately 1370 - Timur raises an uprising against Hussein and takes him prisoner. After that, he announces that he is a descendant of Genghis Khan and intends to revive the Mongol Empire. Timur made Samarkand the capital of his empire.
• Famous for his extraordinary cruelty, Timur strives for the equally extraordinary grandeur and beauty of his capital. The beauty and luxury of Samarkand have been enthusiastically described by travelers of that time more than once.
• 1370 - 1380 - Tamerlane goes to his goal. He fights with numerous khans, conquers Khorezm. Timur is known as an extremely cruel conqueror, and many cities themselves open their gates to him, solemnly welcoming their own conquerors.
• 1380 - Timur intervenes in the conflict between the Golden Horde and Russia. He helps Khan Tokhtamysh to defeat the ruling Khan Mamai and take the throne. Thanks to this, Moscow was captured in 1382 in retaliation for the defeat on the Kulikovo field.
• 1381 - Timur conquers Persia.
• 1382 - 1385 - Khorasan and Eastern Persia were conquered.
• 1386 - 1387 - Tamerlane conquers Fars, Iraq, Azerbaijan and Armenia.
• 1389 - a campaign in the Mongol possessions. In the northern direction, Timur then reaches the Irtysh.
• 1389 - 1395 - during this period, Timur periodically and with varying success fights with Tokhtamysh.
• 1391 - during a campaign against the Golden Horde, Timur reaches the Volga.
• 1394 - Mesopotamia and Georgia pass under the rule of Timur.
• 1395 - Tokhtamysh leads his troops to the Caucasus. Timur finally breaks it on the Kura River and pursues it through the territory of Russia. Here the conqueror invades the Ryazan lands, ruins Yelets. After that, for two weeks his army stands motionless.
• Realizing the threat to Moscow, the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I Dmitrievich leads his army to the banks of the Oka near Kolomna. In terms of numbers, the Moscow detachments are smaller than the Mongolian ones, and many fear that the Russians will not survive the first battle. Then Metropolitan Cyprian orders the miraculous Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God to be brought from Vladimir. On August 26, the icon is brought to Moscow, and on the same day (according to legend) Tamerlane's army turns back. Since then, the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God has been considered the patroness of Moscow, and the day of August 26 is the Orthodox church holiday of the Presentation of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. The Russian epic describes this incident; Timur in these sources is called "Temir Aksak-king".
• A more official version of the fact that Tamerlane did not go to Moscow is the need to return to Persia, where uprisings constantly break out, and therefore the presence of a tyrant is required. On the way, Timur burns the cities of Sarai, Azak (Azov), Astrakhan, Kafa (modern Feodosia). In one of the battles, he was seriously wounded in the leg and remains lame forever. Hence his nickname Tamerlane ("Iron lame").
• The brutality with which Timur put down the uprisings in Persia is legendary. Cities were completely destroyed. The inhabitants were completely exterminated, and their heads were immured in the walls of the towers.
• 1396 - Tamerlane returns to Samarkand.
• 1398 - the beginning of a campaign in India. September 24 Timur's army enters Delhi. After that, the city was restored for more than 100 years ... In April of the next year, with rich booty, Tamerlane returned to his capital.
• 1399 - the beginning of the "Seven-year" campaign. In one of the previously conquered areas, where the governor was the son of Timur, riots occur, which the heir to the conqueror is not able to cope with. The father comes to the aid of the son, deposes him and drives the enemies out of his area.
• 1400 - war with the Ottoman sultan Bayazet and at the same time with the Egyptian sultan Faraj. Both wars end well for Tamerlane. He passes through all the cities of Asia Minor, robbing them and killing the inhabitants.
• 1401 - Timur reasserts his power in Baghdad, with the death of just under 90,000 of its population.
• 1404 - Timur begins a campaign against China, for which he has been preparing for several years.
• January 1405 - the army arrives in the city of Otrar.
• February 15 or 18, 1405 - Tamerlane dies of illness in Orar.

Timur (Tamerlane)

Emir, who personified the last conquests of the Mongols in Asia and proved his loyalty to the traditions of Genghis Khan

Emir of the Timurid Empire Timur

Timur, the son of a bek from the Turkicized Mongolian Barlas tribe, was born in 1336 in Kesh (modern Shakhrisab, Uzbekistan). His father had a small ulus. The name of the Central Asian conqueror comes from the nickname Timurleng (Timur Khromets), which was associated with his lameness on his left leg.

In 1361, he entered the service of Khan Togluk, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan. Soon Timur became an adviser to the khan's son Ilyas Khoja and the ruler (viceroy) of the Kashkadarya vilayet in the possessions of Khan Togluk. By that time, the Bek's son from the Barlas tribe already had his own detachment of mounted warriors.

Having fallen into disgrace, Timur with his detachment of 60 people fled across the Amu Darya River to the Badakhshan Mountains. There he got stronger. Khan Togluk sent a thousand-strong detachment in pursuit of Timur, but he, having fallen into a well-arranged ambush, was almost completely exterminated in battle by the soldiers of Timur - lame.

Gathering his strength, Timur concluded a military alliance with the ruler of Balkh and Samarkand, Emir Hussein, and began a war with Khan Togluk and his son, heir Ilyas Khoja. The enemy troops consisted mainly of warriors - Uzbeks. On the side of Timur came the Turkmen tribes, who gave him numerous cavalry.

Soon he declared war on his ally - the Samarkand emir Hussein - and defeated him. Timurleng captured Samarkand - one of the largest cities in Central Asia - and intensified military operations against the son of Khan Togluk. The troops of that number (according to exaggerated data) were about 100 thousand people, but 80 thousand of them were garrisons of fortresses and almost did not participate in field battles.

Timur's cavalry detachment numbered only about two thousand people, but they were experienced warriors, soldered by iron discipline. In a number of battles, Timur the lame inflicted defeats on the Khan's troops, and by 1370 their demoralized remnants retreated across the Syr River.

After these successes, Timur went for a military trick, which he succeeded brilliantly. On behalf of the khan's son, who commanded the troops of Togluk, he sent out the strictest order to the commandants of the fortresses to leave the fortresses entrusted to them and to move beyond the Syr River with garrisons. They carried out the command.

In 1370, Timur became emir in Maverannahr - the region between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. He ruled on behalf of the descendants of Genghis Khan, relying on the army, the nomadic nobility and the Muslim clergy. He made the city of Samarkand his capital.

Timur began his campaigns of conquest outside his original possessions in 1371. By 1380, he had already made 9 such campaigns, and soon all the neighboring regions inhabited by Uzbeks, and most of modern Afghanistan, were under his authority. Any resistance to the Mongol army was severely punished - after himself, the commander Tamerlane left huge destruction and erected (according to a number of sources) pyramids from the heads of defeated enemy soldiers.

In 1376, Emir Timur provided military assistance to Tokhtamysh, a descendant of Genghis Khan, as a result of which the latter became one of the khans of the Golden Horde. However, Tokhtamysh soon repaid his patron with black ingratitude.

In 1386, Tamerlane made an aggressive campaign in the Caucasus. Near Tiflis, his army fought the Georgians and won a complete victory. The capital of Georgia was destroyed. The defenders of the fortress of Vardzia put up courageous resistance to the conquerors, the entrance to which was through the dungeon. The defenders of Vardzia repelled all enemy attempts to break into the fortress through an underground entrance. The Mongols managed to take it with the help of wooden platforms, which they lowered on ropes from the neighboring mountains.

Simultaneously with Georgia, the Mongols Timur Khromets conquered neighboring Armenia.

In 1388, after a long resistance, Khorezm fell, and its capital city of Urgench was destroyed. Now all the lands along the river Jeyhun (Amu Darya) from the Pamir Mountains to the Aral Sea became the possessions of Emir Timur. In 1389, the cavalry of the Samarkand ruler made a campaign in the steppes to Lake Balkhash, to the territory of Semirechye - the south of modern Kazakhstan.

When Timur fought in Persia, Tokhtamysh, who became the Khan of the Golden Horde, attacked the emir's possessions and plundered their northern part. Timur hastily returned to Samarkand and began to carefully prepare for a big war with the Golden Horde. His cavalry had to go 2,500 kilometers across the arid steppes.

Khromets made three big campaigns against Khan Tokhtamysh - in 1389, 1391 and 1394-1395. In the last campaign, the Samarkand emir went to the Golden Horde along the western coast of the Caspian Sea through modern Azerbaijan and the fortress of Derbent.

In July 1391, the largest battle between the cavalry armies of Emir Timur and Khan Tokhtamysh took place near Lake Kergel. The forces of the parties were approximately equal - 300 thousand cavalry soldiers each, but these figures in the sources are clearly overestimated. The battle began at dawn with a mutual skirmish of archers, followed by mounted attacks on each other. By noon, the army of the Golden Horde was defeated and put to flight.

Timur successfully waged war against Tokhtamysh, but did not annex his possessions to himself. The Emir's Mongol troops crushed the Golden Horde capital, Saray-Berke. Tokhtamysh with his troops and camps more than once fled to the most remote corners of his possessions.

In the campaign of 1395, Timur's army, after another pogrom of the Volga territories of the Golden Horde, reached the southern borders of the Russian land and laid siege to the border town - the fortress of Yelets. Its few defenders could not resist the enemy, and Yelets was burned. After that, Tamerlane suddenly turned back.

The Mongol conquests of Persia and neighboring Transcaucasia lasted from 1392 to 1398. The decisive battle between the emir's army and the Persian army of Shah Mansur took place near Patila in 1394. The Persians energetically attacked the enemy center and almost broke its resistance. Timur himself led the counterattack of the heavy armored cavalry, which became victorious. The Persians were completely defeated. This victory allowed Timurleng to completely subjugate Persia.

In 1398 Timur the lame invaded India. In the same year, his army besieged the city of Merath. The besiegers took the fortress by storm with the help of ladders. Bursting into Merath, the Mongols exterminated all its inhabitants. After that, Timur ordered the destruction of the Merath walls.

One of the battles took place on the Ganges River. Here the Mongol cavalry fought with the Indian military flotilla, which consisted of 48 large river boats. Emir's warriors rushed with their horses to the Ganges and attacked the enemy ships by swimming, hitting their crews with arrows accurately fired from bows.

At the end of 1398, Timur's army approached the city of Delhi. Under its walls, on December 17, a battle took place between the Mongol army and the army of the Delhi Muslims under the command of Mahmud Tughlaq. The battle began with the fact that Timur with a detachment of 700 horsemen, having crossed the Jamma River to reconnoitre the city fortifications, was attacked by the 5,000th cavalry of Mahmud Tughlaq. Timur repulsed the first attack, and when the main forces of the Mongol cavalry entered the battle, the Delhi Muslims were driven behind the fortress walls.

Tamerlane captured Delhi from battle, betraying this numerous and rich Indian city to plunder, and its inhabitants to massacre. The conquerors left Delhi, burdened with huge booty. Everything that could not be taken to Samarkand, the emir ordered to destroy or destroy to the ground. It took a whole century for Delhi to recover from the Mongol pogrom.

The cruelty of Timur on Indian soil is best evidenced by the following fact. After the battle of Panipat in 1398, he ordered the slaughter of 100,000 Indian soldiers who had surrendered to him.

In 1400, Timur began an aggressive campaign in Syria, moving there through Mesopotamia, which he had previously captured. Near the city of Aleppo (modern Aleppo), on November 11, a battle took place between the Mongol army and the Turkish troops, commanded by the Syrian emirs. They did not want to sit in the siege and went to battle in the open field. The Mongols defeated them, and the emirs of Syria, having lost several thousand soldiers, retreated to Aleppo. After that, Timur took and plundered the city, taking its citadel by storm.

The Mongol conquerors behaved on Syrian soil in the same way as in other conquered countries. All the most valuable was to be sent to Samarkand. In the capital of Syria, Damascus, which was captured on January 25, 1401, the Mongols massacred 20,000 inhabitants.

After the conquest of Syria, a war began against the Turkish Sultan Bayezid I. The Mongols captured the border fortress of Kemak and the city of Sivas. When the Sultan's ambassadors arrived there, Timur, to intimidate them, reviewed his huge, according to some reports, 800,000 (!) Army.

After that, he ordered to capture the crossings across the Kizil-Irmak River and besiege the Ottoman capital Ankara. This forced the Turks to accept a general battle with the Mongols under the walls of Ankara, which took place on June 20, 1402.

According to Eastern sources, the Mongol army numbered from 250 to 350 thousand soldiers and 32 war elephants brought to Anatolia from India. The Sultan's army, which consisted of the Ottoman Turks, hired Crimean Tatars, Serbs and other forced peoples of the Ottoman Empire, numbered 120-200 thousand people.

Timur won a victory largely due to the successful actions of his cavalry on the flanks and the transition to his side of the bribed 18 thousand Crimean Tatars. In the Turkish army, the Serbs, who were on the left flank, held out most staunchly. Sultan Bayazid I was taken prisoner, and the infantrymen, the Janissaries, who were surrounded, were completely killed. The fleeing Ottomans were pursued by the emir's 30,000 light cavalry.

After a convincing victory at Ankara, Tamerlane laid siege to the large seaside city of Smyrna. He took it after a two-week siege and plundered it. Then the Mongol army turned back to Central Asia, once again devastating Georgia along the way. In 1405 the great conqueror passed away.

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