"What is the meaning of human happiness, what are the ways to achieve it, can an individual be happy in the midst of universal grief?" - these and other problematic issues are revealed by a lesson on the work of N.A. Nekrasov. Disclosure of the character of the Russian people in the poem "To whom in Russia it is good to live." The motive of the road and wandering in the poem.
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Municipal budgetary educational institution
secondary school №7
settlement Malokubansky
MO Novopokrovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory
Lesson Development
Literature on the topic:
“The variety of peasant types in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov
"To whom in Russia it is good to live."
GRADE 10
And literature
Kukhtinova L.P.
Malokubansky settlement, 2015
Lesson topic:
“The variety of peasant types in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who should live well in Russia”.
Name me a place like this
I didn't see that angle.
Wherever your sower and keeper,
Wherever the Russian peasant moaned.
N.A. Nekrasov.
Saved in slavery
Free heart -
Gold, gold
The heart of the people!
N.A. Nekrasov.
Lesson Objectives:
Educational:
1.Find out what is the meaning of human happiness, what are the ways to achieve it, whether an individual person can be happy in the midst of universal grief.
2. Find out how the character of the Russian people is revealed in the poem.
3. Find out the connection between the motive of wandering and the motive of the road in the work.
Developing:
- To develop a cognitive interest in the poem being studied, to expand the horizons of students.
- Learn to apply knowledge in practice.
Educational:
1 . Respect for the person, conscientious attitude to work.
2. Raising an attentive reader.
Lesson type : lesson explaining new material.
Equipment : multimedia installation, exhibition of the poet's books.
During the classes
- Repetition of the studied material.
Oral survey:
Tell about the life and work of N.A. Nekrasov.
What is the idea, history of creation and composition of the poem?
How does the poem show the theme of social and spiritual slavery.
2. Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Teacher : we all have one thing in common: interest in N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who in Russia should live well”. The poet belongs to the number of rare creative individuals, flares up like lightning, leaving a deep imprint in our hearts for a long time. He knew how to permeate every poetic line with his conquering feeling. He became an unsurpassed poet not only of domestic, but also of world literature.
Today at the lesson Nekrasov is with us, we feel his eyes on us, we hear how he breathes.
Pay attention to the portrait of the writer.
He is the author of the folk epic “Who Lives Well in Russia”, written in the 60-70s of the 19th century, where a new free spirit of the peasantry rises to fight.
From which villages did the peasants go to seek their fortune?
What is missing for people living in villages with the names Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo, Neurozhayka?
Conclusion: Nekrasov's peasants don't need much - what they have would be whole. Nekrasov depicts in the poem a destitute, hungry, orphaned peasant. The further into the depths of the poem its heroes go, the greater the diversity of life they encounter, the wider for them the specific framework of the concept of happiness moves apart.
Teacher : in what ways does the author reveal the images of the peasants?
Student : through mass scenes, through a specific image.
Teacher : what makes men go in search of an answer to the question: who lives happily, freely in Russia?
Student: seven men become wanderers - truth-seekers. They want to get to the root of life and go on a journey, repeating the question: who is happy in Russia? The men are a symbol of change in people's Russia. Only their drinker and nurse - a self-made tablecloth will remain to justify their wanderings. We "enter" the world of real life.
teacher b: what role does the image of the road play in the poem? How does it relate to the wandering motif?
Student: the image of a wide path opens the poem and is present until its end. On the sides of the road, a panorama of the entire Russian land unfolds:
Forests, floodplain meadows,
Russian streams and rivers
Good in spring.
Here are peasant roads, the roads of the poet himself. We are entering the world of real life, the world of human destinies and people's fate. The people are only capable of suffering under the weight of oppression. The peasant world appears extremely naked, in all intoxicating frankness:
Russian peasants are smart,
One is not good
What they drink to the point of stupefaction.
There are various images of wanderers in the poem. The motive of wandering runs through the whole work, while it is closely connected with the motive of the road. The road is the most important symbol of Russian literature, the embodiment of movement, striving forward. She leads wanderers and pilgrims from one village to another, leads the peasants - truth-seekers to the truth. As long as the people have the desire to seek truth and happiness, despite the terrible life and overwork, it can rightly be considered "great and omnipotent."
The peasant world appears extremely naked, in all intoxicating frankness:
Russian peasants are smart,
One is not good
What they drink to the point of stupefaction.
These words are spoken by Yakim Nagoi. What is he? Give examples from the text.
Student: in the chapter "Drunk Night" the author portrays Yakima Nagogo. He became the voice of the peasants. Drawing his hero, Nekrasov left the original abstract image of the “good fellow”:
Factory curls blond
Shake it up, throw it off the roller
With the eyes of a falcon
Noisy crowd.
This portrait was replaced by a specific individual portrait:
Chest sunken as if depressed
Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth
Bends like cracks
On dry land.
The wise man Yakim Nagoi, although he appears drunk in the poem, has not drunk his mind. With dignity and anger, he proves to Pavlusha Veretennikov that it is not the peasant who is to blame for drunkenness, but grief, need, lack of rights. He understands that the wine drowns the peasant's anger. A harsh life was prepared for him by fate: hard labor, a powerless position. He experienced a lot: he got burned, he was in prison, he visited the city in search of justice.
Teacher : the peace of the peasants is served by Saveliy - the hero of the Holy Russian. What is it like in the poem?
Student : a majestic figure of a peasant-truth seeker appears before us. Savely at the age of one hundred, already bent, is still powerful:
With a huge gray mane
Tea twenty years uncut,
With a big beard
Grandpa looked like a bear.
For the murder of the manager of the bloodsucker Vogel, the grandfather spent twenty years in hard labor, twenty years in the settlement, and still did not reconcile. In his thoughts about the peasantry there is a deep, hard-won wisdom.
Savely believes in the heroic power of the people, but he sees that his strength is spent on endless patience. The people in his story are similar to the epic hero Svyatogor. He regrets his wasted strength, dies with words about the hopelessness of the peasant fate. The image of Savely leaves an impression of strength, indomitable will, longing for freedom. The prophecy of Savely remains in memory:
To not endure - the abyss,
To endure is an abyss.
It is not for nothing that he says to the peasants - wanderers: "Branded, but not a slave."
Conclusion: Saveliy is a hero. Somehow, this word has imperceptibly disappeared from our everyday life. He was replaced by the simple concept of a physically strong person, most often a sportsman who can be respected, but also feared. In Russian epics, such people were not only strong, but also kind and fair. Those who are not indifferent to the word of honor, who are ready to fight for it.
Teacher : which of the epic epic reminds Savely?
Student : Mikulu Selyaninovich.
Conclusion: the awakening peasant consciousness is captured in the image of the Holy Russian hero. Savely sees the causes of evil, he has lost faith in the good king, he understands that it is not humility that needs to be won.
Teacher : Are there contradictions in this image?
Yes. Seeing how the peasant wears chains and rods for an infinitely long time, Savely himself at times begins to preach patience and humility between the age-old habit of slavery and the rebellious spirit. What will win?
Teacher: the closest person to Savely is Matryona Timofeevna in the chapter "Peasant Woman". How does the author of the poem portray her?
Student : Savely conveyed his spirit of indomitable love of freedom to Matryona Timofeevna. The anger of the peasant woman is accumulating, but in her mind, faith in the intercession of the Mother of God, in the power of prayer, has been preserved. She is close to the ideal type of the "dignified Slav", her life is typical for most peasant women.
Teacher : which author depicts her life in the poem?
Conclusion: if a spiritual thunderstorm ripens in a woman, then a reorganization of life is possible. Faith in the people, in their awakening is expressed in the words of the poet, which have become winged:
Saved in slavery
Free heart-
Gold, gold
The heart of the people!
No matter how terrible life is, it has not killed the best human qualities in the people, responsiveness to the suffering of others, readiness for struggle.
Teacher: reference to epigraphs. Why are the epigraphs given in this order? Have the keys to female happiness been found?
Yes. External beauty, kindness of heart, natural talent, fame. The image of Matryona Timofeevna is exceptional. This is the type of "ideal Slav". She does not bow her head before formidable bosses.
Teacher : Is Matryona Timofeevna happy? Are the peasants happy in the poem?
Nekrasov himself was looking for an answer to this question. Time passed, events were screwed one on another. The author has not determined who is happy. The images of the peasants testify to the growth of the self-consciousness of the people. The poet sees the highest moral beauty of a person in diligence, in conscientiousness, in the ability to sympathize with other people. Such beauty is poeticized.
Teacher : let's pay attention to another image of the peasant - Grisha Dobrosklonov.
Student : Grisha Dobrosklonov sees his happiness in serving the people. He set off on a journey through the boundless expanses of Russia, encountering troubles and sorrows on his way, but firmly believing in the wonderful future of the country:
You are destined to suffer a lot,
But you won't die, I know.
Grisha announces the arrival of a new time, a new life. He cannot come to terms with the current situation of the peasants, he gives his life to serve the people, their happiness, their future. The journey, Grisha's songs are the best proof of this.
Teacher : your attitude to the poem.
Student : It's time to draw conclusions.
First, over the poem
The poet tried for many years.
No wonder he tried
He created a masterpiece.
And secondly, according to conscience
We can Russian classics
Name the work
After all, it is passed on to offspring
Language, breath of time
And just beauty.
3. The result of the lesson.
4. Homework.
Analyze the images of the landowners in the poem.
Sending the truth-seeking peasants on their way, N. A. Nekrasov does not just show us people of different classes, composing a portrait of Russia in the second half of the 19th century at one of the turning points in its development - the maturation and implementation of the reform of 1861. The main task of a poet who writes for the people and speaks on their behalf is to show the Russian people as they are. “I decided to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people,” wrote N. A. Nekrasov about his work on the main poem in his life, “everything that I happened to hear from his lips, and I outlined“ To whom in Russia live well”… It will be an epic of modern peasant life…” Before us is a whole gallery of images, a variety of characters, a variety of views on life. Pass before the eyes of the reader, like the living, the righteous and scoundrels, hard workers and lazybones, rebellious and dish-lickers, rebels and serfs. The poet tells about someone in detail and vividly, someone is depicted in one expressive stroke. Even our truth-seeking peasants from places with such telling names - Tightened province, Empty volost, From different villages - Nesytov, Neyolova, Zaplatova, Dyryavina, Burners, Golodukhin, Crop failure, too - are not a homogeneous faceless mass, but people with their past, their addictions . Having abandoned the house and their affairs for the sake of a great goal - to find the meaning of peasant life, to find out who lives happily, freely in Russia - they cannot imagine life in idleness. They pay not only for the confession of Matrena Timofeevna with work - labor becomes a need: The wanderers could not stand it: “We haven’t worked for a long time, Let’s mow it down!” Seven women gave them braids. Woke up, flared up Habit forgotten To work! Like teeth from hunger, Everyone has a nimble hand. Men are moving away from looking for happy people among priests, landowners and other representatives of the hierarchical elite, perhaps because they do not respect loafers who do not distinguish "a rye ear from a barley ear." We ask God a little: An honest thing To do skillfully Give us strength! Working life - A direct road to the heart, Away from the threshold, Coward and lazy! Pictures of the life of the long-suffering Russian people are made up of boastful stories at fairs, from songs composed by the people, from legends told by wanderers and pilgrims, from confessions - as if walking in front of us, bastard and barefoot, with backs bent from overwork, with faces burned by the sun, with with calloused hands, with a groan and a song in the soul, all of Russia. Not gentle white-handed women, But we are great people In work and in revelry! So, with dignity, Russian men say about themselves. Let the state not appreciate their feats of arms: Well, from the redoubt, from the first number Well, with George - around the world, around the world! And the full pension did not work out, all the wounds of the old man were rejected. The doctor's assistant looked, He said: “Second-rate! According to them and a pension!. It is not ordered to give out the full: The heart is not shot through, but they are respected and pitied by ordinary people. Let merchants and contractors profit from peasant labor, shouldering an unbearable burden, taking valiant strength, undermining health, let it seem like happiness after working in a foreign land To get to their homeland, To die at home - their native land itself will support. One of the heroes of the poem will say bitterly and accurately about himself: “Yakim Nagoy lives in the village of Bosovo, He works to death, Drinks half to death!” The whole story of Yakim Nagogoy is the fate of a talented craftsman, hard worker, rebel and poor fellow, told in a few lines: Yakim, a miserable old man, Once lived in St. Like a peeled velvet, He returned to his homeland And took up the plow. Since then, it has been roasting for thirty years On a strip under the sun, Under a harrow escapes From frequent rain, Lives - fiddling with a plow, And death will come to Yakimushka - As a clod of earth falls off, What dried up on a plow. N. A. Nekrasov describes Yakim as a tortured sufferer: The chest is sunken, as if depressed, the Belly; at the eyes, at the mouth Radiated like cracks On the dry earth; And he himself looks like mother earth: his neck is brown, Like a layer cut off by a plow, Brick face, His hand is tree bark, And his hair is sand. However, Yakim Nagoi is not a dark, downtrodden man, he managed to maintain a pure, clear soul and individuality. Rescuing popular prints during a fire, he lost the money accumulated "for a whole century", but did not "come to his senses", did not change his dream of beauty. Knowing how to speak with the people, to speak figuratively and vividly, it is Yakim who formulates the essence of the peasant protest, noting its great latent strengths and weakness of expression: Every peasant has a Soul that is a black cloud - Anger, formidable - and Thunders should thunder from there, Rains of blood should be poured A everything ends in wine. Yakim Nagoi stands at the very beginning of the path leading to the realization of his own dignity, his strength, the need for unity in front of a common enemy. The image of Ermila Girin became a symbol of the highest authority among the people, upholding justice and peasant solidarity in the poem. When they want to take away the mill from him and the merchant Altynnikov, in collusion with officials, demands that money be paid for it immediately, the people, knowing Girin's honesty, help him out by collecting the necessary amount at the fair. Yermilo is a literate guy, Yes, there is no time to write down, Have time to count! They put on a hat full of Tselkoviks, shawls, Burnt, beaten, ragged Peasant banknotes. Yermilo took - did not disdain And a copper penny. He would have begun to disdain, When here came across Another copper hryvnia More expensive than a hundred rubles! So people repaid him with kindness for his honest work as a clerk. For honesty, people chose Yermila as burgomaster. And at seven years he didn’t hold a worldly penny Under the nail, At seven years he didn’t touch the right one, He didn’t let the guilty, He didn’t twist his soul ... And when Yermila stumbled a little - he saved his younger brother from recruitment, he almost hanged himself because of remorse, managed to return his son Vasilievna, who was recruited instead of Ermila's brother, atoned for his guilt and resigned. At his mill He took for grinding according to his conscience, He did not detain the people - The clerk, manager, Rich landowners And the poorest peasants - All queues obeyed Strict order! Thanks to all this, Ermila Girin had an enviable, true honor, Not bought either by money or fear: by strict truth. Mind and kindness! Even the authorities were aware of his great authority among the people and wanted to use it for their own purposes when the Estate of the Landowner Obrubkov, the Frightened Province, the Nedykhaniev Uyezd, the Village of Stolbnyaki, rebelled ... The authorities hoped that the former mayor Girin would help them, be able to pacify the rebels, but Yermila did not go against conscience, as a result of which he ended up in prison, like most other fighters for truth and justice. In the poem, the motive of rebellion, anger, the impossibility to continue life in the old way - in humility and fear is increasingly repeated. To endure is an abyss, To endure is an abyss! - with these words, the story begins about the life of Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, who for a long time, together with his fellow villagers, resisted the landowner, and then buried alive in the ground the German manager who mocked him. We saw, albeit spontaneous, but already organized resistance, a call to revolt - the word thrown by Savely: “Naddai!” After serving hard labor, the peasant returns home unbroken (“branded, but not a slave!”), Not losing his sense of dignity, not resigned to the vanity, greed, petty nitpicking of the family, retaining a kind soul and the ability to understand and support the young daughter-in-law. It is symbolic that outwardly it reminds Matryona of a monument to Ivan Susanin. But the peasant women, “multiple twisted”, “long-suffering”, do not look downtrodden and submissive either. In Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, there is not only the strength to endure all the trials, overwork, family bullying, but also the readiness to protect her children, her husband at any moment, to accept punishment, the reproaches of her husband's relatives: There is no unbroken bone in me, There is no unstretched vein, > There is no uncorrupted blood - I endure and do not complain! All the power given by God, I put into work, All the love in children! Matrena Timofeevna says about herself: For me - quiet, invisible - A spiritual storm has passed, she considers herself an “old woman” at thirty-eight years old and is sure that it’s not the case - between women To look for a happy one! .. Noting the ability of the heroine to deal with circumstances, the desire of herself to be the mistress of his own destiny, Nekrasov shows the irresistible power of the system, which gives rise to much evil. All the more dear to us are the words of a peasant woman who managed to save a living soul in this world: I have a downcast head, I carry an angry heart! Among the recalcitrant and freedom-loving peasants - the heroes of the poem, one should also note the episodic image of the intractable Agap (chapter "Last Child"), who hated the landowners so much that he could not even stand the "comedy" of punishment, when, to please the Last, Prince Utyatin, he was drunk in a barn and forced to scream as if he was undergoing a cruel flogging - he died from the humiliation he experienced. There are other heroes in the poem: People of the servile rank - Real dogs sometimes: The heavier the punishment, The dearer they are to the Lord. This is a former footman who boasts at the fair that he licked the master's plates and acquired the "master's disease" - gout, and the eternal "serf of the Utyatin princes" footmen Ipat, and the exemplary servant Yakov faithful. This is the “fake” steward Klim, the most useless man who voluntarily agreed to play this unseemly role in front of the Last. Of particular note is the image of the elder Gleb, who for money destroyed the will of the late admiral, who gave his serfs freedom. For dozens of years, until recently Eight thousand souls were secured by a villain, With a clan, with a tribe, what a people! What the people! with a stone into the water! God forgives everything, but Judas sin is not forgiven. Oh man! man! you are the sinner of all, And for that you will always suffer! The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is remarkable because it shows real life - the variety of peasant types, two ways “among the world of the valley”. And next to the “road of the road”, along which the crowd “greedy for temptation” goes, there is another way: The honest road, Only strong, loving souls go along it, To fight, to work For the circumvented, For the oppressed. N. A. Nekrasov says that a lot of Russia has already sent its Sons, marked with the Seal of the gift of God, On honest paths, Wept a lot of them ... In the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, for whom Fate prepared the Glorious Path, the loud name of the People's Intercessor, Consumption and Siberia, we clearly recognize the features of Nekrasov's colleague - Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Grigory Dobrosklonov is a poet who has embarked on the path of civil service to the fatherland, who has firmly decided to whom he will give his whole life and for whom he will die. He, fed with bread in half with tears, brought up on mournful songs about the bitter lot of vakhlachina, combined in his soul love for a poor mother with love for the motherland, laying down for her the Sounds of the radiant hymn of the noble - He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people! .. It was thanks to reality and The optimistic coloring of the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov perceives the poem by N. A. Nekrasov not only as an indictment of the state structure of that time, but also as a hymn to the courage and fortitude of the Russian people. Following the poet, I would like to repeat: The Russian people have not yet set limits: Before them is a wide path.
Sending the truth-seeking peasants on their way, N. A. Nekrasov does not just show us people of different classes, composing a portrait of Russia in the second half of the 19th century at one of the turning points in its development - the maturation and implementation of the reform of 1861. The main task of a poet who writes for the people and speaks on their behalf is to show the Russian people as they are. “I decided to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people,” wrote N. A. Nekrasov about his work on the main poem in his life, “everything that I happened to hear from his lips, and I outlined“ To whom in Russia live well ”... This will be the epic of modern peasant life ...”
Before us is a whole gallery of images, a variety of characters, a variety of views on life. Pass before the eyes of the reader, like the living, the righteous and scoundrels, hard workers and lazybones, rebellious and dish-lickers, rebels and serfs. The poet tells about someone in detail and vividly, someone is depicted in one expressive stroke. Even our truth-seeking peasants from places with such
Speaking names -
tightened province,
empty parish,
From different villages
Nesytova, Neelova,
Zaplatova, Dyryavina,
Burners, Golodukhina,
Crop failure too -
Not a homogeneous faceless mass, but people with their past, their passions. Having abandoned the house and their affairs for the sake of a great goal - to find the meaning of peasant life, to find out who lives happily, freely in Russia - they cannot imagine life in idleness. Not only do they pay for the confession of Matrena Timofeevna with work - work becomes a need:
The strangers could not stand it:
"We haven't worked for a long time.
Let's mow!"
Seven women gave them braids.
Wake up, flare up
forgotten habit
To work! Like teeth from hunger
Works for everyone
Agile hand.
Men are moving away from looking for happy people among priests, landowners and other representatives of the hierarchical elite, perhaps because they do not respect loafers who do not distinguish "a rye ear from a barley ear."
We are a little
We ask God:
honest deal
do skillfully
Give us strength!
Working life -
Direct to friend
Road to the heart
Away from the threshold
Coward and lazy!
Pictures of the life of the long-suffering Russian people are made up of boastful stories at fairs, from songs composed by the people, from legends told by wanderers and pilgrims, from confessions - as if walking in front of us, bastard and barefoot, with backs bent from overwork, with faces burned by the sun, with with calloused hands, with a groan and a song in the soul, all of Russia.
Not white women are tender,
And we are great people.
At work and in the party!
So, with dignity, Russian men say about themselves. Let the state not appreciate their feats of arms:
Well, from the redoubt, from the first number
Well, with George - around the world, around the world!
And a full pension
Didn't work, rejected
All the wounds of the old man.
The doctor's assistant looked
Said, “Secondary!
According to them and a pension!.
Full issue is not ordered:
The heart is not shot through
But they are respected and pitied by ordinary people.
Let merchants and contractors profit from peasant labor, shouldering an unbearable burden, taking valiant strength, undermining health, let it seem like happiness after working in a foreign land
Get to your home
To die at home -
Their native land itself will support them.
One of the heroes of the poem will say about himself bitterly and accurately:
"In the village of Bosov
Yakim Nagoi lives
He works to death
Drinks half to death!”
The whole story of Yakim Nagogoy is the fate of a talented craftsman, hard worker, rebel and poor fellow, told in a few lines:
Yakim, poor old man,
Lived once in St. Petersburg,
Yes, he ended up in jail.
I wanted to compete with the merchant!
Like a peeled Velcro,
He returned to his home
And took up the plow.
Since then, it's been roasting for thirty years
On the strip under the sun
Saved under the harrow
From frequent rain
Lives - messes with the plow,
And death will come to Yakimushka -
Like a clod of earth will fall off,
What is dry on the plow.
N. A. Nekrasov describes Yakim as a tortured sufferer:
Chest sunken, as if depressed,
Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth
Radiated like cracks
On dry ground;
And myself to mother earth
He looks like: a brown neck,
Like a layer cut off with a plow,
brick face,
Hand - tree bark,
And hair is sand.
However, Yakim Nagoi is not a dark, downtrodden man, he managed to maintain a pure, clear soul and individuality. Rescuing popular prints during a fire, he lost the money accumulated "for a whole century", but did not "come to his senses", did not change his dream of beauty. Knowing how to talk with the people, to speak figuratively and vividly, it is Yakim who formulates the essence of the peasant protest, noting its great latent strengths and weakness of expression:
Every peasant has
Soul that black cloud -
Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary
Thunders rumble from there,
pouring bloody rain
And everything ends with wine.
Yakim Nagoi stands at the very beginning of the path leading to the realization of his own dignity, his strength, the need for unity in front of a common enemy.
The image of Ermila Girin became a symbol of the highest authority among the people, upholding justice and peasant solidarity in the poem. When they want to take away the mill from him and the merchant Altynnikov, in collusion with officials, demands that money be paid for it immediately, the people, knowing Girin's honesty, help him out by collecting the necessary amount at the fair.
Yermilo is a literate guy,
No time to write down
Put on a full hat
Tselkovikov, Lobanchikov,
Burnt, beaten, ragged
Peasant banknotes.
Yermilo took - did not disdain
And a copper nugget.
Still, he would begin to disdain,
When I got here
Other hryvnia copper
More than a hundred rubles!
So people repaid him with kindness for his honest work as a clerk. For honesty, people chose Yermila as burgomaster. And he
At seven years of a worldly penny
Didn't squeeze under the nail
At the age of seven, he did not touch the right one,
Didn't let the guilty
I didn’t bend my heart…
And when Yermila stumbled a little - he saved his younger brother from recruitment, he almost hanged himself because of remorse, managed to return his son Vasilyevna, who was recruited instead of Yermila's brother, atoned for his guilt and resigned from his post.
At the mill
I took it for a prayer in good conscience,
The people did not detain -
clerk, manager,
Wealthy landowners
And the poorest men
All queues obeyed
The order was strict!
Thanks to all this, Ermila Girin had
Honor enviable, true,
Not bought by money
Not fear: strict truth.
Mind and kindness!
Landowner Obrubkov,
frightened province,
County Nedykhaniev,
The village of Stolbnyaki…
The authorities hoped that the former mayor Girin would help them, be able to pacify the rebels, but Yermila did not go against his conscience, as a result of which he ended up in prison, like most other fighters for truth and justice. In the poem, the motive of rebellion, anger, the impossibility to continue life in the old way - in humility and fear is increasingly repeated.
To not endure - the abyss,
Endure - the abyss! -
With these words begins the story of the life of Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, who for a long time, together with his fellow villagers, resisted the landowner, and then buried alive in the ground the German manager who mocked him. We saw, albeit spontaneous, but already organized resistance, a call to revolt - the word thrown by Savely: “Naddai!” After serving hard labor, the peasant returns home unbroken (“branded, but not a slave!”), Not losing his sense of dignity, not resigned to the vanity, greed, petty nitpicking of the family, retaining a kind soul and the ability to understand and support the young daughter-in-law. It is symbolic that outwardly it reminds Matryona of a monument to Ivan Susanin. But the peasant women, “multiple twisted”, “long-suffering”, do not look downtrodden and submissive either. In Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, there is not only the strength to endure all the trials, overwork, family bullying, but also the readiness to protect her children, her husband at any moment, to accept the punishment, reproaches of her husband's relatives:
No broken bone
There is no unstretched vein,
> There is no uncorrupted blood -
I endure and do not grumble!
All the power given by God
I believe in work
All in children love!
Matrena Timofeevna says about herself:
For me - quiet, invisible -
The storm has passed,
She considers herself an "old woman" at thirty-eight and is sure that
It's not a matter - between women
Happy searching!
Noting the heroine's ability to deal with circumstances, the desire to be the mistress of her own destiny, Nekrasov shows the irresistible power of the system, which gives rise to much evil. All the more dear to us are the words of a peasant woman who managed to save a living soul in this world:
I bow my head
I carry an angry heart!
Among the recalcitrant and freedom-loving peasants - the heroes of the poem, one should also note the episodic image of the intractable Agap (chapter "Last Child"), who hated the landowners so much that he could not even stand the "comedy" of punishment, when, to please the Last, Prince Utyatin, he was drunk in a barn and forced to scream as if he was undergoing a cruel flogging - he died from the humiliation he experienced. There are other characters in the poem:
People of the servile rank -
Real dogs sometimes:
The more severe the punishment
So dear to them, gentlemen.
This is a former footman who boasts at the fair that he licked the master's plates and acquired the "master's disease" - gout, and the eternal "serf of the Utyatin princes" footmen Ipat, and the exemplary servant Yakov faithful. This is the “fake” steward Klim, the most useless man who voluntarily agreed to play this unseemly role in front of the Last. Of particular note is the image of the elder Gleb, who for money destroyed the will of the late admiral, who gave his serfs freedom.
For decades, until recently
Eight thousand souls were secured by the villain,
With a family, with a tribe, what a people!
What the people! with a stone into the water!
God forgives everything, but Judas sin
Doesn't forgive.
Oh man! man! you are the worst of all
And for that you always toil!
The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is remarkable because it shows real life - the variety of peasant types, two ways “among the world of the valley”. And next to the “road of the road”, along which the crowd “greedy for temptation” goes, there is another way:
The road is honest
They walk on it
Only strong souls
loving,
To fight, to work
For the bypassed
For the oppressed.
N. A. Nekrasov says that
Russia has already sent a lot
His sons, marked
The seal of the gift of God,
On honest paths
I cried a lot...
In the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, who
Fate prepared
The path is glorious, the name is loud
people's protector,
Consumption and Siberia,
We clearly recognize the features of Nekrasov's colleague - Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Grigory Dobrosklonov is a poet who has embarked on the path of civil service to the fatherland, who has firmly decided to whom he will give his whole life and for whom he will die. He, fed with bread in half with tears, brought up on mournful songs about the bitter lot of vakhlachina, combined in his soul love for a poor mother with love for the motherland, laying down for her the Sounds of the radiant hymn of the noble - He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people! .. It was thanks to reality and The optimistic coloring of the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov perceives the poem by N. A. Nekrasov not only as an indictment of the state structure of that time, but also as a hymn to the courage and fortitude of the Russian people. Following the poet, I want to repeat:
More Russian people
No limits set:
There is a wide path ahead of him.
In the lesson, you can organize work with the text of the poem using a group form of learning. In the first half of the lesson, each group will analyze one of the peasant types, preparing for this work at home.
1st group. Yakim Nagoi (part I, ch. 3).
2nd group. Ermil Girin (part I, ch. 4).
3rd group. Saveliy, Holy Russian hero (part III, ch. 3).
4th-5th groups. Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina (4th group - part III, prologue, ch. 1, 2; 5th group - part III, ch. 4-8).
To compare the results of observations, students can be invited to use the message plan common to all images. Each statement should be supported by citations from the text.
Communication plan
1. What is the name? How old is he? What is its appearance?
2. What is its history? What troubles and hardships fell to his lot?
3. How does the hero talk about life, what does he accept and what he denies in the peasant way of life?
4. What moral qualities does the author give to the hero? How does he feel about him?
5. What is the hero's idea of happiness, of the paths that lead to it?
6. Why did the wanderers not recognize the hero as happy?
7. What is the meaning of the hero's speaking surname?
8. What is the semantic role of folklore elements in the chapters about the hero?
Conclusions. Each of the depicted peasants went through a chain of trials and tribulations in life, but they did not break the integrity of his character. The peasants of post-reform Russia understand that they live unhappily and who is to blame for their plight, but this does not prevent them from maintaining their inner dignity, honesty, sense of humor and their inner rightness. Particularly difficult in Russia at all times was the share of a woman, so the chapter "Peasant Woman" is given a special place in the poem. All the heroes protest against the established way of life, they are capable of fighting, they have will, energy. In the image of Yakima Nagogo, a spontaneous protest is shown, while other characters are capable of a conscious struggle. In ties with the people's community, the strength of Yermil Girin, in inner freedom and unbrokenness - the charm of the appearance of Savely, whom even hard labor did not make him reconcile. The image of Matrena Timofeevna is a symbol of wisdom, diligence, patience of a Russian woman. She believes that her fate is "happier" than others, despite all the trials, since her life is improved by the kind landowner Elena Alexandrovna. This position was criticized for a long time, as it was believed that this was a departure from revolutionary democratic ideals. Maybe this is a tribute to the memory of the author, who was also called Elena. The author's attitude to the images of the peasants does not arouse pity in the reader, the poet admires his heroes and believes that they are able to participate in the peasant revolution.
In the second half of the lesson - an analysis of the methods of satirical depiction of landowners in the poem.
Questions for class discussion
2. What do the speaking names of the landlords tell the reader?
4. What is the meaning in understanding the images of landlords reveal their speech characteristics?
6. In what ridiculous situations do the landlords find themselves? Why is this laugh so sad? What traditions of Russian literature does Nekrasov use here?
7. What popular assessments of the oppressors sound in the chapters? Can the images of landowners be considered unilinear, or do they have complexity, internal contradictions?
8. How are the peasants depicted in the chapters? What is the author's attitude towards people of the “servile rank”? How does the author feel about the peasants of Prince Utyatin? Why?
Sending the truth-seeking peasants on their way, N. A. Nekrasov does not just show us people of different classes, composing a portrait of Russia in the second half of the 19th century at one of the turning points in its development - the maturation and implementation of the reform of 1861. The main task of a poet who writes for the people and speaks on their behalf is to show the Russian people as they are. “I decided to present in a coherent story everything that I know about the people,” N. A. Nekrasov wrote about his work on the main poem in his life, “everything that I happened to hear from his lips, and I outlined“ To whom in Russia live well”… It will be the epic of modern peasant life…”
Before us is a whole gallery of images, a variety of characters, a variety of views on life. Pass before the eyes of the reader, like the living, the righteous and scoundrels, hard workers and lazybones, rebellious and dish-lickers, rebels and serfs. The poet tells about someone in detail and vividly, someone is depicted in one expressive stroke. Even our truth-seeking peasants from places with such
Speaking names -
tightened province,
empty parish,
From different villages
Nesytova, Neelova,
Zaplatova, Dyryavina,
Burners, Golodukhina,
Crop failure too -
Not a homogeneous faceless mass, but people with their past, their passions. Having abandoned the house and their affairs for the sake of a great goal - to find the meaning of peasant life, to find out who lives happily, freely in Russia - they cannot imagine life in idleness. Not only do they pay for the confession of Matrena Timofeevna with work - work becomes a need:
The strangers could not stand it:
“We haven’t worked for a long time,
Let's mow!"
Seven women gave them braids.
Wake up, flare up
forgotten habit
To work! Like teeth from hunger
Works for everyone
Agile hand.
Men are moving away from looking for happy people among priests, landowners and other representatives of the hierarchical elite, perhaps because they do not respect loafers who do not distinguish “an ear of rye from barley”.
We are a little
We ask God:
honest deal
do skillfully
Give us strength!
Working life -
Direct to friend
Road to the heart
Away from the threshold
Coward and lazy!
Pictures of the life of the long-suffering Russian people are made up of boastful stories at fairs, from songs composed by the people, from legends told by wanderers and pilgrims, from confessions - as if walking in front of us, bastard and barefoot, with backs bent from overwork, with faces burned by the sun, with with calloused hands, with a groan and a song in the soul, all of Russia.
Not white women are tender,
And we are great people.
At work and in the party!
So, with dignity, Russian men say about themselves. Let the state not appreciate their feats of arms:
Well, from the redoubt, from the first number
Come on, with George - around the world, around the world!
And a full pension
Didn't work, rejected
All the wounds of the old man.
The doctor's assistant looked
Said, “Second-rate!
According to them and a pension!.
Full issue is not ordered:
The heart is not shot through
But they are respected and pitied by ordinary people.
Let merchants and contractors profit from peasant labor, shouldering an unbearable burden, taking valiant strength, undermining health, let it seem like happiness after working in a foreign land
Get to your home
To die at home
Their native land itself will support them.
One of the heroes of the poem will say about himself bitterly and accurately:
“In the village of Bosov
Yakim Nagoi lives
He works to death
Drinks half to death!”
The whole story of Yakim Nagogoy is the fate of a talented craftsman, hard worker, rebel and poor fellow, told in a few lines:
Yakim, poor old man,
Lived once in St. Petersburg,
Yes, he ended up in jail.
I wanted to compete with the merchant!
Like a peeled Velcro,
He returned to his home
And took up the plow.
Since then, it's been roasting for thirty years
On the strip under the sun
Saved under the harrow
From frequent rain
Lives - messes with the plow,
And death will come to Yakimushka -
Like a clod of earth will fall off,
What is dry on the plow.
N. A. Nekrasov describes Yakim as a tortured sufferer:
Chest sunken, as if depressed,
Stomach; at the eyes, at the mouth
Radiated like cracks
On dry ground;
And myself to mother earth
He looks like: a brown neck,
Like a layer cut off with a plow,
brick face,
Hand - tree bark,
And hair is sand.
However, Yakim Nagoi is not a dark, downtrodden man, he managed to maintain a pure, clear soul and individuality. Rescuing popular prints during a fire, he lost the money accumulated “for a whole century”, but did not “come to his senses”, did not change his dream of beauty. Knowing how to talk with the people, to speak figuratively and vividly, it is Yakim who formulates the essence of the peasant protest, noting its great latent strengths and weakness of expression:
Every peasant has
Soul that black cloud -
Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary
Thunders rumble from there,
pouring bloody rain
And everything ends with wine.
Yakim Nagoi stands at the very beginning of the path leading to the realization of his own dignity, his strength, the need for unity in front of a common enemy.
The image of Ermila Girin became a symbol of the highest authority among the people, upholding justice and peasant solidarity in the poem. When they want to take away the mill from him and the merchant Altynnikov, in collusion with officials, demands that money be paid for it immediately, the people, knowing Girin's honesty, help him out by collecting the necessary amount at the fair.
Yermilo is a literate guy,
No time to write down
Better count!
Put on a full hat
Tselkovikov, Lobanchikov,
Burnt, beaten, ragged
Peasant banknotes.
Yermilo took - did not disdain
And a copper nugget.
Still, he would begin to disdain,
When I got here
Other hryvnia copper
More than a hundred rubles!
So people repaid him with kindness for his honest work as a clerk. For honesty, people chose Yermila as burgomaster. And he
At seven years of a worldly penny
Didn't squeeze under the nail
At the age of seven, he did not touch the right one,
Didn't let the guilty
I didn’t bend my heart…
And when Yermila stumbled a little - he saved his younger brother from recruitment, he almost hanged himself because of remorse, managed to return his son Vasilyevna, who was recruited instead of Yermila's brother, atoned for his guilt and resigned.
At the mill
His
I took it for a prayer in good conscience,
Didn't stop the people
clerk, manager,
Wealthy landowners
And the poorest men
All queues obeyed
The order was strict!
Thanks to all this, Ermila Girin had
Honor enviable, true,
Not bought by money
Not fear: strict truth.
Mind and kindness!
Even the authorities were aware of his great authority among the people and wanted to use him for their own purposes when she rebelled
Votchina
Landowner Obrubkov,
frightened province,
County Nedykhaniev,
The village of Stolbnyaki…
The authorities hoped that the former mayor Girin would help them, be able to pacify the rebels, but Yermila did not go against his conscience, as a result of which he ended up in prison, like most other fighters for truth and justice. The poem increasingly repeats the motive of rebellion, anger, the impossibility of continuing life in the old way - in humility and fear.
To not endure - the abyss,
Endure - the abyss! -
With these words begins the story of the life of Saveliy, the Holy Russian hero, who for a long time, together with his fellow villagers, resisted the landowner, and then buried alive in the ground the German manager who mocked him. We saw, albeit spontaneous, but already organized resistance, a call to revolt - the word thrown by Savely: “Naddai!” After serving hard labor, the peasant returns home unbroken (“branded, but not a slave!”), Not losing his sense of dignity, not resigned to the vanity, greed, petty nitpicking of the family, retaining a kind soul and the ability to understand and support the young daughter-in-law. It is symbolic that outwardly it reminds Matryona of a monument to Ivan Susanin. But even peasant women, “multiple twisted”, “long-suffering”, do not look downtrodden and submissive. In Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, there is not only the strength to endure all the trials, overwork, family bullying, but also the readiness to protect her children, her husband at any moment, to accept the punishment, reproaches of her husband's relatives:
Inside of me
No broken bone
There is no unstretched vein,
> Blood is not unspoiled -
I endure and do not grumble!
All the power given by God
I believe in work
All in children love!
Matrena Timofeevna says about herself:
For me - quiet, invisible -
The storm has passed,
She considers herself an "old woman" at thirty-eight and is sure that
It's not a matter - between the women
Happy looking!
Noting the heroine's ability to deal with circumstances, the desire to be the mistress of her own destiny, Nekrasov shows the irresistible power of the system, which gives rise to much evil. All the more dear to us are the words of a peasant woman who managed to save a living soul in this world:
I bow my head
I carry an angry heart!
Among the recalcitrant and freedom-loving peasants - the heroes of the poem, one should also note the episodic image of the intractable Agap (the chapter "Latter"), who hated the landowners so much that he could not even stand the "comedy" of punishment, when, to please the Last, Prince Utyatin, he was drunk in a barn and forced to scream as if he was undergoing a cruel flogging - he died from the humiliation he experienced. There are other characters in the poem:
People of the servile rank -
Real dogs sometimes:
The more severe the punishment
So dear to them, gentlemen.
This is a former footman who boasts at the fair that he licked the master's plates and acquired the "master's disease" - gout, and the eternal "serf of the Utyatin princes" footman Ipat, and the exemplary servant Yakov faithful. This is the “fake” steward Klim, the most worthless man who voluntarily agreed to play this unseemly role in front of the Last. Of particular note is the image of the elder Gleb, who for money destroyed the will of the late admiral, who gave his serfs freedom.
For decades, until recently
Eight thousand souls were secured by the villain,
With a family, with a tribe, what a people!
What the people! with a stone into the water!
God forgives everything, but Judas sin
Doesn't forgive.
Oh man! man! you are the worst of all
And for that you always toil!
N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” is remarkable because it shows real life - the diversity of peasant types, two ways “among the world of the valley”. And next to the “road of the road”, along which the crowd “hungry for temptation” goes, there is another way:
The road is honest
They walk on it
Only strong souls
loving,
To fight, to work
For the bypassed
For the oppressed.
N. A. Nekrasov says that
Russia has already sent a lot
His sons, marked
The seal of the gift of God,
On honest paths
I cried a lot...
In the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov, who
Fate prepared
The path is glorious, the name is loud
people's protector,
Consumption and Siberia,
We clearly recognize the features of Nekrasov's colleague - Nikolai Dobrolyubov. Grigory Dobrosklonov is a poet who has embarked on the path of civil service to the fatherland, who has firmly decided to whom he will give his whole life and for whom he will die. He, fed with bread in half with tears, brought up on mournful songs about the bitter lot of vakhlachina, combined in his soul love for a poor mother with love for the motherland, laying down for her the Sounds of the radiant anthem of the noble - He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people! It is thanks to the reality and optimistic coloring of the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov that you perceive the poem by N. A. Nekrasov not only as an indictment of the state system of that time, but also as a hymn to the courage and fortitude of the Russian people. Following the poet, I want to repeat:
More Russian people
No limits set:
There is a wide path ahead of him.
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