Artistic speech styles. Literary and artistic style: characteristics, main style features, examples

Literary and artistic style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images. A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech is the use of special figures of speech, which give the narrative color, the power of depicting reality.

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Style Issues

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Expressive and visual means of language

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. It:

Tropes (comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc.)
Stylistic figures (epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.)

Trope(from other Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

The main types of trails:

Metaphor(from other Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. (“Nature here is destined for us to cut a window into Europe”). Any part of speech in a figurative sense.
Metonymy(ancient Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα / ὄνυμα - “name”) - a kind of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or another (spatial, temporal, and so on) connection with the subject, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, receptacle instead of content or vice versa, and the like), and metaphor - "by similarity." Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy. (“All flags will visit us”, where flags replace countries.)
Epithet(from other Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (“second life”).

An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose (“timid breath”; “magnificent sign”).

Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - a trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. (“Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird”; “We all look at Napoleons”; “In the roof for my family”; “Well, sit down, luminary”; “Most of all, take care of a penny.”)
Hyperbola(from other Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of explicit and intentional exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said. (“I’ve said it a thousand times”; “We have enough food for six months.”)
Litota- a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, meaning of what is being described. A litote is called an inverse hyperbole. ("Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble").
Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell”; “My house is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture.”)
In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, paraphrase; from other Greek. περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by way of description, not naming. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, creation of Peter!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

allegory (allegory)- conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example:

The nightingale is sad at the defeated rose, hysterically sings over the flower.
But the garden scarecrow is shedding tears,
who secretly loved the rose.

personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - tropes, the assignment of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features.

For example:

And woe, woe, grief! And grief girded itself with a bast,
Feet are entangled with bast.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you can’t run away, because it’s impossible to take with you
Motherland - a suffering mother.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov, Visa Response

Irony(from other Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the obvious meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems. (“Where can we, fools, drink tea.”)
Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “to tear [meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the increased contrast of the implied and expressed, but also on the immediate intentional exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can open with a positive judgment, but in general it always contains a negative connotation and indicates a lack of a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to what it is happening. Examples.

Literary and artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader. In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words. The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images. A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech is the use of special figures of speech, which give the narrative color, the power of depicting reality.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.

Trope - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

The main types of trails:

Metaphor - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative sense, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. Any part of speech in a figurative sense.

Metonymy is a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object that is in one way or another related to the object indicated by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word "by contiguity", and metaphor - "by similarity". Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy.

An epithet is a definition attached to a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (“second life”).

Synecdoche is a trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them.

Hyperbole is a stylistic figure of explicit and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said.

Litota is a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, and significance of what is being described. A litote is called an inverse hyperbole. ("Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble").

Comparison is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell”; “My house is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture”).

In stylistics and poetics, it is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by not naming it, but describing it.

Allegory (allegory) is a conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

1. The historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication:
1) Functional style of speech.
2) Scientific style of speech.

The functional style of speech is a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

2. The functional style of speech of the literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of language means, inclination towards normalized speech:
1) Scientific style of speech.
2) Functional style of speech.
3) Official business style of speech.
4) Publicistic style of speech.

The scientific style of speech is a functional style of speech of the literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue, strict selection of language means, gravitation towards normalized speech.

3. If possible, the presence of semantic links between successive units (blocks) of the text:
1) Logic.
2) Intuition.
3) Sensory.
4) Deduction.

Logic is, if possible, the presence of semantic links between successive units (blocks) of text.

4. Functional style of speech, a means of written communication in the field of business relations: in the field of legal relations and management:
1) Scientific style of speech.
2) Functional style of speech.
3) Official business style of speech.
4) Publicistic style of speech.

The official business style of speech is a functional style of speech, a means of written communication in the field of business relations: in the field of legal relations and management.

5. The functional style of speech, which is used in the genres: article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory:
1) Scientific style of speech.
2) Functional style of speech.
3) Official business style of speech.
4) Publicistic style of speech.

The journalistic style of speech is a functional style of speech that is used in the genres: article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.

6. The desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible:
1) Informational function of journalistic style.
2) Information function of the scientific style.
3) Information function of the official business style.
4) Information function of the functional style of speech.

The informational function of the journalistic style is the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible.

7. The desire to influence people's opinions:
1) The influencing function of the journalistic style of speech.
2) Influencing function of scientific style.
3) The influencing function of the official business style.
4) Influencing function of the functional style of speech.

The influencing function of the journalistic style of speech is the desire to influence people's opinions.

8. The functional style of speech, which serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting:
1) Conversational speech.
2) Literary speech.
3) Artistic speech.
4) Report.

Conversational speech is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting.

9. Functional style of speech, which is used in fiction:
1) Literary and artistic style.
2) Official business style.
3) Scientific style.
4) Functional style.

Literary-artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction.

10. Official business speech is characterized by:
1) strict compliance with the literary norm.
2) lack of expressive elements.
3) the use of colloquial syntactic constructions.
4) the use of professional slang words.

For official business speech are characteristic: strict compliance with the literary norm, the absence of expressive elements.

The book sphere of communication is expressed through the artistic style - a multi-tasking literary style that has developed historically, and stands out from other styles through means of expression.

Artistic style serves literary works and aesthetic human activity. The main goal is to influence the reader with the help of sensual images. Tasks by which the goal of artistic style is achieved:

Creation of a living picture describing the work.
Transfer of the emotional and sensual state of the characters to the reader.

Art style features

Artistic style has the goal of emotional impact on a person, but it is not the only one. The general picture of the application of this style is described through its functions:

Figurative-cognitive. Presenting information about the world and society through the emotional component of the text.
Ideological and aesthetic. Maintenance of the system of images, through which the writer conveys the idea of the work to the reader, is waiting for a response to the idea of the plot.
Communicative. The expression of the vision of an object through sensory perception. Information from the artistic world is associated with reality.

Signs and characteristic linguistic features of the artistic style

To easily define this style of literature, let's pay attention to its features:

Original syllable. Due to the special presentation of the text, the word becomes interesting without contextual meaning, breaking the canonical schemes of constructing texts.
High level of text ordering. The division of prose into chapters, parts; in the play - the division into scenes, acts, phenomena. In poems, the metric is the size of the verse; stanza - the doctrine of the combination of poems, rhyme.
High level of polysemy. The presence of several interrelated meanings in one word.
Dialogues. The artistic style is dominated by the speech of the characters, as a way of describing the phenomena and events in the work.

The artistic text contains all the richness of the vocabulary of the Russian language. The presentation of the emotionality and imagery inherent in this style is carried out with the help of special means, which are called tropes - linguistic means of expressiveness of speech, words in a figurative sense. Examples of some trails:

Comparison is part of the work, with the help of which the image of the character is complemented.
Metaphor - the meaning of a word in a figurative sense, based on an analogy with another object or phenomenon.
An epithet is a definition that makes a word expressive.
Metonymy is a combination of words in which one object is replaced by another on the basis of spatial and temporal similarity.
Hyperbole is a stylistic exaggeration of a phenomenon.
Litota is a stylistic understatement of a phenomenon.

Where Fiction Style Is Used

The artistic style has absorbed numerous aspects and structures of the Russian language: tropes, polysemy of words, complex grammatical and syntactic structure. Therefore, its general scope is huge. It also includes the main genres of works of art.

The genres of artistic style used are related to one of the genera, expressing reality in a special way:

Epos. Shows external unrest, thoughts of the author (description of storylines).
Lyrics. Reflects the author's inner worries (experiences of the characters, their feelings and thoughts).
Drama. The presence of the author in the text is minimal, a large number of dialogues between characters. Theatrical performances are often made from such a work. Example - The Three Sisters of A.P. Chekhov.

These genres have subspecies that can be subdivided into even more specific varieties. Main:

Epic genres:

Epic is a genre of work in which historical events predominate.
The novel is a large manuscript with a complex storyline. All attention is paid to the life and fate of the characters.
The story is a work of a smaller volume, which describes the life case of the hero.
The story is a medium-sized manuscript that has the features of the plot of a novel and a short story.

Lyric genres:

Ode is a solemn song.
An epigram is a satirical poem. Example: A. S. Pushkin "Epigram on M. S. Vorontsov."
An elegy is a lyrical poem.
A sonnet is a poetic form of 14 lines, the rhyming of which has a strict construction system. Examples of this genre are common in Shakespeare.

Drama genres:

Comedy - the genre is based on a plot that ridicules social vices.
Tragedy is a work that describes the tragic fate of heroes, the struggle of characters, relationships.
Drama - has a dialogue structure with a serious storyline showing the characters and their dramatic relationships with each other or with society.

How to define literary text?

It is easier to understand and consider the features of this style when the reader is provided with an artistic text with a good example. Let's practice to determine what style of text is in front of us, using an example:

“Marat's father, Stepan Porfirievich Fateev, an orphan from infancy, was from the Astrakhan bandit family. The revolutionary whirlwind blew him out of the locomotive vestibule, dragged him through the Michelson plant in Moscow, machine-gun courses in Petrograd ... "

The main aspects confirming the artistic style of speech:

This text is built on the transfer of events from an emotional point of view, so there is no doubt that we have a literary text.
The means used in the example: “the revolutionary whirlwind blew it out, dragged it in” is nothing more than a trope, or rather, a metaphor. The use of this trope is inherent only in a literary text.
An example of a description of the fate of a person, the environment, social events. Conclusion: this literary text belongs to the epic.

Any text can be parsed in detail according to this principle. If the functions or distinguishing features that are described above are immediately evident, then there is no doubt that you have a literary text in front of you.

If you find it difficult to deal with a large amount of information on your own; the main means and features of a literary text are incomprehensible to you; task examples seem complicated - use a resource such as a presentation. A ready-made presentation with illustrative examples will intelligibly fill in knowledge gaps. The sphere of the school subject "Russian language and literature" serves electronic sources of information on functional styles of speech. Please note that the presentation is concise and informative, contains explanatory tools.

Thus, having understood the definition of artistic style, you will better understand the structure of works. And if a muse visits you, and there is a desire to write a work of art yourself, follow the lexical components of the text and the emotional presentation. Good luck with your study!

Art style as a functional style finds application in fiction, which performs figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic functions. In order to understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech.

Literature, like other forms of art, is inherent in concrete representation of life in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. Characteristic of a work of art perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality , the author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, his understanding and understanding of this or that phenomenon.

For the artistic style of speech is typical attention to the particular and the accidental followed by typical and general. Remember "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were the "face" of contemporary Russia to the author.

World of Fiction- this is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in the artistic world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful versatility of the artistic style of speech.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. . The words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style include, first of all, the figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.

In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is very widely used. , which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

Come to the fore in a literary text emotionality and expressiveness of the image . Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech - as concrete-sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, that is, a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see is Pavlovsk hilly ...". Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to the general plan.

In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible due to artistic actualization., i.e., the allocation by the author of some thought, idea, feature, important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.

In terms of diversity, richness and expressive possibilities of language means, the artistic style stands above other styles, is the most complete expression of the literary language.
As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, performs a nominative-pictorial function.

Linguistic features of the artistic style of speech

1. Heterogeneity of the lexical composition: a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, colloquial, dialect, etc.

The feather grass has matured. The steppe was clad in swaying silver for many versts. The wind resiliently accepted it, flowing, roughened, bumped, drove the gray-opal waves either to the south or to the west. Where a flowing air stream ran, the feather grass inclined prayerfully, and for a long time a blackening path lay on its gray ridge.
Various herbs bloomed. On the crests of the nikla is a joyless, burnt-out wormwood. The nights faded quickly. At night, in the charred-black sky, innumerable stars shone; month - the Cossack sun, darkening with a damaged sidewall, shone sparingly, white; the spacious Milky Way intertwined with other stellar paths. The tart air was thick, the wind was dry and wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.(M.A. Sholokhov)

2. Use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to realize an aesthetic function.

Daria hesitated for a minute and refused:
- No, no, I'm alone. There I am alone.
Where "there" - she did not even know close and, going out of the gate, went to the Angara. (V. Rasputin)

3. Activity of polysemantic words all styles of speech.

The river boils all in a lace of white foam.
On the velvet of the meadows poppies are reddening.
Frost was born at dawn.
(M. Prishvin).

4. Combinatorial increments of meaning (B.Larin)

Words in an artistic context receive a new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the figurative thought of the author.

I dreamed of catching the departing shadows,
The fading shadows of the fading day.
I went up the tower. And the steps trembled.
And the steps trembled under my foot
(K. Balmont)

5. Greater preference for the use of specific vocabulary and less - abstract.

Sergei pushed the heavy door. The steps of the porch barely audible sobbed under his foot. Two more steps and he is already in the garden.
The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating aroma of flowering acacia. Somewhere in the branches, a nightingale chirped its trills, iridescently and subtly.

6. A minimum of generic concepts.

One more important piece of advice for a prose writer. More specificity. The imagery is the more expressive, the more precisely, more specifically the object is named.
You: " Horses chew corn. The peasants are preparing morning food”, “noisy birds"... In the artist's poetic prose, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, if this is not dictated by the very semantic task of the content ... oats better than grain. Rooks more appropriate than birds(Konstantin Fedin)

7. Wide use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.

Rosehip, probably, since spring, has still made its way along the trunk to a young aspen, and now, when the time has come for the aspen to celebrate its name day, it all flared up with red fragrant wild roses.(M. Prishvin).

The New Time was located in Ertelev Lane. I said "fit". This is not the right word. Reigned, ruled.(G. Ivanov)

8. Verbal speech

The writer calls each movement (physical and / or mental) and change of state in stages. Forcing verbs activates reader tension.

Gregory went down to the Don, carefully climbed over through the wattle fence of the Astakhov base, came up to the shuttered window. He heard only frequent heartbeats ... Quietly knocked into the binding of the frame ... Aksinya silently approached to the window peered. He saw how she pressed hands to chest and heard an inarticulate moan escaped her lips. Gregory familiar showed so that she opened window, stripped off rifle. Aksinya opened wide sashes. He became on the mound, Aksinya's bare hands grabbed his neck. They are so trembled and fought on his shoulders, these native hands that tremble them transmitted and Gregory.(M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don")

The dominants of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (down to sounds). Hence the desire for freshness of the image, unhackneyed expressions, a large number of tropes, special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special expressive means of speech characteristic only for this style - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.

The artistic style of speech is distinguished by figurativeness, the wide use of figurative and expressive means of the language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it uses the means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of fiction, vernacular and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, jargon, rude words, professionally business turns of speech, journalism can be used. HOWEVER, ALL THESE MEANS IN the artistic style of speech ARE SUBJECT TO ITS MAIN FUNCTION - AESTHETIC.

If the colloquial style of speech performs primarily the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official-business function of the message (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotional and aesthetic impact. All linguistic means included in a work of art change their primary function, obey the tasks of a given artistic style.

In literature, language occupies a special position, since it is that building material, that matter perceived by ear or sight, without which a work cannot be created. The artist of the word - the poet, the writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, "the only necessary placement of the only necessary words" in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express an idea, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.
All this is accessible ONLY to the LANGUAGE OF ART LITERATURE, therefore it has always been considered the pinnacle of the literary language. The best in language, its strongest possibilities and the rarest beauty - in the works of fiction, and all this is achieved by the artistic means of the language.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. You are already familiar with many of them. These are such tropes as epithets, comparisons, metaphors, hyperbole, etc.

trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to our consciousness to be close in some way. The most common types of tropes are allegory, hyperbole, irony, litote, metaphor, metomia, personification, paraphrase, synecdoche, simile, epithet.

For example: What are you howling about, the night wind, what are you complaining about insanely - personification. All flags will visit us - synecdoche. A man with a fingernail, a boy with a finger - litote. Well, eat a plate, my dear - metonymy, etc.

Expressive means of language include stylistic figures of speech or just figures of speech : anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical address, omission, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry and prose), rhyme, intonation .

The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.

Artistic style is a way of self-expression of writers, therefore, as a rule, it is used in writing. Orally (for example, in plays), texts written in advance are read out. Historically, the artistic style functions in three types of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, novels, novels).

An article about all styles of speech -.

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The art style is:

2. Language means are a way of conveying the artistic image, emotional state and mood of the narrator.

3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonyms, etc., emotionally expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.

4. Multi-style. The use of language means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subject to the fulfillment of a creative plan. These combinations gradually form what is called the author's style.

5. The use of verbal ambiguity - words are chosen so that with their help not only “draw” images, but also put a hidden meaning into them.

6. Information transfer function is often hidden. The purpose of the artistic style is to convey the emotions of the author, to create a mood, an emotional mood in the reader.

Art Style: Case Study

Let's take a look at the features of the parsed style as an example.

An excerpt from the article:

The war disfigured Borovoe. Interspersed with the surviving huts, charred stoves stood like monuments to people's grief. Pillars stuck out from the gate. The shed gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away.

There were gardens, and now stumps are like rotten teeth. Only in some places two or three juvenile apple trees took shelter.

The village was depopulated.

When the one-armed Fyodor returned home, his mother was alive. She grew old, emaciated, gray hair increased. She sat down at the table, but there was nothing to treat. Fedor had his own, soldierly. At the table, the mother said: everyone was robbed, damned skinners! We hid pigs and hens, who are much better. Will you save? He makes noise, threatens, give him a chicken, be at least the last one. With a fright, they gave the last one. Here I have nothing left. Oh, it was bad! The damned fascist ruined the village! You can see for yourself what's left... more than half of the yards burned down. The people fled to where: some to the rear, some to the partisans. How many girls were kidnapped! So our Frosya was taken away ...

Fyodor looked around in a day or two. They began to return their own, Borovsky. They hung a piece of plywood on an empty hut, and on it in crooked letters soot in oil - there was no paint - “The board of the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm” - and it went, and it went! Down and Out trouble started.

The style of this text, as we have already said, is artistic.

His features in this passage:

Borrowing and application of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( as monuments of national grief, fascist, partisans, collective farm management, the beginning of trouble).
The use of visual and expressive means ( hijacked, cursed skinners, really), the semantic ambiguity of words is actively used ( the war disfigured Borovoye, the barn gaped with a huge hole).
they've all been robbed, you damned skinners! We hid pigs and hens, who are much better. Will you save? He makes noise, threatens, give him a chicken, be at least the last one. Oh, it was bad!).
There were gardens, and now stumps are like rotten teeth; She sat down at the table, but there was nothing to treat; on oil - there was no paint).
The syntactic structures of a literary text reflect, first of all, the flow of the author's impressions, figurative and emotional ( Interspersed with the surviving huts, charred stoves stood like monuments to people's grief. The shed gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away; There were gardens, and now stumps are like rotten teeth).
The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian language ( stumps are like rotten teeth; charred stoves stood like monuments to national grief; sheltered by two or three teenage apple trees).
The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the figurativeness of the analyzed style: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context, and words of a wide range of use ( grew old, emaciated, burned, letters, girls).

Thus, the artistic style does not so much tell as it shows - it helps to feel the situation, to visit those places that the narrator tells about. Of course, there is also a certain "imposition" of the author's experiences, but it also creates a mood, conveys sensations.

The art style is one of the most "borrowing" and flexible: writers, firstly, actively use language of other styles, and secondly, they successfully combine artistic imagery, for example, with explanations of scientific facts, concepts or phenomena.

Sci-Fi Style: Case Study

Consider the example of the interaction of two styles - artistic and scientific.

An excerpt from the article:

The youth of our country loves forests and parks. And this love is fruitful, active. It is expressed not only in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests. One day, at a meeting, even chips appeared on the table of the presidium. Some villain cut down an apple tree that grew alone on the river bank. Like a lighthouse, she stood on a steep yard. They got used to it, as to the appearance of their home, they loved it. And now she was gone. On this day, the conservation group was born. They called it the "Green Patrol". There was no mercy for the poachers, and they began to retreat.

N. Korotaev

Scientific style features:

Terminology ( presidium, laying of forest belts, krutoyar, poachers).
The presence in a series of nouns of words denoting the concepts of a feature or state ( bookmark, security).
The quantitative predominance of nouns and adjectives in the text over verbs ( this love is fruitful, active; in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests).
The use of verbal phrases and words ( bookmark, security, mercy, meeting).
Verbs in the present tense that have a “timeless”, indicative meaning in the text, with weakened lexical and grammatical meanings of time, person, number ( loves, expresses);
A large volume of sentences, their impersonal nature in conjunction with passive constructions ( It is expressed not only in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests.).

Art style features:

Extensive use of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( presidium, laying of forest belts, krutoyar).
The use of various figurative and expressive means ( this love is fruitful, in vigilant protection, reckless), the active use of the verbal polysemy of the word (the appearance of the house, "Green Patrol").
Emotionality and expressiveness of the image ( They got used to it, as to the appearance of their home, they loved it. And now she was gone. On this day the band was born.
The manifestation of the creative individuality of the author - the author's style ( It is expressed not only in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests. Here: combining features of several styles).
Paying special attention to particular and seemingly random circumstances and situations behind which one can see the typical and general ( Some villain cut down an apple tree ... And now it was gone. On this day, the conservation group was born).
The syntactic structure and the corresponding structures in this passage reflect the flow of figurative and emotional author's perception ( Like a lighthouse, she stood on a steep yard. And now she's gone).
The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian literary language ( this fruitful, active love, like a beacon, it stood, there was no mercy, growing alone).
The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the figurativeness of the parsed style: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context, and words of the widest distribution ( youth, reckless, fruitful, active, guise).

In terms of the variety of linguistic means, literary devices and methods, the artistic style is perhaps the richest. And, unlike other styles, it has a minimum of restrictions - with proper drawing of images and an emotional mood, you can even write a literary text in scientific terms. But, of course, this should not be abused.

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