7th ed., revised. and additional - M.: 2016. - 512 p.
The proposed manual contains theoretical material and options for examination tasks for self-preparation for the Unified State Exam in Biology. All tasks are accompanied by answers and comments. The book is intended for graduates of secondary schools, lyceums, gymnasiums, can be used by applicants to prepare for the university exam, and will also help biology teachers.
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Completing the exam paper in biology will require secondary school graduates to have the following knowledge and skills:
- knowledge of the most important concepts, patterns and laws relating to the structure, life and development of plant, animal and human organisms, the development of wildlife;
- knowledge of the structure and life of plants, animals, humans, the main groups of plants and the classification of animals;
- the ability to substantiate conclusions, operate with concepts when explaining natural phenomena, giving examples from the practice of agricultural and industrial production, healthcare, etc. This skill is given special importance, since it will testify to the meaningfulness of knowledge, the understanding of the material presented by the examiner.
The presentation "Microscopic structure of tissues" is intended for laboratory work on the course "Human Biology" in the 8th grade. Includes instruction for students (“Work order”), a set of electron microscopic photographs of human tissues and a slide for self-examination. Allows you to organize the work of the entire class within 1 lesson. The order of the work: Draw images of tissues Sign the cells and intercellular substance Indicate the types of tissues and explain ...
The purpose of the lesson: generalization and consolidation of knowledge about the forms and methods of reproduction of living organisms, the features of fertilization in plants and animals, the process of ontogenesis of living organisms. Lesson objectives: 1. Conduct knowledge control on the studied material, activate the development of logical thinking through the use of active control methods; differentiated approach to learning. 2. To form the skills and abilities of working with terms, cards, test tasks, to develop interest in the subject. 3.When...
This academic year, schools have begun work on new biology programs for the 6th grade. There is no methodical literature, no textbooks. Many teachers have difficulty preparing for lessons. I offer my own version of the scheduling of biology lessons for grade 6 according to the new program, taking into account all practical exercises (laboratory studies, laboratory work and mini-projects), it may come in handy for someone. Laboratory works and researches are taken out by separate lessons. because big...
Biology lesson in grade 5 on the topic "Mushrooms" Developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard for Basic General Education. Includes group work of children, followed by presentation of the result of the work in front of classmates. At the lesson, students use an interactive whiteboard, a document camera, presenting a mushroom clearing and talking about the structure of a mushroom, laptops in which they make a presentation and share a brochure, Wi-Fi Internet. The lesson concludes...
This presentation was made as a lesson-excursion to the botanical garden. Such a lesson can be final after studying the topic "Variety of fruits". The presentation offers photos of fruits to determine its type, method of use, distribution. Children also get acquainted with exotic fruits, while you need to pay attention to possible allergic reactions of the body after eating them. There are slides with crafts from vegetables and fruits. As a result, creative tasks are offered for...
Topic: "The simplest" Textbook Traytak, Grade 7. Tested skills: Explain concepts using specific examples: protozoa, rhizopods, radiolarians, sunflowers, sporozoa, cyst, shell, ciliates, colony, flagellates. Compare the simplest animals and plants. Explain the importance of protozoa in nature and human life. Distinguish structural features in the drawings and highlight the essential signs of the vital activity of individual representatives of protozoa. Basic level tasks - 20 Advanced level tasks...
The development of a lesson on this topic will give students an idea of the body's defense system - immunity, form new anatomical and physiological concepts about the structure of the immune system, about the mechanisms of immunity, about the types of immunity, about the features of different types of immunity, about pathogens, to show the benefits of vaccinations. The topic of the lesson will provide an opportunity to deepen students' knowledge of what immunity is, types of immunity, infectious diseases, therapeutic sera, vaccine, preventive ...
Areshchenko Elena Adamovna
Educational institution: MBOU Uspenskaya secondary school of the Tatar region
Brief job description: The school site is an effective continuation of the educational process, which contributes to the implementation of creative, design and research activities, and, therefore, contributes to the development of the personality of students through a system of constant observations, experiments and creative projects.
Korosteleva Yulia Viktorovna
Educational institution: GBOU secondary school No. 79 of the Kalininsky district of St. Petersburg
Brief job description: The long-term experience of the work of a biology teacher in the formation of research skills among schoolchildren is presented. Examples of creative and research projects for middle and high school students are given.
Shapovalova Maria Nikolaevna
Educational institution: MBOU "Vyazovskaya secondary school"
Brief job description: The article reflects the environmental problems of one of the main rivers of the Belgorod region - the Seversky Donets, which originates on the territory of the Prokhorovsky district. The Seversky Donets is an ancient and eternally young river that gave its name to the Donetsk Ridge and the Donetsk coal basin - Donbass. This is not only a geographical object - it is the historical and emotional memory of the people, the personification of eternal life. But like many rivers in Russia, it has many problems. Protecting her from the harmful effects of the surrounding reality is our task.
Uzinger Victoria Vladimirovna
Educational institution:"GU secondary school No. 16 of the education department of the akimat of the city of Kostanay"
Brief job description: In this topic, we will try to form ideas about the science of general biology, general biological methods, the prospects for the application of general biological knowledge; Develop the ability to work independently with a textbook, easily operate with its components, independently update basic knowledge based on questions before the paragraph being studied;
Puzikova Elena Mikhailovna
Educational institution: KSU "Karaguginskaya secondary school"
Brief job description: names the respiratory organs and features of their structure in various groups of invertebrates and vertebrates; - reveals a pattern in the structure of the respiratory organs of invertebrates and vertebrates in connection with the habitat; - determines changes in the organization of the respiratory organs towards their complication in the process of evolution.
Shapovalova Maria Nikolaevna
Educational institution: MBOU "Vyazovskaya secondary school" of the Prokhorovsky district of the Belgorod region
Brief job description:...Seversky Donets is an ancient and eternally young river that gave its name to the Donetsk Ridge and the Donetsk coal basin - Donbass, giving it life. This is not only a geographical object - it is the historical and emotional memory of the people, the personification of eternal life. And we simply do not have the right to allow her death.
Sakharova Natalia Anatolievna
Educational institution: MBOU "Gymnasium No. 1 named after K.D. Ushinsky", Simferopol
Brief job description: There are wonderful animals in the Black Sea that attract the attention of not only children, but also famous scientists - these are dolphins. A story about the diversity of cetaceans, their history of life in the Black Sea, as well as major environmental problems that lead to a decrease in the dolphin population.
Baisheva Nadezhda Nikolaevna
Educational institution: MBOU Tabalakhskaya secondary school of the Republic of Sakha
Brief job description: The test contributes to the development of logical thinking, intuition, as it contains tasks that “work” for the development of mental operations - comparison, generalization, analysis, search for alternatives, etc. The test simplifies the testing procedure, allows students to engage in self-testing and mutual testing, and makes it possible to test not only knowledge, but also understanding of the educational material.
Shcherbakova Natalya Viktorovna
Educational institution: GBU PO RM "Ruzaevsky Railway Industrial College named after A.P. Baikuzov"
Brief job description: Methodological development is a methodology for conducting extracurricular activities in the form of creating projects in order to answer the main problematic question posed to the participants at the beginning of the event.
Balueva Galina Dmitrievna
Educational institution: MBOU "Gymnasium", Kizel, Perm Territory
Brief job description: A meta-subject lesson, with a meta-subject category (fundamental object) "Color". The subject topic is "The role of pigments in plant life" (to the section "Plant life"). knowledge from one area to another: animals, humans. Throughout the lesson, various UUDs are formed, which meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard. Tasks for groups are attached to the technological map.
Loktionova Lyubov Vladimirovna
Educational institution: MOU "Podgornenskaya school named after P. I. Chirkin"
Brief job description: Biology is an interesting and informative science! It is fraught with interesting and unusual facts. This Biology Week plan will help you organize activities at school.
Educational materials and developments in biology
This section of the Konspektek website contains educational and methodological materials on biology posted by users of our website. Biology teachers will be able to find many useful developments in their daily pedagogical work: notes, plans, flow charts, scenarios and much more. You can download for free all the teaching materials on biology you need for informational purposes.
In addition, we invite all educators to publish their work of authorship on our website, for which you can receive a certificate of publication for the portfolio. Only with your help we will be able to collect the best database of developments and methodological materials of biology and other disciplines.
Our website also contains educational and methodological materials on other subjects of the Russian school curriculum, for example, physics, which we also recommend that you familiarize yourself with.
Living organisms
Noncellular Cellular
Viruses Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
(pre-nuclear) (nuclear)
Bacteria Mushrooms Plants Animals
Signs of wildlife:
Metabolism and energy(respiration, nutrition, excretion)
Heredity and variability
Self-reproduction (reproduction)
Individual development (ontogeny), historical development (phylogenesis)
Traffic
Composition - organic(proteins, fats, carbohydrates, NK) and inorganic substances (water and mineral salts).
BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY
Characteristics of the kingdoms of wildlife
1. Viruses (discovered by scientist Ivanovsky in 1892 on the tobacco mosaic virus)
2. They do not have a cellular structure, outside the cell - in the form of a crystal.
3. Structure - DNA or RNA - outside the protein shell - capsid, less often there is a carbohydrate-lipid shell (in the herpes and influenza virus).
4. similarity to living organisms- multiply (doubling of DNA), heredity and variability are characteristic.
5
. Similarities between viruses and non-living systems- do not divide, do not grow, metabolism is not characteristic, there is no own mechanism for protein synthesis.
2. Bacteria (Levenhoek in 1683 - plaque bacteria)
1. unicellular or colonial organisms that do not have a formalized nucleus
2. do not have complex organelles - EPS, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, plastids.
3. diverse in shape - cocci (round), spirilla, bacilli (rod-shaped), virions (in the form of an arc).
4. have a cell wall of murein protein and a mucous capsule of polysaccharides, a nucleoid with a circular DNA molecule is located in the cytoplasm, there are ribosomes.
5. reproduce by dividing in half every 20-30 minutes, under adverse conditions form spores (thick shell)
6. food - autotrophs(synthesize organic substances from inorganic): a) phototrophs(during photosynthesis) - cyanide, b) chemotrophs(in the process of chemical reactions) - iron bacteria;
heterotrophs(using ready-made organic substances): a) saprophytes(feed on dead organic residues) - bacteria of decay and fermentation,
b) symbionts(organic substances are obtained as a result of symbiosis with other organisms) - nodule bacteria of legumes (they absorb nitrogen from the air and transfer it to leguminous plants, which in return provide them with organic substances),
7. Importance of bacteria - positive- nodule bacteria enrich the soil with nitrates and nitrites, assimilating nitrogen from the air; decay bacteria utilize dead organisms; lactic acid bacteria are used in industry to produce kefir, yogurt, silage, feed proteins, and in leather processing.
negative- cause food spoilage (putrefactive bacteria), pathogens of dangerous diseases - pneumonia, plague, cholera.
3. Mushrooms
1. Structural features - the body consists of hyphae that form the mycelium (mycelium), reproduce by budding (yeast), spores, vegetatively (parts of the mycelium), sexually.
2. Similarity to plants- immobile, absorb nutrients with the entire surface of the body, unlimited growth, there is a cell wall (consists of chitin), reproduce by spores.
3. Similarity to animals- no chlorophyll, heterotrophs (eat organic matter), reserve nutrient - glycogen.
5. Types of mushrooms - see point 6 - "nutrition".
4. Plants
1. Motionless - have a strong cell wall made of cellulose, few mitochondria.
2. Unlimited growth - grow throughout life
3. Reserve nutrient - starch
4. Nutrition - autotrophs (they feed on inorganic substances through photosynthesis). Nutrition through absorption by the entire surface of the body.
5. Features of a plant cell- 1. the presence of plastids (chloroplasts - the function of photosynthesis, leukoplasts - the accumulation of substances, chromoplasts - provide the color of fruits and flowers); 2. large vacuoles (storage function); 3. few mitochondria; 4. there is a cell wall made of cellulose; 5. no microtubules.
5. Animals
1. Mobile for the most part - a lot of mitochondria, a thin shell.
2. Limited growth - until puberty
3. Reserve substance - glycogen (in muscles and liver)
5. Features of an animal cell- there are no plastids, small vacuoles - they perform an excretory function in aquatic animals, a thin shell, microtubules - to build a division spindle during mitosis and meiosis.
6. characteristic irritability, reflex.
Classification of plants and animals. Systematics.
Classification - distribution of organisms into groups.
Systematics the science of classifying
| System category | animals | plants |
| supra-kingdom | Nuclear (pre-nuclear) | nuclear |
| kingdom | Animals (plants, mushrooms) | plants |
| sub-kingdom | Multicellular (unicellular) | multicellular |
| Type (department) | Chordates (protozoa, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, arthropods, mollusks) | Flowering (algae, bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms) |
| Class | Mammals (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds) | Monocots (bicots) |
| detachment | Predatory (rodents, bats, primates, (non) artiodactyls, pinnipeds, cetaceans) | - |
| family | fox | Lily (cereal, rosaceous, nightshade, legume) |
| genus | Fox | lily of the valley |
| view | fox | May lily of the valley |
The complication of plants in the course of evolution on Earth:
Algae → mosses → club mosses → horsetails → ferns → gymnosperms → angiosperms
Directions of plant evolution - aromorphoses
Emergence of multicellularity (algae → flowering plants)
Landfall (mosses→flowering)
The appearance of tissues (integumentary, conductive, mechanical, photosynthetic) and organs (roots, stems, leaves): mosses → flowering.
Reducing the dependence of fertilization on the presence of water (gymnosperms, flowering)
Appearance of flower and fruit (flowering)
Characteristics of plant divisions (500,000 species)
1. Algae. Lower spore plants.
1. Unicellular (chlorella, chlamydomonas) and multicellular organisms (spirogyra, kelp, ulotrix), some form colonies (volvox).
2. Body - thallus (no division into organs and tissues)
3. There are chromatophores with chlorophyll - they provide photosynthesis.
4. Brown and red algae have rhizoids instead of roots - the function of fixing in the soil.
5. They reproduce asexually - by spores and sexually - by gametes.
6. Significance: agar-agar substance is obtained from red algae; brown algae - kelp-seaweed - in the food industry, livestock feed, chlamydomonas causes flowering of reservoirs.
2. Lichens.
1. lower plants, consist of a symbiosis of fungus and algae. The body is a thallus.
2. nutrition - autoheterotrophs: algae is autotrophic, gives the fungus organic substances during photosynthesis, the fungus is heterotrophic, gives algae water and minerals, protects it from drying out.
3. Reproduction - asexually - vegetatively - by sections of the thallus, sexually.
4. Lichens - indicators of purity (grow only in ecologically clean areas).
5. Lichens - "pioneers of life" - inhabit the most difficult to reach places, enrich the soil with mineral salts and organic matter - fertilize, other plants can grow after lichens.
6. Species - deer moss, xanthoria, cetraria. (bushy, crusty, leafy).
Higher spore plants.
3.Mossy.
1. Leafy spore plants that do not have roots (or have rhizoids)
2. Tissues and organs are little differentiated - there is no conductive system and mechanical tissue is poorly developed.
3. A change of generations is characteristic: sexual - gametophyte (haploid) and asexual - sporophyte (diploid). The gametophyte predominates - it is a leafy plant itself, the sporophyte lives at the expense of the gametophyte and is represented by a box on a stem (on a female plant).
4. They reproduce by spores and sexually. Water is necessary for fertilization, as with all spore-bearing plants.
5. Species - cuckoo flax, sphagnum
4. Ferns (Horsetails, club mosses, ferns)
1. The body is differentiated into stem, leaves and root or rhizome.
2. Mechanical and conductive tissues are well developed - ferns are taller and bushier than mosses.
3. A change of generations is characteristic with a predominance of the sporophyte (the plant itself), the gametophyte is small - it is represented by a growth (an independent heart-shaped plant, gametes ripen on it). Water is required for fertilization.
4. Reproduction - sexual and asexual - by spores, rhizome - vegetative.
higher seed plants
1. Evergreen (rarely deciduous) trees or shrubs with erect perennial stems and tap root systems.
2. Instead of vessels, there are tracheids in wood, a lot of resin passages
3. Needle-shaped leaves
4. Gametophyte reduction, sporophyte (diploid) predominates. Water is not needed for fertilization.
5. Reproduction - seeds (sexual). The seeds lie bare on the scales of the cones. The seed has a peel, embryo and nutritive tissue - endosperm (haploid). Cones of 2 types ripen on 1 branch: female and male.
6. Species - juniper, pine, thuja, spruce, fir, larch.
6. Flowering. (Angiosperms)
Angiosperms are evolutionarily the youngest and most numerous group of plants - 250 thousand species that grow in all climatic zones. The wide distribution and diversity of the structure of flowering plants is associated with the acquisition of a number of progressive features:
1. Formation of a flower that combines the functions of sexual and asexual reproduction.
2. Formation of the ovary as part of the flower, which contains the ovules and protects them from adverse conditions.
3. Double fertilization, which results in the formation of a nutritious triploid endosperm.
4.Storing nutritional tissue in the composition of the fetus.
5. Complication and high degree of differentiation of vegetative organs and tissues.
Families of flowering (angiosperms). Classes.
class dicots
| sign | Rosaceae | solanaceous | legumes |
| flower | P 5 L 5 T ∞ P 1 (sepals-5, petals-5, stamens - many, pistil -1 or more) | W(5) L(5) W(5) R 1 (5 fused petals and 5 fused sepals, 5 fused stamens, 1 pestle). | W 5 L 1+2+(2) T (9)+1 P 1 (5 fused sepals; 5 petals: the two lower ones grow together, forming a “boat”, the upper one is the largest - a sail, the lateral 2 are oars; stamens -10, 9 of them grow together, pistil-1) |
| fetus | Drupes, nuts | berry, box | bean |
| Inflorescence | Brush, simple umbrella, shield | Curl, brush, whisk | brush head |
| examples | Apple tree, wild rose, rose, wild strawberry | Potato, tobacco, black nightshade, tomato | Peas, soybeans, clover, rank, beans, lupins, vetch |
| sign | cruciferous | Compositae | Cereals -monocots |
| flower | W 2+2 L 2+2 T 4+2 R 1 (sepals 2+2, petals 4 stamens 6, pistil -1) | Flowers of 4 types: tubular, reed, pseudo-reed, funnel-shaped. L(5) T (5) R 1 Instead of a cup - a film or a tuft. | O 2+(2) T 3 P 1 Perianth - 2+2 |
| fetus | Pod, pod | achene | weevil |
| inflorescence | brush | basket | Complex ear, panicle, cob |
| examples | Cabbage, radish, turnip, mustard, colza, yarutka | Sunflower, chamomile, cornflower, tansy, dahlia, aster, dandelion, wormwood | Rye, millet, barley, bluegrass, bonfire, corn, sorghum |
Botany
Plant cell, its structure
Root
The escape. Sheet. Stem
Flower - a modified shoot
Plant propagation
Pollination. Fertilization
The structure of seeds. Germination and spread
The development of the plant world
Seaweed
bacteria
Lichens
mosses
ferns
Horsetails and club mosses
Department Gymnosperms
Department Angiosperms, or flowering plants
Flowering plants. Monocot class
Flowering plants. class dicots
Kingdom Mushrooms
Zoology
General information about animals. Unicellular
multicellular animals. Type Intestinal
Type Flatworms
Type Roundworms
Type Annelids
Type Shellfish
Type Arthropods
Class Insects
Type Chordates
Superclass Pisces
Class Amphibians (Amphibians)
Class Reptiles (Reptiles or Reptiles)
Class Birds (Feathers)
Class Mammals (Beasts)
The evolution of the animal world
Human anatomy and physiology
General overview of the human body
Human musculoskeletal system
Tissues, their structure and functions
Muscles. Their structure and functions
The internal environment of the body
Immunity
Circulation. Lymph circulation
The structure of the heart
Breath
Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues
Digestion
human reproduction
Selection
Leather
Endocrine glands
human nervous system
Sense Organs (Analyzers)
Higher nervous activity
General biological patterns
The main provisions of the cell theory, its significance
The chemical composition of cells
Metabolism and energy conversion in the cell
Photosynthesis
protein synthesis
Viruses, their structure and function
Cell division is the basis for the reproduction and growth of organisms
Meiosis
Sexual and asexual reproduction of organisms
Embryonic development of animals
General biology
Fundamentals of genetics. The laws of heredity
Sex chromosomes and autosomes. Genotype
Variability, its forms and meaning
The adaptation of organisms to the environment, its causes
Genetics and the theory of evolution
Pre-Darwinian period in the development of biology
The evolutionary teachings of Darwin
Anthropogenesis
Selection basics
Fundamentals of ecology. Biogeocenosis
Agrocenosis
The doctrine of the biosphere
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