State educational institution of higher professional education
"East Siberian State Academy of Education"
Man and monkey. Similarities and differences
Performed:
Ropel Alina
Group 2b3
Irkutsk 2010
1. Introduction
2. Evidence of human animal origin
3. Differences in the structure and behavior of humans and animals
4. Conclusion
5. Bibliographic list
1. INTRODUCTION
Great apes resemble humans in many ways. They express feelings of joy, anger, sadness, gently caress the cubs, take care of them, punish them for disobedience. They have a good memory, highly developed higher nervous activity.
J.B. Lamarck proposed a hypothesis about the origin of man from ape-like ancestors who switched from climbing trees to walking upright. As a result, their body straightened, the foot changed. The need for communication led to speech. In 1871 Ch. Darwin's work "The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection" was published. In it, he proves the kinship of man with great apes, using data from comparative anatomy, embryology, and paleontology. At the same time, Darwin rightly believed that not a single living ape can be considered a direct ancestor of man.
similarity difference human monkey
2. PROOF OF THE ANIMAL ORIGIN OF MAN
Man belongs to mammals, as he has a diaphragm, mammary glands, differentiated teeth (incisors, canines and molars), auricles, his embryo develops in utero. Humans have the same organs and organ systems as other mammals: circulatory, respiratory, excretory, digestive, etc.
Similarities can be traced in the development of human and animal embryos. Human development begins with a single fertilized egg. Due to its division, new cells are formed, tissues and organs of the embryo are formed. At the stage of 1.5-3 months of intrauterine development, the caudal spine is developed in the human fetus, gill slits are laid. The brain of a month-old fetus resembles the brain of a fish, and a seven-month-old - the brain of a monkey. In the fifth month of intrauterine development, the embryo has a hairline, which subsequently disappears. Thus, in many respects, the human embryo resembles the embryos of other vertebrates.
The behavior of man and higher animals is very similar. The similarity between humans and anthropoid apes is especially great. They are characterized by the same conditioned and unconditioned reflexes. In monkeys, like in humans, one can observe developed facial expressions, care for offspring. In chimpanzees, for example, as in humans, there are 4 blood types. Humans and monkeys suffer from diseases that do not affect other mammals, such as cholera, influenza, smallpox, tuberculosis. Chimpanzees walk on their hind limbs, they do not have a tail. The genetic material of humans and chimpanzees is 99% identical.
Monkeys have a well-developed brain, including the forebrain hemispheres. In humans and monkeys, the terms of pregnancy and the patterns of embryonic development coincide. As monkeys age, their teeth fall out and their hair turns gray. An important evidence of the animal origin of man is the development of signs of distant ancestors (hairy body, external tail, multi-mammary) and underdeveloped organs and signs that have lost their functional significance, of which there are more than 90 in humans (ear muscles, Darwin's tubercle on the auricle, semilunar fold of the inner corner of the eye , appendix, etc.).
The gorilla has the greatest resemblance to humans in terms of such features as body proportions, relatively short upper limbs, the structure of the pelvis, hands and feet; chimpanzees are similar to humans in the structural features of the skull (large roundness and smoothness), the size of the limbs. An orangutan, like a human, has 12 ribs. But this does not mean that man is descended from any of the current species of monkeys. These facts indicate that man and great apes had a common ancestor, which gave a number of branches, and evolution went in different directions.
The scientific study of the intelligence of monkeys began with Charles Darwin. He owns a book that today remains a classic in its field - "On the Expression of Sensations in Man and Animals" (1872). In it, in particular, it is shown that the facial expressions of monkeys are similar to those of humans. Darwin considered this a consequence of the similarity of facial musculature in primates.
He also determined that facial expressions, the expression of emotions are, one might say, a means of communication. Darwin also announced such a detail: the great ape is able to mimic almost all human emotions, except for amazement, surprise and disgust.
Many neurological diseases in humans and chimpanzees and even other monkeys are very similar. Relatively recently, it became known that the monkey is the only animal that has been successfully used in psychiatric research: in studying the model of isolation, phobia, depression, hysteria, neurasthenia, autism and other features of schizophrenia. A satisfactory model of human psychosis can be obtained from the "social" isolation of monkeys.
At present, important results, already used in practice, have been obtained by studying the model of human depression on lower monkeys. Various forms of major depression in monkeys usually developed as a result of separation of monkeys from an object of affection, such as a baby from his mother, which affected both of them severely. The symptomatology of depression in monkeys is in many ways parallel to similar conditions in children and adults: depressed mood, sleep disturbance, lack of appetite, a clear decrease in motor activity, loss of interest in games. It has been shown that the young of different species of macaques isolated from their peers or from their mothers, just like the females themselves, develop disorders of cellular immunity, similar to those that occur in adults after a bereavement. The state of depression in monkeys can last for years, and most importantly, already in the adult state, the animal turns out to be biologically inferior, and it is extremely difficult to cure it. Separation causes not only depression, but also other disorders, each time associated with the "personal" life history of each individual.
The emotions of monkeys (not necessarily higher, but also lower!) are not just similar to human ones. They often appear “humanly”; the heart of an irritated baboon is ready to jump out of his chest, but he hides his indignation from others, is “calm”, slowed down, and, conversely, the animal unambiguously threatens the enemy, demonstrates formidable fangs and sharply raises his eyebrows, and there are no changes in vegetative functions. (It can be noted that both blood pressure and electrocardiogram, heart rate in monkeys are the same as in humans).
The higher apes are amenable to hypnosis, which can be induced in them by conventional methods. Recently, gorillas have been shown to predominantly use their right hand, suggesting a brain asymmetry in monkeys that is similar to that in humans.
A particularly large neurological and behavioral similarity between humans and higher apes has been established in infancy and childhood. Psychomotor development in a baby chimpanzee and a child proceeds in the same way.
The immobility of the ear of monkeys and humans is unique, which is why they have to turn their heads in the same direction in order to hear better in the direction of the sound source. It has been proven that chimpanzees distinguish between 22 colors, up to 7 shades of one tone. There is evidence of similarities in higher primates of smell, taste, touch, and even perception of the weight of the weights lifted. Studying various representatives of vertebrates, physiologists trace the path of development and gradual complication of the higher nervous activity of animals, their ability to store in memory developed conditioned reflexes.
We can say that man, chimpanzee and orangutan are the only creatures on Earth that recognize themselves in the mirror! The authors talk about the presence of self-recognizing monkeys in elementary ideas about their own "I". Many consider self-recognition to be the highest form of associative behavior in the animal kingdom. The chimpanzee makes the most adequate decision in different situations: he perfectly uses a lever, a key, a screwdriver, a stick, a stone and other objects, looks for and finds them if they are not at hand.
3. DIFFERENCES IN THE STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR OF HUMANS AND ANIMALS
Along with similarities, humans have certain differences from monkeys.
In monkeys, the spine is arched, while in humans it has four bends, giving it an S-shape. A person has a wider pelvis, an arched foot that softens the concussion of internal organs when walking, a wide chest, the ratio of the length of the limbs and the development of their individual parts, structural features of muscles and internal organs.
A number of structural features of a person are associated with his labor activity and the development of thinking. In humans, the thumb on the hand is opposed to other fingers, so that the hand can perform a variety of actions. The cerebral part of the skull in humans prevails over the facial one due to the large volume of the brain, reaching approximately 1200-1450 cm3 (in monkeys - 600 cm3), the chin is well developed on the lower jaw.
The big differences between monkeys and humans are due to the adaptation of the first to life on trees. This feature, in turn, leads to many others. The essential differences between man and animals lie in the fact that man has acquired qualitatively new features - the ability to walk upright, the release of hands and their use as labor organs for the manufacture of tools, articulate speech as a method of communication, consciousness, i.e. those properties that closely related to the development of human society. Man not only uses the surrounding nature, but subjugates, actively changes it according to his needs, he himself creates the necessary things.
4. SIMILARITIES OF HUMANS AND APES
The same expression of feelings of joy, anger, sadness.
Monkeys gently caress their cubs.
Monkeys take care of children, but also punish them for disobedience.
Monkeys have a well-developed memory.
Monkeys are able to use natural objects as the simplest tools.
Monkeys have concrete thinking.
Monkeys can walk on their hind limbs, leaning on their hands.
On the fingers of monkeys, like humans, nails, not claws.
Monkeys have 4 incisors and 8 molars - like humans.
Humans and monkeys have common diseases (influenza, AIDS, smallpox, cholera, typhoid fever).
In humans and great apes, the structure of all organ systems is similar.
Biochemical evidence for human-monkey affinity :
the degree of hybridization of human and chimpanzee DNA is 90-98%, human and gibbon - 76%, human and macaque - 66%;
Cytological evidence of the proximity of man and monkeys:
humans have 46 chromosomes, chimpanzees and monkeys have 48 each, and gibbons have 44;
in the chromosomes of the 5th pair of chimpanzee and human chromosomes there is an inverted pericentric region
CONCLUSION
All of the above facts indicate that man and great apes descended from a common ancestor and make it possible to determine the place of man in the system of the organic world.
The similarity between man and monkeys is evidence of their kinship, common origin, and the differences are the result of different directions in the evolution of monkeys and human ancestors, especially the influence of human labor (tool) activity. Labor is the leading factor in the process of turning a monkey into a man.
F. Engels drew attention to this feature of human evolution in his essay “The Role of Labor in the Process of the Transformation of Apes into Humans”, which was written in 1876-1878. and published in 1896. He was the first to analyze the qualitative originality and significance of social factors in the historical development of man.
The decisive step for the transition from ape to man was taken in connection with the transition of our most ancient ancestors from walking on all fours and climbing to a straight gait. Man's articulate speech and social life developed in labor activity, with which, as Engels said, we enter the realm of history. If the psyche of animals is determined only by biological laws, then the human psyche is the result of social development and influence.
Man is a social being who has created a majestic civilization.
REFERENCES
1. Panov E.N. Zykova L.Yu. Behavior of animals and humans: similarities and differences. Pushchino-on-Oka, 1989.
2. Sifard R.M., Chini D.L. Mind and thinking in monkeys // In the world of science. 1993. No. 2-3.
3. Stolyarenko V.E., Stolyarenko L.D. "Anthropology - a systematic science of man", M .: "Phoenix", 2004.
4. Khomutov A. "Anthropology", M.: "Phoenix", 2004.
5. Reader on zoopsychology and comparative psychology: Textbook / Comp. M.N. Sotskaya MGPPU, 2003.
6. Khrisanfova E.N., Perevozchikov I.V. "Anthropology. Textbook. Edition 4, Moscow: MGU, 2005.
7. Yarskaya-Smirnova E.R., Romanov P.V. "Social anthropology", M.: social protection, 2004.
Great apes (anthropomorphids, or hominoids) belong to the superfamily of narrow-nosed primates. These, in particular, include two families: hominids and gibbons. The body structure of narrow-nosed primates is similar to that of humans. This similarity between humans and great apes is the main one, allowing them to be assigned to the same taxon.
Evolution
For the first time great apes appeared at the end of the Oligocene in the Old World. This was about thirty million years ago. Among the ancestors of these primates, the most famous are primitive gibbon-like individuals - propliopithecus, from the tropics of Egypt. It was from them that dryopithecus, gibbons and pliopithecus further arose. In the Miocene, there was a sharp increase in the number and diversity of species of the then existing great apes. In that era, there was an active resettlement of driopithecus and other hominoids throughout Europe and Asia. Among the Asian individuals were the predecessors of orangutans. In accordance with the data of molecular biology, man and great apes split into two trunks about 8-6 million years ago.
fossil finds
The oldest known humanoids are considered to be Rukwapithecus, Kamoyapithecus, Morotopithecus, Limnopithecus, Ugandapithecus and Ramapithecus. Some scientists are of the opinion that modern great apes are descendants of parapithecus. But this point of view has insufficient justification due to the scarcity of the remains of the latter. As a relic hominoid, this refers to a mythical creature - Bigfoot.
Description of primates
Great apes have a larger body than monkey-like individuals. Narrow-nosed primates do not have a tail, ischial calluses (only gibbons have small ones), and cheek pouches. A characteristic feature of hominoids is the way they move. Instead of moving on all limbs along the branches, they move under the branches mainly on their hands. This mode of locomotion is called brachiation. Adaptation to its use provoked some anatomical changes: more flexible and longer arms, a flattened chest in the anterior-posterior direction. All great apes are able to stand up on their hind limbs, while freeing their front ones. All types of hominoids are characterized by a developed facial expression, the ability to think and analyze.
The difference between humans and apes
Narrow-nosed primates have significantly more hair, which covers almost the entire body, with the exception of small areas. Despite the similarity of man and great apes in structure, humans are not so strongly developed and have a much shorter length. At the same time, the legs of narrow-nosed primates are less developed, weaker and shorter. Great apes easily move through the trees. Often individuals swing on branches. During walking, as a rule, all limbs are used. Some individuals prefer the "walking on fists" method of movement. In this case, the body weight is transferred to the fingers, which are gathered into a fist. Differences between humans and great apes are also manifested in the level of intelligence. Despite the fact that narrow-nosed individuals are considered one of the most intelligent primates, their mental inclinations are not as developed as in humans. However, almost everyone has the ability to learn.
Habitat
Great apes inhabit the tropical forests of Asia and Africa. All existing species of primates are characterized by their habitat and lifestyle. Chimpanzees, for example, including pygmy ones, live on the ground and in trees. These representatives of primates are common in African forests of almost all types and in open savannahs. However, some species (bonobos, for example) are found only in the humid tropics of the Congo Basin. Subspecies of the gorilla: eastern and western lowland - are more common in humid African forests, and representatives of the mountain species prefer a forest with a temperate climate. These primates rarely climb trees due to their massiveness and spend almost all the time on the ground. Gorillas live in groups, with the number of members constantly changing. Orangutans, on the other hand, are usually solitary. They inhabit swampy and humid forests, climb trees perfectly, move from branch to branch somewhat slowly, but quite dexterously. Their arms are very long - reaching to the very ankles.
Speech
Since ancient times, people have sought to establish contact with animals. Many scientists have dealt with the teaching of great apes speech. However, the work did not give the expected results. Primates can only make single sounds that bear little resemblance to words, and the vocabulary as a whole is very limited, especially in comparison with talking parrots. The fact is that narrow-nosed primates lack certain sound-producing elements in the organs corresponding to human ones in the oral cavity. This explains the inability of individuals to develop the skills of pronunciation of modulated sounds. The expression of their emotions is carried out by monkeys in different ways. So, for example, a call to pay attention to them - with the sound "uh", passionate desire is manifested by puffing, a threat or fear - by a piercing, sharp cry. One individual recognizes the mood of another, looks at the expression of emotions, adopting certain manifestations. To transmit any information, facial expressions, gestures, posture act as the main mechanisms. With this in mind, the researchers tried to start talking to the monkeys with the help that deaf people use. Young monkeys quickly learn signs. After a fairly short period, people got the opportunity to talk with animals.
Perception of beauty
The researchers, not without pleasure, noted that the monkeys are very fond of drawing. In this case, the primates will act quite carefully. If you give a monkey paper, a brush and paints, then in the process of depicting something, he will try not to go beyond the edge of the sheet. In addition, animals quite skillfully divide the paper plane into several parts. Many scientists consider the paintings of primates to be strikingly dynamic, rhythmic, full of harmony both in color and in form. More than once it was possible to show the work of animals at art exhibitions. Researchers of primate behavior note that monkeys have an aesthetic sense, although it manifests itself in a rudimentary form. For example, while observing animals living in the wild, they saw how individuals sat at the forest edge during sunset and watched in fascination.
The conclusions of systematics about the proximity of man to these monkeys are based on solid comparative morphological and comparative physiological material.
The latter serves as the basis for the theory of the pithecoid (monkey) origin of man, in view of which we will briefly dwell on it. A comparative morpho-physiological analysis of the characteristics of humans and anthropomorphic monkeys makes it possible, in particular, to outline the formulation of the question of the phylogenetic relationships between them. Indeed, it seems important to find out which of the three great apes is closer to humans.
The table compares, first of all, the main dimensional features of all four forms.
The table shows that for most of the listed dimensional features, chimpanzees and gorillas are closest to humans. At the same time, it is striking that, in terms of brain weight, chimpanzees are closest to humans.
hairline. The body of anthropomorphic monkeys is covered with coarse hair. The back and shoulders are more heavily haired (especially in the orang). The chest is slightly covered. The face, part of the forehead, the soles of the feet, the palms of the hands are devoid of hair. The back of the hand is slightly hairy. The undercoat is missing. Consequently, the hairline reveals the features of rudimentation, however, far from being as pronounced as in humans. In chimpanzees, sometimes the armpits are covered with hair (resemblance to humans). Orangs have a strong development of beards and mustaches (resemblance to humans). As in humans, the hair of the shoulder and forearm of all anthropomorphs is directed towards the elbow. In chimpanzees and orangs, as in humans, baldness is observed, especially in the hairless chimpanzee - A. calvus.
| Dimensional signs | Orang | Chimpanzee | Gorilla | Human | The greatest proximity to a person in this trait |
| Body weight - kg | 70-100 | 40-50 | 100-200 | 40-84 | Chimpanzee |
| Height - m | Up to 1.5 | Up to 1.5 | Up to 2 | 1,40-1,80 | Gorilla |
| Arm length to body length (100%) | 223,6% | 180,1% | 188,5% | 152,7% | Chimpanzee |
| Leg length to body length (100%) | 111,2% | 113,2% | 113,0% | 158,5% | Gorilla and chimpanzee |
| Wrist length as a percentage of body length (100%) | 63,4% | 57,5% | 55,0% | 36,8% | Gorilla |
| Foot length as a percentage of torso length (100%) | 62,87% | 52-62% | 58-59% | 46-60% | Gorilla |
| brain weight to body weight | 1:200 | 1:90 | 1:220 | 1:45 | Chimpanzee |
Color of the skin. Chimpanzees have light skin, except for the face. The pigment is formed in the epidermis of the skin, as in humans.
Skull and jaw apparatus. The skull of an adult human differs sharply from that of apes in a number of ways. However, even here there are some similarities: the table compares some elements of the characteristics of the skulls of humans and great apes.
Selected elements of the characteristic, as well as the data in the table, show that African anthropomorphic monkeys are closer to humans than the orangutan. If we calculate the volume of the brain box of a chimpanzee in relation to its body weight, then this monkey will be the closest to man. The same conclusion follows from the comparison of the 5th, 6th, 10th and 12th indicators given in the table.
vertebral column. In humans, it forms an S-shaped profile line, that is, it functions like a spring that guarantees the brain from concussion. Cervical vertebrae with weak spinous processes. Anthropomorphic monkeys do not have an S-curve, the spinous processes are long, especially in the gorilla. They are most similar to human ones in chimpanzees, elongating evenly from the first to the last cervical vertebra, like in humans.
Rib cage. Its general shape in humans and anthropomorphic is barrel-shaped, somewhat compressed in the dorsal-abdominal direction. This configuration of the chest is characteristic only of man and anthropomorphic. In terms of the number of ribs, the orang is the closest to a person, having, like the last one, 12 pairs of ribs. However, the same number is observed in the gorilla, although it happens, like in the chimpanzee, 13 pairs. The human embryo normally has the same number of ribs that is sometimes found in an adult. Thus, anthropomorphic are very close in this feature to humans, especially orangutans. However, the chimpanzee and gorilla are closer to humans in the shape of the sternum, which consists of a small number of elements, more numerous in the orang.
limb skeleton. For anthropomorphic, as for all monkeys, a certain similarity in the functions of the fore and hind limbs is characteristic, since both arms and legs are involved in climbing a tree, and the forelimbs, which have a much greater lifting force than those of Homo, are of leading importance. Both limbs of the anthropomorphic are multifunctional, and the functions of the hand are wider and more diverse than the functions of the leg. In a person, the hand is completely freed from the function of movement, for which other functions associated with his labor activity have been extraordinarily enriched. The human leg, having become the only support of the body, on the contrary, experienced a process of narrowing of functions and, in particular, an almost complete loss of the grasping function. These relationships caused the development of significant differences in the structure of the skeleton of the limbs of anthropomorphic and human, especially the legs. The human leg - thigh and lower leg - significantly exceeds the same anthropomorphic elements in length.
The powerful development of muscles in the human leg has led to a number of features in the structure of its bones. The hip is characterized by a strong development of the rough line (linea aspera), a long neck and an obtuse angle at which it deviates from the body of the bone itself. There are a number of distinctive features in the human foot. Whereas in anthropomorphs, as a rule, the big toe is deflected at an angle to the others, in humans it is located approximately parallel to the rest of the fingers. This increases the supporting power of the leg, i.e., is a sign associated with upright walking. This is also confirmed by the fact that in the mountain gorilla, which often assumes an upright position, the big toe of the hind foot is similar in position to the human. Another feature of a person is the domed, concave lower surface of the sole, springy when walking. This feature is absent in the flat feet of monkeys. In the latter, the hand and foot are very long. The hand and foot of the gorilla, in general, are closer to the human, which is associated with a more developed chthonobiontism of this monkey.
Taz. The human pelvis is wider than it is long. The structure of the sacrum fused with it includes 5 sacral vertebrae, which increases the supporting force of the pelvis. The gorilla's pelvis is most similar to that of a human, followed by chimpanzees and orangutans. And in this feature, the closeness of the gorilla to man is a consequence of chthonousness.
muscles. A person has strongly developed leg muscles (upright posture), namely: the gluteal, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, soleus, third peroneal, square muscle of the foot. Like humans, anthropomorphic ear muscles are rudimentary, especially in orangs, while chimpanzees are able to move their ears. However, in general, the muscular system of African anthropomorphs is closer to the human than to that of the orangutan.
The brain of man and chimpanzee. (12). Both brains are shown equal in size for ease of comparison (actually, the chimpanzee brain (2) is much smaller). Brain areas: 1 - frontal, 2 - frontal granular, 3 - motor, 4 - parietal, 5 - striated, 6 - temporal, 7 - preoccipital, 8 - insular, 9 - postcentral. (From Nesturh)
Brain, sense organs. The volume of the cranium and the weight of the brain have already been indicated. Orangs and gorillas are farthest from humans in terms of brain weight, and chimpanzees are closest. The human brain is strikingly superior in volume and weight to the anthropomorphic brain. More. more important is the fact that it is richer in convolutions, although it is similar in this respect to the brain of anthropomorphs. However, the functional characteristics of the brain associated with its subtle (cytological) architectonics are of decisive importance. The figure shows that this latter is very similar in man and chimpanzee. However, the anthropomorphic ones do not have developed motor and sensory "speech centers", of which the first is responsible for the motor work of the human articulatory apparatus, and the second is for the semantic perception of the words heard. The cytological architectonics of the human brain is much more complex and more developed, especially within the frontal lobe, which makes up 47% of the lateral surface of the brain in humans, 33% in chimpanzees, 32% in gorillas, and even less in orangs.
sense organs human and anthropomorphic in many respects are similar. In all these forms, some reduction of the olfactory organs is observed. Human hearing is close in its perceptive features to the hearing of a gorilla, a chimpanzee has a greater ability to perceive high tones. The similarity of the auricle in African anthropomorphic and human is very great. Remarkably, the pinna gives variations that are remarkably similar to those of chimpanzees and other apes. Both man and anthropomorphic are characterized by great visual acuity, and, moreover, both three-dimensional (stereometric) and color.
Ontogenesis. Anthropomorphic embryogenesis is unusually similar to human embryogenesis. The early stages of development are generally hardly distinguishable in all monkeys. Differentiation according to species (and generic) characters begins at later stages. The figure shows that the heads of human embryos, chimpanzees and gorillas on the eve of birth, as well as the skulls of anthropomorphic newborns in humans, have many similarities - the roundness of the cranial vault, large, forward-directed rounded orbits, the dominance of the cranium over the jaw apparatus. There are also many similarities in the soft parts of the face. In chimpanzee and gorilla embryos, the eyeball protrudes noticeably from the orbit, due to the initial predominance of eyeball growth over orbital growth. In the human embryo, this discrepancy also takes place, but to a lesser extent. On the eyelids of human embryos and these monkeys, characteristic restrictive grooves are visible, which are weaker in humans. The ear of the gorilla fetus has a loose lobe, as in many people, etc. The general similarity of the embryos mentioned is therefore very great. Gorilla and chimpanzee embryos show distinct "whiskers" and "beards". In the human embryo, they are less developed, but Darwin pointed out ("The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection") that in the human embryo in the fifth month, the embryonic down around the mouth is noticeably elongated, so that in this sign; there is a clear resemblance.
However, during postembryonic development, signs of similarity give way to growing signs of differences, i.e., ontogenetic divergence occurs. In the skull, it is expressed in the progressive development in anthropomorphic monkeys of the dentition, jaws, chewing muscles and sagittal crest (in the gorilla and orang) and the lag, compared with humans, in the development of the cranium.
General conclusion. The above comparative review leads to the following general conclusions:
a. Man and anthropomorphic monkeys have many similarities in morpho-physiological organization and in the patterns of embryogenesis.
b. African forms (gorilla, chimpanzee) are closer to humans than the orangutan. The chimpanzee is closest to man, but in a number of signs - a gorilla, in a few - an orangutan.
in. If we take into account the phenomena of the ontogenetic divergence noted above and the fact that signs of similarity with humans are scattered within all three genera of anthropoid apes, then the final conclusion from the review will be the following: humans and anthropomorphic apes originate from a common root, and later historically developed in divergent directions.
Thus, we see that the theory of the pithecoid (monkey) origin of man corresponds to comparative morphological and comparative physiological data.
The unique properties of man confirm the story of Genesis - they were given to him as part of the ability to"possession of the earth and dominion over animals", creativity and changing the world ( Genesis 1:28 ). They reflect the gulf that separates us from the apes.
To date, science has uncovered many differences between us and apes that cannot be explained by minor internal changes, rare mutations, or survival of the fittest.
Physical differences
1. Tails - where did they go? There is no intermediate state "between the tails".
2. Many primates and most mammals produce their own vitamin C. 1 We, as the "strongest", apparently lost this ability "somewhere along the way to survival."
3. Our newborns are different from baby animals. . Our babies helplessand more dependent on their parents. They can neither stand nor run, while newborn monkeys can hang and move from place to place. Is this progress?
4. People need a long childhood. Chimpanzees and gorillas mature at 11 or 12 years of age. This fact is contrary to evolution, since, logically, the survival of the fittest should require a shorter period of childhood.
5. We have different skeletal structures. The human being as a whole is structured quite differently. Our torso is shorter, while in monkeys it is longer than the lower limbs.
6 Monkeys Have Long Arms And Short Legs We, on the contrary, have short arms and long legs.
7. A person has a special S-shaped spine with distinct cervical and lumbar curves, the monkeys do not have a curved spine. Man has the largest total number of vertebrae.
8. A person has 12 pairs of ribs, and a chimpanzee has 13 pairs.
9. In humans, the rib cage is deeper and barrel-shaped. , while chimpanzees have a cone shape. In addition, a cross section of chimpanzee ribs shows that they are rounder than human ribs.
10 Monkey Feet Look Like Their Hands - their big toe is mobile, directed to the side and opposed to the rest of the fingers, resembling the thumb. In humans, the big toe points forward and is not opposed to the rest.
11. Human feet are unique. - they promote bipedal walking and cannot be compared with the appearance and function of the monkey's foot.
12. Monkeys have no arch in their feet! When walking, our foot thanks to the archcushionsall loads, shocks and impacts.
13. The structure of the human kidney is unique.
14. A person does not have a continuous hairline.
15. Humans have a thick layer of fat that monkeys don't have. This makes our skin look more like a dolphin's skin.
16. Human skin is rigidly attached to the muscular frame, which is characteristic only of marine mammals.
17. Humans are the only terrestrial creatures capable of consciously holding their breath. This, at first glance, "insignificant detail" is very important.
18. Only humans have the whites of their eyes. All monkeys have completely dark eyes.
19. The contour of the human eye is unusually elongated. in the horizontal direction, which increases the field of view.
20. Man has a distinct chin, but monkeys do not.
21. Most animals, including chimpanzees, have large mouths. We have a small mouth with which we can better articulate.
22. Wide and inverted lips - a characteristic feature of a person; higher apes have very thin lips.
23. Unlike the higher apes,a person has a protruding nose with a well-developed elongated tip.
24. Only humans can grow long hair on their heads.
25. Among primates, only humans have blue eyes and curly hair.
26. We have a unique speech apparatus providing the finest articulation and articulate speech.
27. In humans, the larynx occupies a much lower position. in relation to the mouth than in monkeys. Due to this, our pharynx and mouth form a common “tube”, which plays an important role as a speech resonator. Features of the structure and function of the organs of sound reproduction of humans and monkeyshttp://andrej102.narod.ru/tab_morf.htm
28. Man has a special language - thicker, taller and more mobile than monkeys. And we have multiple muscle attachments to the hyoid bone.
29. Humans have fewer jaw muscles connected to each other than monkeys, - we do not have bone structures for their attachment (very important for the ability to speak).
30. Man is the only primate whose face is not covered with hair.
31. The human skull does not have bony ridges and continuous brow ridges.
32. Human skull has a vertically positioned face with protruding nasal bones, but the skull of monkeys has a sloping face with flat nasal bones.
33. Different structure of teeth. In humans, the jaw is smaller and the dental arch is parabolic, the anterior section has a rounded shape. Monkeys have a U-shaped dental arch. Canine teeth are shorter in humans, while all great apes have protruding fangs.
34. Humans can exercise fine motor control that monkeys don't have, and perform delicate physical operations thanks tounique connection of nerves with muscles .
35. A person has more motor neurons, controlling muscle movements than in chimpanzees.
36. The human hand is absolutely unique. It can rightfully be called a miracle of design. The articulation in the human hand is much more complex and skillful than that of primates.
37. Our thumb well developed, strongly opposed to the rest and very mobile. Monkeys have hooked hands with a short and weak thumb. No element of culture would exist without our unique thumb!
38. The human hand is capable of two unique compressions that monkeys cannot do. , - accurate (for example, holding a baseball) and power (grabbing the crossbar with your hand). A chimpanzee cannot produce a strong grip, while the application of force is the main component of a power grip.
39. In humans, the fingers are straight, shorter and more mobile than those of a chimpanzee.
40 True bipedalism is inherent only in man . The particular human approach requires the intricate integration of the many skeletal and muscular features of our hips, legs, and feet.
41. Humans are able to support their body weight on their feet while walking because our hips converge to our knees, forming with the tibiaunique bearing angle at 9 degrees (in other words, we have "turned knees").
42. Special location of our ankle joint allows the tibia to make direct movements relative to the foot while walking.
43. The human femur has a special edge for muscle attachment (Linea aspera), which is absent in great apes.5
44. In humans, the position of the pelvis relative to the longitudinal axis of the body is unique, in addition, the very structure of the pelvis differs significantly from the pelvis of monkeys - all this is necessary for upright walking. We have a relative width of the iliac pelvis (width/length x 100) that is much larger (125.5) than that of chimpanzees (66.0). Based on this feature alone, it can be argued that a person is fundamentally different from a monkey.
45. People have unique knees - they can be fixed at full extension, making the patella stable, and are located closer to the middle sagittal plane, being under the center of gravity of our body.
46. The human femur is longer than the chimpanzee femur. and usually has a raised rough line that holds the rough line of the femur under the grip.
47. A person hastrue inguinal ligament which is not found in the great apes.
48. The human head is placed on top of the spine , while in great apes it is "suspended" forward, and not up.
49. A person has a large vaulted skull , taller and more rounded. The monkey skull has been simplified.
50. The complexity of the human brain is far superior to that of monkeys. . It is about 2.5 times larger than the brain of higher monkeys in terms of volume and 3–4 times in mass.
51. The period of pregnancy in humans is the longest among primates. For some, this may be another fact that contradicts the theory of evolution.
52. Human hearing is different from that of chimpanzees and most other apes. Human hearing is characterized by a relatively high sensitivity of perception - from two to four kilohertz, and chimpanzee ears are tuned to sounds that reach a maximum value either at a frequency of one kilohertz or eight kilohertz.
53. Selective ability of individual cells located in the auditory zone of the human cerebral cortex:"A single human auditory neuron .. (capable of) .. distinguishing subtle differences in frequencies, up to one tenth of an octave - and this is compared to a cat's sensitivity of about one octave and half a full octave in a monkey."This level of recognition is not needed for simple speech discrimination, but is necessary forto listen to music and appreciate all its beauty .
54. Human sexuality is different from the sexuality of all other animal species. . it long-term partnerships, co-parenting, private sex, indistinguishable ovulation, stronger sensuality in women, and sex for pleasure.
55 Sexual relations in humans do not have a seasonal restriction .
56. Only humans are known to go through menopause. (except for the black dolphin).
57. Man is the only primate whose chest is visible even during periodswhen he does not feed her offspring.
58. Monkeys can always recognize when the female ovulates. We are usually unable to do this. Face-to-face contact in the mammalian world is very rare.
59. A person has a hymen , which is not found in any great ape. In monkeys, the penis contains a special gutter bone (cartilage)which a person does not have.
60. Since the human genome contains about 3 billion nucleotides,even a minimal difference of 5% represents 150 million different nucleotides , which roughly corresponds to 15 million words or 50 huge books of information. The differences represent at least 50 million individual mutation events, which is impossible for evolution to achieve even with an evolutionary time scale of 250 thousand generations -It's just unrealistic fantasy! The evolutionary belief is untrue and contradicts everything that science knows about mutations and genetics.
61. The human Y chromosome differs from the chimpanzee Y chromosome as much as from the chicken chromosomes.
62. Chimpanzees and gorillas have 48 chromosomes, while we only have 46.
63. There are genes in human chromosomes that are completely absent in chimpanzees. This fact reflects the difference between human and chimpanzee immune systems.
64. In 2003, scientists calculated a difference of 13.3% between the areas responsible for the immune systems.
65. A 17.4% difference in gene expression in the cerebral cortex was found in another study.
66. The chimpanzee genome has been found to be 12% larger than the human genome. This difference was not taken into account when comparing DNA.
67. human geneFOXP2(which plays an important role in the ability to speak) and simiannot only differ in appearance, but also perform different functions . The FOXP2 gene in chimpanzees is not speech at all, but performs completely different functions, having different effects on the work of the same genes.
68. The section of DNA in humans that determines the shape of the hand is very different from the DNA of a chimpanzee. Science continues to discover their important role.
69. At the end of each chromosome is a strand of a repetitive DNA sequence called a telomere. Chimpanzees and other primates have about 23 kb. (1 kb is equal to 1000 nucleic acid base pairs) of repeating elements.Humans are unique among all primates, their telomeres are much shorter: only 10 kb long.
70. Genes and marker genes in the 4th, 9th and 12th human and chimpanzee chromosomesare not in the same order.
71. In chimpanzees and humans, genes are copied and reproduced in different ways. This point is often overlooked in evolutionary propaganda when discussing the genetic similarities between apes and humans. This testimony is a great support for reproduction "after its kind" ( Genesis 1:24–25).
72. Humans are the only creaturesable to cry, expressing strong emotional experiences . Only a person sheds tears in sorrow.
73. We are the only ones who are able to laugh, reacting to a joke or expressing emotions. The "smile" of a chimpanzee is purely ritual, functional and has nothing to do with feelings. By showing their teeth, they make it clear to their relatives that there is no aggression in their actions. The "laugh" of the monkeys sounds completely different and more like the sounds of a breathless dog, or an asthma attack in humans. Even the physical aspect of laughter is different: humans laugh only on the exhale, while monkeys laugh on both the exhale and inhale.
74. In monkeys, adult males never provide food for others. , in man - this is the main duty of men.
75. We are the only creatures that blush due to relatively minor events.
76. Man builds houses and makes fire. The lower apes do not take care of housing at all, the higher apes build only temporary nests.
77. Among primates, no one can swim like a person. We are the only ones whose heart rate automatically slows down when immersed in water and moves in it, and does not increase, as in land animals.
78. The social life of people is expressed in the formation of the state is a purely human phenomenon. The main (but not the only) difference between human society and the relations of domination and subordination formed by primates lies in people's awareness of their semantic meaning.
79. Monkeys have a rather small territory,and the man is big.
80. Our newborn children have weak instincts; most of their skills they acquire in the learning process. Man, unlike monkeys,acquires its own special form of existence "in freedom" , in an open relationship with living beings and, above all, with people, while an animal is born with an already established form of its existence.
81. “Relative Hearing” is an Exclusively Human Ability . Humans have a unique ability to recognize pitch based on the relationship between sounds. This ability is called"relative pitch". Some animals, such as birds, can recognize a range of repeated sounds with ease, but if the notes are shifted slightly down or up (i.e. change the key), the melody becomes completely unrecognizable to the birds. Only humans can guess a melody whose key has been changed even a semitone up or down. The relative hearing of a person is another confirmation of the uniqueness of a person.
82. People wear clothes . Man is the only creature that looks out of place without clothes. All animals look funny in clothes!
Differences in the structure and behavior of humans and animals
Along with similarities, humans have certain differences from monkeys.
In monkeys, the spine is arched, while in humans it has four bends, giving it an S-shape. A person has a wider pelvis, an arched foot that softens the concussion of internal organs when walking, a wide chest, the ratio of the length of the limbs and the development of their individual parts, structural features of muscles and internal organs.
A number of structural features of a person are associated with his labor activity and the development of thinking. In humans, the thumb on the hand is opposed to other fingers, so that the hand can perform a variety of actions. The cerebral part of the skull in humans prevails over the facial one due to the large volume of the brain, reaching approximately 1200-1450 cm 3 (in monkeys - 600 cm 3), the chin is well developed on the lower jaw.
The big differences between monkeys and humans are due to the adaptation of the first to life on trees. This feature, in turn, leads to many others. The essential differences between man and animals lie in the fact that man has acquired qualitatively new features - the ability to walk upright, the release of hands and their use as labor organs for the manufacture of tools, articulate speech as a method of communication, consciousness, i.e. those properties that closely related to the development of human society. Man not only uses the surrounding nature, but subjugates, actively changes it according to his needs, he himself creates the necessary things.
Similarities between humans and great apes
The same expression of feelings of joy, anger, sadness.
Monkeys gently caress their cubs.
Monkeys take care of children, but also punish them for disobedience.
Monkeys have a well-developed memory.
Monkeys are able to use natural objects as the simplest tools.
Monkeys have concrete thinking.
Monkeys can walk on their hind limbs, leaning on their hands.
On the fingers of monkeys, like humans, nails, not claws.
Monkeys have 4 incisors and 8 molars - like humans.
Humans and monkeys have common diseases (influenza, AIDS, smallpox, cholera, typhoid fever).
In humans and great apes, the structure of all organ systems is similar.
Biochemical evidence for human-monkey affinity:
the degree of hybridization of human and chimpanzee DNA is 90-98%, human and gibbon - 76%, human and macaque - 66%;
Cytological evidence of the proximity of man and monkeys:
humans have 46 chromosomes, chimpanzees and monkeys have 48 each, and gibbons have 44;
in the chromosomes of the 5th pair of chimpanzee and human chromosomes there is an inverted pericentric region
All of the above facts indicate that man and great apes descended from a common ancestor and allow us to determine the place of man in the system of the organic world.
The similarity between man and monkeys is evidence of their kinship, common origin, and the differences are the result of different directions in the evolution of monkeys and human ancestors, especially the influence of human labor (tool) activity. Labor is the leading factor in the process of turning a monkey into a man.
F. Engels drew attention to this feature of human evolution in his essay "The Role of Labor in the Process of the Transformation of Apes into Humans", which was written in 1876-1878. and published in 1896. He was the first to analyze the qualitative originality and significance of social factors in the historical development of man.
The decisive step for the transition from ape to man was taken in connection with the transition of our most ancient ancestors from walking on all fours and climbing to a straight gait. Man's articulate speech and social life developed in labor activity, with which, as Engels said, we enter the realm of history. If the psyche of animals is determined only by biological laws, then the human psyche is the result of social development and influence.
