Family tree of the sultans of the Ottoman Empire family tree after Sultan Suleiman in the Ottoman Empire year, and in almost all other sources the date of birth is 11/6/1494, so I can’t say which is more accurate. If you believe this entry, Suleiman was a symbol, since he was born in the 10th year of the 10th cycle of the 10th month of the Hijri - this was in the welcoming speech of the mufti at the time of the accession of Sultan Suleiman (and the Sunnis have 10 - a sacred number), and this is just November 1494 The Hijri calendar is completely different. Father-Selim I, mother- Ayse Hafsa Sultan Wives: Fulane Khatun 1496-1550, - is considered the mother of Shehzade Mahmud (09/22/1512-29/10/1521), Shehzade Abdullah (1514-28/10/1514), daughter of Fatma Sultan (1516-1516) ), see * 2. Gulfem Khatun-(1497-1562), mother of shekhzade Murad 15919-1521, who died of smallpox 3. Mahidevran (Gulbahar) - 1498-1580, mother of shehzade Mustafa and presumably also son Ahmed and daughter, who died at birth or immediately after it. See * 4. Hurrem Haseki Sultan-1506-1558, mother of Mehmed 1521-1543, Mihrimah 1522-1578, Abdullah 1522-1526 : 1.Mahmud-1512-Manisa-29.10.1521-Istanbul 2.Mustafa 1515-Manisa-6.11.1553-Egerli 3.Murad-1519-Manisa-12.10.1521-Istanbul 4.Mehmed-1521-Istanbul-6.11.1543 -Manisa 5.Abdullah-1522-Istanbul-1526-Istanbul 6.Selim-28.05.1524-Istanbul-15.12.1574-Istanbul 7.Bayazid-14.09.1525-Istanbul-23.07.1562-Qazvin 8.Cihangir-1531-Istanbul -27.11.1553-Haleb 9.?0sultan-1521-1521, tentatively the daughter of Mahidevran, with whom she was already pregnant upon arrival in Istanbul -1514 -Manisa- ??1514 12.Razia Sultan- ?- 1561 Istanbul Suleiman was the beylerbey of Bolu (western Anatolia) in 1509, Kafe9Krym) in 1509-1512 and in Manisa from 1512 to 1520. Until 1512, his mother was with him, but from Selim's accession to the throne, he took her to command a harem in Istanbul. * At one Istanbul forum, I found that Cihangir had a son after his death, Orhan, 1554-1562, so it seems to me that this son is attributed to his father Suleiman by mistake. * In 1521 Suleiman's daughter died. The name is unknown, and the second daughter was married to Admiral Ali Pasha, but it is not clear in the same year or a little later, maybe Fatma was born in 1514 *Mustafa was executed in 1553 and buried in the Cema mosque in Bursa with his mother , Orhan, the 5th son of Bayezid's half-brother. Mustafa had four children: Mehmed 1546-9.10.1553, strangled after his father, Orhan -? -1552, who died of illness (who his mother is unknown), daughters Nargiz 1536-1577, wife of Jenabi Ahmet pasha-historian, poet, Beylerbey of Anatolia under 20 years old, and Shah Sultan 1550-2.10.1577, husband Dalan Karim. Shah Sultan's wedding was on August 1, 1562, simultaneously with the weddings of her cousins, Ismikhan and Gevharkhan, daughters of Selim II. Mother Nargiz, presumably after the execution of Mustafa, married Partaf Mehmed Pasha, the second vizier under Selim II (1565-1571). Mustafa's wife, Rumeis-khatun, was born around 1520 (everywhere they write that by the age of 30 she had a son and a daughter, it turns out 1550-30 = 1520, at the age of 12 she got into the harem, and then became Mustafa's favorite, after the death of her husband and son, moved with Mahidevran to Izmir, where she was very loved and called Kadyn Efendi Sultan, where she soon died. So she was buried in Izmir, this is my personal opinion. a daughter was born by his favorite concubine Huma Shahsultan (1544-1582) She married in 1566/67 for the first time Farhad Mehmed Pasha (1526-6.01.1575), after his death she married the grand vizier of her cousin Murad III - Kara Mustafa Pasha (he was a vizier-1580-1580), and after his death she married Gazi Mehmed Pasha in 1581. Her husband survived her by 10 years and died on 08/23/1582. In three marriages she had 4 sons and 5 *Despite my mistrust of the Turkish Wikipedia, I read an interesting translation there regarding first wives s Suleiman Fulane. So, it is written there that the name Fulane belongs to three concubines together, who gave birth to the Sultan's children, but did not play any role in his life, namely: the son of Mahmud 1512-1521, Abdullah 1522-1526, born in the same year as Mihrimah, and who died in the year of Bayezid’s birth from an illness, presumably smallpox, and the daughter of Razia Sultan, who was born either in 1519, or in 1525, but died in 1570, and, it seems, was buried in the tomb of Yahya Efendi, Suleiman’s milk brother. If someone is there in the mausoleum, you can see, on the tablets they usually write who the mother and father are and the years of life. * there was another daughter, Fatma Sultan, who was born and died in the same 1514 * Leslie Pierce writes in her book that the annals of the structure of the Ottoman dynasty mention the daughter of Suleiman, who married Admiral Mizinzade Ali Pasha. but nothing more is written about her , it can be seen before the wedding, as a dowry, she was donated lands, which were included in the documents of the harem. * In the same article, it is mentioned that Mahidevran also had a son, Ahmed, who also died at or immediately after birth, and one daughter, (1521-28 October 1522). Zagrebelny describes that Mahidevran, who was on her way to her husband in Istanbul in October 1520, was in a position. *Bayazid was the governor in Konya from 1543-1553, Karaman-1546, Kutahya-1558-1559 cities *Bayazid-son Hurrem had 11 children-7 sons and 4 daughters Sons: Orkhan-1543-1562 -executed with his father Osman- 1545-1562-executed with his father Mihrimah Sultan-1547-? Natije Sultan-1550-? Abdullah-1548-1562 – executed with his father Mahmud-1552-1562- executed with his father Aisha Sultan -1553-? From 1562 married to Damat Ali Pasha Eretnooglu Khanzada Sultan -1556-? Murad / Alemshah -1559-1562 - executed in bursa Mehmed -? -1559 - died of illness Mustafa -? -1559 - died of illness as a clerk in 1519 while still under his father, and then in a divan, where he literally wrote all the meetings of the divan, which were preserved in the archives of Istanbul. In 1557, after disagreements with the Chief Vizier, Rustem Pasha resigned, died in 1567 at about the age of 75-80 * Suleiman's teacher in childhood was Mevlana Dolayly Hayreddin Effendi. The teacher of his sons is Birgi Ataullah Efendi. * after the execution of Ibrahim, Suleiman was very sad, and, according to the English historian Heath Lavri, wrote several dozen poems, calling him in them a glorious friend or Beloved brother, which he quoted in one of the television programs. Alan Fisher. Suleiman and his sons. Suleiman had several capable sons who were capable of leading in military affairs and the arts. His sons meant a lot to their father. In the first years of his reign, he is said to have gone hunting with them in Edirne, in the forests outside Istanbul and in Asia Minor, and later in the vicinity of Aleppo. The circumcision of his sons was performed twice, which resulted in festivities - the first in 1530 for Mustafa, Mehmed and Selim, and the second in 1540 for Bayezid and Cihangir. Three of his sons died in infancy. And the first to come of age, and who died in 1543, was Mehmed. According to contemporaries, Mehmed was the favorite son of the Sultan, whom he prepared for his place. And that his death plunged Suleiman into terrible grief. From which he never recovered. This was also indicated by the fact that Mehmed was sent as governor in 1540 to Amasya, and already in 1542 to Manisa, which was the place where future sultans were preparing. Prior to that, Mustafa-son Mahidevran ruled there from 1533 to 1541. Mustafa was attached to the sword, according to Ottoman customs, and kissed the hand of the Sultan. At that time he was still in favor with his father. His letters to his father and Ibrahim have been preserved. But at the same time, Mehmed took part in hostilities in 1537 in the battles on the Danube, but Mustafa's military companies are not mentioned anywhere. According to contemporaries, Mehmed had a more refined upbringing than Mustafa, they wrote about his sharp mind and subtle judgment. Therefore, his father prepared him for his place, but fate decreed in its own way. Sheikhislams during the reign of Suleiman: Zenbilli Efendi (1520-1526) Ibn Kemal (1526-1534) Sadullah Saadi Effendi (1534-1539) Siivizade Muhyiddin Mehmet Efendi (1539-1542) , Abdul Kadir Hamidi (1542-1543) Feherizade Muhyiddin (14) -1545) Ebu Suud (1545-1566) Victims during the reign: 2 sons, 6 grandsons, 2 relatives: 12/27/1522: shehzade Murad (1475? -1522) - son of Cem, grandson of Mehmed II 12/27/1522: shehzade Cem (1492 ?-1522) - son of Murad, great-grandson of Mehmed II 11/06/1553: shehzade mustafa (1515-1553) - son of 12/00/1553: shehzade Mehmed (1545? -1553) - grandson, son of Mustafa's son 09/25/1561: shehzade Bayazid (1525 -1562) - son 07/23/1562: shekhzade Orhan (1545? -1562) - grandson, son of Bayazid 07/23/1562: shekhzade Osman (1547? -1562) - grandson, son of Bayazid ) - grandson, son of Bayezid 07/23/1562: shehzade Mahmud (1551-1562) - grandson, son of Bayezid 07/23/1562: shehzade Murad (1559-1562) - grandson, son of Bayezid 11.Selim II -28.05.1524-15.12.1574 , years of reign -1566-1574 Father-Suleiman kanuni, mother Hurrem Sultan Wives: Nurbanu Valide Sultan (1525 - 7.12.1583) - mother of Murad III and 4 daughters *Nurbanu was presented to Selim II by his mother when he left for his sanjak of Konya by the governor in 1543. In the years before accession to the throne, 4 daughters and a son were born. after accession to the throne for 8 years, 8 more children were born from different concubines, including 6 sons, one of them Mehmed died during the life of his father and was buried next to Hurrem Sultan in her mausoleum. * Daughters-Shahsultan 1548-1580, Jevherhan Sultan-1544-1580?, married to a bowl pasha, Ismihan-1545-1585, she was married to his grand vizier Mehmed Sokollu, and the last Fatma -1559-1580, husband of Siyavush Pasha, there were also 2 daughters from concubines, nothing is known about them. * * Shah Sultan was issued at the age of 19 as a reward in 1567 for Zal Mahmud Pasha. But until 1567 she was married to Hasan Agoy from Rumelia, who died in 1567. Zal Mahmud Pasha participated in various campaigns, and Suleiman appreciated his merits, giving him a prefix to the name ZAL - that is, strong. He was the Beylerbey of Anatolia. And since 1567, the second vizier under Selim. * the remaining 5 sons - Abdullah, Dzhihangir, Mustafa, Osman, Suleiman, under the age of 8, from concubines were killed by Murad III when he ascended the throne in 1574, and were buried next to his father Selim II in his mausoleum. * in 1566, when he ascended the throne, Selim II held nikah with Nurbanu. Giving her 100,000 ducats as a dowry, and another 110,000 ducats were presented by her son Murad III, who at that time was 20 years old. * The Sultan was very fond of growing flowers in his gardens. * He wrote poems that have come down to our time. 12. Murad III-4.07.1546-15.01.1595, years of reign -1574-1595 Father - Selim, mother of Nurbanu Wives: 1. Safiya Valide Sultan (1547? -1618) - mother of Mehmed III and Ayse Sultan. 2. Shemsirukhsan Haseki-mother of Rukia's daughter 3. Shahnuban Haseki 4. Nazperver Haseki Yakub, Alemshah, Yusuf, Hussein, Ali, Ishak, Omer, Aladdin, Davud. Daughters: Ayse Sultan, Fehri Sultan, Fatma Sultan, Mihribah Sultan, Rukia Sultan and 22 other daughters from various concubines. * Haseki of Sultan Murat III Safiye since 1563, and with whom he lived for 20 years, without taking other concubines, unlike Khurrem and Nurbanu, with whom Sultans Suleiman and Selim II entered into marriages, did not become his official wife. Nevertheless, Sultan Murat III, after ascending the throne, maintained a monogamous relationship with her for many years. Then, after treatment, he began to take many concubines, after his death, 20 sons and 27 daughters remained from him. According to the archive of the harem, he had 24 sons and 32 daughters. He suffered from promiscuity in sexual pleasures, and could sleep with several concubines together during the night (Freeley p 95). Of the 56 children, 54 were born in the last 12 years of his life. the first concubine of this number was given to him by his sister Huma. Murad III is buried next to his father Selim II in the garden of Aye Sophia, next to him are the graves of his 19 sons who were executed. Victims when ascending the throne: all were born after 1566 12/21/1574: shehzade Abdullah (? -1574) - brother 12/21/1574: shehzade Mustafa (? -1574) - brother 12/21/1574: shehzade Osman (?-1574) - brother 12/21/1574: shehzade Suleiman (?-1574) - brother Safiye Sultan Haseki Wives:1. Handan (Elena) Valide Sultan (? - 11/26/1605) - mother of Ahmed I and Mustafa I 2. Nazperver Haseki - mother of Selim. 3. Fulane Haseki - mother of Mahmud 4. Fulane Valide Haseki - stepmother of Mustafa I then they were all suffocated. They were buried next to their father, arranged by age around their father. He also ordered to drown 10 wives and concubines of his father, with an alleged pregnancy. All remaining wives. the concubines and 27 daughters of the deceased Sultan were taken to the old palace with all their servants. * Mehmed III, before ascending the throne, spent 12 years as a governor in Manisa, where he had 4 sons from different concubines: Mahmud, Selim, Ahmed and Mustafa. And after the ascent, 2 more sons Suleiman and Dzhihangir, who died in infancy. * Mehmed III was the father of 7 more daughters, the eldest was called Sevgilim. The names of the rest are unknown. *After the return of their military campaign to Hungary in 1596, the Sultan never went to them, due to poor health due to excesses in food and entertainment. The following year, in the spring, he executed his second son, Selim, for unknown reasons. * To Mehmed III, the English queen made a very expensive and unusual gift - an organ with various decorations and a clock, which was brought and installed in 1599. And his mother, Safiye, gave a carriage worth more than an organ. -Safiye Valide had an intermediary for communication with merchants and the outside world - a Jewish woman named Espe-pack Malka. All these intermediaries were called by the common name - Kira. This Jewish woman earned great wealth while communicating with the sultana. They were suspected of a vicious relationship. * In 1603, a revolt of the Janissaries arose, who demanded the Sultan to transfer the throne to his son Mahmud, an additional reason was a letter from one soothsayer, handed over to Mahmud's mother, and intercepted by Safiye Sultan, that within 6 months the Sultan would die and Mahmud would ascend the throne. As a result, on June 7, 1603, the mother and her son Mahmud were executed. * The throne was taken over by 13-year-old son Ahmed, who was very serious and independent. That soon everyone saw. He personally girded himself with a sword without the help of the Sheikhislam and sat on the throne * At the time of his death, the Sultan had another son, Mustafa, who suffered from dementia, so Ahmed spared him and did not execute him. *Mehmed III was buried in a luxurious tomb in the garden of Hagia Sophia, thus this tomb was the last one that stood near Hagia Sophia. In addition to three sultans, numerous wives, concubines and their children are buried there. *Ahmed, immediately after accession to the throne, sent his grandmother Safiye Sultan to the old palace, where she died 15 years later in 1618. Sacrifices during the ascension to the throne (19 brothers, 2 sons): brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Aladdin (1582-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Abdullah (1585-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade mustafa (1585-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Bayazid (155 ) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Jihangir (1587-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Ali (? -1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Hasan (? -1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Hussein (? -1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Ishak (? -1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Korkud (? -1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Mahmud (? -1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Murad (? -1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shekhzade lsman (? -1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shekhzade Omar (? -1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shekhzade Yakub (? -1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Yusuf (? -1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Vabdurakhman (1595-1595) - brother 04/20/1597: shehzade Selim (1580-1597) - son 06/07/1603: shehzade Mahmud (1587-1603) - son 14. Ahmed - 18.04 1590-22.11.1617, years of reign -1595-1617 Father-Mehmed III and mother Handan Sultan Valide Wives: 1. Mahfiruz Sultan mother of Osman II 2.. Mahpeyker (Kosem Sultan) - ?-1651 - mother of Murad IV and Ibrahim I and daughters Aisha, Fatma, Atike and Khanzade 3. Fatma Haseki Sons: Osman II, Murad IV, Ibrahim, Bayazid, Suleiman , Kasim, Mehmed, Hassan, Khanzade, Ubeiba, Selim Daughters: Jeverkhan, Aisha, Fatma, Atike. - these daughters from official wives * Upon accession to the throne, Ahmed immediately sent his younger demented brother Mustafa to the old palace along with his mother, whose name remained unknown in history. At the age of 14.5, Ahmed had a son, Osman II, from Mahfiruz, also called Hatice. * during 1605, Ahmed had a son Mehmed and a daughter Jeverkhan from concubines whose names have not been preserved. * Within 10 years from 1605 to 1615, he had another 15 children from various concubines, including 10 sons and 5 daughters. Of these, 6 sons and 4 daughters from official wives. * In 1596, a Greek woman Anastasia appeared in the harem of one of the first concubines, who was nicknamed Kesem, which in translation meant the Leader of the pack. She was also given the middle name Mahkeyper. Soon she became Ahmed's favorite concubine and gave birth to his second daughter, Aishe, in 1605. * within 10 years, Kesem gave birth to another daughter, Fatma, and 4 sons - Murad IV - 08/29/1609, Suleiman - 1611, Kasym - 1613 and Ibrahim -9. 11.1615 *Kesem became the stepmother of shehzade Osman, whose mother, the Sultan sent to the old palace alone to live out her life. Osman loved his stepmother very much. * Ahmed twice wanted to strangle his brother Mustafa, but he was prevented by natural disasters and partly by Kesem Sultan, in the hope that her children would be spared later. * In 1603, Ahmed arranged the marriage of his 8-year-old daughter Jeverkhan with the commander Kara-Mehmed Pasha for 55 years. * the day after the wedding, he almost killed the mother of the bride, who strangled his favorite. * In the same 1603, Ahmed gave his second 7-year-old daughter Aisha to the chief vizier Nasuh Pasha, a middle-aged man. He executed him two years later. After that, Ayse Sultan married 6 more times. The 3rd husband also from 1562 was the Grand Vizier Hafiz-Ahmed Pasha, and the 6th husband Halet Ahmed Pasha died when Aisha was 39 years old. All her husbands died either from old age or in the war, only one was killed * in the same way, Kesem gave away another daughter, Fatma, in order to strengthen ties between the sultans and high-ranking officials, and to have influence on them. *Osman's mother Mahfiruz never became valid under her son, who succeeded Ahmed, as she remained to live in the old palace, where she died in 1620, she was buried at the Ayub mosque. * after death from typhus (written in Turkish sources), Ahmed, Kesem with her sons and other sons from various concubines, were sent to the old palace, and thus saved their lives, since the law of Fatih had not yet been repealed.

On November 12, the first episode of the new Turkish series Kösem Sultan (“Kösem Sultan”) was released on Star TV.

What place did this woman actually occupy in history, whose biography so attracted the filmmakers? Who was Kösem Sultan, and what was her peculiarity, which the actress Hülya Avshar became interested in, who embodied the image of Safiye Sultan on the screen. For what such outstanding merits was an entire era in history named after her? Why is she remembered by many as a child killer? So, the mysterious personality of Kösem Sultan ...

Who is Kösem Sultan?

Everyone is really shocked by the true story of one of the most influential women of the Ottoman Empire!

It is assumed that Kösem was born around 1590 and was of Greek origin named Anastasia. At the age of 15, she was sent from the Bosnian Beylerbey to Istanbul, where she ended up in the harem of Sultan Ahmed I.

The girl turned out to be extremely smart and insightful, and soon the padishah himself, and then the whole palace, fell under the influence of the extraordinary mind of the gifted concubine. Kösem gave birth to six children to the Sultan: four sons - Murad, Suleiman, Ibrahim and Kasim and two daughters - Ayse and Fatma.

In 1617, when Sultan Ahmed I died, his younger brother Mustafa I ascended the throne. When he was removed (but not killed), the 14-year-old son of Ahmed I from another wife, Osman II, took the throne. During the reign of Ahmed I, Kösem did not have much influence in the political sphere. However, after his death, her influence could not be overestimated.

Due to the young age of Sultan Osman II, Kösem was mainly involved in affairs, which, naturally, interfered with him and his mother, the valid Sultan Mahfiruz Hatice. It is assumed that it was under her influence that Kösem Sultan was sent to the old palace.

Osman did not remain in power for long, as a result of the rebellion of the Janissaries, he was captured and killed, and Mustafa again became the sultan, although he declared his unwillingness to rule. A year later, a new coup took place, and the son of Kösem Sultan, Murad IV, was on the throne. Since at that time the young Sultan was only 11 years old, Kösem Sultan began to rule the state on his behalf.

After the death of Murad IV, who had no children, the throne was taken by another son, Kösem Ibrahim, the only one of the brothers who survived until that time. Kösem Sultan's influence at court grew again. During the reign of Ibrahim, the Ottoman dynasty experienced a great crisis. Due to the fact that the Sultan was the last male in the dynasty, he needed to ensure the continuation of the family. However, the Sultan was an unbalanced person and was not interested in relationships with women.

The responsibility for ensuring the continuation of the dynasty fell on the shoulders of Kösem Sultan. Healers were brought from all over the empire to treat the Sultan. Finally, after two years of Ibrahim's reign, the heir to the throne, Shehzade Mehmet, was born.

Then, as a result of a rebellion, Ibrahim I was killed, and his son and grandson Kösem Sultan, 6-year-old Mehmet IV, was elevated to the throne.

On the stage of the unquestioning reign of Kösem Sultan, the figure of Turhan Sultan, the mother of the young ruler, appears.

The first years of Mehmed's reign were marked by endless intrigues against the backdrop of the confrontation between Kösem and Turhan. This rivalry continued for three years. In 1651, Kösem was killed, and Turhan is often blamed for her death.

After this incident, the vizier from the Köprülü dynasty began to deal with the affairs of the state, and the powers of the mothers of the sultans (valide) were curtailed. Kösem Sultan was buried in the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in a tomb next to her husband Ahmed I.

Continuing the journey with a great team

The series is based on the life story of a girl Anastasia, who was taken away from home at the age of 14. The series shows the path of turning an ordinary girl into an empress, the ruler of the Ottoman Empire. The director of the film is Zeynep Gunay Tan, the producer is Timur Savci.

Work on the series "Magnificent Century: Kösem Sultan" was started a year ago. A huge city from the time of the Ottoman Empire is being built for the series.

Suleiman I the Magnificent - the great ruler of the Ottoman Empire. What made him famous? Who surrounded the famous Sultan at the peak of his glory and in moments of sadness. The history of Sultan Suleiman Suleiman I is multifaceted, filled with numerous campaigns, conquests of lands and victories in battles.

Sultan Suleyman. Rise to fame story

The future sultan was born in 1494 in Trabzon. His father is Sultan Selim, the heir of Bayazed II, and his mother, Aisha Sultan, is the daughter of the Crimean Khan.

Suleiman spent his youth in the Cafe (now it is Feodosia). He was appointed governor of the empire in the Crimea. In those days, Kafa was a large slave trading center, and here was the residence of the Turkish governor.

Until 1520, Suleiman was governor of Manisa. This year, his father, Sultan Selim I, dies, and the road to the Khan's throne was completely open to the only heir.

Suleiman I ascended the throne at the age of 26. The young, educated, talented and ambitious ruler gained respect and recognition not only in the Ottoman Empire, but also abroad. In Europe, Suleiman was called the Magnificent, among Muslims he had the name Kanuni, which means "fair", "legislator".

Sultan Suleiman's policy differed from that of his father, Selim I Yavuz, who was known as a formidable, cruel and merciless tyrant.

Empire of Sultan Suleiman

The Ottoman Empire experienced a period of active development and strengthening of its positions in foreign and domestic policy.
The beginning of the reign of Suleiman is associated with successful military and political measures against the Czech Republic and Hungary. The same fate befell Rhodes, to strengthen dominance in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.

Suleiman I was an excellent commander and repeated military campaigns led by the Sultan himself were victorious, they strengthened and enlarged the Great Ottoman State. The Turkish army has increased several times in size and strength. Also, detachments of the Janissaries, consisting of children of Christians, taken prisoner at a young age, participated in the battles. They were brought up in the Muslim faith and devotion to the Sultan.

Suleiman the Magnificent in every possible way eradicated bribery in the country. He took care of education, built schools for children, participated in the development of architecture and art.

Thus, the Ottoman Empire of Sultan Suleiman strengthened and developed both militarily and in the field of economy and education, expanding trade relations with Asian and European states.

The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent

After ascending the throne of the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan engaged in foreign policy. The conquest of new lands amuses the vanity of the ruler. Each year of his reign is an increase in the territory of the state.

In 1521, Sultan Suleiman set out with his army against the King of Hungary and Bohemia, Lajos II. After a long siege, Belgrade was taken. The war lasted about five years, as a result of which the king's army was completely destroyed.

At this time, the fleet of Sultan Suleiman defeated several ships of Portugal, thereby strengthening its position in the Mediterranean Sea.
The war between Turkey and Austria occupies a significant place in world history. It dragged on for several decades and took place in several stages. The beginning of the war is marked by 1527, when the Ottoman army conquered Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slavonia and Transylvania. In 1529, the capital of Hungary, Buda, was taken. After that, Suleiman besieges Vienna and only an epidemic in the Turkish army saves her from falling. Military operations against Austria began two more times in 1532 and 1540, as a result of which the Ottoman Empire achieved dominance over most of Austria, as well as the annual payment of tribute. In 1547 the Peace of Adrianople was signed.

In the 30s, Suleiman unleashed a war with the Safavid state in order to establish dominance over the southern principalities of the Persian Gulf.

Sultan Suleiman during the years of his reign carried out several sea voyages. It is worth noting that the Ottoman fleet was strong and was led by the very talented Khair ad Din Barbarossa. Through his efforts and strategy, the Ottoman Empire conquered the islands of the Aegean. Suleiman concluded a secret treaty with King Francisco I, as a result of which the Sultan's fleet was allowed to base in the ports of France.

A few pages from family history. Suleiman's children

The Sultan's palace had a large harem with numerous concubines. Four women gave birth to children for the ruler. And only one was able to take possession of his heart and became the official wife.

The first concubine of the Sultan was Fulane, she gave birth to a son, Mahmud. But this child died in 1521 from smallpox. For Suleiman, this woman did not play any role and died in complete oblivion.

Gulfem became the second concubine. In 1513 she gave birth to the heirs of Murad and Mahmud, they also became victims of the epidemic. The further fate of Gulfem is connected for the most part with the mother and sister of the Sultan. In 1562, Suleiman ordered her to be strangled, as he had lost his beloved and was in despair.

The third concubine was the Circassian Mahidevran Sultan. She gave the Sultan a son, Mustafa. Since 1533, he was appointed ruler of Menis and was considered the heir to the Ottoman throne. Later, Sultan Suleiman ordered his son to be strangled for betrayal and secret ties with enemies. Mahidevran died in 1581.

The most beloved wife of Suleiman the Magnificent was Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska Sultan. Originally from Rohatyn (now Ukraine), the priest's daughter Anastasia Lisovskaya won the heart of the lord, and also took part in the fate of not only the palace, but the entire state. In Europe, she was called Roksolana.

She gave birth to five sons and a daughter to the Sultan. In 1521, the son Mehmed was born. In 1522, a daughter, Mihrimah, was born, in 1523, a son, Abdullah, who lived only three years. Selim's son was born in 1524. Bayezid saw the light in 1526. The last son of Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska and Suleiman was Jahangir (in 1530).

At first, Roksolana was Suleiman the Magnificent's favorite concubine, but after a while she demanded that the ruler legalize their relationship. In 1530, she became the legal wife of the padishah. Having survived the sorrows and cruelty of the harem, she was able to withstand the struggle and establish herself in the palace. To clear the path to the throne for her son, she got rid of the Sultan's heirs from other wives. Many historians believe that she influenced the fate of Ibrahim Pasha Pargala. The vizier was accused of having connections with France and executed for this. Roksolana, with the help of the vizier Rustem Pasha Mekri, caught the heir Mustafa in connection with the Serbs and a conspiracy against the Sultan. By order of Suleiman, he was strangled. The same fate befell his sons.

Selim was proclaimed heir to the throne. But another son of Roksolana, Bayezid, wanted to rule the empire. After the death of his mother, he rebelled. This happened in 1561. Suleiman crushed the rebellion, and Bayezid and his children were executed.

When Sultan Suleiman I died, Selim inherited his father's throne. But he was not the best ruler, often attached to amusements. The people called him Selim "drunkard". He not only brought no achievements for the empire, but also marked the beginning of an era of decline.
Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent rests in the mausoleum of the Suleymaniye Mosque next to his wife Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska Sultan.

History of the Russian monarchy

The creation of the summer residence of Russian emperors, Tsarskoye Selo, depended to a greater extent on personal tastes, and sometimes simply the whims of its changing august owners. Since 1834, Tsarskoe Selo became a "sovereign" estate belonging to the reigning monarch. Since that time, it could not be bequeathed, not subject to division or any kind of alienation, but was transferred to the new king with accession to the throne. Here, in a cozy corner, near the capital St. Petersburg, the imperial family was not only an august family, whose life was elevated to the rank of state policy, but also a large friendly family, with all the inherent human interests and joys.

EMPEROR PETER I

Peter I Alekseevich (1672-1725) - Tsar since 1682, Emperor since 1721. The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676) from his second marriage to Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina (1651-1694). Statesman, commander, diplomat, founder of the city of St. Petersburg. Peter I was married twice: first marriage - to Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina (1669-1731), from whom he had a son, Tsarevich Alexei (1690-1718), who was executed in 1718; two sons who died in infancy; second marriage - to Catherine Alekseevna Skavronskaya (1683-1727; later Empress Catherine I), from whom he had 9 children, most of whom, with the exception of Anna (1708-1728) and Elizabeth (1709-1761; later Empress Elizaveta Petrovna), died juveniles. During the Northern War (1700-1721), Peter I annexed to Russia the lands along the Neva River, in Karelia and the Baltic States, previously conquered by Sweden, including the territory with the manor - Saris hoff, Saaris Moisio, on which the front summer residence was later created Russian emperors - Tsarskoye Selo. In 1710, Peter I presented the manor to his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna, and the manor was named "Sarskaya" or "Sarskoye Selo".

EMPRESS CATHERINE I

Catherine I Alekseevna (1684-1727) - Empress since 1725. She ascended the throne after the death of her husband, Emperor Peter I (1672-1725). She was declared queen in 1711, empress in 1721, crowned in 1724. Combined church marriage with Emperor Peter I in 1712. The daughter of the Lithuanian peasant Samuil Skavronsky before the adoption of Orthodoxy was named Marta. The first royal owner of Sarskoye Selo, the future Tsarskoye Selo, after whom the Great Tsarskoye Selo Palace was later named Catherine's. Under her rule, the first stone structures were erected here in 1717-1723, which formed the basis of the Catherine Palace, and part of the regular park was laid out.

EMPEROR PETER II

Peter II Alekseevich (1715 - 1730) - Emperor since 1727. The son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich (1690-1718) and Princess Charlotte-Christina-Sophia of Braunschweig - Wolfenbüttel (died 1715); grandson of Peter I (1672-1725) and Evdokia Lopukhina (1669-1731). He ascended the throne after the death of Empress Catherine I in 1727 according to her will. After the death of Catherine I, the Sarskoye village was inherited by her daughter Tsesarevna Elizaveta (1709-1761; future Empress Elizaveta Petrovna). At that time, the outbuildings of the Great (Ekaterininsky) Palace were erected here and the park and improvement of reservoirs were further developed.

EMPRESS ANNA IANOVNA

Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740) - Empress since 1730. Daughter of Tsar John V Alekseevich (1666-1696) and Tsarina Praskovya Feodorovna, née Saltykova (1664-1723). She ascended the throne after the death of her cousin, Emperor Peter II (1715-1730) and was crowned in 1730. During this period, Sarskoye Selo (future Tsarskoye Selo) belonged to Tsesarevna Elizaveta (1709-1761; later Empress Elizaveta Petrovna) and was used as a country residence and a hunting castle.

EMPEROR IVAN VI

John VI Antonovich (1740-1764) - emperor from 1740 to 1741. The son of the niece of Empress Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740), Princess Anna Leopoldovna of Mecklenburg and Prince Anton-Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg. He was elevated to the throne after the death of his great-aunt, Empress Anna Ioannovna, according to her will. On November 9, 1740, his mother Anna Leopoldovna staged a palace coup and declared herself the ruler of Russia. In 1741, as a result of a palace coup, the ruler Anna Leopoldovna and the young emperor Ioann Antonovich were deposed from the throne by Tsarina Elizabeth (1709-1761), daughter of Peter I (1672-1725). During this time, there were no significant changes in Sarskoye Selo (future Tsarskoye Selo).

EMPRESS ELIZABETH PETROVNA

Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-1761) - Empress since 1741, ascended the throne, overthrowing Emperor John VI Antonovich (1740-1764). Daughter of Emperor Peter I (1672-1725) and Empress Catherine I (1684-1727). She owned Sarskoye Selo (future Tsarskoye Selo) since 1727, which was bequeathed to her by Catherine I. After ascending the throne, Elizaveta Petrovna ordered a significant reconstruction and expansion of the Grand Palace (later the Catherine Palace), the creation of a New Garden and the expansion of the old park, the construction of Hermitage park pavilions , Grotto and others in Sarskoye Selo (later Tsarskoe Selo).

EMPEROR PETER III

Peter III Fedorovich (1728-1762) - emperor from 1761 to 1762. Son of the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich and Tsesarevna Anna Petrovna (1708-1728), grandson of Emperor Peter I (1672-1725). Before the adoption of Orthodoxy, he bore the name Karl-Peter-Ulrich. The ancestor of the Holstein-Gottorp line of the Romanov dynasty on the Russian throne, which ruled until 1917. He was married to Princess Sophia-Friederike-August of Anhalt-Zerbst (1729-1796), after the adoption of Orthodoxy, she received the name Ekaterina Alekseevna (later Empress Catherine II). From his marriage with Ekaterina Alekseevna, he had two children: a son, Paul (1754-1801; future Emperor Paul I) and a daughter who died in infancy. He was overthrown from the throne in 1762 as a result of a palace coup by his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna and killed. During the short reign of Peter III, there were no significant changes in the appearance of Tsarskoye Selo.

EMPRESS CATHERINE II

Catherine II Alekseevna (1729-1796) - Empress since 1762. She ascended the throne by overthrowing her husband, Emperor Peter III Fedorovich (1728-1762). German Princess Sophia-Friederike-Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst. After the adoption of Orthodoxy, she received the name Ekaterina Alekseevna. In 1745, she married the heir to the Russian throne, Peter Fedorovich, later Emperor Peter III. From this marriage she had two children: son Pavel (1754-1801; future Emperor Paul I) and a daughter who died in infancy. The reign of Catherine II significantly influenced the appearance of Tsarskoe Selo, it was during her reign that the former Sarskoe Selo began to be called that. Tsarskoe Selo was the favorite summer residence of Catherine II. By her order, the Great Palace (at the end of the reign of Catherine II it became known as the Catherine Palace) was rebuilt here, the design of new interiors in it, the creation of the landscape part of the Catherine Park, the construction of park structures: the Cameron Gallery, the Cold Bath, the Agate Rooms and others, the construction of the Alexander palace.

EMPEROR PAUL I

Pavel I Petrovich (1754-1801) - emperor since 1796. Son of Emperor Peter III (1728-1762) and Empress Catherine II (1729-1796). He was married twice: first marriage (1773) - to the German princess Wilhelmine-Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt (1755-1776), after the adoption of Orthodoxy, named Natalya Alekseevna, who died from childbirth in 1776; second marriage (1776) - to the German princess Sophia-Dorotea-August-Louise of Württemberg (1759-1828; in Orthodoxy Maria Feodorovna), from whom he had 10 children - 4 sons, including future emperors Alexander I (1777-1825 ) and Nicholas I (1796-1855), and 6 daughters. He was killed during a palace coup in 1801. Paul I did not like Tsarskoye Selo and preferred Gatchina and Pavlovsk to him. At this time, in Tsarskoye Selo, the interiors of the Alexander Palace were made out for the Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich (later Emperor Alexander I), the eldest son of Emperor Paul I.

EMPEROR ALEXANDER I

Alexander I Pavlovich (1777-1825) - emperor since 1801. The eldest son of Emperor Paul I (1754-1801) and his second wife Empress Maria Feodorovna (1759-1828). He ascended the throne after the assassination of his father, Emperor Paul I, as a result of a palace conspiracy. He was married to the German princess Louise-Maria-August of Baden-Baden (1779-1826), who adopted the name Elizaveta Alekseevna during the transition to Orthodoxy, from whose marriage he had two daughters who died in infancy. During his reign, Tsarskoye Selo again acquires the significance of the main suburban imperial residence. New interiors were decorated in the Catherine Palace, and various structures were built in the Catherine and Alexander parks.

EMPEROR NICHOLAS I

Nicholas I Pavlovich (1796-1855) - emperor since 1825. The third son of Emperor Paul I (1754-1801) and Empress Maria Feodorovna (1759-1828). He ascended the throne after the death of his elder brother Emperor Alexander I (1777-1825) and in connection with the renunciation of the throne by the second oldest son of Emperor Paul I, Grand Duke Konstantin (1779-1831). He was married (1817) to the Prussian princess Frederick-Louise-Charlotte-Wilhelmina (1798-1860), who adopted the name Alexandra Feodorovna during the transition to Orthodoxy. They had 7 children, including the future Emperor Alexander II (1818-1881). During this period, new interiors were being designed in the Catherine and Alexander Palaces in Tsarskoe Selo, and the number of park facilities in the Catherine and Alexander parks was expanding.

EMPEROR ALEXANDER II

Alexander II Nikolaevich (1818-1881) - emperor since 1855. Eldest son of Emperor Nicholas I (1796-1855) and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna (1798-1860). Statesman, reformer, diplomat. He was married to the German princess Maximilian-Wilhelmine-August-Sophia-Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt (1824-1880), after the adoption of Orthodoxy, she received the name Maria Alexandrovna. From this marriage there were 8 children, including the future Emperor Alexander III (1845-1894). After the death of his wife, Maria Alexandrovna, he entered into a morganatic marriage in 1880 with Princess Ekaterina Mikhailovna Dolgorukova (1849-1922), who, after her marriage to the emperor, received the title of Most Serene Princess Yuryevskaya. From E. M. Dolgorukova, Alexander II had three children who inherited the name and title of their mother. In 1881, Emperor Alexander II died from a bomb explosion thrown at him by a terrorist revolutionary I. I. Grinevitsky. During his reign, there were no significant changes in the appearance of the Tsarskoye Selo imperial residence. New interiors were created in the Catherine Palace and part of the Catherine Park was re-planned.

EMPEROR ALEXANDER III

Alexander III Alexandrovich (1845-1894) - emperor since 1881. The second son of Emperor Alexander II (1818-1881) and Empress Maria Alexandrovna (1824-1880). He ascended the throne after the assassination of his father, Emperor Alexander II, by a terrorist revolutionary in 1881. He was married (1866) to the Danish princess Maria-Sophia-Frederike-Dagmar (1847-1928), who adopted the name Maria Feodorovna during the transition to Orthodoxy. From this marriage, 6 children were born, including the future Emperor Nicholas II (1868-1918). At this time, there were no significant changes in the architectural appearance of Tsarskoe Selo, the changes affected only the decoration of some interiors of the Catherine Palace.

EMPEROR NICHOLAS II

Nicholas II Alexandrovich (1868-1918) - the last Russian emperor - ruled from 1894 to 1917. Eldest son of Emperor Alexander III (1845-1894) and Empress Maria Feodorovna (1847-1928). He was married (1894) to the German princess Alice-Victoria-Helen-Louise-Beatrice of Hesse-Darmstadt (1872-1918), after the adoption of Orthodoxy, she received the name Alexandra Feodorovna. From this marriage there were 5 children: daughters - Olga (1895-1918), Tatyana (1897-1918), Maria (1899-1918) and Anastasia (1901-1918); son - Tsarevich, heir to the throne Alexei (1904-1918). As a result of the revolution that took place in Russia on March 2, 1917, Emperor Nicholas II abdicated the throne. After the abdication, Nicholas II and his family were arrested and detained at the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo, from where, on August 14, 1917, Nicholas Romanov and his family were sent to Tobolsk. On July 17, 1918, former Emperor Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna and five children were shot by order of the revolutionary government. During the reign of Nicholas II in Tsarskoye Selo, the design of new interiors in the Alexander Palace, the construction of the Fedorovsky town in Tsarskoye Selo, an architectural ensemble, decided in the forms of ancient Russian architecture, took place.