There are (by analogy with the secondary members of the proposal: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type adnexal: definitive, explanatory and circumstantial; the latter, in turn, are divided into several types.

Subordinate clause can refer to a specific word in the main (conditional adjectives) or to everything main (non-verbal adventitious).

For determining the type of subordinate clause three interrelated features must be taken into account: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the conditional or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of communication of the subordinate with the main.

Clauses

Like definitions in a simple sentence, attributive clauses express a sign of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through the situation one way or another related to the subject.

In connection with the general value of the attribute of the subject attributive clauses dependent on the noun(or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main clause and answer the question which? They join the main only with allied words - relative pronouns (which, which, whose, what) and pronouns (where, where, where, when). In a subordinate clause, allied words replace that noun from the main one on which the subordinate clause depends.

For example: [One of the contradictions, (which creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature of this creativity] (S. Averintsev)- [n., (what (= contradictions)),].

Allied words in complex sentences with can be divided into main (which, what, whose) and minor (what, where, where, where, when). Non-basic can always be replaced by the main allied word which the, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign definitive adjectives.

The village where(wherein) Eugene was bored, there was a lovely corner ... (A. Pushkin)- [noun, (where),].

I was reminded today of a dog that(which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)- [n.], (what).

At night, in the desert of the city, there is one hour, imbued with longing, when(in which) for the whole city at night got off ... (F. Tyutchev) -[n.], (when).

In the main sentence there are often demonstrative words (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) that, such for example:

It was that famous artist whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. Herman)- [uk.sl. that - n.], (which).

Pronoun-defining clauses

By value, relative clauses are close pronominal-defining clauses . They differ from the proper attributive clauses in that they do not refer to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, each, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:

1) [Total, (what knew more Evgeniy), retell to me lack of leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what),]. 2) [Not oh (what you think), nature]... (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what),].

Like attributive clauses, they reveal the attribute of an object (therefore, it is better to ask a question about them too which?) and join the main sentence with the help of allied words (the main allied words are who and what).

Wed: [That human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - adjective attributive. [indicative + noun, (which), ].

[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - adjectival pronoun. [local, (who),].

Unlike proper attributive clauses, which always come after the noun they refer to, pronoun-defining clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:

(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower do not despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [loc. ].

Clauses of explanatory

Clauses of explanatory answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic distribution (addition, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speech, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most of the time these are verbs. (say, ask, answer and etc.; think, know, remember and etc.; be afraid, rejoice, be proud and etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (happy, satisfied) adverbs (known, sorry, necessary, clear) nouns (news, message, rumor, thought, statement, feeling, feeling and etc.)

Clauses of explanatory are attached to the explained word in three ways: 1) with the help of unions what, how, as if, so that when and etc.; 2) with the help of any allied words; 3) using the union-particle whether.

For example: 1) [The light has decided], (that t smart and very mil) (A. Pushkin)- [vb], (what). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought you me could not blame) (A. Fet) - [ vb.], (so that). [Her dreaming], (as if she goes on a snowy glade, surrounded by a sad mist) (A. Pushkin)- [vb.], (as if).

2) [You you know himself], (which the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [vb], (what). [Then she started asking me], (where am I now working) (A. Chekhov)- [vb], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [adv.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo] (How many yo i live)... (A. Akhmatova)- [vb], (how much).

3) [Both very wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [vb], (whether).

Clauses of explanatory can be used to convey indirect speech. With the help of unions what, like, when indirect messages are expressed using the union to- indirect urges, with the help of allied words and union-particles whether- indirect questions.

In the main clause, with the explained word, there may be a demonstrative word then(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Dr. Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about] (that forests teach a person to understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [n. + uk.slov.], (what).

Distinguishing between subordinate attributive and subordinate explanatory

Certain difficulties are caused distinction between subordinate attributive and subordinate explanatory that refer to the noun. It should be remembered that attributive clauses dependent on the noun as parts of speech(the meaning of the noun being defined is not important for them), answer the question which?, indicate the sign of the subject that is called the noun being defined, and are attached to the main one only with allied words. Adnexal same explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a specific meaning(speech, thought, feeling, perception), except for the question which?(and it can always be set from a noun to any word or sentence depending on it) case question, they disclose(explain) content speeches, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and join the main unions and allied words. ( adnexal, attachable to the main unions and union-particle whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)

More difficult distinguish between subordinate attributive and subordinate explanatory clauses depending on nouns when explanatory clauses join the main one with the help of allied words (especially the allied word what). Compare: 1) Question what(which the) he was asked, seemed strange to him. Thought that(which) came into his head in the morning, haunted him all day. The news that(which) I received yesterday, very upset me. 2) The question of what to do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done made him uneasy. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.

1) The first group - complex sentences with adverbial attributive. union word what can be replaced by an allied word which the. The subordinate clause indicates the sign of the object named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the subordinate clause, you can only ask a question which?, case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause is possible only in the form of a pronoun agreed with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).

2) The second group is complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses. Allied word replacement what allied word which the impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun, but also explains the content of the words question, thought, message(from the main clause to the subordinate clause, a case question can be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause has a different form (case forms of pronouns: question, thought, news about that).

Adverbial clauses

Majority adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and, accordingly, are divided into the same types.

Adventitious mode of action and degree

Characterize the method of performing an action or the degree of manifestation of a qualitative trait and answer questions as? how? in what degree? how much? They depend on the word that performs the function of an adverbial mode of action or degree in the main clause. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause in two ways: 1) with the help of allied words how, how much, how much; 2) with the help of unions that, to, as if, exactly, as if, as if.

For example: 1) [The offensive was on because provided at headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [vb + uk.el. so], (as) (subordinate modus operandi).

2) [The old woman is the same wanted to repeat my story], (how much do I listen) (A. Herzen)- [vb + uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).

Adventitious mode of action and degree can be unambiguous(if they join the main allied words how, how much, how much)(see examples above) and two-digit(if joined by unions; the second value is introduced by the union). For example: 1) [White acacias smelled so strong] (that their sweet, cloying, candy the smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth) (A. Kuprin)-

[uk.sl. So+ adv.], (what) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning of the subordinate conjunction what).

2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from the environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr. + uk.sl. So],(to) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the union to).

3) [Everything is small plant So sparkled at our feet], (as if it was really made from crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [uk.sl. so + vb.], (as if) (the value of the degree is complicated by the value of the comparison, which is introduced by the union as if).

adnexal places

adnexal places indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions where? where? where? They depend on the whole main sentence or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by the adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere etc.), and join the main sentence with the help of allied words where, where, where. For example:

1) [Go the free way], (where entails you free cm)... (A. Pushkin)- , (where).

2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [nar.], (where).

3) (Where the river went), [there and the channel will] (proverb)-(where), [uk.sl. there ].

adnexal places should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using allied words where, where, where.

Compare: 1) AND [ Tanya enters to an empty house], (where(wherein) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [n.], (where) (subordinate definitive).

2) [I_ began to remember], (where went during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [vb], (where) (subordinate explanatory).

Adventitious time

Adventitious time indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign, which is referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions when? how long? since when? How long?, depend on the entire main sentence and join it with temporary unions when, until, as soon as, barely, before, while, until, since, suddenly etc. For example:

1) [When the count is back], (Natasha impolitely rejoiced him and hurried to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (kog2) (Bye does not require poet to the sacred sacrifice of Apollo), [in the cares of the vain world, he cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (bye), .

The main sentence can contain demonstrative words then, until then, after and others, as well as the second component of the union (then). If there is a demonstrative word in the main clause then, then when in the subordinate clause is a union word. For example:

1) [I_ sitting until I don't start to feel hunger) (D. Kharms)- [uk.sl. until], (bye).

2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [then in the mouth smells spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].

3) [The poet feels the literal meaning of the word even then], (when gives him in a figurative sense) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. then],(when).

Adventitious time must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a union word when. For example:

1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- wherein) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [indicative + noun], (when) (subjective definitive).

2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me] (when he can check out) (N. Ostrovsky)- [vb], (when) (subordinate explanatory).

Subordinate conditions

Subordinate conditions indicate the conditions for the implementation of what is said in the main sentence. They answer the question under what condition? if, if ... then, when (= if), when ... then, if, as soon as, once, in case etc. For example:

1) (If I get sick), [to doctors I won't apply]...(Y. Smelyakov)- (if), .

2) (Once we started talking), [then it's better to finish everything to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (times), [then].

If a conditional clauses stand in front of the main one, then in the latter there may be a second part of the union - then(see 2nd example).

Adventitious targets

Adnexal suggestions goals indicate the purpose of what is being said in the main clause. They refer to the entire main sentence, answer questions why? for what purpose? for what? and join the main with the help of unions so that (to), in order to, so that, then so that, in order (obsolete) etc. For example:

1) [I_ woke up Pashka] (so that he didn't fall off from the road) (A. Chekhov)- , (to);

2) [He used all his eloquence], (so that turn away Akulina from her intention) (A. Pushkin)-, (to);

3)(To be happy), [necessary Not only be in love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (to), ;

When dismembering a compound union, a simple union remains in the subordinate clause to, and the rest of the words are included in the main sentence, being a demonstrative word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ mention about it solely for the purpose] (to emphasize unconditional authenticity of many things Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [uk.sl. for],(to).

Adventitious targets must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses with a union to. For example:

1) [I want], (to the bayonet equated pen) (V. Mayakovsky)- [vb], (to) (subordinate explanatory).

2) [Time landings was calculated so], (to the place of landing get into at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [red.adj. + uk.sl. So],(to) (subordinate modus operandi with an added meaning of purpose).

Adnexal causes

Adnexal suggestions the reasons reveal (indicate) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions why? for what reason? from what?, refer to the entire main clause and join it with the help of unions because, because, since, for, because, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. For example:

1) [Sending her all my tears as a gift], (because not live me before the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)

2) [Any work is important], (because ennobles person) (L. Tolstoy)- , (because).

3) (Thanks to we set every day new plays), [ theatre ours is quite willing visited] (A. Kuprin)- (thanks to), .

Compound unions, the last part of which is what, can be dismembered: a simple union remains in the subordinate clause what, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of a demonstrative word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:

[That's why roads to me people], (what live with me on earth) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. because],(what).

Adventitious concessions

In the subordinate concession, an event is reported, in spite of which an action is carried out, an event called in the main clause. In concessive relations, the main sentence reports such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless happen (happened, will happen). In this way, subordinate concessions called as if "non-working" reason. Adventitious concessions answer questions in spite of what? contrary to what? refer to the entire main sentence and join it 1) unions although, although... but, not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let etc. and 2) allied words in combination With particle nor: no matter how much, no matter what (whatever). For example:

I. one) And (although he was a rake ardent), [but he fell out of love finally, and abuse, and a saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (at least), [but].

Note. In the main clause, in which there is a concessive subordinate clause, there may be a union but.

2) (Let rose plucked), [she is yet blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let), .

3) [In steppes it was quiet and overcast], (despite what the sun has risen) (A. Chekhov)- , (although).

Item 1) (No matter how protected myself Pantelei Prokofievich from all sorts of difficult experiences), [but soon had to endure him a new shock] (M. Sholokhov)- (whatever), [but].

2) [I_, (however would love you), getting used to fall out of love immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (however),].

Comparative clauses

The types of adverbial clauses considered above correspond in meaning to the same-named categories of circumstances in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of adjectives (comparative, consequences and connecting), which do not correspond among the circumstances in a simple sentence. A common feature of complex sentences with these types of subordinate clauses is the impossibility, as a rule, to ask a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.

In complex sentences with comparative clauses the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Comparative clauses refer to the entire main clause and join it with conjunctions like, exactly, as if, buto, as if, like as, as if, than ... asand etc. For example:

1) (As we swarm in the summer midge flies on the flame), [flocked flakes from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](how), ["].

2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (as if who them washed up and varnish on them brought) (I. Turgenev)-, (as if).

3) [We threesome started talking], (as if a century whether familiar) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).

A special group among relative clauses make sentences with conjunction how and double union than... that. Double conjunction clauses than... the have comparative meaning, mutual conditioning of parts. Adverbs with the union how, in addition, they do not refer to the whole main thing, but to the word in it, which is expressed in the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb.

1) (The smaller the woman we love), [the easier like us her] (A. Pushkin)- (than), [those].

2) [As time went slower] (than clouds were creeping across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compar. step. out], (than).

Comparative clauses can be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main clause. For example:

[Existence his concluded into this cramped program], (as egg in shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (how).

The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by a minor member of the predicate group - into the shell.

Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative turns in which there cannot be a predicate.

Adnexal consequences

Adnexal consequences indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .

Adnexal consequences refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and join it with a union so.

For example: [ Heat all increased], (so it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow all became whiter and brighter], (so ached eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (so).

Adventitious connecting

Adventitious connecting contain additional information, comments on what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting subordinate clauses refer to the entire main clause, always stand after it and are attached to it with allied words what, what, about why, why, why, why and etc.

For example: 1) [Her should not be late to the theatre], (from whatshe is very was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (from what).

2) [The dew has fallen], (what foreshadowed good weather tomorrow) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (what).

3) [And the old man Cuckoos n fast allotment glasses, forgetting to wipe them] (what with him for thirty years of official activity never didn't happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)- , (what).

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.

Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is conditional), characterize the means of communication (conjunction or allied word), determine the type of the clause (definitive, explanatory, etc.). d.).

An example of parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

1) [In storm time turned out with the root of a tall old pine], (which is why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).

, (from what).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to everything main and joins it with an allied word from what.

2) (To to be contemporary clear), [all wide open open the poet] (A. Akhmatova).(to), .

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause of purpose. The adjective answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the entire main clause and joins it with a union so that.

3) [I I love everything], (to which in this world there is no consonance, no echo No) (I. Annensky).[local], (what).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a pronoun-defining clause. The adjective answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun all in the main, joins with an allied word what, which is an indirect complement.

Subordinate clauses in Russian are dependent parts of the main clause in a complex sentence. That is, they play the role of secondary members of the sentence. Therefore, the types of subordinate clauses are divided according to the role played in the sentence. One question can be asked to the entire secondary sentence, just as it is done with respect to the members of the sentence.

The main types of subordinate clauses

Four types of them are considered: attributive, adverbial, explanatory and connecting. Examples can be given that will represent all kinds of subordinate clauses:

1. The flower bed, which was laid out in the courtyard on the left side of the porch, resembled a small copy of the town - a sort of Flower Town from Nosov's fairy tale about Dunno. (Determinative).
2. And it seemed to me that restless and funny short men really live there. (explanatory).
3. And we do not see them because they are hiding from us underground. (Circumstantial).
4. But as soon as we leave somewhere, as shorties get out of their hiding places and begin to enjoy life violently. (Connective).

Determinative clauses

These subordinate clauses in Russian define the sign of one noun or sometimes a phrase consisting of a noun and a demonstrative word. They serve as answers to questions which? whose? which the? These minor sentences are joined to the main part by allied words. whose, which, who, what, which, from where, where, when. Usually in the main part of a complex sentence there are demonstrative words such as such, each, any, any or that in various forms of childbirth. The following suggestions can be taken as examples:

• living beings, which?) who live on the planet next to people, feel a good human attitude towards them.
• Reach out your hand with food, open your palm, freeze, and some bird, ( which?) whose voice is heard in the morning in the bushes of your garden, with confidence will sit on your hand.
• Every person ( which?) who considers himself the pinnacle of the creation of the Almighty, should correspond to this rank.
• Whether a garden, a forest or an ordinary yard, (which?)where everything is familiar and familiar, can open the door to the wonderful world of nature for a person.

Adventitious connecting

Interesting types of subordinate clauses that do not refer to a single word or phrase, but to the entire main part. They are called connecting. Often these parts of a complex sentence contain the meaning of the consequence, supplementing or explaining the content of the main part. Secondary sentences of this type are attached using allied words where, how, when, why, where, what. Examples:

• And only next to the mother any baby feels protected, what is meant by nature.
• Caring for the cubs, tenderness for their offspring, self-sacrifice is laid in the creature at the level of instinct, how every creature needs to breathe, sleep, eat and drink.

Explanatory clauses

If the author of the text wants to explain, specify any one word of the main part, which has the meaning of thought, perception, feeling or speech. Often these clauses refer to verbs such as say, answer, think, feel, be proud, hear. But they can also specify adjectives, for example, satisfied or glad. It is often observed when these types of subordinate clauses act as explanations of adverbs ( clearly, necessary, necessary, known, pity) or nouns ( message, thought, statement, rumor, thought, sensation). The subordinate explanatory clauses are added with the help of:

Unions (to, what, when, as if, like others);

Any allied words;

Particles (union) whether.

Examples are the following compound sentences:

• Have you ever observed what?) how amazingly sunlight plays, reflected in dew drops, insect wings, snowflake tiles?
• Once such beauty, a person will surely be incredibly happy, ( what?) who discovered the unique world of beauty.
• And it immediately becomes clear what?) that everything around was created not just so that everything is interconnected.
• Consciousness will be filled with indescribable feelings of joy, (what kind?) as if you yourself are a part of this amazing and unique world.

Adventitious mode of action and degree

Adverbial clauses are divided into several subspecies. A group of dependent parts of compound sentences that refer to a sign or action, called in its main part, and denote its degree or measure, as well as the image, are referred to as subordinate modes of action and degree. They usually answer the following questions: how? how much? as? in what degree? The design of the connection of the subordinate with the main part looks something like this: full adjective + noun + such; full adjective + such; verb + so. The attachment of these subordinate clauses is provided by unions to, what, as if or allied words how much, how much and some others. Examples:

• The little girl laughed so infectiously, so spontaneously, that it was hard for everyone else to stop smiling.
• The sonorous play of her laughter broke the tense silence of the room, as if unexpectedly scattered colorful peas from the package.
• And the little face itself has changed so much, as far as it was possible in this case: the girl, exhausted by the disease, could already easily be called a lovely and absolutely healthy child.

Adverbial clauses

These dependent clauses indicate the place of origin of the action, which is called in the main part of the compound sentence. Referring to the whole main sentence, they answer the following questions: where? where? where? and join with allied words where, from where, where. Often in the main sentence there are demonstrative words there, everywhere, there, everywhere, everywhere and some others. The following examples of such proposals can be given:

1. It is quite easy to determine the cardinal directions in the forest more often, where there is moss on the trees.
2. Ants dragged on their backs building material for their anthills and food supplies from everywhere, where only these hardworking creatures could get.
3. I'm always drawn there, to magical lands, where we went with him last summer.

Adverbial clauses of time

Indicating the time of action, these subordinate clauses refer both to the entire main clause, and specifically to one predicate. For this type of adjective, you can ask the following questions: how long? How long? when? since when? Often there are demonstrative words in the main part of the sentence, for example: sometimes, once, always, now, then. For example: Animals will then be friendly with each other, (when?) when they grow up next to childhood.

Adverbial clauses, causes, purposes, consequences

1. If the dependent parts of complex sentences answer questions in what case? or under what condition? and refer either to the predicate of the main part, or to it all, joining with the help of conditional conjunctions once, when, when, if, when and how(in the meaning of "if"), then they can be attributed to subordinate conditions. Example: And even the most inveterate prankster turns into a serious and well-mannered gentleman, ( in which case?)when he becomes a parent, be it a man, a monkey or a penguin.
2. Questions because of which? why? for what reason? from what? subordinate causes are responsible. Their attachment occurs with the help of causal unions because, because, since. Example: For a baby in early childhood, the authority of the parent is adamant, ( why?) because his well-being depends on this being.
3. Dependent sentences denoting the purpose of the action named in the main part and answering questions for what? for what purpose? why?, are called subordinate targets. Their attachment to the main part is provided by target unions in order to, then in order to (in order to). Example: But even then you should accompany your requirements with explanations ( for what purpose?) then, so that a thinking person grows out of a baby, and not a weak-willed robot performer.
4. Dependent parts of a sentence that indicate a conclusion or result, denote a consequence following from the above in the main part of the sentence, are called subordinate consequences and refer to the entire main sentence. They are usually joined by coercive unions. that's why or so, for example: Education is a complex and regular process, ( what follows from this?) therefore, parents should always be in shape and not relax for a minute.

Adverbial clauses

These types of dependent sentences in complex structures refer either to the predicate or to the entire main part and answer the question like?, joining with comparative conjunctions as if, as, as, as, exactly. Comparative clauses differ from comparative phrases in that they have a grammatical basis. For example: The polar bear cub so funny fell on its side and lifted its paws up, it's like a naughty boy playing happily in the sandbox with his friends.

Adverbial clauses

Dependent sentences in a compound construction, denoting circumstances in spite of which the action indicated in the main part has been committed or can be committed, are called subordinate concessions. You can ask them questions: despite what? in spite of what? and attach to the main one with the help of concessive unions at least (although), let (let) that, for nothing, despite and some others. Allied combinations are often used: no matter how much, no matter what, when no, no matter who, no matter how and the like. Example: Even though the panda cubs were having fun, their dark spots around the eyes gave the impression of sad thoughtfulness.

A literate person should always remember: when writing sentences that are part of a complex one, they are separated by commas.

Answer questions about definitions which? which? which?). Another name is adjectival pronouns. Join with allied words: which, which, whose, what, where, when, from where, etc. Also unions: so that, like, and the like, as if, etc. Rarely with the help of particles (li, etc.).

Examples

[Alarm clock rang]. Alarm which?(which was given to me by my grandmother).

[Alarm clock rang]( that my grandmother gave me).

[The house burned to the ground]. House which?(Where I was born).

[House,( where i was born), burned to the ground].

[A.S. Pushkin erected more than one monument]. A.S. Pushkin what?(Whose contribution to the development of Russian literature can hardly be overestimated).

[A.S. Pushkin, ( whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate), erected more than one monument].

[That day my life changed]. In a day which?(When I understood everything).

[That day,( when I understood everything), my life has changed].

Clauses of explanatory

Relate to the verb. Answer questions of indirect cases ( to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? etc.). Join with allied words: who, what, which, whose, where, where, from where, how, why, why, how much Also unions: what, to, as if, as, as if, as if, etc.

They are placed after or in the middle of the main clause.

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

[I'm sure]. Sure in what?(Because the Earth is spherical).

[I'm pretty sure]( that the earth is spherical).

[He found out]. found out what?(How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite).

[He found out],( how many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite).

[They understood]. Understood what?(Why did I do it).

[They understood],( why did I do it).

Adventitious connecting

Relate to the entire main body. Join with allied words: what, where, where, where, when, how, why Supplement and explain the content of the main part. Often they have the meaning of a consequence.

He was worried , (why could not pass the exam successfully).

My brother never opened the book in all this time , (which did not give me peace of mind)

Adverbial clauses

They have the same meanings, answer the same questions and are divided into the same types as the circumstances in a simple sentence. They are divided into three main groups:

adjectives of time and place;

subordinate causes, effects, conditions, concessions, goals;

subordinate modes of action, measures, degrees, comparisons.

Adverbs of time and place

The adverbs of time indicate the duration of the action in the main and answer questions when? how long? since when? How long? Unions are means of communication. barely, until, before, until, since. as soon as, when, while.

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

[It was getting dark]. It was getting dark when?(when we got home).

[It was getting dark] (when we arrived home).

[I saw you perfectly]. I saw until when? (while you were standing behind the crowd).

[I saw you well] (while you were standing behind the crowd).

Subordinate places indicate the place where the action takes place in the main clause and answer questions where? where? where? Join with allied words: where, where, where. In the main sentence, they usually correspond to demonstrative words there, where from.

Connecting subordinate clauses contain an additional message about the proposal expressed in the main part.

An additional message may include an explanation, an assessment of the message given in the main part, a conclusion from it, or additional remarks related to the content of this message, and in the main part of the sentence there are no formal grammatical features indicating that the subordinate clause (beyond except for intonational incompleteness), i.e., it does not need a subordinate clause, but the clause is clearly dependent, since it has a formal indicator of subordination - a union word, and its meaning without the main part is indefinite. This allied word, as it were, contains the content of the previous main part (in whole or in part). In a complex sentence

One of the main benefits of hunting, my dear readers, is that it makes you constantly move from place to place, what very nice for an unemployed person(T.)

the first subordinate clause attached by the union "what", - explanatory, its necessity is due to the structure of the main part of the sentence (the correlative word in that requires specification). The construction of the explanatory clause is such that it does not necessitate a new clause following it, and the latter has the character of an additional remark about the main statement (assessment of its content). This is the connecting part. The nature of its syntactic relations with the preceding part of the sentence resembles the relationship between the parts of a compound sentence, as evidenced by the possibility of replacing the allied word "what" combination "and this" (cf.: And this is very pleasant for an unemployed person), which is unacceptable in a subordinate explanatory clause.

Subordinating-attaching relations are expressed using allied words "what" (in various forms), "where", "where", "whence", "when", "why", "why", "what for", "how".

The allied word is most often used in the joining function "what" (in various forms):

Maxim, shaking his head, muttered something and surrounded himself with particularly thick clouds of smoke, what was a sign of intensified work of thought(Kor.);

He built a house according to his own plan, started a cloth factory, arranged incomes and began to consider himself the smartest man in the whole neighborhood, what and the neighbors did not rebuke him ...(P.);

... She is a fox trail(wolf) mistook for a dog and sometimes even lost her way, what never happened to her when she was young(Ch.).

allied words "why", "why", "why" attach sentences with causal and target shades of meanings:

The goose took another rope in its beak and pulled it, from what immediately there was a deafening shot(Ch.);

My brother had to pass the entrance exams to the institute, why he came to the city;

It was getting dark in the forest why and had to return home.

The least common in subordinate clauses are allied words "where", "where", "whence", "when" and union "how", introducing shades corresponding to their lexical meaning: spatial, temporal, comparative. Moreover, their connecting function is revealed only in combination with the following "and" (“where and”, “when and”, “how and”). For example:

He returned home at exactly five o'clock, when and should have come;

...The truth was that he had indeed fainted, like confessed later(Dost.);

Weak from loss of blood, Benny fell on the battlefield, where and was found unconscious(Lesk.).

Connecting clauses, as a rule, are located after the main part or less often - in the middle. Allowable in some cases, placing them at the beginning of the sentence creates the character of inversion:

Whatoften happens in Indian summer, in the morning the overcast sky began to cheer up in the afternoon, and the soft sun without shadows illuminated the earth(Fed.).

As a result of frequent use, some connecting constructions have turned into stable turns of a phraseological nature: "which is to be expected"; "Q.E.D"; "with which I congratulate you."

2.2. Complex sentence. Subclauses that refer to one word in the main clause

1. Questions: subordinate explanatory clauses answer the questions of the complement, that is, questions of indirect cases.

2. Main word: subordinate explanatory clauses spread the main word in the main, in need of clarification and expressed verb, noun, adjective, adverb.

3. Communication means: subordinate explanatory clauses can be attached to the main clause with:

• unions (what, to, as, as if, as if), whether union-particles ;
• allied words (who, what, which, which, whose, where, where, from where, when, why, why and etc.).

The main clause may contain (but does not have to) index words that perform the complement function.

4. Place in the offer: adverbial clauses usually come after the word they refer to. However, their position before the main word is also possible.

Started from that[why?], that Kolya, out of mischief, took the book from me(Gaidar).

[ch. + dict. next], ( what- union).

Slobodkin had feeling [what?], as if he was frozen in boundless space(Telpugov).

[n.], ( as if- union).

We are vying questioned coachmen[about what?], Are their horses gentle?(Marshak).

[ch. ],( whether- union-particle).

- Yulia Dmitrievna, head ordered [what?], so you don't go anywhere(Panova).

[ch. ],( to- union).

Now nobody does not know [what?], where went to the Kursk gardens "nightingale school" (Peskov).

[ch. ],( where- union. word).

Note!

1) In explanatory clauses, the most diverse means of communication (both conjunctions and allied words), and some of them ( what how) can be both unions and allied words. Therefore, in this case, one must be especially careful when distinguishing between unions and allied words (see section 2, chapter 2, clause 2.1).

2) The conjunction to always has a target meaning, and it can be used in a subordinate clause.

I woke up Pasha[why? for what purpose?], so that he does not fall off the droshky. (A.P. Chekhov)

This union can also be used in the subordinate explanatory clause, but the question from the main clause to the subordinate clause will be different (questions of indirect cases), and the clauses will have the meaning of desirability, possibility, necessity.

Wed: Elizabeth Kievna asked[about what?], so that she herself would be allowed to take him to the big infirmary(A.N. Tolstoy).

3) Comparative conjunctions, as if, as if, can be used in comparative clauses.

There is something trembling, flickering[how? like what?], like an asterisk on the branches tangled(Marshak).

If they are used in subordinate explanatory clauses, then the question of the indirect case is asked from the main word, and the subordinate clause itself contains a message with a hint of uncertainty, presumption.

Wed: They say[what?], as if he took on more than one adjutant duties(Turgenev).

4) Conjunctions and allied words usually appear at the beginning of a subordinate clause. It is by them that it is quite easy to determine the boundary between the main and subordinate clauses. But the particle conjunction li is always in the middle of the explanatory clause.

Therefore, such complex sentences are often confused with non-union complex sentences. In addition, the position of the union-particle should be taken into account when arranging punctuation marks (the comma is not placed before it, but at the beginning of the subordinate clause).