Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible was born on August 25, 1530 in the village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow. In 1533, his father, Grand Duke Vasily III (Rurikovich), died. In 1538, Ivan Vasilyevich's mother, Princess Elena Glinskaya (Lithuanian princess), passed away. The childhood of the future tsar passed in an atmosphere of palace intrigues, struggle for power, coups between the warring boyar families of the Belskys and Shuiskys.
In 1547, a solemn wedding ceremony was held for the reign of Grand Duke Ivan IV in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. At that time, his title was translated as "emperor", which put Ivan the Terrible on a par with the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
The affairs of the internal policy of the tsar were assisted by the advisers of the Chosen Rada, which included Metropolitan Macarius, A.F. Adashev, A.M. Kurbsky, Archpriest Sylvester.
Domestic politics
In 1549, Ivan Vasilyevich convened the first Zemsky Sobor, which was attended by all segments of the population except for the serfs, and political, administrative, and economic issues were resolved. From the end of the 40s, the tsar carried out a number of reforms: zemstvo, military, labial, symbolic.
In 1550, Ivan IV's Sudebnik was adopted, in which peasant communities were granted the right to self-government, restore order, and distribute taxes. In 1551, the tsar convened the Stoglavy Council, which resulted in the adoption of a collection of decisions on church life - "Stoglava". In 1555-1556, the "feeding" system was abolished and the "Code of Service" was adopted, which made it possible to form a new army structure.
In 1565, Ivan the Terrible, whose biography already spoke for him as a great monarch, introduced a special form of government - the oprichnina, aimed at strengthening the autocracy. In 1572, the oprichnina was dissolved.
Foreign policy
In foreign policy, Ivan IV pursued a course of expanding territories in the east, capturing the shores of the Baltic Sea in the west, and bringing to an end the struggle against the successors of the Golden Horde.
Grozny made significant military campaigns, as a result of which in 1547-1552 the Kazan Khanate was annexed to the Russian territories, in 1556 the Astrakhan Khanate, the lands of the Urals and the Volga region. In 1555 - 1557, the Siberian Khan Ediger and the Great Nogai Horde fell under Ivan IV's dependence. In 1556, Russian troops destroyed the capital of the Golden Horde, Sarai-Batu.
In 1554-1557, Grozny's troops won the war with Sweden, which was started by the Swedish king Gustav I. In 1558-1583, Grozny's troops failed in the Livonian War. At the same time, Ivan IV waged wars with the Crimean Khanate with varying success.
Tsar Ivan the Terrible died on March 18, 1584 in Moscow. The great ruler was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Other biography options
- Ivan the Terrible was one of the most educated personalities of his time, possessed theological erudition and a phenomenal memory. He created numerous letters (including to Prince Kurbsky), some church works.
- Ivan IV actively developed trade and political ties with the Netherlands, Kabarda, England, the Kingdom of Kakheti, and the Khanate of Bukhara.
- In 1569, the tsar, suspecting that Novgorod was about to pass to Lithuania, personally staged a pogrom, known as the suppression of the Novgorod rebellion, during which all the cities on the road from Moscow to Novgorod were plundered.
- A brief biography of Ivan the Terrible would be incomplete without mentioning his tough temper. The tsar often organized mass repressions and massacres, for which he received the nickname "Terrible" among the people. In 1582, his son died from mortal beatings of the king.
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Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible was born on August 25, 1530 in the village of Kolomenskoye near Moscow. The son of Grand Duke Vasily III (Rurikovich) and Princess Elena Glinskaya (Lithuanian princess).
In 1533 he lost his father, and in 1538 his mother died.
After the death of Vasily III, the state under the infant tsar was ruled by Princess Elena, Prince Ivan Ovchina-Obolensky-Telepnev, Belsky, Shuisky, Vorontsov, Glinsky. Ivan IV grew up in a struggle for power between warring boyar factions, accompanied by murders and violence, which contributed to the development of suspicion, revenge and cruelty in him.
This act was of great international importance, since it expressed the right of the Russian state to one of the first places among the states of Europe.
In 1562, the royal dignity was approved for the Russian Tsar by the Patriarch of Constantinople on behalf of himself and the Council of Constantinople.
The active participation of Ivan the Terrible in government activities began with the creation of a kind of council from among his like-minded people, the so-called Chosen Rada - the actual government of the Russian state.
In 1549-1560, he carried out reforms in the field of central and local government (the most important orders are being issued, the system of "feedings" is being eliminated), law (a national code is being drawn up - Sudebnik), the army (parochialism is limited, the foundations of the streltsy army are being created, guard service is being established at the borders of the Russian state, artillery is singled out as an independent branch of the military, the first military charter appears - "Boyar verdict on the village and guard service"), etc. After the fall of the Chosen Rada (1560), he single-handedly pursued a line to strengthen autocratic power.
Struggling with the power and influence of the boyars, as well as with the remnants of feudal fragmentation in the country, Ivan IV in 1565 introduced a special form of government - the oprichnina - a system of repressive measures against the boyars, aimed at strengthening the sole power of the tsar. The main methods of dealing with political opponents were executions, exile, and confiscation of land.
A major event of the oprichnina was the Novgorod pogrom in January-February 1570, the reason for which was the suspicion of Novgorod's desire to go over to Lithuania. The tsar personally led the campaign, during which all the cities on the road from Moscow to Novgorod were plundered.
From the massacres and mass repressions of Ivan IV, both his political opponents and tens of thousands of peasants, serfs, and townspeople perished. During one of the outbursts of anger in 1582, he inflicted mortal beatings on his son Ivan. Among the people, Ivan IV received the nickname "The Terrible", reflecting the idea of him as a tyrant king.
A characteristic feature of the social policy of Ivan IV was the strengthening of serfdom (the abolition of St. George's Day and the introduction of reserved years).
In foreign policy, he pursued a course of bringing to an end the struggle against the successors of the Golden Horde, expanding the territory of the state to the east and mastering the shores of the Baltic Sea to the west. As a result of the military campaigns of Ivan IV in 1547-1552, the Kazan Khanate was annexed, in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate; the Siberian khan Edigei (1555) and the Great Nogai Horde (1557) became dependent on the Russian tsar. However, the Livonian War (1558-1583) ended with the loss of part of the Russian lands and did not solve the main problem - access to the Baltic Sea. With varying success, the tsar fought against the invasions of the Crimean Khanate.
As a commander, Ivan IV was distinguished by bold strategic plans and decisiveness, he personally led the troops in the Kazan campaigns, the campaign against Polotsk (1563), the Livonian campaigns (1572 and 1577). In the struggle for fortresses, he widely used artillery and engineering (mine-blasting) means.
Ivan IV developed political and trade relations with England, the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Kakheti, the Khanate of Bukhara, Kabarda and others.
The king was one of the most educated people of his time, had a phenomenal memory, theological erudition. He is the author of numerous messages (including to Prince Andrei Kurbsky), music and the text of the service of the feast of Our Lady of Vladimir, the canon to the Archangel Michael. Ivan the Terrible contributed to the organization of book printing in Moscow and the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square. Supported chronicle writing.
Ivan IV the Terrible died in Moscow on March 18, 1584. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Ivan the Terrible was married several times. Apart from the children who died in infancy, he had three sons. From the first marriage with Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, two sons were born, Ivan and Fedor. According to one version, the tsar accidentally killed the eldest son and heir of Ivan, hitting his temple with a staff with an iron tip. The second son, Fedor, who was distinguished by morbidity, weakness and mental disability, became king after the death of Ivan the Terrible. The third son of the tsar, Dmitry Ivanovich, born in his last marriage to Maria Naga, died in 1591 in Uglich. Since Fedor died childless, the reign of the Rurik dynasty ended with his death.
(Military Encyclopedia. Chairman of the Main Editorial Commission S.B. Ivanov. Military Publishing. Moscow. In 8 volumes - 2004)
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
Ivan the Terrible was born in 1530. Ivan IV was a very desirable child, and the whole country expected his birth. Ivan's father Vasily III was the Prince of Moscow. The king did not live long after the birth of his son. He died in 1534. Ivan's mother was Elena Glinskaya. After the death of Ivan the Terrible's father, power passed to Elena. In 1538, she died, poisoned, as is commonly believed, by seditious boyars. The power was seized by the boyars led by the Shuiskys. Ivan was brought up by the great and proud boyars for their misfortune and for their children, trying to please him in every pleasure. Ivan grew up as a homeless, but sharp-sighted orphan in an atmosphere of court intrigues, struggle and violence that penetrated his childhood bedchamber even at night. Childhood remained in Ivan's memory as a time of insults and humiliation, a concrete picture of which he gave 20 years later in his letters to Prince Kurbsky. Princes Shuisky were especially hated by John. In 1540, at the initiative of Metropolitan Joasaph, Prince Belsky, who took the place of Prince Ivan Shuisky, who had been removed to the voivodeship, and the appanage prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky with his mother, were released. In 1542 - a new coup in favor of the Shuiskys, in which Belsky died, Metropolitan Joasaph, who was replaced by the Archbishop of Novgorod Macarius, paid the price. In 1543, the tsar showed his character for the first time, ordering to seize the chief of the Shuiskys, Andrei. In 1543, 13-year-old Ivan rebelled against the boyars, handed Prince Andrey Shuisky to the dogs to be torn to pieces, and since then the boyars began to fear Ivan. Power passed to the Glinskys - Mikhail and Yuri, Ivan's uncles, who eliminated rivals with exile and executions and involved the young Grand Duke in their measures, playing on cruel instincts, and even encouraging them in Ivan. Not knowing family affection, suffering to a fright from violence in the environment in everyday life, Ivan from the age of 5 acted as a powerful monarch in ceremonies and court holidays: the transformation of his own posture was accompanied by the same transformation of the hated environment - the first visual and unforgettable lessons of autocracy. In the palace and metropolitan libraries, Ivan did not read the book, but read from the book everything that could substantiate his power and the greatness of his born dignity, as opposed to personal impotence before the boyars seized power. Kingdom wedding. On January 16, 1547, the solemn wedding ceremony of the Grand Duke Ivan IV took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. And on February 3, they played a wedding with Anastasia Zakharyina-Romanova. An alliance with such a woman, if not immediately softened the violent character of the king, then prepared his further transformation. For thirteen years of marriage, the queen had a softening influence on Ivan, bore him sons. But a series of major fires in Moscow in the spring and summer of 1547 interrupted the reign of Ivan IV, which had begun so solemnly. Chosen Rada. Plans for the reorganization of Russia were hatched by a small group of people who surrounded Ivan IV at that time. One of them was Metropolitan Macarius, the most educated person of that time, who actively participated in state activities in the 1940s and 1950s. Another close associate was the priest of the court of the Annunciation Cathedral Sylvester. The nobleman Aleksei Fedorovich Adashev, who was not noble by birth, was also surrounded by Ivan IV. By the beginning of 1549, the influence of Sylvester and Adashev on Tsar Sylvester and Adashev had increased significantly, and the latter became, in fact, the head of the government, later named by Andrey Kurbsky "The Chosen Rada". Sylvester, with "children's scarecrows" in the words of Ivan, pushed him onto the path of repentance and attempts to cleanse himself and the country from all evil with the help of new advisers, who were selected according to Sylvester's instructions and made up the "chosen council", which overshadowed the boyar thought in the current administration and legislation . The surviving news completely conceals that great preparatory work that began from that time, from 1550 made it possible to carry out a number of major state events, and captured not only Ivan himself and his employees, but also in non-governmental circles of society, causing him to discuss the main issues of internal and foreign policy of the renewing Moscow kingdom. Ivan's personal participation gave the first government action on the path of reforms some external drama and turned it into a condemnation of the era of boyar rule and the tsar's infancy, which was assessed as a time of state disorganization and popular suffering. Reforms in the socio-economic sphere. In 1551, at the Stoglavy Cathedral, Ivan IV declared the need to redistribute (“re-allocate”) land among landowners: “whoever has a surplus, sometimes not enough.” The interests of the church were also infringed, but the landowners found themselves in a privileged position. The process of strengthening state power inevitably again raised the question of the position of the church in the state. The royal power, whose sources of income were few and whose expenses were high, looked with envy at the wealth of churches and monasteries. However, such compromise measures did not satisfy the government. In January-February 1551, a church council was assembled, at which the royal questions were read. The tsar and his entourage were worried about whether it was worthy for monasteries to acquire land, to receive various preferential letters. .e. a few days after the completion of the cathedral) the purchase of patrimonial lands by monasteries "without a report" to the tsar was prohibited. Sons and wives of Ivan the Terrible. Periods of repentance and prayer were replaced by terrible fits of rage. During one of these attacks on November 9, 1582 in Alexander Sloboda , a suburban residence, the tsar accidentally killed his son Ivan Ivanovich, hitting his temple with an iron-tipped staff. The death of the heir plunged the tsar into despair, since his other son, Fyodor Ivanovich, was unable to rule the country. Ivan the Terrible sent a large contribution to the monastery for a commemoration the soul of his son, he even thought about going to a monastery.The exact number of wives Ivan and Grozny, but he was probably married seven times. Apart from the children who died in infancy, he had three sons: Dmitry, Ivan and Fedor. Death of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. According to the anthropologist Mikhail Gerasimov, who examined the skeleton of Ivan the Terrible, in the last years of his life, the tsar developed powerful salt deposits (osteophytes) on his spine, which caused him terrible pain with every movement. Before his death, Grozny looked like a decrepit old man, although he was only 53 years old. In the last year, he could no longer walk on his own - they carried him. A number of Grozny's contemporaries believe that the tsar was poisoned. Ivan IV the Terrible went down in history not only as a tyrant. He was one of the most educated people of his time, had a phenomenal memory, theological erudition. He is the author of numerous epistles (including to Andrei Kurbsky), music and the text of the service of the feast of Our Lady of Vladimir, the canon to the Archangel Michael. The tsar contributed to the organization of book printing in Moscow and the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square to commemorate the conquest of the Kazan kingdom.
THE TALE OF TSAR SALTAN,
ABOUT HIS SON, THE GLORIOUS AND MIGHTY BOGATYR
PRINCE GUIDON SALTANOVICH AND
ABOUT THE BEAUTIFUL SWAN PRINCESS
Three maidens by the window
Were spinning late in the evening.
"If I were a queen, -
One girl says
That is for the whole baptized world
I would prepare a feast."
- "If I were a queen, -
Her sister says
That would be one for the whole world
I wove canvases.
- "If I were a queen, -
The third sister said, -
I would be for the father-king
She gave birth to a hero."
Just had time to say
The door creaked softly
And the king enters the room,
The sides of that sovereign.
During the entire conversation
He stood behind the fence;
Speech last throughout
Loved him.
"Hello, red girl, -
He says - be a queen
And give birth to a hero
Me by the end of September.
Well, you, dove sisters,
Get out of the lighthouse.
Ride after me
Following me and my sister:
Be one of you weaver
And another cook."
The tsar-father came out into the canopy.
Everyone went to the palace.
The king did not gather for a long time:
Got married the same evening.
Tsar Saltan for an honest feast
Sat down with the young queen;
And then honest guests
On an ivory bed
Laid young
And left alone.
The cook is angry in the kitchen
The weaver is crying at the loom -
And they envy
The sovereign's wife.
And the young queen
Do not put things off in the distance,
Got it from the first night.
At that time there was a war.
Tsar Saltan, saying goodbye to his wife,
Sitting on a good horse,
She punished herself
Save it, love it.
Meanwhile, how far away
Beats long and hard
The time of birth is coming;
God gave them a son in arshin,
And the queen over the child,
Like an eagle over an eagle;
She sends a letter with a messenger,
To please my father.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
They want to let her know
They tell you to take over the messenger;
They themselves send another messenger
Here's what word for word:
"The queen gave birth in the night
Not a son, not a daughter;
Not a mouse, not a frog,
And an unknown little animal.
As the king-father heard,
What did the messenger bring him?
In anger he began to wonder
And he wanted to hang the messenger;
But softened this time
He gave the messenger the following order:
"Waiting for the return of the queen
For a legal solution."
A messenger rides with a diploma
And finally arrived.
And the weaver and the cook
With the matchmaker Babarikha
They tell him to rob him;
Drunk messenger drink
And in his empty bag
Shove another letter -
And brought a drunken messenger
On the same day, the order is:
"The tsar orders his boyars,
Wasting no time,
And the queen and the offspring
Secretly thrown into the abyss of waters.
There is nothing to do: the boyars,
Having mourned about the sovereign
And the young queen
A crowd came to her bedroom.
Declared the royal will -
She and her son have an evil fate,
Read the order aloud
And the queen at the same time
They put me in a barrel with my son,
Prayed, rolled
And they let me into Okiyan -
So ordered de Tsar Saltan.
The stars are shining in the blue sky
In the blue sea the waves are whipping;
A cloud is moving across the sky
The barrel floats on the sea.
Like a bitter widow
Cries, the queen beats in her;
And a child grows there
Not by days, but by hours.
The day has passed - the queen screams ...
And the child hurries the wave:
“You, my wave, wave?
You are playful and free;
You splash wherever you want
You sharpen sea stones
You drown the shore of the earth,
Raise the ships
Do not destroy our soul:
Throw us out on land!"
And the wave listened:
Right there on the shore
The barrel was taken out lightly
And she stepped back slowly.
The mother with the baby is saved;
She feels the earth.
But who will take them out of the barrel?
Will God leave them?
The son rose to his feet
He rested his head on the bottom,
Struggled a little:
“As if there is a window on the yard
Should we do it?" he said
Kick the bottom out and get out.
Mother and son are now free;
They see a hill in a wide field;
The blue sea all around
Oak green over the hill.
Son thought: good dinner
We would, however, need.
He breaks at the oak branch
And in tight bends the bow,
Silk cord from the cross
Pulled on an oak bow,
I broke a thin cane,
I sharpened it with a light arrow
And went to the edge of the valley
Look for game by the sea.
He only comes to the sea
So he hears like a groan ...
It can be seen that the sea is not quiet:
Looks - sees the matter famously:
The swan beats among the swells,
The kite rushes over her;
That poor thing is crying
The water around is muddy and whipping ...
He has spread his claws
Biting bloody piqued ...
But just as the arrow sang -
I hit a kite in the neck -
The kite shed blood in the sea.
The prince lowered his bow;
Looks: the kite is drowning in the sea
And not a bird's cry groans,
The swan swims around
The evil kite pecks,
Death is near,
It beats with a wing and drowns in the sea -
And then to the prince
Says in Russian:
“You are the prince, my savior,
My mighty deliverer
Don't worry about me
You won't eat for three days
That the arrow was lost in the sea;
This grief is not grief.
I will repay you well
I will serve you later:
You did not deliver the swan,
Left the girl alive;
You didn't kill a kite
Shot the sorcerer.
I will never forget you:
You will find me everywhere
And now you come back
Don't worry and go to sleep."
The swan flew away
And the prince and the queen,
Spending the whole day like this
We decided to lie down on an empty stomach.
Here the prince opened his eyes;
Shaking the dreams of the night
And wondering in front of you
He sees a big city
Walls with frequent battlements,
And behind the white walls
Church tops gleam
and holy monasteries.
He soon wakes the queen;
She gasps! .. “Will it be? -
He says, I see:
My swan amuses itself."
Mother and son go to the city.
Just stepped on the fence
deafening chime
Rising from all sides
People are pouring towards them,
The church choir praises God;
In golden carts
A lush courtyard meets them;
Everyone praises them loudly
And the prince is crowned
Princely cap, and the head
They proclaim over themselves;
And in the midst of their capital,
With the permission of the queen,
On the same day he began to reign
And he called himself: Prince Guidon.
The wind is blowing on the sea
And the boat is urging;
He runs in waves
On swollen sails.
The sailors marvel
Crowding on the boat
On a familiar island
A miracle is seen in reality:
The new golden-domed city,
Pier with a strong outpost -
Cannons from the pier are firing,
The ship is ordered to stop.
Guests arrive at the outpost
He feeds and waters them
And he orders to keep the answer:
“What are you, guests, bargaining for
And where are you sailing now?
The sailors replied:
"We've traveled all over the world
traded sables,
Chornoburshi foxes;
And now we're out of time
We're going straight east
Past the island of Buyana,
The prince then said to them:
"Good luck to you, gentlemen,
By sea by Okiya
To the glorious Tsar Saltan;
Kudos to him from me."
The guests are on their way, and Prince Gvidon
From the shore with a sad soul
Accompanies their long-distance run;
Look - over flowing waters
The white swan is swimming.
Saddened by what? -
She tells him.
The prince replies sadly:
"Sadness-longing eats me,
Defeated the young man:
I would like to see my father."
Swan to the prince: “That's the grief!
Well listen: do you want to go to sea
Follow the ship?
Be, prince, you are a mosquito.
And waved its wings
Splashed water noisily
And splashed him
Everything from head to toe.
Here he has shrunk to a point.
Turned into a mosquito
Flew and squeaked
The ship overtook the sea,
Slowly went down
On the ship - and huddled in the gap.
The wind blows merrily
The ship runs merrily
Past the island of Buyana,
To the kingdom of the glorious Saltan,
And the desired country
It's visible from afar.
Here the guests came ashore;
Tsar Saltan calls them to visit,
And follow them to the palace
Our darling has flown.
He sees: all shining in gold,
Tsar Saltan sits in the chamber
On the throne and in the crown
With a sad thought on his face;
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
Sitting around the king
And look into his eyes.
Tsar Saltan planting guests
At your table and asks:
"Oh you gentlemen,
How long did you travel? where?
Is it okay overseas or is it bad?
And what is the miracle in the world?
The sailors replied:
“We have traveled all over the world;
Life beyond the sea is bad,
In the light, what a miracle:
In the sea, the island was steep,
Not private, not residential;
It lay on an empty plain;
A single oak tree grew on it;
And now stands on it
New city with a palace
With golden-domed churches,
With towers and gardens,
And Prince Gvidon sits in it;
He sent you a bow."
Tsar Saltan marvels at the miracle;
He says: "If I live,
I will visit a wonderful island,
I'll stay at Guidon's.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
They don't want to let him go
Wonderful island to visit.
“Already a curiosity, well, right, -
Winking at others slyly,
The cook says -
The city is by the sea!
Know that this is not a trifle:
Spruce in the forest, under the spruce squirrel,
Squirrel sings songs
And he gnaws all the nuts,
And nuts are not simple,
All shells are golden
The cores are pure emerald;
That's what they call a miracle."
Tsar Saltan marvels at the miracle,
And the mosquito is angry, angry -
And the mosquito got stuck
Aunt right in the right eye.
The cook turned pale
Died and crumpled.
Servants, in-laws and sister
With a cry they catch a mosquito.
"You damned moth!
We love you!..” And He is in the window
Yes, calmly in your lot
Flew across the sea.
Again the prince walks by the sea,
He does not take his eyes off the blue of the sea;
Look - over flowing waters
The white swan is swimming.
“Hello, my beautiful prince!
Saddened by what? -
She tells him.
Prince Gvidon answers her:
“Sadness-longing eats me;
Miracle wonderful start
I'd like to. Somewhere there
Spruce in the forest, under the spruce squirrel;
Wonder, right, not a trifle -
Squirrel sings songs
Yes, he gnaws all the nuts,
And nuts are not simple,
All shells are golden
The cores are pure emerald;
But maybe people are lying.
The swan replies to the prince:
“The light tells the truth about the squirrel;
I know this miracle;
Enough, prince, my soul,
Do not worry; happy service
To lend you I am in friendship.
With an uplifted soul
The prince went home;
Just stepped into the wide yard -
Well? under the high tree
Sees the squirrel in front of everyone
Golden gnaws on a nut,
Emerald takes out
And collects the shell
Heaps equal heaps,
And sings with a whistle
With honesty in front of all the people:
Whether in the garden, in the garden.
Prince Gvidon was amazed.
"Well, thanks," he said.
Oh yes swan - God forbid,
As for me, the fun is the same.
Prince for the squirrel later
Built a crystal house.
sent a guard to him
And besides, the deacon forced
A strict account of the nuts is news.
Profit to the prince, honor to the squirrel.
The wind walks on the sea
And the boat is urging;
He runs in waves
On raised sails
Past the steep island
Past the big city:
Cannons from the pier are firing,
The ship is ordered to stop.
Guests come to the outpost;
Prince Gvidon invites them to visit,
They are fed and watered
And he orders to keep the answer:
“What are you, guests, bargaining for
And where are you sailing now?
The sailors replied:
"We've traveled all over the world
We traded horses
All don stallions,
And now we've got time -
And we have a long way to go:
Past Buyana Island
To the realm of the glorious Saltan..."
Then the prince says to them:
"Good luck to you, gentlemen,
By sea by Okiya
To the glorious Tsar Saltan;
Yes, tell me: Prince Guidon
He sends his bow to the tsar.”
The guests bowed to the prince,
They got out and hit the road.
To the sea the prince - and the swan is there
Already walking on the waves.
The prince prays: the soul asks,
It pulls and pulls...
Here she is again
Instantly sprinkled everything:
The prince turned into a fly,
Flew and dropped
Between sea and sky
On the ship - and climbed into the gap.
The wind blows merrily
The ship runs merrily
Past the island of Buyana,
In the kingdom of the glorious Saltan -
And the desired country
It's visible from afar;
Here the guests came ashore;
Tsar Saltan calls them to visit,
And follow them to the palace
Our darling has flown.
He sees: all shining in gold,
Tsar Saltan sits in the chamber
On the throne and in the crown,
With a sad thought on his face.
And the weaver with Babarikha
Yes, with a crooked cook
They sit around the king.
They look like evil frogs.
Tsar Saltan planting guests
At your table and asks:
"Oh you gentlemen,
How long did you travel? where?
Is it okay overseas or is it bad?
And what is the miracle in the world?
The sailors replied:
“We have traveled all over the world;
Overseas life is not bad;
In the light, what a miracle:
An island in the sea lies
The city stands on the island
With golden-domed churches,
With towers and gardens;
Spruce grows in front of the palace,
And under it is a crystal house;
The squirrel lives there tame,
Yes, what an entertainer!
Squirrel sings songs
Yes, he gnaws all the nuts,
And nuts are not simple,
All shells are golden
The cores are pure emerald;
Servants guard the squirrel
They serve her as servants of various kinds -
And a clerk was assigned
Strict account of nuts news;
Gives her army honor;
Pour coins from shells
Let them float around the world;
Girls pour emerald
In pantries, but under a bushel;
Everyone in that island is rich
There is no pic, there are wards everywhere;
And Prince Gvidon sits in it;
He sent you a bow."
Tsar Saltan marvels at the miracle.
"If only I'm alive,
I will visit a wonderful island,
I'll stay at Guidon's.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
They don't want to let him go
Wonderful island to visit.
Smiling under the rug,
The weaver says to the king:
"What's so amazing about that? Well!
Squirrel gnaws pebbles,
Throws gold and into piles
Rakes emeralds;
This does not surprise us
Are you telling the truth, no?
There is another wonder in the world:
The sea rages violently
Boil, raise a howl,
Will rush to the empty shore,
Will spill in a noisy run,
And find themselves on the shore
In scales, like the heat of grief,
Thirty-three heroes
All beauties are gone
young giants,
Everyone is equal, as for selection,
Uncle Chernomor is with them.
It's a miracle, it's such a miracle
You can be fair!”
Smart guests are silent,
They don't want to argue with her.
Tsar Saltan marvels at the diva,
And Gvidon is angry, angry ...
He buzzed and just
Auntie sat on her left eye,
And the weaver turned pale:
"Ai!" - and immediately crooked;
Everyone shouts: "Catch, catch,
Give it up, give it up...
Here already! stay a little
Wait ... "And the prince in the window,
Yes, calmly in your lot
Flew across the sea.
The prince walks by the blue of the sea,
He does not take his eyes off the blue of the sea;
Look - over flowing waters
The white swan is swimming.
“Hello, my beautiful prince!
Why are you as quiet as a rainy day?
Saddened by what? -
She tells him.
Prince Gvidon answers her:
"Sadness-longing eats me -
I would like a marvel
Transfer me to my lot.
- "And what is this miracle?"
- “Somewhere it will swell violently
Okian, will raise a howl,
Will rush to the empty shore,
Will spill in a noisy run,
And find themselves on the shore
In scales, like the heat of grief,
Thirty-three heroes
All handsome young
The giants are gone
Everyone is equal, as for selection,
Uncle Chernomor is with them.”
The swan replies to the prince:
“Is that what, prince, confuses you?
Don't worry, my soul
I know this miracle.
These knights of the sea
After all, all my brothers are my own.
Don't be sad, go
Wait for your brothers to visit."
The prince went, forgetting grief,
Sat on the tower and on the sea
He began to look; the sea suddenly
buzzed around,
Splashed in a noisy run
And left on the shore
Thirty-three heroes;
In scales, like the heat of grief,
Knights are coming in couples,
And, shining with gray hair,
Uncle is ahead
And leads them to the city.
Prince Gvidon escapes from the tower,
Meets dear guests;
In a hurry, the people are running;
Uncle to the prince says:
"The swan sent us to you
And punished
Your glorious city to keep
And bypass the watch.
We are now daily
We will definitely be together
At your high walls
Come out of the waters of the sea,
So we'll see you soon
And now it's time for us to go to sea;
The air of the earth is heavy for us."
Everyone then went home.
The wind walks on the sea
And the boat is urging;
He runs in waves
On raised sails
Past the steep island
Past the big city;
Cannons from the pier are firing,
The ship is ordered to stop.
Guests come to the outpost;
Prince Gvidon invites them to visit,
They are fed and watered
And he orders to keep the answer:
“What are you, guests, bargaining for?
And where are you sailing now?
The sailors replied:
“We have traveled all over the world;
We traded bulat
Pure silver and gold
And now we are out of time;
And we have a long way to go
Past the island of Buyana,
To the realm of the glorious Saltan.
Then the prince says to them:
"Good luck to you, gentlemen,
By sea by Okiya
To the glorious Tsar Saltan.
Yes, tell me: Prince Guidon
He sends his bow to the king."
The guests bowed to the prince,
They got out and hit the road.
To the sea the prince, and the swan is there
Already walking on the waves.
Prince again: the soul de asks ...
It pulls and pulls...
And again she
Splattered all over.
Here he is greatly reduced.
The prince turned into a bumblebee,
It flew and buzzed;
The ship overtook the sea,
Slowly went down
Aft - and hid in the gap.
The wind blows merrily
The ship runs merrily
Past the island of Buyana,
To the realm of the glorious Saltan,
And the desired country
It's visible from afar.
Here come the guests.
Tsar Saltan calls them to visit,
And follow them to the palace
Our darling has flown.
He sees, all shining in gold,
Tsar Saltan sits in the chamber
On the throne and in the crown,
With a sad thought on his face.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
Sitting around the king
Four all three look.
Tsar Saltan planting guests
At your table and asks:
"Oh you gentlemen,
How long did you travel? where?
Is it okay overseas or is it bad?
And what is the miracle in the world?
The sailors replied:
“We have traveled all over the world;
Overseas life is not bad;
In the light, what a miracle:
An island in the sea lies
The city stands on the island,
Every day there is a miracle:
The sea rages violently
Boil, raise a howl,
Will rush to the empty shore,
Will spill in a quick run -
And stay on the beach
Thirty-three heroes
In scales of golden grief,
All handsome young
The giants are gone
Everyone is equal, as in selection;
Old uncle Chernomor
With them comes out of the sea
And brings them out in pairs,
To keep that island
And bypass the watch -
And that guard is not more reliable,
Not braver, not more diligent.
And Prince Gvidon sits there;
He sent you a bow."
Tsar Saltan marvels at the miracle.
"As long as I'm alive,
I will visit a wonderful island
And I’ll stay with the prince.”
Cook and weaver
Not a gugu - but Babarikha,
Laughing, he says:
“Who will surprise us with this?
People come out of the sea
And they wander around on their own!
Whether they tell the truth or lie,
I don't see the diva here.
Is there such a diva in the world?
Here comes the true rumor:
There is a princess beyond the sea,
What you can't take your eyes off:
In the daytime, the light of God eclipses,
Lights up the earth at night
The moon shines under the scythe,
And in the forehead a star burns.
And she is majestic
Acts like a pava;
And as the speech says,
Like a river murmurs.
You can speak fairly.
It's a miracle, it's a miracle."
Smart guests are silent:
They don't want to argue with a woman.
Tsar Saltan marvels at the miracle -
And the prince, though angry,
But he regrets
His old grandmother:
He buzzes over her, spinning -
Sits right on her nose,
The nose was stung by the hero:
A blister popped up on my nose.
And again the alarm went:
"Help, for God's sake!
Guard! catch, catch,
Give it up, give it up...
Here already! wait a little
Wait! .. "And the bumblebee in the window,
Yes, calmly in your lot
Flew across the sea.
The prince walks by the blue of the sea,
He does not take his eyes off the blue of the sea;
Look - over flowing waters
The white swan is swimming.
“Hello, my beautiful prince!
Why are you as quiet as a rainy day?
Saddened by what? -
She tells him.
Prince Gvidon answers her:
“Sadness-longing eats me:
People get married; I look
Not married only I go.
- “And who is in mind
You have?" - "Yes, in the world,
They say there is a princess
That you can't take your eyes off.
In the daytime, the light of God eclipses,
Lights up the earth at night
The moon shines under the scythe,
And in the forehead a star burns.
And she is majestic
Acts like a pava;
He speaks sweetly
It's like a river is babbling.
Only, complete, is it true?
The prince fearfully waits for an answer.
The white swan is silent
And after thinking, he says:
"Yes! there is such a girl.
But the wife is not a mitten:
You can't shake off a white pen
Yes, you can’t shut your belt.
I will serve you with advice -
Listen: about everything about it
Think through the way
Don't repent later."
The prince began to swear before her,
It's time for him to get married
What about it about everything
He changed his mind by;
What is ready with a passionate soul
For the beautiful princess
He walks to go from here
At least for distant lands.
The swan is here, taking a deep breath,
Said: “Why far?
Know that your fate is near
After all, this princess is me.
Here she flaps her wings
Flew over the waves
And to the shore from above
Dropped into the bushes
Startled, shaken off
And the princess turned around:
The moon shines under the scythe,
And in the forehead a star burns;
And she is majestic
Acts like a pava;
And as the speech says,
Like a river murmurs.
The prince embraces the princess,
Presses against a white chest
And leads her quickly
To my dear mother.
Prince at her feet, begging:
"Dear Empress!
I chose my wife
Daughter obedient to you.
We ask both permissions
your blessings:
bless the children
Live in council and love."
Over the head of their obedient
Mother with miraculous icon
Sheds tears and says:
"God will reward you, children."
The prince was not going for a long time,
Married to the princess;
They began to live and live
Yes, wait for the offspring.
The wind walks on the sea
And the boat is urging;
He runs in waves
On swollen sails
Past the steep island
Past the big city;
Cannons from the pier are firing,
The ship is ordered to stop.
Guests arrive at the outpost.
Prince Gvidon invites them to visit.
He feeds and waters them
And he orders to keep the answer:
“What are you, guests, bargaining for
And where are you sailing now?
The sailors replied:
"We've traveled all over the world
We traded in vain
unspecified product;
And we have a long way to go:
Come back to the east
Past the island of Buyana,
To the realm of the glorious Saltan.
The prince then said to them:
"Good luck to you, gentlemen,
By sea by Okiya
To the glorious Tsar Saltan;
Yes, remind him
To his sovereign:
He promised to visit us
And so far I have not gathered -
I send him my regards."
The guests are on their way, and Prince Gvidon
Stayed at home this time.
And he did not leave his wife.
The wind blows merrily
The ship runs merrily
Past the island of Buyana,
To the kingdom of the glorious Saltan,
And a familiar country
It's visible from afar.
Here come the guests.
Tsar Saltan calls them to visit,
Guests see: in the palace
The king is seated in his crown.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
Sitting around the king
Four all three look.
Tsar Saltan planting guests
At your table and asks:
"Oh you gentlemen,
How long did you travel? where?
Is it okay overseas or is it bad?
And what is the miracle in the world?
The sailors replied:
“We have traveled all over the world;
Overseas life is not bad,
In the light, what a miracle:
An island in the sea lies
The city stands on the island,
With golden-domed churches,
With towers and gardens;
Spruce grows in front of the palace,
And below it is a crystal house:
The squirrel lives in it tame,
Yes, what a miracle!
Squirrel sings songs
Yes, he gnaws all the nuts;
And nuts are not simple,
The shells are golden.
The cores are pure emerald;
The squirrel is groomed, protected.
There is another wonder:
The sea rages violently
Boil, raise a howl,
Will rush to the empty shore,
Will spill in a quick run,
And find themselves on the shore
In scales, like the heat of grief,
Thirty-three heroes
All beauties are gone
young giants,
Everyone is equal, as in the selection -
Uncle Chernomor is with them.
And that guard is not more reliable,
Not braver, not more diligent.
And the prince has a wife,
What you can't take your eyes off:
In the daytime, the light of God eclipses,
Illuminates the earth at night;
The moon shines under the scythe,
And in the forehead a star burns.
Prince Gvidon rules that city,
Everyone zealously praises him;
He sent you a bow
Yes, he blames you:
He promised to visit us,
And so far I haven’t gathered.”
Here the king could not resist,
He ordered the fleet to be equipped.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
They don't want to let the king go
Wonderful island to visit.
But Saltan does not listen to them
And just calms them down:
"What am I? king or child? -
He says not jokingly.-
Now I'm going!" - Here he stomped,
He went out and slammed the door.
Gvidon is sitting under the window,
Silently looks at the sea:
It does not make noise, it does not whip,
Just barely trembles.
And in the azure distance
Ships appeared:
Through the plains of Okiyana
The fleet of Tsar Saltan is coming.
Prince Gvidon then jumped up,
He shouted loudly:
“My dear mother!
You are a young princess!
Look there:
Father is coming here."
The fleet is approaching the island.
Prince Gvidon points the pipe:
The king is on deck
And looks at them through the chimney;
With him is a weaver with a cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha;
They are surprised
unfamiliar side.
The cannons fired at once;
The bell towers rang;
Gvidon himself goes to the sea;
There he meets the king
With a cook and a weaver,
With the matchmaker Babarikha;
He brought the king into the city,
Saying nothing.
Everyone now goes to the wards:
Armor shines at the gate,
And stand in the eyes of the king
Thirty-three heroes
All handsome young
The giants are gone
Everyone is equal, as for selection,
Uncle Chernomor is with them.
The king stepped into the wide courtyard:
There under the high tree
The squirrel sings a song
The golden nut gnaws
Emerald takes out
And lowers it into the bag;
And a large yard is sown
Golden shell.
The guests are far away - hastily
Look - what? princess is amazing
Under the scythe the moon shines,
And in the forehead a star burns:
And she is majestic
Acts like a pava
And she leads her mother-in-law.
The king looks - and finds out ...
Zealousness leaped up in him!
"What do I see? what?
How!" - and the spirit in him took up ...
The king burst into tears
He embraces the queen
And the son, and the young woman,
And they all sit down at the table;
And the merry feast went.
And the weaver and the cook,
With the matchmaker Babarikha
They ran to the corners;
They were found hard there.
Here they confessed everything
They confessed, burst into tears;
Such a king for joy
He sent all three home.
The day has passed - Tsar Saltan
They put me to bed drunk.
I was there; honey, drinking beer -
And his mustache just wet.
Nicholas II (short biography)
Nicholas II (May 18, 1868 - July 17, 1918) was the last Russian emperor, and also the son of Alexander III. Thanks to this, he received an excellent education, studying languages, military science, jurisprudence, economics, literature and history. Nicholas had to sit on the throne quite early because of the death of his father.
On May 26, 1896, the coronation of Nicholas II and his wife took place. On these holidays, a terrible event also took place, which remained in history under the name "Khodynki", the result of which was the death of many people (according to some sources, more than one thousand two hundred people).
During the reign of Nicholas II, an unprecedented economic upsurge was observed in the state. At the same time, the agricultural sector was significantly strengthened - the state becomes the main exporter of agricultural products in Europe. A gold stable currency is also being introduced. The industry is developing at an active pace: enterprises are being built, large cities are growing, and railways are being built. Nicholas II was a successful reformer. So, he introduces a standardized day for the workers, providing them with insurance and carrying out excellent reforms for the navy and army. Emperor Nicholas fully supported the development of science and culture in the state.
However, despite such an improvement in the life of the country, civil unrest still took place in it. For example, in January 1905, the first Russian revolution takes place, the stimulus for which was an event referred to by historians as "Bloody Sunday". As a result, on October 17 of the same year, a manifesto “On the improvement of the state order” was adopted, which dealt with civil liberties. A parliament was formed which included the State Council and the State Duma. On June 3, the so-called "Third of June coup" took place, which changed the rules for choosing a Duma.
In 1914, the First World War began, which significantly worsened the state of the state. Each of the failures in the battles undermined the authority of the ruler Nicholas II. In February 1917, an uprising began in Petrograd, which reached grandiose proportions. On March 2, 1917, fearing large-scale bloodshed, Nikolai signed an act of abdication from the Russian throne.
On March 9, 1917, the provisional government arrested the entire Romanov family, after which they sent them to Tsarskoye Selo. In August they were transported to Tobolsk, and already in April 1918 - to Yekaterinburg. On the night of the sixteenth to the seventeenth of July, the Romanovs are taken to the basement, the death sentence is read out and they are shot.
