Solid voiced unpaired letters. How different are these consonant sounds

The ability to speak orally is very important for social life and the development of the individual. Much attention in the study of the native (or foreign) language is paid to colloquial speech - the correct pronunciation of phonemes. There are many words that differ only in individual sounds. Therefore, special attention is paid to the functioning of the organs of speech and sound formation.

Sound production

Sound formation occurs as a result of mental and speech activity of a person. The vocal apparatus consists of the diaphragm, larynx, epiglottis, pharynx, vocal cords, nasal and oral cavity, uvula, palate (soft and hard), alveoli, teeth, tongue, lips.

The tongue with the lower lip is actively involved in sound production. Teeth, palate, upper lip remain passive.

The production of sounds (phonemes) includes:

respiration, breathing
phonation - the use of the larynx and vocal folds to create phonemes,
articulation - work for sound production.

Noisy (deaf) Russian

There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian language, and much more sounds - 42. There are 6 vowel phonemes consisting of a clear voice. The remaining 36 sounds are consonants.

In the creation of 16 consonant phonemes, only noise is involved, which is formed as a result of overcoming certain obstacles by the exhaled air flow, which are interacting speech organs.

[k, ], [n, ], [s, ], [t, ], [f, ], [x, ], [h, ], [u, ], [k], [n], [s ], [t], [f], [x], [c], [w] - deaf consonants.

To learn how to determine which consonants are deaf, you need to know their main features: how and in what place they are formed, how vocal folds are involved in their production, whether there is palatalization during pronunciation.

Formation of noisy consonants

In the process of producing deaf consonant phonemes, the interaction of various organs of the speech apparatus occurs. They can close with each other or form a gap.

Deaf consonants are born when the exhaled overcomes these barriers. Depending on the type of obstacles, deaf phonemes are divided into:

stop plosives [k, p, t, k, p, t];
occlusive fricatives (affricates) [c, h,];
slotted (fricative) [s, f, x, u, s, f, x, w].

Depending on the places where barriers are formed, among deaf phonemes there are:

labial-labial [n, n];
labio-dental [f, f];
anterior lingual dental [s, s, t, t, c];
anterior-lingual palatine-tooth [h, u, w];
posterior lingual posterior palate [k, x, k, x].

Palatalization and velarization

Noisy phonemes are classified according to the degree of tension in the middle of the language. When in the process of sound production the anterior and middle regions of the tongue rise to the hard palate, a palatalized consonant (soft) voiceless sound is born. Velarized (hard) phonemes are produced by raising the root of the tongue to the posterior region of the soft palate.

6 soft and 6 hard noisy deaf phonemes make pairs, the rest do not have pairs.

Paired deaf consonants - [k, - k], [n, - p], [s, - s], [t, - t], [f, - f], [x, - x]; [c, h, sh, u,] - deaf unpaired consonants.

Articulation

The combination of all the work of the individual organs of the speech apparatus involved in the pronunciation of phonemes is called articulation.

In order for speech to be understandable, one must be able to clearly pronounce sounds, words, sentences. To do this, you need to train your speech apparatus, work out the pronunciation of phonemes.

Having understood how deaf consonants are formed, how to pronounce them correctly, a child or an adult will master speech much faster.

Sounds [k - k, x - x,]

Lower the end of the tongue, slightly move away from the incisors of the lower jaw. Open mouth. Raise the back of the tongue so that it comes into contact with the border zone of the raised soft and hard palate. Through a sharp exhalation, the air overcomes the barrier - [k].

Press the end of the tongue against the lower front teeth. Bring the middle and back of the tongue closer to the middle-posterior region of the hard palate. Exhale - [to,].

In the production of phonemes [x - x,] the organs of speech are arranged similarly. Only between them remains not a link, but a gap.

Sounds [p - p,]

Close the lips, leave the tongue free to lie, slightly move its tip away from the lower incisors. Exhalation. The air jet breaks through the lips - [p].

The lips are the same. Press the end of the tongue against the incisors of the lower jaw. Raise the middle of the tongue to the hard palate. A sharp push of air overcomes the labial barrier - [p,].

Sounds [s - s,]

Stretch your lips, almost close your teeth. Touch the end of the tongue to the front teeth of the lower jaw. Bend the tongue, lifting the middle back to the palate. Its lateral edges are pressed against the upper chewing teeth. The air flow passes through the groove formed in the middle of the tongue. Overcomes the gap between the alveolar arch and the anterior back of the tongue - [s].

The phoneme [s, ] is pronounced similarly. Only the middle of the tongue rises higher, and the front arches more (the groove disappears).

Sounds [t - t,]

Open lips. Rest the end of the tongue against the incisors of the upper jaw, forming a bow. A jet of exhaled air breaks through the barrier with force - [t].

The position of the lips is the same. Press the tip of the tongue against the lower incisors. Touch the upper alveolar arch with the front of the tongue, creating a bow. Under the pressure of the air jet, an obstacle is overcome - [t, ].

Sounds [f - f,]

Slightly retract the lower lip and press the upper incisors against it. Raise the back of the tongue to the back of the soft palate. On exhalation, the air passes through a flat gap formed by the lip and teeth - [f].

Lips and teeth in the same position. Move the tip of the tongue to the lower incisors. Raise the middle part of the tongue to the palate. The air flow penetrates through the labio-dental fissure - [f,].

Sound [ts]

Sound is produced in two stages:

Stretch slightly tense lips. Press the end of the tongue to the front lower teeth. Raise the front of the tongue, closing with the hard palate (just behind the alveolar arch).
The air flow enters the oral cavity. Slightly bend the tongue - raise the middle part, lower the back, press the lateral edges to the chewing teeth. The bow turns into a gap and the air comes out - [c].

Sound [h,]

Phoneme formation consists of two phases:

Slightly round and push the lips. Press the end and front of the tongue against the hard palate and alveolar arch, creating a barrier.
Push out the air: at the place of the connection between the tongue and the palate, a gap will be obtained. At the same time, it is necessary to raise the middle of the tongue - [h,].

Sound [w]

Push slightly rounded lips. Raise the end of the tongue to form a narrow passage with the palate and the alveolar arch (1st gap). Lowering the middle of the tongue, raise its back (2nd gap). Press the edges to the chewing teeth, forming a bowl. Exhale smoothly - [sh].

Sound [u,]

The lips are slightly extended and rounded. Raise the end of the tongue to the alveolar arch, without pressing, so that there is a gap. Raise the tongue to the hard palate (except for the front part), press the edges against the molars of the upper jaw. Exhale slowly. The central part of the tongue goes down, creating a groove through which the air flow passes. The tongue tenses - [u,].

In a speech stream, voiceless consonants coexist with other phonemes. If a vowel follows after a noisy phoneme, then the lips assume a position for the articulation of the latter.

Comparison of noisy deaf and voiced phonemes

Voiced are phonemes, in the formation of which both voice and noise are involved (the latter predominates). Some voiced have paired sounds from among the deaf.

Paired deaf consonants and voiced: [k - g], [k, - g, ], [p - b], [p, - b,], [t - d], [t, - d, ], [ s - h], [s, - h, ], [f - c], [f, - c, ], [w - g].

Voiced and voiceless unpaired consonants:

[d, l, m, n, p, l, m, n, p] - voiced (sonorous);
[x, h, u, x, c] - noisy deaf.

Designation of noisy phonemes by letters

The ability to write well is just as important as speaking. Mastering written speech is even more difficult, since some sounds on paper can be written in different letters or letter combinations.

Deaf consonants when written are transmitted by similar letters if they are in strong positions.

According to deafness-voicedness: before a vowel, [in - in,], other noisy ones (applicable to paired deaf people!).

By hardness-softness: before the vowel, [b, m, g, k, p, x, b, m, g, k, p, x,] - for sounds [s, s, t, t, ], at the end the words.

In other cases, to determine the correct letter (or combination of letters) for a deaf consonant phoneme, certain rules of the Russian language must be applied. And sometimes you just need to remember the correct spelling of words (dictionaries).

Usually, children do not have serious difficulties in understanding the difference between vowels and consonants. But on hard and soft consonants, you should dwell in more detail.

How to teach children to distinguish between hard and soft consonants

The very first thing to teach a child is that consonants can be hard and soft, but not letters.

Typical mistake:
Children confuse sound and letter. Remember that a sound is a sound, and a letter is an icon, it is written. A letter cannot be hard or soft, only a consonant sound can be hard or soft in pronunciation.

Sometimes children can easily learn to distinguish between soft and hard sounds by ear.
But it happens that this is difficult, and in this case, signs will come to the rescue by which one can distinguish hard sounds from soft ones.

Distinctive features of soft and hard sounds

What sound comes after the consonant:

If after the consonant there is a vowel a, o, y, e, s, then the consonant is solid.
If after the consonant there is a vowel and, e, u, i, then the consonant is soft.

Working with examples:
In the words "mother", "nora" - solid consonants, because after them come "a" and "o".
In the words "fly", "nanny" - consonants are soft, because after them come "e", "and", "I".

If another consonant sounds after a consonant, then the first consonant will be hard.
There are sounds that can only be hard and sounds that can only be soft, no matter what sound is heard and what letter is written after them.

Always solid sounds - w, w, c.
Always soft - th, h, u.
A common way to learn these sounds is a simple technique: we write the letters that convey these sounds in a line, and underline "th, h, u". The underline symbolizes the pillow on which soft sounds sit. The pad is soft, so the sounds are soft.

Soft sign and hard sign

If the consonant is at the end of the word, and after it is the letter “b”, then the consonant is soft.

This rule is easy to apply if the child sees the written word, but it will not help if the child performs the task by ear.

Movement of the tongue when pronouncing soft and hard sounds

When pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue moves slightly forward, approaching the palate (or touching it) with its middle.
When pronouncing solid sounds, the tongue does not move forward.

Table of signs of hard and soft sounds

Solid:

Before a, o, u, uh, s.
At the end of a word before a consonant.
Zh, c, sh.

Soft:

Before the vowels e, e, i, u, i.
If after the consonant there is a soft sign (dust, measles).
Y, h, sh.

A picture or just a list of thematic words is shown, and the task is given to choose words with soft or hard consonants. For example:

Voiced and voiceless consonants

There are 11 pairs of voiced/voiced consonants in Russian.
The phonetic difference between voiced and voiceless consonants lies in the tension of the vocal cords. Deaf sounds are pronounced with the help of noise, without tension of the ligaments. Voiced sounds are pronounced with a voice, are caused by the vibration of the vocal cords, because. noisy air comes out of the larynx.

Mnemonic technique for memorizing deaf sounds:
Memorize the phrase: “Stepka, do you want a cabbage? - Fi! All consonants here are deaf.

Examples of tasks for children

Tasks for training the difference of paired consonants can be compiled for each pair according to the following principle (using the example of the D/T pair):

Tasks for the difference between a pair of consonants Г/К

In Russian, not all consonants can be both hard and soft. For example, in the word "song" after C is H and we mark C as a hard consonant. In writing, the hardness and softness of consonant sounds is indicated only when writing transcription. Find consonant sounds that sound before voiced paired consonants.

So, consider vowel sounds, which are divided into hard and soft. Pay attention to consonants that sound at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants. 5 letters, 6 sounds). But not all consonants and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired.

Make such a reminder to the child and let it help him in distinguishing between hard and soft sounds. Apply all these methods at once and the child will learn to identify hard and soft consonants without problems. Although these consonants are paired, they are still very different. First, the child learns to understand how letters are divided into vowels and consonants. Here it is quite easy to determine the hard sound of a consonant or soft.

Having remembered this simple rule, children no longer experience difficulties in determining the hardness and softness of individual consonants if they are followed by a vowel. If, when pronouncing a word or syllable, the corners of the mouth part in a smile (i.e. one of the vowels i, e, e, u, and follows the consonant), then this consonant sound is soft. Phonetics gives a clear idea of whether a consonant will be voiced or deaf. To memorize and distinguish voiced consonants from deaf ones, we divide them into pairs. There are 11 of them in total, if we take into account soft consonants (exception -) -; -; -; -; -.

In each case, there are consonants that have a pair, as well as consonants that do not have a pair. Let's look at paired and unpaired consonants, and in what words they occur. In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced less clearly and sound with a shorter duration (i.e., they are reduced). When letters that normally represent voiceless consonants are voiced when voiced, it seems so unusual that it can lead to errors in transcription.

In tasks related to comparing the number of letters and sounds in a word, there may be "traps" that provoke errors. If a person pronounces consonant sounds, then he closes (at least a little) his mouth, because of this, noise is obtained. But consonants make noise in different ways.

Which sounds are always hard and which are soft

You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on your neck on the right and left sides, and pronounce the sounds and. The sound is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists called such sounds sonorous, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: deaf sounds will live on the first floor, and sonorous sounds will live on the second.

Let's settle unpaired consonant sounds in our houses. Recall that the sound is always only soft. The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous, because they are formed with the help of a voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. Comparison with vowels. Each consonant has features that distinguish it from other consonants. In speech, sounds can be replaced under the influence of neighboring sounds in the word. It is important to know the strong and weak positions of consonants in a word for their correct spelling.

It is necessary to teach the child to hear them and identify them by different signs. If this memo is in front of the child's eyes, it will be easier for him to remember these letters. You can print and hang over the table where the child is engaged.

It depends on the position of the letter in the word. At the end of the syllable, the voiced sound is muffled, the same happens if the letter is in front of a deaf consonant, for example, “dove”. It must be remembered that after solid consonants there are always vowels: a; about; y; e; s. If after the consonant are: and; e; Yu; I; e, then these consonants are soft.

In the primary grades, the basis of a person's spelling literacy is formed.

Everyone knows that the difficulty of the Russian language is largely due to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation. Often this is associated with paired consonants.

What is a double consonant?

All consonants are with each other in one or another opposition according to their characteristic features. One of them is the opposition of sounds by deafness-voicedness.

Some consonants, with the coincidence of all other features, such as the place of formation and the method of pronunciation, differ only in the participation of the voice in the process of sounding. They are called couples. The remaining consonants do not have a pair of deafness-voicedness: l, m, x, c, h, u, d.

Paired consonants		examples of words with paired consonants
		examples of words with paired consonants
		table [b] s - table [n]
		draw [c] a - draw [f]
		expensive [g] a - expensive [k]
		boro[d]a - boro[t]ka
		blah[w]it - blah[w]
		frosty [s] ny - frosty [s]

Here are paired consonants. The table also contains examples that illustrate the spelling "Checked consonants at the root of the word."

Spelling rule for paired consonants

In the process of pronunciation, paired sounds can be interchanged. But this process is not reflected in the letter. That is, the letters do not change, no matter what sounds we hear in their place. So in the Russian language the principle of uniformity of morphemes is realized. The spelling of paired consonants is completely subject to this law.

The rule may be stated in the following paragraphs:

the root of the word is always written the same way, since semantics depends on it;
spelling must be checked by selecting or changing word forms;
it is necessary to choose as a test one that, after a dubious consonant, has either a vowel sound or a sonorant sound (r, l, m, n, d).

This can be seen in the examples from the table: spelling consonants are either at the end of words, or before other paired sounds. In test words, they are in front of vowels or in front of unpaired phonemes.

Application of the rule

The spelling of paired consonants needs to be worked out. You need to start with the formation of the ability to see the studied spelling. This will be the end of a word or a confluence of consonants, at which sounds begin to influence the sound of each other - the next one changes the quality of the pronunciation of the previous one.

When we know what a paired consonant is, it will not be difficult to conclude which option to choose:

bo [p] - beans - bean;
bro [t] - ford - ford;
bro [f "] - eyebrows - eyebrow;
nail [t "] - nails - nail;
garden [t] - vegetable gardens - vegetable garden;
dro [sh] - trembling - trembling;
polo [s] ka - strip - strip;
ko [z "] ba - mow - mowing;
re [z "] ba - cut - carving;
city [d "] ba - fence - city;
cro [in "] - blood - blood;
stra [w] - guard - guard.

Paired consonants. Word Discrimination Examples

Deafness and sonority are able to distinguish words by meaning. For example:

(soup) dense - (above the river) bush;
(telegraph) pole - (Alexandrian) pillar;
bark (oak) - (high) mountain;
(unbearable) heat - (surface) of the ball;
(bouquet) of roses - (boy) grew up;
(new) house - (thick) vol.

In weak positions, at the end of words, for example, as in the example of "roses" and "rose", a check is necessary to avoid semantic confusion. Paired consonants in Russian require an attentive attitude.

Test on the topic studied

grass[..]ka, rye[..]ka, zu[..]ki, arbu[..], lo[..]ka, short[..]ka, ko[..]ti.

Fabulous - a fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, jump - jumping

6. W or W?

Sapo ... ki, doro ... ki, boom ... ki, kro ... ki, ro ... ki, poro ..ki, bara ... ki, lo ... ki, game ... ki, cha ... ki, lie down ... ki.

gu ... ki (__________);
flasks (__________);
gri… (__________);
ch… (__________);
jump ... ki (____________);
lo ... ka (____________);
horse ... b (______________);
zu .. (_______).

Sha (p / b) ka, provo (d / t), kru (g / c), povia (s / s) ka, me (d / t), su (d / t), sla (d / t) cue, oshi (b / n) ka, doba (v / f) ka, uka (s / s) ka.

9. Insert letters in text:

Lebe ... b - the king of all waterfowl. He, like a dream ..., is white, graceful, he has shiny eyes ... ki, black lac ... ki and a long, booming neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Fix bugs:

I love reading fairy tales.
How fragrant strawberries!
Carrots are sown on the beds.
Gimp birch flutters petals in the wind.
The tray floated on the lake.
Berek is gradually approaching.
Storosh does not sleep.
A mongrel barks loudly in the yard.
Yosh rustles in the bushes.

Answers

1. What is a double consonant? A consonant that has a pair of deafness or sonority.

2. Complete the sentence:

To check paired consonants, you need pick up a test word.

3. Highlight the words that need to be checked:

dip..ka, underwater .. ny, cue, dressed up .. ny, horse..ka, careful..ny, cook..it, du..ki, l oh...ki, other..ny.

4. Write sounds in square brackets:

grass [V] ka, lo [D] ka, zu [B] ki, arbu [Z], lo [D] ka, short [B] ka, ko [G] ti.

5. Underline the test word:

Fabulous - a fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, bounce- jumping