On the eve of 1826 the French Trankiy Yar(fr. Tranquille Yard, whose name the institution bore) opened a restaurant in Shavan's house on Kuznetsky Most. The Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper reported that a "restaurant with a lunch and dinner table, all sorts of grape wines and liqueurs, desserts, coffee and tea, at very reasonable prices" had opened.
Several years - from 1848 to 1851. - "Yar" worked in the Hermitage garden, but not in the modern Hermitage garden on Petrovka, but in the old one on Bozhedomka.
The same restaurants "Yar" and "Strelna" become centers of gypsy singing. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. Ilya Sokolov's gypsy choir worked in Yar, famous gypsy singers sang here - Olimpiada Nikolaevna Fedorova (Pisha), and later - Varvara Vasilyevna Panina (Vasilyeva).
The restaurant building has been rebuilt several times. In July 1896, Yar was acquired by a former waiter, a native of the peasants of the Yaroslavl province, Alexei Akimovich Sudakov. In 1910, on his behalf, the architect Adolf Erichson built a new building in the Art Nouveau style, with large faceted domes, arched windows and monumental metal lamps on the facade. Inside, the Large and Small Halls, the imperial box and offices were arranged, one of which was named "Pushkin" in memory of the poet who wrote about "Yar" in Kuznetsky:
Near the restaurant, the owner's mansion was built, which has not survived to this day. At the grand opening of the new Yara building in 1910, a song was first performed, information about the author of which is contradictory:
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An excerpt characterizing Yar (restaurant)
- I? - said Nikolai remembering; - you see, at first I thought that Rugay, the red dog, looked like an uncle and that if he were a man, he would still keep the uncle with him, if not for the jump, then for the frets, he would keep everything. How good he is, uncle! Is not it? - Well, what about you?- I? Hold on, hold on. Yes, at first I thought that here we are going and we think that we are going home, and God knows where we are going in this darkness and suddenly we will arrive and see that we are not in Otradnoye, but in a magical kingdom. And then I thought… No, nothing more.
“I know, I was thinking about him right,” Nikolai said smiling, as Natasha recognized by the sound of his voice.
“No,” answered Natasha, although at the same time she really thought both about Prince Andrei and about how he would like his uncle. “And I also repeat everything, I repeat all the way: how Anisyushka performed well, well ...” said Natasha. And Nikolai heard her sonorous, causeless, happy laughter.
“You know,” she said suddenly, “I know that I will never be as happy and calm as I am now.
“That’s nonsense, nonsense, lies,” said Nikolai and thought: “What a charm this Natasha of mine is! I don't have another friend like him and never will. Why should she get married, everyone would go with her!
“What a charm this Nikolai is!” thought Natasha. - BUT! there’s still a fire in the living room,” she said, pointing to the windows of the house, which shone beautifully in the wet, velvet darkness of the night.
Count Ilya Andreich resigned from the leaders because this post was too expensive. But things didn't get better for him. Often Natasha and Nikolai saw the secret, restless negotiations of their parents and heard rumors about the sale of a rich, ancestral Rostov house and a suburban one. Without leadership, it was not necessary to have such a large reception, and the life of congratulations was conducted more quietly than in previous years; but the huge house and outbuilding were still full of people, more people were still sitting at the table. All of these were people who had settled down in the house, almost members of the family, or those who, it seemed, had to live in the count's house. Such were Dimmler - a musician with his wife, Yogel - a dance teacher with his family, the old lady Belova, who lived in the house, and many others: Petya's teachers, the former governess of young ladies and just people who were better or more profitable to live with the count than at home. There was no such big visit as before, but the course of life was the same, without which the count and countess could not imagine life. There was the same, still increased by Nikolai, hunting, the same 50 horses and 15 coachmen at the stable, the same expensive gifts on name days, and solemn dinners for the whole county; the same count whists and bostons, behind which he, dissolving cards for everyone to see, allowed himself to be beaten every day by hundreds of neighbors who looked at the right to play the game of Count Ilya Andreich as the most profitable lease.
The count, as if in huge snares, went about his business, trying not to believe that he was entangled, and with each step he became more and more entangled and feeling himself unable to either break the nets that entangled him, or carefully, patiently begin to unravel them. The Countess, with a loving heart, felt that her children were ruined, that the count was not to blame, that he could not be different from what he was, that he himself was suffering (although he hides it) from the consciousness of his own and children's ruin, and was looking for means to help the cause. From her feminine point of view, there was only one way - the marriage of Nicholas to a rich bride. She felt that this was the last hope, and that if Nikolai refused the party that she had found for him, she would have to say goodbye forever to the opportunity to improve things. This party was Julie Karagina, the daughter of a beautiful, virtuous mother and father, known to Rostov from childhood, and now a rich bride on the occasion of the death of the last of her brothers.
The Countess wrote directly to Karagina in Moscow, offering her the marriage of her daughter to her son, and received a favorable response from her. Karagina replied that she, for her part, agreed that everything would depend on the inclination of her daughter. Karagina invited Nikolai to come to Moscow.
Several times, with tears in her eyes, the Countess told her son that now that both her daughters were added, her only desire was to see him married. She said that she would lie down in the coffin calm, if that were the case. Then she said that she had a beautiful girl in mind and elicited his opinion about marriage.
In other conversations, she praised Julie and advised Nikolai to go to Moscow for the holidays to have fun. Nikolai guessed what his mother's conversations were leading to, and in one of these conversations he called her to complete frankness. She told him that all the hope of getting things right was now based on his marriage to Karagina.
- Well, if I loved a girl without a fortune, would you really demand, maman, that I sacrifice feeling and honor for a fortune? he asked his mother, not understanding the cruelty of his question and wishing only to show his nobility.
“No, you didn’t understand me,” said the mother, not knowing how to justify herself. “You didn’t understand me, Nikolinka. I wish you happiness,” she added, and felt that she was telling a lie, that she was confused. She started crying.
“Mamma, don’t cry, but just tell me that you want it, and you know that I will give my whole life, I will give everything so that you are calm,” said Nikolai. I will sacrifice everything for you, even my feelings.
But the countess did not want to put the question that way: she did not want a sacrifice from her son, she herself would like to sacrifice to him.
“No, you didn’t understand me, let’s not talk,” she said, wiping her tears.
“Yes, maybe I love the poor girl,” Nikolai said to himself, well, should I sacrifice feeling and honor for the state? I wonder how my mother could tell me this. Because Sonya is poor, I can’t love her, he thought, I can’t respond to her faithful, devoted love. And I'll probably be happier with her than with some kind of Julie doll. I can always sacrifice my feelings for the good of my relatives, he said to himself, but I cannot command my feelings. If I love Sonya, then my feeling is stronger and higher than anything for me.
The legendary restaurant "Yar" - the brainchild of the French chef Mr. Tranquil Yard - at first, on January 1, 1826, was located in the house of the merchant Shavanne at the corner of Kuznetsky Most and Neglinnaya. It soon became very popular with gourmets who fell in love with Yar for its exquisite menu and excellent wine cellars. One of the Yar's regulars on Kuznetsky was Alexander Pushkin, who captured the memory of the restaurant in one of his works.
Later - from 1848 to 1851. - "Yar" worked in the Hermitage garden, but not in the Hermitage garden, on Petrovka, which we all know well, but in the old one on Bozhedomka. But soon it opened as a country restaurant in Petrovsky Park, on Petersburg Highway, owned by General Bashilov, who rented his estate for a restaurant. The fact is that for the purity of morals in city restaurants, gypsies were forbidden to sing, and outside the outposts they had every right to perform. Merchants and young people, squandering their father's fortunes, sometimes organized crazy festivities in Yar and often simply smashed the restaurant premises, but even these facts, which were not entirely decent for a respectable institution, did not discourage other people from him. Bryusov, Chekhov, Kuprin, Chaliapin, Stanislavsky, Gilyarovsky, artists, writers, lawyers often visited Yar.
In 1895, "Yar" was acquired by Aleksey Akimovich Sudakov, a Yaroslavl peasant who achieved everything with his mind and talent. Sudakov, who agreed with the management of a nearby hippodrome on mutual customer service. The proceeds from this brilliant idea made it possible to rebuild the restaurant. In 1910, he rebuilt Yar (architect A. Erichson): from a wooden house, the restaurant turned into a solid palace with columns, a summer garden for 250 seats, a fountain, stone grottoes and arbors covered with ivy. Houses for employees were built next to the restaurant.
The restaurant in 1910 was valued at 10 million rubles in gold, a huge figure. The restaurant with its service buildings occupied a whole block, the restaurant had its own power plant, its own water pumping station, car park, its own stable, summer veranda, flower beds, the back of the property was framed by "mountains" - made from stones brought from the Caucasus.
The house to the right of the building of the Sovetsky Hotel is the house for the employees of the restaurant. Previously, its side tower-orker was decorated with a spire. To the left of the restaurant was the house of Sudakov himself, which, unfortunately, has not been preserved.
In pre-revolutionary times, "Yar" became famous for revelry, so colorfully described by Gilyarovsky. One of the Yar's regulars was Savva Morozov. One winter, he went to his favorite restaurant, but they didn’t let him in - some merchant was walking - the restaurant was rented out. Savva tried to be indignant, they say, he is a regular customer, he left a lot of money here, but they still refused to let him into the restaurant. Then the angry Morozov went to Petrovsky Park, picked up some kind of hoard there, led him to the restaurant and ordered them to break the wall in order to enter the restaurant through it on a straight troika. They break the wall, Savva Timofeevich is sitting in the top three, waiting. Not subject to persuasion. I don't want to call the police either - I'm a regular customer. Somehow, a gypsy from the choir persuaded him not to destroy the restaurant: "Father, what are you doing, we will remain without income," in general, they persuaded him, he paid off all the "burglars", spat on everything and left.
The famous millionaire Khludov came to Yar accompanied by a pet tigress.
And then the merchants liked to play in the "aquarium". They ordered the huge white piano to be filled with water to the brim and the fish were launched into it.
There was also a price list in "Yar" for those who like to have a good time. The pleasure of smearing a waiter's face with mustard, for example, cost 120 rubles, and throwing a bottle into a Venetian mirror cost 100 rubles. However, all the property of the restaurant was insured for solid money.
"Yar" was visited by Grigory Rasputin and Felix Yusupov, Chekhov and Kuprin, Gorky and Leonid Andreev, Balmont and Bryusov, Chaliapin, artists brothers Vasnetsov, Levitan, Repin, Vrubel, Serov...
After the revolution, the restaurant was closed, moldings were torn off the ceilings, the fountain and the garden were destroyed, the property of the restaurant was taken out. Sudakov was arrested. The fate of the owner of Yar is tragic - after the revolution, he and his children were often arrested, the Central Committee was summoned, they were regularly "shaken", considering him the owner of a huge fortune, he could not emigrate abroad. Later, Sudakov worked as a simple accountant in an ordinary Soviet office. To live out his life, he went to the village. He did not like to talk about Yar, this topic was closed to him. After his death, he was allegedly buried in Moscow at the Vagankovsky cemetery. Such are the rise and fall of the owner of Yar, who began his career as a "boy" in a tea shop, achieved everything with his work, intelligence and talent, turned the cult restaurant into an empire, and ended up as an ordinary employee in a state organization...
Until 1952, the building of the former restaurant housed a cinema, a gym for Red Army soldiers, a hospital, a film school, VGIK and the Pilot's House. In 1952, on the personal instructions of Stalin, a hotel complex in the Russian Empire style was added to the building of the Yar restaurant. Now the former building looks almost unrecognizable, only the arched windows can identify Sudakov's "Yar". "Yar" was renamed into the restaurant "Soviet". A little later, the gypsy theater "Romen" drove into the side of the hotel - the spirit of the old "Yar" and the gypsy choir of Anna Zakharovna turned out to be attractive.
The restaurant "Sovietsky" was widely known as a "restaurant for the privileged" - diplomats, party leaders and close associates. During these years, "Soviet" was repeatedly marked with pennants and honorary awards. Vasily Stalin, and the King of Spain Juan Carlos, and Indira Gandhi, and Vysotsky with Marina Vlady, and the "Iron Lady" with Konrad Adenauer have been here.
Over time, the restaurant fell into decay, but since 1998 it has experienced its next birth under its former name - "Yar". The restaurant was restored - the pre-revolutionary interior was completely restored here, the frescoes of the beginning of the century on the ceiling and walls were put in order, the chandelier of 1912 was repaired, the fountain in the courtyard, made according to the project of the Bolshoi Theater fountain, was recreated.
Such is the history of the restaurant "Yar".
dishwasher
Alexey Sudakov was born in the Yaroslavl province, in a large peasant family. Many of their fellow villagers took their children to Moscow and gave them to work as tanners or blacksmiths, but often also in taverns. This was done not out of selfishness and cruelty of parents, but in order to save children from starvation in the village, which often suffered from crop failures. Working in a restaurant, you certainly will not die of hunger.
To feed his family, his father went with Alexei to Moscow to the "exchange" - that was the name of the place where the owners of Moscow taverns chose among people from the surrounding villages sex workers (servant in a tavern), waiters for restaurants and clerks.
Yaroslavl peasants, or, as they were called, “water drinkers” (by this it was understood that they only drink “fire water”), they worked in the best taverns of the city (“Prague”, “Slaviansky Bazaar”, etc.). For them, this work was an opportunity to break into people, to become a respectable person.
The duties of the waiter of those years were not particularly different from the modern ones: take the order, serve the dish correctly, clear the table
The cheerful, resilient boy liked the manager of the tea house and he took him to his place as a dishwasher, and Father Alexei as a clerk. And at the age of nine, the future millionaire began adulthood. The life of catering workers is still unsweetened: food must be constantly monitored, everyone needs to be pleased, to calm the drunk boors - in other words, you won’t even be able to sit down.
In a time when there was no plumbing, no garbage disposal, no disinfectants, working in the kitchen was a nightmare. In such an atmosphere, our hero took his first steps towards success, cleaning the plates with numb fingers in cold water. Of course, illiterate village children were taught all the dishes that were served, and if now everyone is taught from printouts, then they were memorized by ear.
The chef personally undertook to teach the garcon all the intricacies of cooking so that he could answer any question from the guest. The most difficult thing for anyone was to learn the composition of the sauces, of which there were the greatest variety, and which dish was served with which sauce. They were allowed to work with clients only if the young worker "knows everything about the sauce."
Having learned the menu, he was allowed into the hall to serve the visitors. In this role, young Sudakov worked for about four years. By and large, the duties of the waiter of those years did not differ much from the modern one: take the order, serve the dish correctly, clear the table.
Aleksey was very smart and lively, diligently carried out all the instructions, so at the age of 17 he managed to become, in modern terms, a restaurant manager. He could wear a “stamp shovel” (a wallet where they kept cashier's checks and money for food) and a silk belt, for which this very “shovel” was shut up. His tea house began to bring in a good income, and at the age of 22, a businesslike Yaroslavl became the director of the institution.
Restaurateur
As soon as the young man saved up an impressive amount, he immediately bought a restaurant on Rozhdestvensky Boulevard, which became popular throughout Moscow. Then another one, but the businessman's dream was chic and beautiful restaurant "Yar"(named after the French chef Yard, and not from the ravine), which is now located near the Dynamo metro station, on Leningradka.
This place was different from other cereals, since not only bread was served there, but also spectacles: Stepan Ryabov's orchestra played, choirs sang, and in general, all the high society was here: the rich Morozov, the writers Chekhov and Kuprin, the opera star Chaliapin, the famous "unbeliever" director Stanislavsky, "our everything" Pushkin.
Owning such a place meant not only getting rich, but also becoming famous among the elite. At his own peril and risk, taking a tidy sum in debt, Sudakov in 1896 buys "Yar" from the squandered owner Aksenov. But our hero knew what he was doing, and thanks to his ingenuity he quickly earned money. In modern terms, he acted as a promoter ... of the hippodrome. The fact is that the races took place very close to his cafeshantan. Having agreed with the racing society, he distributed free tickets for this event among the guests, sweet-voiced gypsies gave them to their fans.
“A merchant, after all, how is he,” used to say a restaurateur who knew merchants firsthand, “if it’s free, then he will be happy with the coals in hell.” During the day, the audience went to look at their favorite horses, cheered for them, and then, tired of experiences and, wanting to celebrate the victory or pour grief, went to have dinner at the neighboring Yar. There was no end to customers now.
With the proceeds from his simple and brilliant idea, Sudakov decided to make a major overhaul in his institution. His idea was to turn an old wooden building into an Art Nouveau palace. In 1910, the architect Adolf Erichson built a new building with large faceted domes, arched windows and monumental lamps on the facade. Crowds rushed to the rebuilt Yar, even members of the imperial family and the all-powerful Grigory Rasputin were there. The beau monde especially fell in love with the summer garden, where they could sit in the shade and talk about the fate of Russia.
In the same year, Aleksey Akimovich, who had a hundred thousand capital, buys the St. Petersburg tavern "Bear", which, in fact, was a copy of his Moscow brainchild. The restaurateur turns an already chic place into a real “Hermitage”, only in it one could not only admire art, but also have a bite to eat.
Howbeit, restaurant "Yar" survived the upheavals, and in 1952 became part of the Sovestskaya Hotel. The institution was returned to its former interiors and name; in it, as in the good old days, a gypsy song plays and famous people come: from Chubais to Schwarzenegger. Each of us can admire the luxurious decoration and sit at Pushkin's favorite table.
Yaroslavl region during the time of Kievan Rus
The early history of the Yaroslavl region is closely connected with the formation of Yaroslavl as a fortification to protect the path from the Volga to Rostov. Tradition connects the emergence of Yaroslavl with the name of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, who later became the Grand Duke of Kyiv. His warriors destroyed a pagan settlement called "Bear's Corner", whose inhabitants were engaged in fishing and hunting. According to legend, Prince Yaroslav the Wise conquered the local pagan tribes by hacking to death with a battle ax the "sacred" bear they worshiped. The coat of arms of Yaroslavl reminds of this event - "In a silver shield, a bear, standing, holds a golden ax in its left paw." Almost a thousand years ago, in 1010, Prince Yaroslav the Wise built a fortress city on the site of a pagan settlement on the right bank of the Volga, at the confluence of the Kotorosl River with it, and named it "in his own name."
In 1218, Yaroslavl became the "capital city" of an independent principality. The beginning of the brilliant flourishing of the rich Volga city was interrupted for many years by the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Like many other Russian cities, Yaroslavl was burned to the ground in 1238, but did not kneel before the enemy. There have been numerous uprisings here. In memory of one of them, a low mountain beyond the Kotorosl River is called Tugova, which in translation from Old Slavonic means Sorrowful: the Yaroslavl people who died in the struggle for the independence of the Motherland are buried here.
Yaroslavl region in the XV-XVII centuries.
In 1463, the Yaroslavl principality became part of the united Moscow. In the XVI-XVII centuries, Yaroslavl was an important point of trade relations with the countries of the East and Europe. Foreign merchants had numerous farmsteads in the city, from where they sent goods to Moscow, other Russian cities and even to Persia (Iran).
In 1612, in Yaroslavl, with the money of local merchants, a 25,000-strong militia was formed, which, under the leadership of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, liberated Moscow captured by the Poles. The most influential residents of Yaroslavl took part in the election of a new Russian sovereign. Mikhail Romanov was called to the kingdom, marking the beginning of the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty.
Yaroslavl region in the XVII-XIX centuries.
The 17th century is a golden age for the Yaroslavl region, characterized by the flourishing of the original Yaroslavl school of architecture and icon painting.
XVIII century - the industrial heyday of the region, the transition from crafts to manufactory. In 1722, the Yaroslavl Large Manufactory (now the Krasny Perekop Combine) was formed, textile enterprises appeared in Pereslavl, Rostov, and Uglich.
In 1796, the Yaroslavl province was formed with the center in Yaroslavl, which included, in addition to the old cities (Rostov, Uglich, Romanov), newly established ones (Danilov, Myshkin, Rybinsk, etc.). This administrative structure persisted until the beginning of the 20th century.
By the beginning of the 19th century, there were already 12 manufactories and 69 factories in Yaroslavl. In 1838, the merchant A.F. Vakhromeev built a plant for the production of white lead (now the paint and varnish plant of JSC Russian Paints), at the end of the 19th century, the first oil refinery for the production of mineral oils was built in the town of Konstantinovka, at the origins of which was the chemist D I. Mendeleev. Seasonal crafts were developed on a massive scale, commercial agriculture grew, and livestock breeding developed.
In 1870-1898, the Yaroslavl province was connected by railroads with Moscow, Vologda, Kostroma, and St. Petersburg. In terms of the number of workers, Yaroslavl itself ranked eighth among the 103 most important industrial centers of Russia.
Yaroslavl region in the first half of the XX century.
The First World War broke into the life of the calm Yaroslavl province. Refugees from the western provinces appeared. Factories and workshops were rebuilt in a military way. Favorable orders were received by the owners of the Big Yaroslavl Manufactory, large mills. Foundry-mechanical and wire-nail factories, wool-spinning, wadding, weaving factories were evacuated from the front-line regions to Yaroslavl.
Difficulties with the delivery of cars from abroad forced the development of the domestic automobile industry. In 1915, the tsarist government decided to build its own car factories, including in the Yaroslavl province.
The construction of the Yaroslavl plant was carried out by the Joint Stock Company of Aeronautics V.A. Lebedev. Vladimir Alexandrovich Lebedev was a very competent engineer and worked as a test pilot at the aviation plant named after. Shchetinin. Lebedev's interest in Yaroslavl was caused by aviation plans:
Initially, it was planned to build an aircraft factory in Yaroslavl. In January 1916, on the outskirts of Yaroslavl, behind the Romanovskaya Zastava, the construction of the plant began. At the beginning of 1917, 100 people were already working at the plant. They produced 285 cabins and 105 bodies for Renault ambulances. In March 1917, in Yaroslavl, following the example of St. Petersburg, factory committees were created and an 8-hour working day was introduced.
The civil war began. Auto repair shops from Smolensk were evacuated to Yaroslavl, and in mid-August 1918, the auto repair shops and the plant merged.
In the troubled year of 1918, a White Guard rebellion broke out in Yaroslavl. The working committees of Yaroslavl created Red Army detachments and repelled the attacks of the White Guards. Many workers after these events did not return to their jobs, but joined the Red Army.
June 28, 1918 issued a decree of the Council of People's Commissars on nationalization. The Lebedev plant was also nationalized and was named the Yaroslavl State Automobile Repair Plant.
On August 11, 1919, the Council of Labor and Defense issued a resolution on the allocation of the most important defense facilities to the strike group. The Revolutionary Military Council allocated 200 skilled workers to the plant, as well as funds and equipment for the completion of workshops.
In 1929, the Yaroslavl province was abolished, and its territory was included in the newly formed Ivanovo region.
The administrative-territorial formation of the Yaroslavl region was established in 1936 as a result of the division of the Ivanovo industrial region into Ivanovo and Yaroslavl. Within the boundaries of the Yaroslavl region was the territory of the former Yaroslavl province, as well as most of the former Kostroma province and Pereslavl district of the former Vladimir province.
In 1944 the region was divided into Kostroma and Yaroslavl regions.
Yaroslavl region during the Great Patriotic War
In the autumn of 1941, the Yaroslavl region found itself in the frontline zone. The country's leadership decided to establish the production of Shpagin submachine guns (PPSh) at the Yaroslavl car repair plant.
On November 28, 1941, the Yaroslavl City Defense Committee decided:
"To organize the production of submachine guns (PPSh) at the enterprises of Yaroslavl and Kostroma, bringing up to 01.02.1942 to 20 thousand sets per month." The workers of some enterprises of Yaroslavl received a "booking" from the Army.
In the autumn of 1941, the Yaroslavl Communist Division began to form. Many men who have a "booking" voluntarily enrolled in it. The front was getting closer. The Yaroslavl people left in two echelons to build fortifications at the Bolshaya Vishera station and on the Kalinin Front.
Men who had gone to the front were replaced in production by women, teenagers. They mastered the difficult professions of welders and drivers. For teenagers, an 8-hour working day was established. They gave extra food, opened a school. In 1942, an automechanical technical school was opened.
Many Yaroslavl fought and were awarded medals and orders for military merit. During the war years, the documentary-feature film "69th Parallel" was shown in cinemas more than once about the heroes - submariners, commanded by the famous submariner Hero of the Soviet Union N.A. Lunin.
One of the real heroes of the film is Sergey Alexandrovich Lysov from Yaroslavl. During the war years, he was a captain of the 3rd rank on this submarine, which torpedoed 17 fascist warships.
The Yaroslavl Communist 234th Infantry Division fought the most fierce battles in the Smolensk region in the Prechistina region. During the battles of 1942-1943, more than three thousand Yaroslavl residents laid down their lives in this area.
On the initiative of the veterans of the division and with the active participation of the Smolensk State District Power Plant, a monument to the Yaroslavl soldiers who died in the Smolensk region was erected on the site of the fighting in the village of Ozerny on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Victory.
Assistance to the front by the inhabitants of the Yaroslavl region was not limited to the production of military equipment.
In October 1941, funds were raised in Yaroslavl for an armored train, which was sent to the front in the Velikiye Luki region. Yaroslavl Komsomol members raised funds for the submarine "Yaroslavsky Komsomolets", which was led by the famous Yaroslavl Rear Admiral Kolyshkin.
Yaroslavl region in the postwar years
The war caused great damage to the Yaroslavl region. Some of the factories by the end of 1945 had not been restored after the bombing. Industrial equipment was worn out to the limit, since during the war years it was not modernized and was not overhauled.
Enterprises had to switch to the production of civilian products in a short time, which required serious changes in the technological process. As a result, in 1945 the volume of industrial production in industry amounted to only 72% of the pre-war level.
The restoration of the national economy was carried out within the framework of the 4th five-year plan (1946-1950). In the industry of the Yaroslavl region, 15 industrial facilities were reconstructed and built during these years. By the end of the five-year plan, the general indicators of the industrial region were to reach and exceed those of 1940, which would make it possible to solve a number of social problems: the abolition of the rationing system, lower prices, and housing construction.
During the years of the five-year plan, special attention was paid to large enterprises of heavy industry, which, if they were successful, were supposed to carry the entire industry of the region with them. One of these enterprises was the Yaroslavl Automobile Plant. The government paid great attention to the automotive industry at that time. In the summer of 1945, in Moscow, on the territory of the Kremlin, a demonstration of new Soviet automotive technology was held. Among the many models of cars: ZIS-110, GAZ, UAZ, Pobeda, Moskvich.
Serious changes took place in other enterprises of the region. The Rybinsk Printing Plant has again returned to the production of printing equipment. In these post-war years, the construction of the Rybinsk hydroelectric power station was completed. Four more power units were put into operation here. The station reached its design capacity. The filling of the Rybinsk reservoir has been completed. Thus, the major hydraulic engineering work that was carried out in the 30s ended. In addition to these enterprises, it should be noted the Rybinsk Electrotechnical Plant, which at first arose as a repair, but soon became a large independent production, as well as the Semibratov Plant of Gas Cleaning Equipment.
By the end of 1948, the Yaroslavl industry had fulfilled the plans of the five-year plan, and by the end of the five-year plan the industry had surpassed the level of 1940 by 46%. These were very important figures.
And yet, the years of the seven-year plan became for the industrial region the time of a real industrial boom. In seven years, about 300 new industrial facilities were to appear on the map of the region, including such an industry giant as the Novo-Yaroslavl Oil Refinery.
In terms of production volumes, the Yaroslavl Region exceeded the seven-year plan in the field of industry by 57%. The main production assets have almost doubled.
All this testified that the Yaroslavl region was industrially more developed than the entire USSR as a whole. The indicators of its industrial development were significantly higher than the average indicators in the country.
I have read the following books as sources for this article:Babi Yar: man, power, history. Documents and materials. In 5 books
Book 1. Historical topography. Chronology of events (597 pages)The tragedy of Babi Yar in German documents. A. Kruglov
https://www.ushmm.org/ - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
http://www.yadvashem.org - Yad Vashem. The World Holocaust Remembrance Center
http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/— Holocaust Research Project (Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team)
Capture of Kyiv by German troops
After six weeks of fierce fighting for Kyiv, soldiers of the German 6th Army and the 29th Army Corps of the Wehrmacht entered the city September 19, 1941 Before the start of the war with Germany, according to various sources, from 846 to 930 thousand people lived in the largest city of Ukraine. By the time German soldiers entered the city on September 19, 1941, approximately 400,000 inhabitants remained in Kyiv - 200,000 men and women were drafted into the Red Army, and about 300,000 more were evacuated or left on their own.
Approximately every fourth inhabitant of the city was a Jew. It is difficult to establish the exact number - according to various sources, it varies from 175,000 to 230,000 people. The 1939 census showed a figure of 224,236 Jews out of 846,000 inhabitants.
The fact is that after the partition of Poland, there was a massive resettlement of people in the Western part of the now expanded Soviet Union. The beginning of the war in June 1941 marked:
- Natural evacuation of people to the East.
- The entry of Jews into the ranks of the Red Army, including the one defending Kyiv.
- Evacuation of military and strategic important enterprises to the East, together with the labor force (20,000 - 30,000 Jews left Kyiv this way).
According to various sources, at the time the German army entered the city of Kyiv, there were still from 40 000 before 60 000 Jewish population of 400,000 civilians.
Explosions on Khreshchatyk on September 24
On September 24, 1941, the center of the city of Kyiv, especially the main Khreschatyk Avenue, was on fire. The charges, planted in the weeks before the surrender of the city by a special detachment of NKVD saboteurs and set off deliberately, destroyed the main street, leaving 50,000 people homeless. Bombs were planted, among other things, in buildings that were now occupied by German troops - the German headquarters and the Continental Hotel, where German officers were located. On turning off the fire hose, which was involved in extinguishing the fire, a Jewish resident was caught and killed on the spot, which was used by the Germans as a pretext for a future action of retribution for sabotage.
Occupation authorities' response
Major General Kurt Eberhard, commander of the occupying forces in the city, called a meeting. It was attended by local leaders of the SS (police squads arrived in the city just behind the Wehrmacht), the commander of Einsatzgruppe C, SS-Brigadeführer Otto Rasch (Otto Rasch) and the commander of the Sonderkommando 4a, Standartenführer Paul Blobel (Paul Blobel). It was decided that in retaliation for the arson, all the Jews of Kyiv would be destroyed by the forces of Sonderkommando 4a. It included employees of the SD, the Reich Security Police, soldiers of the Waffen-SS. Members of police battalions and local Ukrainian police forces were also involved.
A ravine, known in the city as Babiy Yar, was chosen as a place for mass actions, on the edge of the city, 10 km from the center. On September 28, 1941, the German headquarters of the 6th Army printed and distributed leaflets throughout the city in Ukrainian, Russian and German. In them, under the threat of execution, all the Jews of Kyiv and the surrounding area were ordered to gather at the intersection of Melnikova and Dokterivska streets by 8 am on September 29th. I had to take documents, money, warm clothes and valuables with me. The inhabitants of Kyiv, whose older generation still remembered the First World War, did not see the Germans as a mortal threat, including the Jews of the city, and, of course, could not assume massacres. In addition, the leaflet stated that the marauders and the Jews who occupied the houses would be shot. People meant evacuation, collecting things and documents, and even hoped for the protection of their property. The Germans also spread rumors the day before that the Jews would be sent to labor camps, and since the assembly point was located near the Lukyanovskaya freight station, this calmed the people. August 29 was also not chosen by chance - this Monday fell on the main Jewish holiday, Yom Kippur.
Promotions 29-30 September
On the morning of August 29, people began to gather at the appointed place - at the intersection of Melnikova and Dokterivska streets. Soldiers of the SD, SS and local Ukrainian auxiliary police divided thousands of those who came into groups of 100 people and escorted them on foot to the northwest, to the old Jewish cemetery, behind which was the tract of Babi Yar. The entire ravine along the perimeter was previously surrounded by a barbed wire fence and three lines of protection. The Ukrainian policemen were responsible for the outer one, the Germans and the locals were in the second one, and only German soldiers were in the inner perimeter.
On the spot, people were forced to leave all their belongings - they were thrown into a pile, including valuables and documents, to undress. In groups of 10 people were taken out of the fence, put on the edge of the ravine and shot from machine guns and stationary machine guns. While one party was being destroyed, the next unfortunate ones heard machine-gun bursts and screams just a couple of tens of meters away. As more and more people arrived, the Germans began to save ammo. They laid people head to head on the ground and killed them with one bullet, threw small children alive into a ravine, finished off the unfortunate with shovels or simply left them to die.
Among those killed at Babi Yar on September 29, there were few men (who fought at the front, taken prisoner by the Germans or evacuated with enterprises) - mostly women, children and the elderly - many sick people, people on stretchers. The firing squads expected the arrival of 5,000-6,000 people, but five times as many passed through the mass actions during the whole day. The active phase of executions continued until October 03, 1941, but most of the Jews were killed in just 2 days on September 29-30. The property confiscated from the dead passed into the hands of the occupying authorities and was distributed at their discretion. As for the Jews who remained in the city, they were rounded up, the German police received reports from local residents. There were also those who, under the threat of death, sheltered Jews - today 431 people have been awarded the honorary title of Righteous Among the Nations for saving the Jews of Kyiv.
According to a secret memo from Einsatzgruppe C dated 7 October, 33,771 Jews were killed in the first two days alone. On April 1, 1942, a census was carried out in Kyiv, which showed a figure of 352 thousand people (out of about 400,000 at the time of the occupation of Kyiv)
It is important to understand that the morning of September 29, 1941 was not the first day of executions at Babi Yar - a cross-comparison of testimonies of people who lived on the adjacent streets, collected by the Extraordinary Commission in 1943-1944. made it possible to establish earlier facts of massacres in the Babi Yar ravine. According to the recollections of witnesses, already in the first days after the entry of German troops into Kyiv, columns of Soviet prisoners of war with shovels were led in the direction of Lukyanovka and Babi Yar, who did not return afterwards. According to the documents, the forward detachments of the Sonderkommando 4a SS entered the city together with the Wehrmacht already on September 19th. Group headquarters and main units - by September 25. A general report on the activities of Einsatzgruppe C in November 1941 testified to periodic punitive actions against suspicious prisoners of war and their removal from transit camps. A number of testimonies speak of the first mass execution of the Jewish population in Babi Yar (about 1600 people) already on September 27, 1941, two days before the mass action itself.
According to testimonies and reports about the activities of Einsatzgruppe C on the territory of Ukraine, and in particular Sonderkommando 4a in Kyiv, the massacres of the Jewish population took place with varying intensity during October-November 1941. Jews from the outskirts of Kyiv, including those arrested, were brought to Babi Yar in the process of raids brought from hospitals, delivered by old people and patients who are not able to move independently. For this, different participants in the ravine were chosen, since the main places of executions on September 29 and 30, located near the former Jewish cemetery, were covered with earth. Already on September 30, after the destruction, according to German documents, of 33,771 Jews, the edges of the ravine were blown up and the driven Soviet prisoners of war covered the bottom of Babi Yar with a layer of earth. The photographs available today show the burial work, which, under the control of SS soldiers and police, shows prisoners of war at the bottom of a ravine in October 1941.
The murders in Babi Yar did not end there - during the two years of occupation, at different periods, only about 70,000 civilians, Jews, Soviet prisoners of war, representatives of religious communities, such as Roma, were killed here, gypsy camps in the city were destroyed. After most of the remaining Jews in the city were shot during mass actions in September-October 1941, the punitive detachments set about communist prisoners of war and the civilian population. Also, over time, the failure of an attempt to cooperate with Ukrainian nationalist organizations led to mass actions to kill them, including at Babi Yar.
On October 13, 1941, 308 sick Jews were shot at Babi Yar from the Psychiatric Clinic. Pavlov, located nearby. In the morning, about 25 SS soldiers and German police officers began to take mentally ill Jews out of the hospital one at a time. Driven by sticks, the unfortunate people walked about 150 meters to the pit, five meters long and two wide. There they were ordered to undress and lie face down in even rows in the pit. After that, the soldiers shot those who were lying with single shots in the head from machine guns. In a secret German report on actions on the territory of the USSR in November of the same year, it was indicated that the execution of the mentally ill was mentally difficult for SS soldiers. On January 8, 1942, the Germans drove a gaswagen (a gas chamber that had already been tested months earlier in Poland at the Chelmno death camp) to the hospital. Pavlova. On that day, about 300 more mentally ill people, no longer Jews, were killed. In March and October 1942, two more similar actions were carried out with gas chambers. The bodies were then taken to mass graves at Babi Yar. Also during 1941-1943, near the hospital in a ravine, several thousand Soviet prisoners of war were buried as a result of actions or after death from hunger and disease, who were kept here in the hospital at the hospital.
Destruction of traces of massacres
In March 1942, several high-ranking Nazi officials drove by car near the tract of Babi Yar. In response to a comment about small explosions of gases escaping from the ground, Paul Blobel, commander of the Sonderkommando 4a SS, ironically explained that these were cadaveric gases from thousands of bodies buried in the ground. After leaving, Blobel returned to Kyiv in July 1943. The failures of the Wehrmacht at the front and the active offensive of the Soviet troops in Ukraine brought the liberation of the city closer. Blobel was instructed, as part of the secret operation Aktion 1005 (to conceal evidence of massacres in the occupied territories), to destroy evidence of mass actions in Kyiv, in particular, in Babi Yar. Blobel's detachments were assigned SD and Security Police soldiers to help, under the leadership of their commander in Ukraine, SS Gruppenführer Max Thomas. Of these prefabricated units, three groups of troops were organized, two of which were supposed to destroy evidence on the territory of Ukraine, and one - in Belarus.
As early as August 18, 1943 Sonderkommando 1005a began organizing work on the exhumation and burning of victims Holocaust at Babi Yar. It consisted of 8-10 members of the SD, up to 30 members of the Security Police, under the general supervision of an SS officer Baumann (Baumann).
As a labor force for the exhumation of tens of thousands of bodies in Babi Yar, the Germans selected prisoners (among them about 100 Jews) of the Syretsk concentration camp, which was located here, at the borders of the moat. The work of exhuming and burning the bodies took six weeks. Prisoners in shackles, under the cruel leadership of the German guards, built large open stoves (tombstones from the former Jewish cemetery, iron fences from the same place and rails, firewood), on which up to 2000 bodies were laid out in layers at a time, after which another layer of firewood was laid, doused with oil or gasoline from a compressor and set on fire. Some bonfires burned for up to two days to destroy the bodies of the unfortunate. Afterwards, the prisoners of the Syrets camp had to collect the remains of bones and ashes and grind them into powder along with tombstones from the neighboring Jewish cemetery. After that, the ashes were still looked through for gold or silver crowns and jewelry. On September 29, 1943, out of 327 prisoners in Babi Yar, they managed to attack the German guards and 18 managed to escape - they became the most important witnesses to the crimes committed at Babi Yar, and the rest of the Sonderkommando were killed by the SS.
collaborationism
Without the assistance of some of the local collaborators, the German occupation troops would not have been able to carry out mass punitive actions on the territory of Kyiv with such prudent efficiency. After the war, there were trials of former police collaborators. Charges were brought against 82 former police officers in cases in Kyiv. Among them, 73 were Ukrainians by nationality, six Russians, two Germans and one Pole - a ratio similar to the demographic situation on the eve of the war. Only a few defendants had higher education, as well as ideological prejudices of a nationalist nature. Basically, they were guided by fear for their fate, the desire to adapt to the new government, greed (access to the property of the murdered).
The Red Army forces liberated Kyiv from German troops on November 6, 1943, after twenty-six months of occupation. The city was mostly in ruins, and its population now amounted to only 180 thousand people. War correspondent Boris Polevoy was among the first representatives of the press who came to Babi Yar after the liberation of the city. A group of military men reached the ravine to check the rumors that were spreading even outside the city about the massacres that were taking place there. The military discovered human remains in one of the ravines of Babi Yar, which was later reflected in military reports.
The Soviet authorities also decided to take an unprecedented step - in addition to Soviet correspondents, they invited Western journalists to Kyiv to witness the place of mass executions by the Germans at Babi Yar at the end of November 1943. Among them were two American journalists: Bill Lawrence and Bill Downes ( Bill Downs). The former was known for his reporting from the Pacific front, while the latter was later severely criticized in the United States for, as it seemed to some, excessive sympathy for the Soviets. The tone of their reports was different, and all this against the background of the then great skepticism in the West regarding the Holocaust in Europe (until the horrors of the death camps in 1944-1945 were discovered in Poland and concentration camps in Germany and other countries). American journalists also had the opportunity to take shocking interviews with the few survivors of the executions at Babi Yar and the escaped prisoners of the Syrets concentration camp.
In addition to witnessing acts of massacres, the Extraordinary State Commission for the Establishment and Investigation of the Atrocities of the Nazi Invaders was involved in the investigation of the circumstances and scale already at the end of 1943. The activities included a detailed study of the sites of the massacres at Babi Yar, including an examination of the remains of the murdered people and the infrastructure for burning corpses. Medical examinations were carried out, testimony was collected from the surviving victims and witnesses of the tragedy. Despite the groundless assertions that no physical evidence was found by the commission, five former graves in Babi Yar were exhumed, two of which contained the remains of bodies, and the rest - unburned remains of corpses destroyed in August-September 1943.
Syrets concentration camp
One of the 53 branches of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin, named after the area and the former Soviet military camps here (At the time of the occupation of the city, a repair facility was operating nearby to service armored units). Syrets concentration camp for the enemies of the Reich was organized by the Germans in the early spring of 1942. At first, the prisoners lived in the open, and by the summer dugouts were erected. The territory was well guarded by combined SS and police guard detachments from among local residents in the amount of 120-150 people, and there was also a police cordon around the camp. Two rows of a high fence with barbed wire were interspersed in the middle with high voltage wires. The main gate of the camp overlooked the upper spurs of Babi Yar, and inside there was also an internal gate, to which there was a corridor, along which prisoners were taken out and brought in, beating them with sticks.
Simultaneously in Syrets concentration camp held up to 3,000 prisoners. The main territory of the camp was carefully illuminated by searchlights to control order. Its territory was divided into working and residential areas. The latter, additionally fenced with a cordon of barbed wire and guard posts. Inside the residential area there was also a separate women's area - it was separated into a separate barrack in September 1942. The prisoners lived in dugouts dug independently and barracks for 70-80 people. They were trenches with an earthen staircase, where logs and a layer of earth served as a roof, and an iron door locked the dugout from the outside. There was a division of prisoners here, including a Jewish dugout.
The commandant of the Syrets concentration camp was SS officer Paul Rodomski. He gave orders to the so-called centurions, from among the privileged prisoners, and they passed them on to the brigadiers. The front of work for the prisoners was extensive and included the preparation of coal and firewood and various kinds of carpentry and land work. The rise was at 4 o'clock in the morning, and at 5 the prisoners were already going to work, which, with a break for lunch, lasted until 9 o'clock in the evening. 200 grams of bad bread, lean stew and a semblance of coffee - the usual diet of a prisoner of the Syrets concentration camp during exhausting, often mocking labor. The prisoners caught stray animals and ate the plants. Some relatives who remained in Kyiv, under the threat of execution, brought secret packages to the prisoners. The sick were placed in a separate barracks, where those who did not die themselves were shot, including this systematically done by commandant Ratomski.
To dispose of the corpses of systematically dying from hunger and disease or shot prisoners of the Syrets concentration camp, pits were dug on the territory, and some of the corpses were taken out for burial in Babi Yar or in an anti-tank ditch nearby. Most of the bodies of the prisoners were burned in hastily created ovens, which, at different periods of time, also served corpses from imported gaswagens (gas chambers), to which, again, prisoners were involved. Simultaneously with the destruction of traces of crimes in the nearby Babi Yar, in September 1943, the Syrets camp began to be evacuated - people were sent to other camps and even to Germany. After the escape of 18 prisoners from the places of burning bodies in Babi Yar, the Syrets concentration camp existed for another month, until the last day of October 1943 and the approach of Soviet troops to the city. Soon after the liberation, the former concentration camp was used to hold German prisoners of war captured during the battles for Kyiv, and in this role it operated right up to 1949. For three years after the liberation from the Germans, until 1947, an Extraordinary Commission worked on the territory of the former Syrets concentration camp , who discovered during the excavations a number of common graves with the bodies of emaciated prisoners.
In total, the number of victims who died in a year and a half in the Syrets camp is 20,000 - 25,000 people. In the late 1960s, a residential area of houses was erected on the site of the former Syrets camp, in which hundreds of families of Kyiv now live.
Trials of criminals
Trials of war criminals guilty of mass executions of people in Kyiv, in particular, in Babi Yar, had a vast geography. Some of them took place in Kyiv itself, some in other cities of the USSR. Evidence of the atrocities of Babi Yar was also heard in Nuremberg, in particular at the so-called Nuremberg Trials in the Einsatzgruppen case. In 1948, an American tribunal sentenced Paul Blobel, commander of Sonderkommando 4a, to death, which was carried out in 1951. The commander of Einsatzgruppe C, Otto Rasch, never received a death sentence - the trial against him was stopped due to health problems of the accused - he died in custody on November 1, 1948. Military commandant of Kyiv in 1941-1942, Major General of the Wehrmacht Kurt Eberhard, who called a meeting and gave the order to prepare an act of retribution against the city's Jews, committed suicide in American captivity in 1947.
Babi Yar after the war
After the liberation of the city of Kyiv in November 1943, the neighboring Syrets camp was used to hold prisoners of war. Babi Yar itself did not change its appearance during the first years after the war. There was a serious question about the restoration of the infrastructure and housing stock of the city, which was soon to receive hundreds of thousands of former residents returning from evacuation, Soviet soldiers and residents of the surrounding area. In order to cover the ever-increasing capacities of the construction enterprises under construction with local raw materials, in October 1944 one of the sections of Babi Yar was allocated to a sand pit. Next year, urban planners plan to lay highways around Babi Yar and build 180 residential buildings in this area. The plan for the restoration of the urban economy already for the 1948-1950s. included items on the creation of a park in Babi Yar and the erection of a memorial to the victims of the Nazi occupation, which, by the authorship of the chief architect of the city of Vlasov, was to be opened already in 1950 at the site of the former massacres.
According to the general plan of Kyiv in subsequent years, new roads were laid around the former territory of the Syrets concentration camp (Today's - Rizhskaya, Shchuseva, Elena Telyga - in 1953, 1953 and 1957, respectively). In order to lay a highway that connected the area with others, and to prevent the increase in the Babi Yar ravine, back in 1950, a proposal was made to eliminate it, by means of alluvial soil from Brick factories nearby, which was later transformed in bureaucratic instances. It was supposed to almost completely level the entire Babi Yar, including its upper spurs, where the main massacres took place during the German occupation, with the neighboring ground level. The actual washing out of the spurs of Babi Yar began in 1954, even in the area where the existing gas pipeline was laid.
Gradually, water begins to accumulate in the ravines of Babi Yar, which time and drainage systems cannot cope with. The fact is that officials decided to fill the spurs with liquid pulp - a mixture of clay, water and sand, which they began to divert here with a specially built pipeline from Petrovsky brick factories No. 1 and 2. Water with sand and clay begins to pour out of the ravine and flood the adjacent infrastructure and engineers report an emergency as early as 1957. On March 13, 1961, the dam, which held the liquid mass, could not withstand the failure. A column of water with mud, clay and sand 4 meters high, which has been washed there for the past seven years, poured into residential areas near Babi Yar, its lower spurs (north-eastern part), demolishing people, cars and trees on its way. The local tram depot and the stadium under construction were also damaged. Only according to official data, which were underestimated in a state of extreme secrecy, 145 people died and 143 people ended up in hospitals in the city. According to unofficial data, based on the population density of the area before the accident, up to 1,500 people died.
In 1962, an order was issued to liquidate the old Jewish cemetery near Babi Yar, from where, in August-September 1943, tombstones and gates were taken for burning corpses in improvised ovens. In the same year, it was decided to build a television center and then a sports complex on the site of the old Jewish cemetery. A television tower 382 meters high is being erected on part of the territory of the pre-war military cemetery. In 1968, Oranzhereinaya Street was laid along the ravine, just twenty meters from the place where people were undressed before the massacres at Babi Yar. On the territory of the former ravine, a park of culture and recreation of regional significance is being built, which was generally completed in 1980.
And yet, in 1971, the project to perpetuate the memory of the victims of the German occupation was approved and part of the territory of the former upper spurs of Babi Yar was allocated for the construction of a monument. On July 2, 1976, a monument to "Soviet citizens and prisoners of war, soldiers and officers of the Soviet Army shot by German fascists at Babi Yar" was opened at the site of the former mass executions. During its construction, despite the previous alluvium of mud in Babi Yar, builders come across a ten-centimeter layer of ash from human remains. In 1991, commemorative plaques in Russian and Yiddish were placed on the monument; also, by mistake of location, a memorial sign of the Menor was installed outside the boundaries of the former Jewish cemetery. In 1992, a memorial cross of the victims of the OUN-UPA was installed on the territory. In the 1990s, commemorative signs were also erected for the victims of the Syretsk concentration camp and for the three Dynamo football players (participants of the death march) who were shot not far from it. In 2000, near the local highway, right on the site of the former Babi Yar, a new metro station Dorohozhychi was opened. A year later, a monument to the children killed by the Germans in Babi Yar was erected nearby. In 2001, the Ukrainian authorities assigned the status of historical monuments to the complex of monuments of Babi Yar.
Yevtushenko - Poem Babi Yar
In 1961 the Soviet writer Evgeny Yevtushenko publishes a poem called Babi Yar - a small rhymed work. In it, the author simultaneously emphasizes the problem of anti-Semitism in the USSR, draws parallels with the entire history of the Jewish people and emphasizes that the place of massacres and human tragedy in Babi Yar is a wasteland where there is not even a monument to the victims of the Holocaust. Yevtushenko raised the topic of anti-Semitism, taboo in the Soviet Union, for which he was sharply criticized both by the authorities (even personally by Nikita Khrushchev), and by the public and some colleagues. The author has been attacked for decades for his poem Babi Yar. Based on the poem by Yevgeny Yevtushenko Babi Yar, the cult Soviet composer Dmitri Shostakovich composed a symphony.
Babi Yar Kuznetsov
In 1966, in the Soviet magazine Yunost (issues 8-9-10), a book by the Soviet writer Anatoly Kuznetsov was published under the title Babi Yar. The author, at the time of the German occupation of Kyiv in 1941, was 12 years old and he, along with his mother, grandfather and grandmother, lived in the Kurenevka area, not far from Babi Yar. In his book Babi Yar, Anatoly Kuznetsov (he called it a documentary novel) offers a comprehensive picture of the German occupation of Kyiv in 1941-1943, both from his own recollections and on the basis of eyewitness accounts and documents. He describes in detail the mass executions at Babi Yar, the activities of the Syrets concentration camp and the post-war fate of the area, in particular the destruction of traces by the Soviet authorities and the Kurenevskaya tragedy of 1961. The novel was severely censored - whole passages of anti-war philosophy, criticism of communism, the Soviet USSR, the full version of the novel never saw the light of day. The author himself left the Soviet Union forever in 1969, and the first complete edition of Babi Yar was published in 1970 in Germany. Babi Yar Anatoly Kuznetsov considered a classic of anti-war literature. In 2009, in Kyiv, not far from the place where Kuznetsov lived during the war years with his family, a monument to the writer was unveiled (a boy reading a German order on the wall).
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