The word "morphology" comes from the Greek "morpho" - form and "logos" - doctrine. In a general sense - the science of the form and structure of anything that has these very signs. It is impossible to determine, based on translation, what morphology studies, if only because there are several sciences of morphologies.

Most often, the layman is faced with morphology, which is a linguistic discipline, and the basics of which are taught in high school. Here morphology is a branch of grammar that studies the grammatical classes of words in terms of grammatical forms, grammatical categories and grammatical meanings. In other words, morphology studies all aspects of the morphological (by composition) parsing of words.

The grammatical meaning is an abstract linguistic content enclosed in a grammatical form, and completely abstracted from the lexical meaning of a word. The grammatical form is the external expression of the grammatical meaning in each specific case of word usage. Once upon a time, Academician Lev Shcherba clearly explained to students what these two concepts mean, using the phrase “Gloka kuzdra shteko boked bokra and curls bokrenka”. Despite the fact that the root stems of all the words in this sentence are absent in the Russian language (we cannot imagine what “kuzdra”, “budlanula”, “curly” are), the general meaning is clear to us: some kind of (adjective) kuzdra ( noun) somehow (adverb) did something (verb) with a bokra (noun) and does something (verb) with a bokra baby (noun). The same applies to the linguistic fairy tales of Lyudmila Petrushevskaya: the phrase “Butyavka rattled, snuggled up and fell off her head” does not evoke the feeling of a simple set of words for us.

Why do we perceive these phrases as a unit of text? The authors used prefixes, suffixes and endings familiar to us, which, in combination with roots unknown to us, formed understandable grammatical forms. The forms are also associated with the grammatical meanings of number, gender (gloky, bodlanula, rattled), case (kuzdra, bokra, butyavka, with a fluff), time (bodlanula, curls, rattled, slumped) that are understandable to us. These forms and the meanings corresponding to them will have the same appearance as those formed from familiar roots: glossy (shaggy, big, green) kuzdra (dog, fish, frog), shteko (briskly, quickly, early), budlanula (pushed, knocked, returned), bokra (hare, person, visitor), curls (washes, calls, drives). Accordingly, grammatical meaning is inherent not only to a particular word, but also to a class of words.

Each grammatical meaning has a homogeneous and opposed meaning: in any case, there are always at least two meanings. Thus, the meaning of the masculine gender implies the presence of other genders - feminine and neuter, the nominative case - the remaining cases, the singular requires the presence of the plural. Otherwise, the value is not defined. A grammatical category is a set of homogeneous correlative grammatical meanings. In Russian, nominal categories of gender, number, case, animation, degree of comparison are distinguished; verbal categories of aspect, mood, tense, person, voice.

So, morphology as a branch of linguistics studies the forms and structure of words. But there is also biological morphology, which studies the external form and internal structure of the organism. Plant morphology is a branch of botany that deals with the patterns of structure and processes of plant shaping. Human morphology is a branch of anthropology. Quite apart is mathematical morphology, which deals with the study of geometric structures from the point of view of set theory, topology, and random functions.

The concept of "morphology" comes from the Greek language. This word contains two Greek roots: morphe, which means "form" + logos, which translates as "mind, concept, thought, speech and word." This is a science related to the study of the grammatical features of a word.

What is morphology in Russian? The definition of the subject of morphology is a section of linguistics that studies words as parts of speech, as well as the rules of the Russian language.

What is morphology and what does it study in Russian

Basic concepts of morphology

In today's Russian language, the basics of parts of speech are distinguished:

• independent
• official

Independent parts of speech in Russian are sections of morphology, concepts and rules:

Noun: definition - this is the basis of independent, denoting the subject, answering the questions who? what?, as well as questions related to indirect cases, part of speech.

1. Discharge: own (written with a capital letter), common noun (with a small letter).
2. Animate (the object sees), inanimate (does not see).
3. Gender: masculine (he), feminine (she), middle (it), general (final -a, -ya; dormouse, crybaby, sneak).
4. Declination (1 fold, 2 fold, 3 fold).
5. Number (singular, plural).
6. Case (I. p., R. p., D. p., V. p., T. p., P. p.).

Adjective- this is an independent part of speech, denoting the signs of any objects, it also answers the questions what? what? whose? (juicy watermelon, winter day, grandma's pie).

1. Initial form - m. r., I. p., units. h.
2. Discharges by value: qualitative, relative, possessive.
3. Form: full and short.
4. Degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.
5. Gender (male, female, neuter).
6. Number (unit and plural).
7. Case.

Numeral- this is significant, and is also part of the independent parts of speech, existing to express the number of objects, the number or order of objects when counting and answering questions such as how many? which?: twenty pages; seventh row.

N. f. - I. p.

Pronoun- this is an independent, pointing to objects, signs and quantity, part of speech, but does not name them. Pronouns can be used instead of nouns - answer questions of nouns, adjectives - answer questions of adjectives, numerals - answer questions of numerals.

1. Discharge: personal, reflexive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, possessive, demonstrative, attributive.

Verb- this is an independent part of speech that expresses the action of an object or its state and answers the questions what to do? do? (read, listen, draw, be silent, laugh, jump).

N. f. - unpredictable form (what to do? to do?).

Permanent signs:

1. Type: perfect (what to do?), imperfect (what to do?).
2. Return / non-return.
3. Transitivity / intransitivity.
4. Conjugation (I ref., II ref.).

Irregular signs:

Adverb- this is an independent part of speech that does not change, denoting a sign of an action, object or other sign and answering the questions where? where? where? why? why? in what degree? for what purpose? Part of speech. In a sentence, an adverb can be attached to a verb (to walk quickly), to a noun (walking) and an adjective (very responsible), to another adverb (very ambiguous).

1. Ranks by value: mode of action, measure and degree, place, time, cause, purpose.
2. Degrees of comparison: comparative (simple and compound forms), compound superlative form.
3. Significant and pronominal.

In Russian there are service parts, which are:

pretext- this is a part of speech related to service and indicating the dependence of independent parts of speech in a phrase and sentence and some relationships between them (temporal, spatial, goals, causes, etc.).

Non-derivatives (simple) and derivatives (verbal, denominative, adverbial).

Example: walking on asphalt, looking behind a tree, acting according to a plan.

union- this is a part of speech related to service, which combines homogeneous secondary members in a simple sentence, some parts of a complex sentence and at the same time is a means of expressing any relationship between them in meaning.

1. By origin: derivatives / non-derivatives.
2. Composition: simple, compound.
3. By location: single, repetitive.
4. Meaning: coordinating, subordinating.

Example: behind the rain, neither the sea nor the storm is visible.

1. Discharges by value: negative, affirmative, interrogative, demonstrative, amplifying, excretory-restrictive, comparative, exclamatory, expressing doubt, clarifying.

Example: so that you can arrange an evening with a good dinner at your place today !; what a charm these fairy tales are!

It is noteworthy that particles are invariable parts of speech that do not have independent meaning, including lexical and are not independent members of the sentence, but they can be contained in the members of the sentence.

Example: how nice it is to be in the forest and pick berries!

It is also considered part of speech interjection- a part of speech that does not change and expresses various feelings and expressions of will, but does not name them.

1. Derivatives / non-derivatives.

Example: Oh! Wow! Hey! Fathers!

Interjection do not belong to any parts of speech: neither independent nor official. They are not a member of the sentence (except when they are other parts of speech: a voiced “ay” was heard through the forest).

Morphological norms

The definition of the morphological norm is as follows: the morphological norm establishes the correct use of words, the formation of grammatical forms of various parts of speech.

Morphology in Russian is associated with the following sections of science:

• Phonetics- a section of the science of language and speech, which expresses the sounds of the language, stress, intonation, syllable, syllabus.

Sound is the smallest unit of speech. All sounds are divided into vowels and consonants.

There are 42 basic sounds in Russian, 6 vowels and 36 consonants.

Consonants are voiced and deaf, hard and soft. Most of the consonants form pairs according to the indicated features.

• Vocabulary- studies the complex of absolutely all words of the Russian language, that is, the vocabulary structure of the language.

Lexicology- this is a section of linguistics that studies the lexical composition and meaning of the language, features of use, from the point of view of ways of designating objects and phenomena of reality, origin, its active and passive stock, the scope of use.

The lexical meaning of a word is the designation in the word of one or another phenomenon of reality (objects, events, actions, signs, etc.). Based on the number of meanings that take place in a word, they distinguish such a concept as single-valued and polysemantic words.

• word formation- a section of the science of language that studies the morphemic composition and structure of words, as well as methods for their formation. Morphemes help words.

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful part of a word. According to the meaning and function in the word, the root morpheme and affixes (prefix, suffix, postfix, connecting morpheme, ending) are distinguished.

• Spelling- this is the basis of the section of the science of language, a system of rules generally accepted in the language for writing words and their significant parts.

Spelling - spelling that meets the established rule.

• Syntax- This is a section of the science of language that studies the phrase and sentence: their structure, meaning, role in speech.
• phrase- a unit of syntax, consisting of two or more independent words, united by a subordinating link: sunny day, build a house, go through the forest.
• Punctuation- This:

1. the basis of the section of the science of language, which studies punctuation marks and their correct use in writing,
2. punctuation system.

1. WHAT DOES MORPHOLOGY STUDY?

Morphology is a section of grammar that studies the grammatical properties of a word, that is, those properties that ensure the participation of words in a meaningful statement. Morphology studies the word as a grammatical quantity.

The grammar of the word is expressed in the fact that:

· in meaningful connected speech, the word always appears in one of its possible forms;

· along with the lexical, real, meaning, the word has an additional, grammatical, meaning;

· forms with their characteristic grammatical meanings correlate with each other and are combined into certain rows - paradigms;

· a word with a system of its forms is a representative of a certain class of words, which includes words with the same grammatical properties of meanings (“father”, “notebook”, “folder” and others).

So, morphology studies:

· grammatical forms of the word, or forms of inflection;

· the grammatical meanings of these forms;

· grammatical classes of words, that is, parts of speech.

2. PUT THE GRAMMAR MEANING OF THE WORDS. DETERMINE THE METHOD OF FORMATION OF THE HIGHLIGHTED WORDS:

EVENING. impersonal verb

EVERYWHERE adverb

RETIVOadverb.

ros verb

HAZEL is a noun.

WE pronoun

EXIT verb

ON pretext

SKAT is a noun.

US pronoun

OPENED verb

PICTURE noun

ON pretext

DIVO. noun

CATCHING UP, gerund participle

WE pronoun

LOOKED verb

BACK. adverb

"PARSNIP"

3. WHAT IS THE SIMANTIC DIFFERENCE OF THE DIFFERENCES OF OWN AND COMMON NOUNS, SPECIFIC AND ABOUT.

Depending on the meaning and grammatical forms, all nouns are divided into several categories.

So, the first classification divides nouns into proper and common nouns. Proper nouns are called individualized objects, for example, names and surnames, nicknames, animal names, astronomical. Geographical and administrative names, names of works of literature and art. Proper nouns distinguish a given person or phenomenon from typified or similar ones. Proper nouns have one striking grammatical property: they are used only in the singular or in the plural, that is, they do not have correlative forms of number. The exception is when proper names are called persons or objects with the same names.

Common nouns are generalized, non-individualized names. The main part of common nouns has a correlative form of number.

There is no rigid border between proper and common nouns, often there are mutual transitions (“Boston”, “Boston”).

All common nouns, in turn, are divided into four groups:

· specific- nouns quite specific in semantics (names of objects, persons, living beings), amenable to quantitative change. They combine with cardinal and ordinal numbers;

· concrete real- quite specific in lexical meaning, but denoting certain substances that do not have correlative forms of number: the names of food products ("milk", "tea"), the name of chemical and medicinal products ("aspirin"), the name of metals and minerals ("iron" ), the name of the substances ("snow", "sand"). It is worth noting that it is possible to use plural forms of nouns if we are talking about different varieties or types of a given substance (for example, "cheeses"), the space filled with this substance ("snow");

· abstract (abstract)- nouns that denote action, state, signs ("laughter", "kindness"). These nouns are not combined with cardinal and ordinal numbers. As a rule, they are used either only in the singular or only in the plural;

· collective - denote a set of objects, persons and other living beings: "youth", "peasantry".

The category of number is inflectional for specific subject nouns, which have correlative forms of number. The singular form indicates that the given item appears in a single copy (“book”, “quote”), and the plural form indicates that this item appears in more than one copy (“books”, “quotes”).

When a noun is changed by numbers, its lexical meaning is completely preserved, since we are talking about shaping .
The formal indicator of the category of number is inflection. At the same time, during the formation of number forms, morphonological phenomena can be observed: alternation (“friends”), truncation of the stem (“peasants”), change in the position of stress (“walls”).

The form of the number of invariable nouns is determined using syntactic compatibility with adjectives, participles or verbs.
Some nouns have several possible number forms that differ in meaning: “leaves” on a tree are “sheets” of paper, “teeth” of a person are “teeth” of a pitchfork.

A small group of concrete-subject nouns that denote paired or compound objects does not have a correlative form number: "glasses", "trousers", "swing" and so on.

Real and abstract nouns do not have correlative forms of number, most of them are used only in the singular: "milk", "oil", "potato". There are both real and abstract nouns that are used only in the plural: "pasta", "cream" and others.

Collective nouns are used only in the singular form.

5. EXERCISE 96 FROM ADJECTIVES SHORT FORMS AND ENTER THEM IN TABLE. ACCENT

FULL FORM	SHORT FORM
	M.R - sick; Zh.R - sick; SR.R - it hurts; MN.Ch- sick
SAD	M.R - sad; J.R - sad; SR.R - sad; MN.CH - sad
SINCERE	M.R - sincere; J.R - sincere; SR.R - sincerely; MN.CH - sincere
	M.R - sweet; J.R - sweet; SR.R - sweet; MN.CH - sweet
VERSATILE	M.R - versatile; Zh.R - versatile; SR.R - versatile; MN.CH - versatile
	M.R - pale; J.R - pale; SR.R - pale; MN.CH - pale
LITTLE	M.R - small; J.R - small; SR.R - few; MN.CH - small
	M.R - rare; Zh.R - rare; SR.R - rarely; MN.CH - rare
INTERESTING	M.R - interesting; J.R - interesting; SR.R - interesting; МН.Ч - interesting
	M.R - striker; J.R - striker; SR.R - smartly; MN.CH - strikers
PRONE	M.R - inclined; Zh.R - inclined; SR.R - inclined; MN.CH - inclined
SOLEMN	M.R - solemn; J.R - solemn; SR.R - solemnly; МН.Ч - solemn
	M.R - smart; J.R - smart; SR.R - smart; MN.CH - smart
	M.R - cunning; J.R - cunning; SR.R - cunningly; MN.CH - cunning
WORTHY	M.R - worthy; Zh.R - worthy; SR.R - worthy; MN.CH - worthy
	M.R - high; J.R - high; SR.R - high; MN.CH - high
	M.R - far; J.R - far; SR.R - far; MN.CH - far
	M.R - good; J.R - fit; SR.R - good; MN.H - year

6. WHAT ARE THE GRAMMAR AND LEXICAL AND DERIVATIVE FEATURES OF QUALITATIVE ADJECTIVES.

1. Qualitative adjectives, as a rule, have a full and short form:

• beautiful →

• handsome (m. R.)
• beautiful (female)
• beautiful (cf. p.)
• beautiful (pl.)

2. most change in degrees of comparison:

• sweet →

• sweeter (comparative, synthetic)
• sweeter (comparative, analytical)
• sweetest (excellent, synthetic)
• the sweetest (excellent, analytical)

• blue from the cold
• native to pain

Not all quality adjectives have the listed grammatical features. So, for example, the adjectives bay, brown, black, and two features - brown have only one feature.

Structural and derivational features of qualitative adjectives

1. quality adjectives can be derived (only quality!) and non-derivative:

• non-derivative
• beautiful
• cheerful
• lasting
• rich
• peppy
• important

• derivatives
• clever
• caring
• carefree
• indecisive

2. Most quality adjectives form quality adverbs in -o, -e:

• warmly
• light

• melodiously
• gently

• brave → bravery
• cyan → blue
• stubborn → stubborn
• remote → remoteØ
• blue → blueØ

4. can form evaluation forms and compound adjectives:

• white - white, white, white-white
• cheerful - cheerful
• evil - wicked

7. EXERCISE 128 UNDER THE VERBS THE BASIS OF THE PRESENT, FUTURE TENSE. PATTERN: DINNER----- DINNER j--+UT

dine - lunch + ut

doze - doze + yut

smear - smear + ut

rent - rent+ut

dictate - dictate + yut

buy - buy + yat

plan - plan + ut

fight - fight + fight + fight (it always enters into the basis of the SA, even if it stands after the end)

shout - shout + ut

offended - offended + yat + sya

let - empty + yat

sing - sing + yut

break - scrap + yut

shake - shake + yut

to teach - teaching + yut

cut - cut + ut

grieve - burn + ut

sew - sew + ut

1. WHAT IS THE DIVISION OF PRONOUNS INTO PRONOUNS-NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, NUMERALS BASED ON?

According to their grammatical features, pronouns correlate with nouns, adjectives and numerals. Pronominal nouns indicate a person or an object, pronominal adjectives indicate an attribute of an object, pronominal numbers indicate a quantity.

Pronouns-nouns include: all personal pronouns, reflexive self, interrogative-relative who and what and negative and indefinite formed from them (no one, nothing, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, etc.).

Pronouns-adjectives include all possessive, all definitive, demonstrative this, that, such, such, this, that, interrogative-relative which, which, whose and negative and indefinite ones formed from them (none, nobody, some, some, some then etc.).

Pronouns-numerals include as many pronouns as those formed from them (a few, some, etc.).

9. DECLARE THE PLACE:

10. WHAT SUFFIXES ARE CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE INFINITIVE.

The means of forming the infinitive, as a verb form, are the suffixes -t (to do, sleep, live, saw) and -ti (carry, crawl, go).

Most infinitives with stems ending in a vowel have the -т suffix. For some verbs, this suffix can also be placed after the consonant: gnaw, put. The suffix -ti (more ancient) can be found in a small group of verbs with a consonant stem. This suffix is ​​always stressed. Some forms with -ty have variants with -th: carry - carry (they were common in the literary language in the 19th century). The suffixes -th and -ty are formative and therefore are not included in the basis of the infinitive.

In Russian, there are infinitives of verbs ending in -ch (to protect, guard, bake). In these verbs, -ch is part of the root. Such infinitives are formed from personal forms of verbs in -g, -k, -x with alternation: shore - to protect, bake - oven. The ancient forms of these verbs are cherish, pekti. As a result of historical changes, the combinations [gt] and [kt] formed the sound [h]. In ancient forms, the morphemic composition is clear: [g] and [k] are part of the root, and [t] is part of the suffix.

In addition to the formative suffixes -t and -ty, the infinitive is characterized by suffixes -a-, -e-, -i-, -yva-, -iva-, -ova-, -eva-, -nu-, etc.: to hear, sit, saw, use, grieve, relax, etc.

a) imperfective verbs have the forms of the present, past and future tenses; perfective verbs do not have the present tense;

b) for imperfective verbs, the future tense is complex, for perfective verbs, it is simple;

c) imperfective verbs form present participles (active and passive), perfective verbs do not have these forms;

15. VALUE OF MODAL WORDS.

Modal words are a lexical and grammatical category of words, with the help of which the speaker evaluates his statement as a whole or its individual parts from the point of view of their relationship to objective reality. Modal words express:

a) the logical assessment of the statement, the reality of what is being reported: indeed, certainly, undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, obviously, of course, etc.;

b) the possibility, the probability of what is being reported, the assumption, doubt about its reliability: perhaps, probably, probably, apparently, apparently, apparently, perhaps, etc.

Modal words are devoid of a nominative function, they are not members of a sentence and are not grammatically related to the words that make up the sentence. Their syntactic functions are:

a) use as a word-sentence, more often in dialogic speech. - Will you buy this book? - Of course (Gorky);

b) use as an introductory word with a modal meaning. Of course, you don’t care about me (A. N. Tolstoy). Not included in the category of modal words:

1) introductory words expressing an emotional attitude to the facts of reality (fortunately, to pleasure, unfortunately, unfortunately, to surprise, to chagrin, to regret, to annoyance, etc.);

2) words with the meaning of clarification, explanation, restriction (in particular, however, by the way, etc.);

3) words indicating the connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation, the method of registration, close in function to unions) firstly, finally, on the contrary, on the contrary, however, so, therefore, therefore, in a word, so to speak, etc.) .

Morphology

INDEPENDENT PARTS OF SPEECH (13)

MORPHOLOGY is a section of grammar that studies different aspects of a word: its belonging to a certain part of speech, structure, forms of change, ways of expressing grammatical meanings.

PARTS OF SPEECH are lexical and grammatical categories into which the words of the language fall apart due to the presence of

1. a semantic feature (some general meaning that accompanies the specific lexical meaning of a given word),
2. morphological feature (a system of grammatical categories specific to a given category of words),
3. syntactic feature (features of syntactic functioning).

In Russian, independent and auxiliary words are distinguished.

INDEPENDENT PARTS OF SPEECH

Independent (significant) parts of speech are categories of words that name an object, action, quality, state, etc. or point to them and which have an independent lexical and grammatical meaning and are members of the sentence (main or secondary).

The independent parts of speech are:

1. noun,
2. adjective,
3. numeral,
4. pronoun,
5. verb,
6. adverb.

24. NOUN- this is an independent part of speech, which combines words denoting objects and animate beings (the meaning of objectivity) and answering the questions who? what? This meaning is expressed using the independent categories of gender, number, case, animateness and inanimateness. In a sentence, nouns mainly act as the subject and object, but they can also be other members of the sentence.

24.1. Discharges of nouns: common, specific, collective.

Depending on the lexical and grammatical features, nouns are divided into:

• common nouns (names of homogeneous objects, actions or states): house, bed
• own (names of single objects selected from a number of homogeneous ones - names, surnames, geographical names, etc.): Vanya Petrov, Pluto, Moscow;
• specific (they name specific objects and phenomena from reality): a boy, a station and abstract (abstract) (they call an object or sign abstractly from the agent or carrier of the sign): hatred, love, care;
• collective (denoting a set of identical or similar individual items as one whole): students, sheet.

24.2. Lexicre-grammatical categories of nouns:

24.1. Animation-inanimate category: animate nouns denote living beings (people and animals), and inanimate nouns - an object in the proper sense of the word, in contrast to living beings. This category is manifested in the declension of nouns, namely in the accusative case of the plural: the form of the accusative case of the plural of animate nouns coincides with the form of the genitive case, and of inanimate nouns with the form of the nominative case. For masculine nouns (except for -a, -я), the same thing happens in the singular.

The masculine gender is a variety of the gender category, characterized by a certain form change, and for animate nouns, the belonging to it of masculine creatures (father, cat, table, house).

Feminine gender is a kind of gender category, characterized by a certain form change, and for animate nouns - belonging to it of feminine creatures (mother, cat, bench, terrace).

There are nouns of the general gender that can be correlated with both masculine and feminine persons: slob, orphan, incognito, protégé.

The neuter gender is a variety of the gender category, characterized by a certain form change (partially coincides with the form change of the masculine gender) and the meaning of inanimateness (window, sky, sun);

24.2.3. Category of number: in Russian there is a singular form (denoting one parent in a series of homogeneous objects): chair, sock, boy, and plural (denoting an indefinite set of homogeneous objects): chairs, socks, boys.

The singular and plural differ in different endings, different compatibility with other parts of speech.

There are nouns that have only the singular form: some abstract nouns (love, care), collective nouns (leaves, students), proper names (Moscow, Siberia), some nouns denoting substance (milk, gold).

There are nouns that, on the contrary, have only the plural form: some abstract nouns (holidays, twilight), some nouns denoting substances (soup, cream), the names of some games (chess, hide and seek), some concrete nouns that consist of several components (scissors, trousers);

24.2.4. Case category: this category is based on the opposition of case forms and denotes the relationship of the object denoted by the noun to other objects, actions or features. There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional.

24.3. Declension of nouns is a change of nouns by cases.

There are three declensions in Russian.

1 cl. noun m.r. and cf. on -a, -i	2 fold. noun m.r. from zero. ending dry cf. on -o, -e	Zkl. noun from zero. ending
Singular: I.p. mother. uncle R.p. moms, uncles D.p. mom-e, uncle-e V.p. mum, uncle etc. mom-oh, uncle-her P.p. oh mom, oh uncle	house, window house-a, windows-a house-y, window-y house, window house-ohm, window-ohm about the house, about the window	night night and night and night at night about the night and
Plural: I.p. mothers. uncles R.p. mom, uncle D.p. mum-am, uncle-yum V.p. mom, uncle etc. mom-ami, uncle-ami P.p. about mom-ax, about uncle-x	house-a, windows-a houses, windows house-am, window-am window-a, house-a, houses, windows about house-ax, about windows-ah	night and night-she night-am night and nights about the nights

Notes: in masculine and neuter nouns, in which a vowel is written before the case ending and, in an unstressed position in P.p. the ending -i is written; for feminine nouns, this rule applies to D.p. and P.p.

I. p. militia, genius, blade
R.p. militia, genius, blade
D.p. militia, genius, blade
V.p. militia, genius, blade
etc. militia, genius, blade
P.p. about the police, about the genius, about the blade

For more information about difficult cases of writing the ending of nouns, see the "Spelling" section.

In the Russian language there are nouns with different declensions: these are 10 neuter nouns in -mya (flame, burden, time, udder, banner, seed, stirrup, shemya, tribe, name) - they decline with the growth of the suffix -en- in the singular in all cases , except for the instrumental, according to the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental case of the singular - according to the 2nd declension, in the plural they decline according to the 2nd declension; words mother, daughter (inclined according to the 3rd declension with an increase -er-), path (inclined in all cases according to the 3rd declension and only in the instrumental - according to the 2nd), child (this word is not used in oblique cases now singular).

There are also indeclinable nouns (that is, they do not change for cases and numbers). Basically, they include words of foreign origin, which denote both inanimate objects (cafes, radios), and masculine and feminine persons (attache, lady); they can also represent animals (kangaroos, chimpanzees), given names and surnames (Helen Frankenstein), place names (Baku, Helsinki), etc.

24.4. Syntactic functions of nouns

In a sentence, a noun can be; any member:

• subject: Mom goes to the store,
• addition: I asked him to give me a book.
• definition: Mom bought me a notebook with checkered paper.
• Addendum: The Volga River is very beautiful.
• circumstance: He got his way despite the difficulties.
• predicate: My father is an engineer.

25. ADJECTIVE- this is an independent part of speech that combines words that denote non-procedural features of the subject and answer the questions what? whose? This meaning is expressed in non-independent inflectional categories of gender, number and case (perform the grammatical function of agreement). In a sentence, adjectives act as a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

25.1. Classes of adjectives: qualitative, relative, possessive.

Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives.

• quality adjectives - designate an object directly, that is, without relation to other objects (red, beautiful, kind), have comparison forms and short forms;
• relative adjectives - indicate a sign through relation to another object, they are derived from nominal bases (laboratory, wooden);
• possessive adjectives - denote belonging to a person or animal, that is, they contain an indication of the owner (foxes, fathers).

25.2. Short adjectives are formed from full qualitative adjectives and correlate with them semantically. Short adjectives are those that in the masculine singular have zero endings (black, handsome), in the feminine singular - the endings -а, -я (black, beautiful), in the singular of the neuter gender - the endings -о, -е (black, beautiful), and in the plural of all genders - endings -i, -ы (black, beautiful). Short adjectives in a sentence act as a predicate. ("How good, how fresh were the roses...")

25.3. Degrees of comparison of adjectives is a grammatical category of adjectives that expresses the relative difference or superiority in quality inherent in objects. In Russian, three forms are opposed:

Positive
- comparative
- excellent.

A positive degree names a feature without any opposition to another feature. The comparative degree indicates a feature that a given subject has to a greater or lesser extent. The superlative degree indicates the highest degree of manifestation of this quality in comparison with other subjects (cf .: kind - kinder - kindest).

Formation of forms of comparison.

Adjectives are declined, i.e. change in gender, case and number, but their form depends on the form of the word on which they depend. (For the spelling of the endings of the names of adjectives, see the "Spelling" section)

25.4. Syntactic function of the adjective.

In a sentence, adjectives can act as:

Definitions (The girl had a very beautiful doll),
- the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate (The doll was beautiful).

26. NUMBER- an independent part of speech that combines words that denote abstract numbers or the number of objects and their order when counting. Numerals are combined as a quantitative determinant only with nouns and form an indivisible phrase with them, which in the sentence is one member of the sentence. Numerals cannot be determined by adjectives.

By composition, numerals are divided into:

• simple (non-derivative base: two, eight, one hundred),
• complex (derivatives: eighteen, seven hundred, five hundredth),
• compound (consisting of two or more words: six hundred thirty-five).

Digits of numerals:

• quantitative (denoting an abstract number or the number of homogeneous objects): two, twenty-five;
• fractional (denoting a fractional value: two-fifths);
• collective (denoting the number of items as a set: three, both);
• ordinal (indicate the order of objects in the count: first, third, twenty).

Cardinal numerals are declined (they change in cases, but have neither the category of gender nor the category of number). Exceptions: The numerals one and two have gender forms. They agree with the noun in case, the numeral two - in case and gender, the numeral one - in gender, number and case. If the compound numeral ends in one, then the noun is put in the singular form (three hundred and fifty-one rubles).

Fractional numbers are formed by combining the cardinal number in the nominative case and the ordinal number in the genitive case (three fifths, six eighths).

The collective numerals eight, nine, ten are practically not used in modern Russian, the numerals two, three, four, five, six, seven, both, both are used much more often. Collective nouns can only be used in certain cases:

• with masculine or common nouns that name males: two boys, both professors;
• with nouns that have only the plural form: three days, two sledges);
• with nouns guys, people, children, person (meaning "person"): six guys, two persons;
• with personal pronouns in the plural (there were three of us);
• with the names of baby animals: (three kittens);
• as substantiated numerals (five in white);
• with the names of paired items (three mittens (= three pairs of mittens)).

Ordinal numbers are formed from their corresponding cardinal numbers (three - third, five - fifth), exception: one - first. They change in gender, number, and case, and agree with nouns.

For details on the endings of numerals in declension, see the "Spelling" section.

27. PRONOUN- an independent part of speech, which includes words that indicate objects, signs, etc., but do not name them. In a sentence, pronouns can act as various members of a sentence.

Groups of pronouns according to correlation with other parts of speech:

• noun pronouns (I, who, nothing);
• pronouns-adjectives (none, own);
• pronouns-numerals (a few, not at all).

Ranks of pronouns:

• personal (indicate a person or object): I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they;
• reflexive (indicates the attitude towards the acting person): oneself;
• possessive (indicate belonging to one of three persons): mine, yours, mine;
• demonstrative (generally indicate objects, their quality or quantity): this, this, that;
• interrogative (transmit the question): who, which, whose;
• relative (in form they coincide with interrogative pronouns, but act as allied words): who, what;
• negative (indicate the absence of an object): no one, nothing;
• indefinite (indicate indefinite objects or their signs): someone, someone;
• definitive (indicate a generalized attribute of an object): any, any.

In a sentence, a pronoun can act as the same member of a sentence as the part of speech for which it is used:

• subject: I came home very tired.
• definition: I want to buy some book.
• Addendum: I want to ask her about it.
• circumstance: The boys went to her.

28. VERB- this is an independent part of speech that combines words denoting action and answering the question what to do? what to do? This meaning is expressed in terms of aspect, voice, tense, person, and mood. In a sentence, verbs act mainly as a predicate.

28.1. Conjugated and non-conjugated forms of the verb, infinitive.

Verbs, depending on the ability or inability to change in persons, numbers, moods and tenses, have non-conjugated forms (the infinitive is the indefinite form of the verb) participles and participles, all other forms belong to conjugated forms.

The infinitive is the original form of the verb, with which all other forms of the verb are lexically and word-formatively connected. Verbs in the infinitive name the process itself, without attributing it to any person or tense. The indefinite form of the verb is characterized by the suffixes -t, -ti (revenge, buy), some verbs in the infinitive end in -chi (lie down).

28.2. Verb type

View is a grammatical category that expresses differences in the course of an action. Imperfective verbs denote an action in development, without indicating its limit, and answer the question what to do? (receive, buy, wear); and perfective verbs designate an action as limited by a certain limit and answer the question what to do? (get, buy, demolish).

28.3. Transitivity of the verb

Transitivity - intransitivity - this is a category on the basis of which verbs with the meaning of an action directed at an object (it is the object of this action) are distinguished - transitive verbs read a magazine, paint a wall), and verbs with the meaning of an action that does not imply an object on which it is the action is naturally directed - intransitive verbs (ache, sit). In practice, this difference) manifests itself in management: transitive verbs are combined with nouns or pronouns in the accusative case without a preposition (treat a boy, read a book), and intransitive verbs are combined with objects expressed by nouns or pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions (walk down the street, play in the yard). A special group of intransitive verbs is made up of reflexive verbs, the formal feature of which is the suffix -sya (to return, to wash).

28.4. Voice of the verb

Voice is a category that expresses different relationships between the subject and the object of an action. Active voice verbs are verbs in which the subject names the actor (subject of the action): mother washed the frame; passive voice verbs are verbs that act in a passive construction (when the subject names the object of the action, and the object in the instrumental case is the subject of the action (the window was washed by mom)).

28.5. verb mood

1. indicative - expresses an action that really exists, existed or will exist (bought, read); verbs in the indicative mood have forms of tense (present, past and future), person (1,2 and 3) and number (singular or plural);
2. conditional (or subjunctive) - expresses an action that does not really exist, but is only possible or desirable (would buy, would read); it is formed with the help of a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood and a particle by;
3. imperative - expresses an action that is not real, it expresses a request, an order, etc. (buy, read); it is formed from the basis of the present or simple future tense using the suffix -i- (buy, count) or the zero suffix read, smear), the plural is formed by adding the imperative suffix -te (buy, read) to the singular form (buy, read), also imperative mood can be formed by adding particles to verbs in the explanatory mood of the present tense let, let.

Time is a category that expresses the relationship of action to the moment of speech. There are three tenses in Russian: present, past and future. The category of time is connected with the category of aspect: imperfective verbs have 3 forms (buy - present tense, bought - losh. vr., I will buy (future add, tense), and perfective verbs - 2 forms (bought - past time and I will buy - future time is simple, time).

For conjugation of verbs, see the Spelling section. In a sentence, verbs can act as:

• simple predicate: I bought a book;
• compound verbal predicate: I decided to go to the library;
• an inconsistent definition: I did not like the plan to go there right away.

29. PARTICIPATION- this is a special non-conjugated form of the verb that denotes an action, but presents it as a sign of an object. The participle combines the features of a verb and an adjective:

Verb features:

1. transitivity - intransitivity,
2. return, irrevocable
3. pledge,
4. time (present and past);

Adjective features:

1. number,
2. case,
3. in the sentence acts as a definition,
4. the presence of passive participles in both full and short forms.

Participle formation:

note:

1. from perfective verbs that do not have the present tense form, present participles are not formed;
2. passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs.

For more information on the spelling of participles, see the "Spelling" section.

In a sentence, full participles act as a definition (The girl who entered was very pretty.), And short participles act as a nominal part of a complex predicate (The floor is washed.)

30. GENERAL PARTICIPLE- this is a special invariable form of the verb, which denotes a sign, but acts as a sign of another action. The participle combines the features of a verb and an adverb:

Verb features:

1. lexical meaning,
2. syntax control,
3. recurrence - non-returnability;

Adverb signs:

1. immutability,
2. type of subordinating relationship - adjacency.

Formation of adverbs:

For more information on the spelling of adverbs, see the "Spelling" section.

31. ADVERB- this is an independent part of speech, which includes words denoting signs of actions or signs of signs and answering questions like how? where? when? where? why? for what? in what degree? (read carefully, see you tomorrow, very cheerful). In a sentence, adverbs act as circumstances, adjoining verbs, adjectives, adverbs and nouns.

According to the word-formation structure, adverbs are:

• derivative (or motivated), they are formed mainly from adjectives (fabulous, beautiful); there are much smaller groups that include adverbs formed from nouns, numerals, pronouns, verbs and other adverbs;
• non-derivative (then, here, where, etc.).

By meaning, adverbs are divided into:

• definitive (characterize a feature or object in terms of quality or quantity): by heart, good, bad; this group includes qualitative adverbs (beautifully, softly), quantitative adverbs (very, twice), adverbs of image and mode of action (in my opinion, in English, tipsy, secretly).

Adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison:

note: the simple superlative degree of adverbs in modern Russian is used extremely rarely.

• circumstantial (express temporal, spatial, causal, target circumstances): tomorrow, to the right, out of spite.

Adverbs can directly name some sign directly, and then such adverbs are called significant (quietly, loudly, in the evening); if the adverb only points to the sign, but does not name it, then such an adverb is called pronominal (where, where, someone). Significant adverbs predominate in Russian.

32. STATE CATEGORY WORDS- this is a category of words that denote a physical or mental state, often with a modal color (express the attitude of the speaker). In a sentence, they act as a predicate impersonal sentence. (It was cold in Moscow).

The place of participles, gerunds and words of the category of state in the system of parts of speech.

There is no consensus on the place of participles, gerunds and words of the state category in the system of the Russian language. Some linguists distinguish them as separate parts of speech, which have their own grammatical categories and syntactic functions. But, at the same time, the proximity of participles and gerunds to verbs allows us to speak of them as special forms of verbs and not to separate them into separate parts of speech. For the same reason, words in the category of state are often spoken of as predicative adverbs, a special kind of adverbs.

SERVICE PARTS OF SPEECH

Service parts of speech are categories of words that serve to express the relationship between concepts that express significant words, and are used only in conjunction with them. They are not members of the proposal.

Functional parts of speech include:

prepositions, conjunctions, particles.

33. PROPOSITION- these are service words, which, in combination with indirect cases of nominal parts of speech, express various relationships between the forms of the name and other words.

According to their origin, prepositions are divided into:

Primitives (unmotivated from the point of view of the modern Russian language): in, on, before, etc.;

Derivatives (one can trace word-building connections with significant words from which these prepositions are formed). Derivative prepositions, in turn, are divided into:

1. adverbial (along, around),
2. denominative (like, like),
3. verbal (excluding, thanks).

By structure, derivative prepositions are divided into:

1. simple (except for)
2. composite (during, for a reason).

Almost all prepositions are used with one specific case, but they can express different relationships:

• spatial (live in the village),
• temporary (wait in the morning),
• objective (tell about what happened),
• causal (to die from a wound),
• target (to give for repair), etc.

34. UNIONS- these are service words that express grammatical relations between the members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence or individual sentences in the text.

34.2.1. Union ranks

By origin, unions are divided into:

• non-derivatives (unmotivated in modern Russian): and, or, yes;
• derivatives (one can trace the spoo-formative connections with the significant words from which these unions are formed): so that, as if.

By structure, derivative unions are divided into:

1. simple (as, as if)
2. composite (because, in order to).

By use, unions are distinguished:

• single (or non-repeating): but, however;
• repeating: and...and, neither...nor;
• double (or paired): if ... then, how ... so.

34.2.2. Coordinating unions and subordinating unions According to their syntactic function, unions are divided into:

Coordinating (connect syntactically equal units: homogeneous members of a sentence, simple sentences as part of compound sentences).

By meaning, coordinating conjunctions are divided into:

1. connecting (express enumeration relations): and, yes (in the meaning of and), and ... and, too, also;
2. adversative (express relations of opposition): but, but, however, the same;
3. separating (express relations of mutual exclusion): or, or ... or, then ... then;
4. explanatory (express relations of explanation): exactly, like that;
5. joining (express the relationship of joining) yes and, as well.

Subordinate (connect syntactically unequal units: the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence, members of a simple sentence).

By value, subordinating conjunctions are divided into:

1. temporary: when, as soon as, not yet;
2. explanatory: how, what, to;
3. causal: because, because;
4. consequences: so;
5. concessive: let, although, despite the fact that;
6. comparative: as if, as if;
7. target: to, in order to;
8. conditional: if, times.

35. PARTICLES- these are service words that give sentences additional semantic or emotional shades.

The particles are divided into:

1. demonstrative: here, there, this;
2. qualifying: exactly, exactly,
3. restrictive: only, only;
4. amplifying: even, after all,
5. negative: not, neither; c) modal: yes, no;
6. interrogative: really, whether;
7. formative: would, let it, -ka, etc.

36. Interjections, onomatopoeic words

INTERJECTION is a special part of speech that combines unchanging words that express our feelings, wills, etc., without naming them. This is neither an independent nor a service part of speech, interjections do not have lexical or grammatical meanings, they are not members of a sentence. Ranks of interjections:

Emotional (express feelings of joy, sadness, anger, etc.): Oh! Oh! Aral;
- imperative (express orders, greetings, prohibitions, etc.): Hey! Stop!

By origin, interjections are divided into:

Primitives: Ah! Hooray! Ogol;
- derivatives: Trouble! Lid! Kaput!

A special group is made up of onomatopoeic words, which are imitations of sounds; they are distinguished from interjections by the fact that they do not express any feelings: qua-qua, woof-woof.

Introduction

The Russian language, like other languages ​​of the world, is ordered in a certain way: the formation of words and their functioning are subject to objective laws, without which the language could not fulfill its main function, the function of communication between people. This order is called the grammatical structure of the language. Description of the grammatical structure of the language is the content and purpose of grammar. The word grammar is also called the section of linguistics that studies the features of the grammatical structure of the language, and the books in which they are described. Morphology (from the Greek morpho "form" and logos, "doctrine" literally "the doctrine of form") is a section of grammar in which the word is studied in terms of its grammatical properties.

Morphology studies the rules for changing words, the knowledge of which is necessary to build a sentence.

One of the main features of the grammatical structure of the Russian language is the mandatory change in the form of most of the so-called significant (independent) words when forming phrases and sentences. When constructing units of syntax, the forms of words must be adapted to each other: The hunter killed the bear, and not The hunter killed the bear, I draw, but I do not draw, read the newspaper, and not read the newspaper, wild flower, not wild flower, etc. .

Morphology considers the word in the totality of its forms, while studying not only the mechanism (models) of inflection, but also the nature of its participation in the organization of communicative units. For example, in morphology, on the one hand, it is determined how nouns change in cases, and on the other hand, it is established what meanings in Russian can be expressed through one or another case. In other words, morphology studies both the forms of words and their semantics, which is commonly called grammatical.

Morphology as a science

1. Morphology (the doctrine of form), this is a section of grammar that studies different aspects of the word: its belonging to a certain part of speech, structure, forms of change, ways of expressing grammatical meanings.

2. Morphology? is the science of language that studies the parts of speech.

Morphology, according to the understanding of its tasks prevailing in modern linguistics, describes not only the formal properties of words and the morphemes that form them (sound composition, sequence order, etc.), but also those grammatical meanings that are expressed within the word (or “morphological meanings "). According to these two major tasks, morphology is often divided into two areas: "formal" morphology, or morphemics, in the center of which are the concepts of words and morphemes, and grammatical semantics, studying the properties of grammatical morphological meanings and categories (that is, morphologically expressed word formation and inflection of the languages ​​of the world).

Along with the designation of a certain area of ​​linguistics, the term "morphology" can also designate a part of the language system (or "level" of the language) - namely, the one that contains the rules for constructing and understanding the words of a given language. Thus, the expression Spanish morphology corresponds to a part of Spanish grammar, which sets out the corresponding rules of the Spanish language. Morphology as a branch of linguistics is in this sense a generalization of all particular morphologies of specific languages, that is, a collection of information about all possible types of morphological rules.

Morphology together with syntax constitute grammar; but this last term is often used in a narrower sense, almost as a synonym for morphology [Internet resource 1].

Morphology as a section of grammar

Morphology and syntax are the two components of grammar. The term "grammar" has several meanings. First of all, this term denotes the grammatical structure of the language, that is, the objective laws of the structure and functioning of words and sentences. Grammar is also a special branch of linguistics that studies the grammatical structure of a language. Books containing a systematic description of the grammatical structure of a language are also called grammarians.

To understand the specifics of grammar as a special branch of linguistics, you need to compare it with other linguistic disciplines. Phonology, which studies the laws of the functioning of phonemes, has much in common with grammar, which studies the laws of the structure and functioning of words and sentences. It is no coincidence that all the grammars of the Russian language, starting with the "Russian Grammar" by M.V. Lomonosov (publ. 1757), contain, in addition to the actual grammatical sections (morphological and syntactic) and a description of the phonetic structure.

And yet, in theoretical terms, scientists delimit phonetics from grammar: the phoneme itself does not matter, while grammar studies the significant units of the language. However, lexicology also studies significant units - words. But unlike lexicology, grammar studies not only words; but also syntactic units (phrase, sentence); in addition, grammar is abstracted from the lexical meaning of the word and studies only its grammatical properties.

Morphology is a branch of grammar that studies the grammatical properties of words. Following V.V. Vinogradov morphology is often called "the grammatical doctrine of the word" (as opposed to syntax - the doctrine of the grammatical properties of phrases and sentences). The grammatical properties of words are grammatical meanings, means of expressing grammatical meanings, grammatical categories [Lekant 2007: 238-239].

Subject of study of morphology

Morphology is that part of the grammatical structure of a language that combines grammatical classes of words (parts of speech), grammatical (morphological) categories and forms of words belonging to these classes. Thus, at the center of morphology is the word with its grammatical changes and with its grammatical characteristics.

The word is at the same time a unit of both vocabulary and grammar. The word as a grammatical unit is a system of all its forms with their grammatical meanings; a word as a lexical unit, or a dictionary unit, is a formally expressed system of all its lexical meanings.

Words as grammatical and lexical units are grouped into parts of speech, i.e. into grammatical classes of words, united, firstly, on the basis of that generalized meaning, which is abstracted from the lexical and grammatical (morphological) meanings of all words of a given class, and, secondly, on the basis of a complex of grammatical (morphological) categories.

The generalized meaning that characterizes all the words of a particular part of speech is an abstract representation of the general that is present in the lexical and morphological meanings of specific words of a given class. The most generalized meanings for parts of speech are the meanings of an object (substance) and a sign - procedural (represented as an action or state) and non-procedural (represented as a quality or property).

So, all the words included in the part of speech "noun" have the meaning of objectivity: they name substances - specific objects or objectively presented facts, events, phenomena, properties, qualities, concepts and actions. All words included in the part of speech "verb" have the meaning of a procedural feature; they call signs (actions or states) as processes. All words included in the parts of speech "adjective" and "adverb" have the meaning of a non-procedural attribute: they name attributes as properties or qualities of an object (adjectives and partly adverbs) or as qualities of another attribute - procedural or non-procedural (adverb).

Each part of speech has its own set of grammatical categories, which represent the generalized meaning that is characteristic of all words of this part of speech. Thus, the meaning of objectivity inherent in a noun is grammatically represented by morphological categories of gender, number, and case; the meaning of the process, inherent in the verb, - categories of aspect, voice, mood, tense and person.

Simultaneously with the classification by parts of speech, words are divided into lexicogrammatic categories and morphological categories.

All these grammatical phenomena are the subject of morphology as a science. In the center of morphology are the parts of speech and the morphological categories that characterize them, existing in certain systems of forms; regularities in the use of forms directly link morphology with syntax [Internet resource 2].

Morphological form

Each word represents the unity of the lexical and grammatical (A.I. Smirnitsky), each word is somehow defined in accordance with the grammatical structure of the language. In this sense, every word has a linguistic (grammatical) form. No form, no word. See the children's rhyme, in which, due to the lack of grammatical formality, it is impossible to single out the words: atom - bots / - chum - ba - chum / - chum - churyum - chim / - atom - boom / - - abiteri / - teri - yaram - char. But not all words have a morphological form, but only those that change.

The morphological form of a word is such a change in a word that preserves its lexical meaning. So, the world - the world - the world - the world - the world are different forms (morphological) of the lexeme world, green - green - green - green - green - green - green - green - green - green - green - green - green - green - this forms of the lexeme green, five - five - five - forms of the numeral five, I read - you read - you read - you read - you read - you read - you read - you read - you read - you read - you read - you read - I will read, etc. - forms of the verb read.

Forms of one word differ in grammatical content. Morphological forms are also called different words if they have a homogeneous grammatical content. For example, a pond, a river, a lake are three words and at the same time three morphological forms of the grammatical gender.

In this regard, two terms are used in morphology, inflection and shaping. The term "shaping" is used both as a synonym for the term "inflection", and more widely: to refer to any morphological forms [Kamynina 1999: 15-16].

Word and word form

The word as a unit of language is considered in the Lexicology section. For morphology, first of all, the grammatical properties of the word are important, in particular, the correlation of the word as a unit of language and word form.

The word as a carrier of morphological meanings

Word as a grammatical unit, it has a system of morphological meanings. Three types of formally expressed morphological meanings are presented in inflected words:

1) meanings belonging to all words of a certain part of speech in all their forms (the morphological meaning of a word as a part of speech, for example, the meaning of objectivity in nouns);

2) the meanings presented in the part of words related to a certain part of speech, in all forms of these words (for example, the morphological meaning of the perfect form of verbs);

3) meanings presented in certain (not all) forms of words of a given part of speech (for example, the meaning of the singular in nouns).

At the same time, morphological meanings of the second and third types are derived from systemic oppositions covering all words of a certain part of speech.

Thus, the meaning of the perfect aspect exists in opposition to the meaning of the imperfect aspect, and this opposition covers all verbs; the meaning of the singular is opposed to the meaning of the plural, and this opposition takes place in the system of forms of all nouns [Internet resource 3].

The word as a system of forms

Word exists in the language as a system of forms (word forms). So, the noun table is a system of word forms: table, table, table, table, (o) table; tables, tables, tables, tables, (o) tables. Each change in a word simultaneously carries several meanings or, more rarely, one meaning. For example, in the word form of the table, the meanings of gender are enclosed. p., units h, husband. R.; in the word form is more beautiful - the value will compare. degree of adjective or adverb. In addition, each word form also retains the general morphological meaning of the word, i.e., the meaning of the part of speech.

The morphological modifications of the words of a given part of speech belonging to the language system, which, along with the general meaning of the part of speech, carry a certain complex of morphological meanings (or one such meaning), are called word forms. Forms of the same word can be defined as regular modifications of the word, united by the identity of its lexical meaning and differing in morphological meanings.

In a number of cases, individual words form forms that are identical in their morphological meaning, but differ in expression, for example: sugar and sugar, water and water; in the edge and in the edge; tractors and tractors; headwaters and headwaters; doors and doors; red and red; natural and natural; smarter and smarter; I will recover and I will recover; drip and drop; move and move; dry and dry; river, river, rivers, rivers and river, river, rivers, rivers. Such forms are called variant. In addition to the stylistic differences inherent in variant morphs, variant forms, firstly, can themselves partially differ semantically (for example, sugar and sugar, in the edge and in the edge) and, secondly, can be assigned to different lexical meanings of one and the same the same words (for example, drip and drop).

Note: the regularity of word modifications can be both absolute and relative, i.e. associated with certain lexical and grammatical restrictions. Such restrictions apply, for example, in the formation of noun number forms, compare forms. degrees of adjectives and adverbs, short forms of the adjective, participles.

Word forms may differ in their syntactic functions. These differences are not homogeneous. On the one hand, the syntactic functions of word forms can be completely different; such, for example, are the differences in the forms of tense and gender in the verb (in the past tense). On the other hand, syntactic functions may differ partially, sometimes insignificantly. So, the functions of the forms of units. hours and more parts of the noun, mostly coinciding, diverge in some conditions of word compatibility (to become students, to helpers, to sailors - only plural; to fall into anxiety, excitement, into oblivion - only singular).

The form of a word can be represented by one word form: say, say, or a combination of two word forms: the form of a significant word and a function word - an auxiliary verb to be or a formative particle: I will say, I would say. The form of a word represented by one word form is called synthetic. The vast majority of forms of different parts of speech are synthetic. The form of a word, represented by a combination of the forms of a significant and auxiliary word, is called analytical. Analytical forms include bud forms. temp. nesov verbs. type (I will speak, you will speak, will speak, we will speak...); the so-called forms of joint action (let's [those] talk, let's [those] say, let's [those] talk) and all forms of exile. incl. (I would say, I would say, I would say, I would say). (Let him talk about combinations of the type, let him say; let them talk, let them say). Note: a special analytical form is the form of the preposition. p .: this case does not exist outside the connection with the preposition (in, on, about, with, by); however, unlike other analytical forms, in which the auxiliary word is always only functional, the prepositions in the preposition. n. are used selectively and each retain its own meaning.

Morphological forms are presented in the forms of this or that word (read, would do, with a table, smart) as abstract grammatical patterns - in complete abstraction from specific words with their individual lexical meanings. So, in the following examples:

1) the verb form will express. incl. present temp. 2nd l. nesov. kind is valid. collateral hours;

2) the verb form of the soslagat. incl. owls. kind is valid. pledge pl. hours;

3) the form of the noun husband. r., units h. tv. P.;

4) the form of the adjective husband. r., units hours of date n. Each of these morphological forms can be represented by different words:

1) you take, you see, you speak, you breathe, you go, you live, you get angry, you play;

2) would enter, would grow, would give, would forget, would fulfill;

3) board, enemy, horn, horse;

4) poor, cheerful, sour, simple.

In cases where we are talking about morphological modifications of a particular word, the term morphological form of the word (or simply the form of the word) is used; when an abstract grammatical pattern is meant, considered in abstraction from vocabulary (from specific word forms with their individual lexical meanings), the term morphological form is used [Internet resource 4].

Lexeme (from other Greek leoyt - word, expression, figure of speech)

The main nominative unit of the language, which serves to name the objects of the phenomena of real / unreal reality. Different paradigmatic forms (word forms) of one word are combined into one lexeme. For example, a dictionary, a dictionary, a dictionary are forms of the same lexeme, by convention written as a DICTIONARY.

In a number of concepts, the lexeme includes different semantic variants of the word, depending on the context in which it is used (for example, salt in the sense of the name of the substance and in the sense of what gives sharpness or interest to any statement, thought).

The obsolete value of a lexeme is a group of associated words. Now this value is denoted by the term semantic field.

A lexeme is a very important concept of morphology, and as a result, many other concepts can be expressed through it. For example, the difference between the rules of inflection and word formation can be explained as follows:

The rules of inflection link the lexeme with its forms.

Word-formation rules connect a lexeme with other lexemes [Internet resource 5].

Paradigm

Paradigm (change) - a list of word forms belonging to the same lexeme and having different grammatical meanings.

There are general and particular paradigms. General paradigms include all morphological forms of a word. Private paradigms combine forms based on a single grammatical meaning. For example, in adjectives there are particular paradigms of 1) gender, 2) number, 3) case, 4) completeness / brevity, 5) degrees of comparison (comparative paradigm). Taken together, these particular paradigms form the general paradigm of adjectives.

When a part of speech has a complex system of morphological forms, the concept of a general and particular paradigm may have a narrower and broader content. The general paradigm of the verb includes all forms of the word. At the same time, private species, collateral, temporary, etc. are allocated. paradigms. At the same time, when characterizing inclination, a general paradigm is also distinguished, which includes all modal forms, i.e. forms of the indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods, and private paradigms that combine the morphological means of expressing each mood (for example, the private paradigm of the imperative mood).

Immutable words do not have morphological paradigms.

There are the following types of paradigms:

A complete paradigm is a paradigm that has the entire set of forms for a particular category, characteristic of a different part of speech.

For example: sofa is a complete paradigm, changing in cases and numbers.

An incomplete paradigm is a paradigm containing a partial set of inflections of a particular word in a particular category.

For example: the word "DREAM" does not have a genitive plural form.

An excess paradigm is a paradigm that contains a large number of forms.

For example: the case paradigm of noun. mother: mother - mother [Kamynina 1999: 9-10].