The era of palace coups The era of palace coups is a period in the history of the Russian Empire, when the accession to the highest state power was achieved through palace coups with the participation of guards or courtiers. Palace coups - the regulator of relations

The era of palace coups Russia after Peter's Palace coups were mainly associated with three moments. First, the succession decree of 1722 gave the monarch the right to appoint an heir, and with each new reign the question of a successor arose.

Materials for preparing for the exam on the topic "Russian Empire in 1725-1762 The era of palace coups»

Explanatory text for the block

The topic “The era of palace coups” covers a relatively short period, but traditionally is one of the most difficult: children get confused in names, dates, family ties, etc. That is why the material of the block and the commentary to it have some features: an additional heading "Rulers" has been introduced, working with which (independently or under the guidance of a teacher, tutor), students fill out the upper part of the block.

rulers. Period 1725-1762 entered the history of Russia as the era of palace coups. The struggle of various factions in the ruling stratum and the lack of a clear order of succession to the throne led to a frequent change of power. From his first marriage (with Evdokia Lopukhina), Peter I had a son Alexei, whom he accused of treason and killed, and a small grandson Peter, whose candidacy was supported by noble nobles (Golitsyn, Dolgoruky, etc.). From his second marriage - with Catherine - Peter had daughters Anna (married to the Duke of Holstein) and Elizabeth. Another branch of the ruling house was represented by the descendants of Ivan V (the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage to Maria Miloslavskaya) - Anna, married to the Duke of Courland and immediately widowed, and other daughters.

Peter I established that the reigning monarch himself appoints a successor to himself, but did not have time to use this right. Under pressure from the closest associate of Peter I, A.D. Menshikov and the guardsmen, the widow of Peter Catherine I (1725-1727) was proclaimed empress. After her death, the grandson of Peter I, young Peter II (1727-1730), became emperor. After his sudden death, the nobility invited Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) to the throne. The latter, seeking to secure the throne for her dynastic branch, bequeathed the throne to the grandson of her sister Catherine, the infant Ivan VI (1740-1741). The regent was at first the favorite of Anna Biron, and then the mother of Ivan VI, Anna Leopoldovna.

In 1741, the guardsmen enthroned the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth (1741-1761). Then her nephew Peter III (1761-1762) became emperor. Another coup put an end to his reign, and the conspiracy was headed by the wife of the emperor Catherine. In 1762, Peter III was deposed and killed, and the long reign of Catherine II began.

Domestic policy. Palace coups are considered to be not only a violent change of the supreme ruler, but also any forceful actions of a group of people to establish an acceptable power for them. From this point of view, the coming to power of Catherine I can be considered the first coup, when the guards, led by the closest associate of Peter I, A.D. Menshikov was forced by the Senate to agree with her candidacy (1). To govern the country, a Supreme Privy Council was created, which included representatives of the old and new nobility, but in fact it was headed by Menshikov (2).

The succession to the throne by Peter II took place peacefully, since Menshikov, previously a categorical opponent of this candidacy, agreed with her, intending to marry the young emperor to his daughter. However, as a result of a court intrigue, Menshikov lost all his property and was exiled to Siberia (3).

After the death of Peter II, members of the Supreme Privy Council (“supreme leaders”), headed by D.M. Golitsyn, inviting Anna Ioannovna to the throne, decided to limit her power with special conditions (conditions). Anna signed the terms, but when she arrived at the coronation, she found out that many nobles did not support the plans of the "supreme leaders" to establish aristocratic rule. Then she broke the conditions and began to rule as an autocrat (4).

The reign of Anna Ioannovna is traditionally considered a time of dominance of foreigners, known as Bironism (after the favorite of the German Empress E.I. Biron) (5). The cabinet minister A.P. became a victim of intrigues. Volynsky, who advocated reforms (6).

Anna appointed Biron as regent under the young Ivan VI, but the latter was overthrown just three weeks after Anna's death (7). Anna Leopoldovna became the regent, but she was overthrown in 1741 by the guards, who elevated Elizabeth to the throne (8). Elizabeth's twenty-year reign was not marked by profound reforms in the sphere of government.

Peter III, brought up within the framework of German culture, began to give preference to the Germans, which threatened to repeat Bironism. This, as well as the emperor's frank contempt for Russian culture and the end of the successful Seven Years' War for Russia, caused discontent among the capital's nobility. In 1762, Peter III was overthrown and killed (9).

Foreign policy. Three traditional directions remained - northwestern (opposition to Sweden's attempts to take revenge for the defeat in the Northern War); western (control of the situation in Poland); southern (struggle for access to the Black Sea, countering the raids of the Crimean Tatars).

During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, Russia managed to place its protege on the Polish throne during the war of the Polish inheritance (10), and, as a result of the Russian-Turkish war, return Azov (but without the right to build fortifications there and keep the fleet) (11). However, wishing to enlist the support of Iran in the fight against the Ottoman Empire, Russia gave him the coast of the Caspian Sea, acquired by Peter I during the Persian campaign (12).

During the reign of Elizabeth, Russia defeated Sweden, which was trying to take revenge for the defeat in the Northern War (13). But the main event was the participation of Russia in the Seven Years' War in alliance with Austria and France against Prussia and England (1757-1762). Russia was concerned about the strengthening of Prussia and launched military operations against it, during which it inflicted a number of defeats on the Prussian army of King Frederick II the Great (Gross-Jägersdorf, Kunersdorf) considered the best in Europe and entered Berlin (14). However, the death of Elizabeth and the coming to power of Peter III, who revered Frederick, led to the abandonment of all conquests and the conclusion of an alliance with Prussia (15).

Economy and social relations. The economy of Russia during the described period developed successfully on the whole. Certain measures taken during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna were of great importance, in particular, the abolition of internal customs, which contributed to the development of trade, and the establishment of two banks - Dvoryansky and Merchant (16).

In the social sphere, two parallel and interrelated processes were observed: the growth of the privileges of the nobles (limitation of the term of service, the abolition of the decree on single inheritance, the granting of a monopoly on distillation, etc.) and the strengthening of serfdom, that is, the power of the nobles over the peasants (the right to exile serfs to Siberia, etc. .) (17). Ultimately, under Peter III, the nobles were granted the most important privilege - exemption from compulsory public service (Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobles, 1762) (18).

Culture. During the period of palace coups, education acquires a more closed (in comparison with the Petrine era) class character, but new educational institutions arise. In 1755, on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov and the favorite of Elizabeth I.I. Shuvalov founded the first university in Russia - Moscow (19).

Science is successfully developing, the center of which is the Academy of Sciences. Major Western scientists are invited to Russia - Euler, Miller, Bernoulli and others (20). The Kamchatka expeditions organized by the Academy of Sciences make a number of important discoveries, in particular, they confirm the existence of a strait between America and Asia (V. Bering) (21). The first half of the 18th century saw the activities of the historian V.N. Tatishcheva (22). The great and versatile scientist was M.V. Lomonosov, the first Russian member of the Academy of Sciences (23).

Classicism dominated in literature (Lomonosov, Kantemir, Trediakovsky and others) (24), in architecture - baroque (Rastrelli) (25). In the middle of the XVIII century. the first public theater (Volkov) is created (26).

TRAINING

1. Working with chronology

Fill the table.

2. Work with personalities

Fill the table. (The right column indicates the minimum number of facts you need to know.)

3. Working with the scheme

Fill in the pedigree table "Russian tsars and emperors of the second halfXVII - first halfXVIIIin.". Underline with a solid line the names of those who occupied the Russian throne, with a dotted line- those who were regent under minor rulers.

4. Working with the map

Find on the map:

Commonwealth, Sweden, Crimean Khanate, St. Petersburg.

5. Working with concepts

Define the terms.

1. Conditions -

6. Working with the judgments of historians

O what figures of the era of palace coups and reigns do historians argue?

A.“The Russians praised her reign: she expressed more power of attorney to them than to the Germans, restored the power of the Senate, abolished the death penalty, had good-natured lovers, a passion for fun and tender poetry.” ______________________

B.“Jesters were a necessary accessory of the court ... Among them was one Prince Golitsyn, nicknamed Kvasnik. They decided to marry the fifty-year-old Kvasnik to a court Kalmyk girl, Buzheninova, and at this opportunity they decided to have fun for glory ... They came up with an idea to build an Ice House for the newlyweds ... "___________________

b.“Her family life began gray and callous with a 17-year-old eternal underage ... He played with his dolls and soldiers ... The “dear aunt” was a real tyrant ... She could only send letters to her parents drawn up at the Collegium of Foreign Affairs ... A real, reliable ally in the fight against boredom [she] met in the book. ___________________________

G.“[He] has not reached the age when the personality of a person is completely determined, and history is hardly entitled to pronounce any sentence about him ... Death befell him at a time when he was in the power of the Dolgorukovs; probably, if he had remained alive, then the Dolgorukovs, through the intrigues of some favorites of happiness, would have suffered the fate of Menshikov. ________________________

D.“He got himself a special Holstein guard from any international rabble, but not from his Russian subjects: they were mostly sergeants and corporals of the Prussian army ... Considering the army of Frederick II as a model, [he] tried to learn the manners and habits of the Prussian soldier.”_____________________

E.“Russia has come to her senses. Russian people again appeared at the highest places of government, and when a foreigner was appointed to a secondary place, [the empress] asked: is there no Russian? A foreigner can be appointed only when there is no capable Russian.” ______________________

J.“No matter how hard we try to reduce the disasters of this time in some particular features, it will forever remain the darkest time in our history of the 18th century, because it was not about private disasters, not about material deprivation: the people's spirit suffered, a betrayal of the basic, vital rule of the great reformer, the darkest side of the new life was felt, the yoke from the West was felt, heavier than the former yoke from the East - the Tatar yoke.

CONTROL TASKS

Level A tasks

When completing the tasks of this part for each task, choose the correct answer, the only one of the four proposed, and circle it.

1. What series of dates reflects the beginning of reigns?

1) 1725, 1732 3) 1730, 1751

2) 1728, 1741 4) 1727, 1761

2. During the reign of Catherine I was created

1) Moscow University

2) Supreme Privy Council

3) Fixed commission

4) Holy Synod

3. One of the reasons for the overthrow of Peter III

2) Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility

3) the transition from war with Prussia to an alliance with her

4) too young age of the emperor

4. Bironovism is called the era

1) the regency of Biron after the death of Anna Ioannovna

2) the reign of Anna Ioannovna

3) from the death of Peter the Great to the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth

4) palace coups

5. The limitations of Anna Ioannovna's power were written down in a document called

1) Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility

2) Testament

3) Conditions

6. Russian troops at the beginning of the Seven Years' War commanded

1) S.F. Apraksin 3) P.A. Rumyantsev

2) A.D. Menshikov 4) P.S. Saltykov

7. Was canceled during the era of palace coups

1) decree on the order of succession to the throne

2) decree on uniform inheritance

3) "Table of Ranks"

4) "Spiritual regulation"

8. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739. Russian troops

1) crossed the Danube river

2) founded Sevastopol

3) launched military operations in the Caucasus

4) entered the Crimea

9. Noble Bank

1) issued preferential loans to landowners secured by estates

2) organized new landlord farms on acquired lands

3) financed the creation of patrimonial manufactories

4) all of the above is true

10. Read a passage from a historical source and indicate when the events described took place.

“The princess went straight to the guardhouse. “Wake up, my children,” she said to the soldiers, “and listen to me. Do you want to follow the daughter of Peter I? You know that the throne belongs to me, the injustice done to me resonates with all our poor people, and it is languishing under the yoke of the Germans. Let us free ourselves from our persecutors!"

1) 1730 3) 1741

2) 1740 4) 1762

11. The Razumovskys and Shuvalovs are figures of the reign

1) Peter II

2) Peter III

3) Catherine I

4) Elizabeth

12. Which of the following individuals became famous as the most famous architect of the period of palace coups?

1) B. Rastrelli 3) A. Sumarokov

2) M. Lomonosov 4) V. Trediakovsky

13. The secularization of land is the transfer of land from

1) churches to the state 3) churches to nobles

2) states to nobles 4) peasants to landowners

14. Russian troops first entered Berlin in

1) 1740 3) 1760

2) 1757 4) 1762

15. John Antonovich

1) died during a palace coup

2) killed while trying to free

16. With which of the following countries did Russia fight during the palace coups?

A) Ottoman Empire

D) Austria

D) Prussia

E) Persia

Specify the correct answer.

1) ABD 2) ADE 3) AED 4) VGE

17. Read an extract from a historical source and indicate the date of the events in question.

“All to the congratulations of her majesty, they came to the close room of the body of the deceased sovereign; they asked her majesty that the burden of state ownership, which God and her husband handed to her, really deigned to accept. But the empress, crushed by sadness and weeping indefatigably, could not answer almost verbally; only without holding back the hands of the kissers, she showed her permission.

1) 1725 3) 1741

2) 1730 4) 1762

18. Which of the following architectural styles dominated Russia in the era of palace revolutions?

1) hipped 3) classicism

2) baroque 4) empire

19. During the period of palace coups, Russia lost

1) western and southern shores of the Caspian Sea

2) Estonia and Livonia

3) Ingria (Ingermanland)

20. Mark the correct order of the boards.

1) Catherine I, Peter III, Elizabeth

2) Peter II, Elizabeth, Anna Ioannovna

3) Peter II, Peter III, Elizabeth

Catherine I, Peter II, Anna Ioannovna

Level B assignments

These tasks require a response in the form of one or two words, a sequence of letters or numbers.

IN 1. Arrange the events of the Seven Years' War in chronological order. Write the letters of the events in the correct order to the table.

A) battle near the village of Kunersdorf

B) the entry of Russian troops into Berlin

B) battle near the village of Zorndorf

D) battle near the village of Gross-Egersdorf

IN 2. Establish a correspondence between historical figures and the facts of their biography. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down to the table selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

FACTS BIOGRAPHY FACTS

A) A.D. Menshikov 1) invitation to the throne of Anna Ioannovna

B) Dolgoruky and D.M. Golitsyn 2) exploration of the eastern tip of Asia

B) I.I. Shuvalov 3) the murder of Peter III

5) creation of the Academy of Arts

IN 3. Read an extract from a historical source and name the person (with "serial number") to which this feature applies.

“This man inside out, whose concepts of good and evil are confused, ascended the Russian throne. Here, too, he retained all the narrowness and pettiness of the thoughts and interests in which he was brought up and raised. His mind, narrow as Holstein, could in no way expand to the geographical measure of the boundless empire that he accidentally inherited. On the contrary, on the Russian throne [he] became even more of a Holsteiner than he was at home.”

Answer: _____________________.

AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the names of the rulers of Russia and the relationship they were with PeterI. To each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write down to the table selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

NAMES RELATIONSHIP

A) Catherine I 1) niece

B) Catherine II 2) first wife

B) Anna (empress) 3) second wife

D) Elizabeth 4) grandson's wife

Materials for preparing for the exam on the topic "Russian Empire in 1725-1762 The era of palace coups»

Explanatory text for the block

The topic “The era of palace coups” covers a relatively short period, but traditionally is one of the most difficult: children get confused in names, dates, family ties, etc. That is why the material of the block and the commentary to it have some features: an additional heading "Rulers" has been introduced, working with which (independently or under the guidance of a teacher, tutor), students fill out the upper part of the block.

rulers. Period 1725-1762 entered the history of Russia as the era of palace coups. The struggle of various factions in the ruling stratum and the lack of a clear order of succession to the throne led to a frequent change of power. From his first marriage (with Evdokia Lopukhina), Peter I had a son Alexei, whom he accused of treason and killed, and a small grandson Peter, whose candidacy was supported by noble nobles (Golitsyn, Dolgoruky, etc.). From his second marriage - with Catherine - Peter had daughters Anna (married to the Duke of Holstein) and Elizabeth. Another branch of the ruling house was represented by the descendants of Ivan V (the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage to Maria Miloslavskaya) - Anna, married to the Duke of Courland and immediately widowed, and other daughters.

Peter I established that the reigning monarch himself appoints a successor to himself, but did not have time to use this right. Under pressure from the closest associate of Peter I, A.D. Menshikov and the guardsmen, the widow of Peter Catherine I (1725-1727) was proclaimed empress. After her death, the grandson of Peter I, young Peter II (1727-1730), became emperor. After his sudden death, the nobility invited Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) to the throne. The latter, seeking to secure the throne for her dynastic branch, bequeathed the throne to the grandson of her sister Catherine, the infant Ivan VI (1740-1741). The regent was at first the favorite of Anna Biron, and then the mother of Ivan VI, Anna Leopoldovna.

In 1741, the guardsmen enthroned the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth (1741-1761). Then her nephew Peter III (1761-1762) became emperor. Another coup put an end to his reign, and the conspiracy was headed by the wife of the emperor Catherine. In 1762, Peter III was deposed and killed, and the long reign of Catherine II began.

Domestic policy. Palace coups are considered to be not only a violent change of the supreme ruler, but also any forceful actions of a group of people to establish an acceptable power for them. From this point of view, the coming to power of Catherine I can be considered the first coup, when the guards, led by the closest associate of Peter I, A.D. Menshikov was forced by the Senate to agree with her candidacy (1). To govern the country, a Supreme Privy Council was created, which included representatives of the old and new nobility, but in fact it was headed by Menshikov (2).

The succession to the throne by Peter II took place peacefully, since Menshikov, previously a categorical opponent of this candidacy, agreed with her, intending to marry the young emperor to his daughter. However, as a result of a court intrigue, Menshikov lost all his property and was exiled to Siberia (3).

After the death of Peter II, members of the Supreme Privy Council (“supreme leaders”), headed by D.M. Golitsyn, inviting Anna Ioannovna to the throne, decided to limit her power with special conditions (conditions). Anna signed the terms, but when she arrived at the coronation, she found out that many nobles did not support the plans of the "supreme leaders" to establish aristocratic rule. Then she broke the conditions and began to rule as an autocrat (4).

The reign of Anna Ioannovna is traditionally considered a time of dominance of foreigners, known as Bironism (after the favorite of the German Empress E.I. Biron) (5). The cabinet minister A.P. became a victim of intrigues. Volynsky, who advocated reforms (6).

Anna appointed Biron as regent under the young Ivan VI, but the latter was overthrown just three weeks after Anna's death (7). Anna Leopoldovna became the regent, but she was overthrown in 1741 by the guards, who elevated Elizabeth to the throne (8). Elizabeth's twenty-year reign was not marked by profound reforms in the sphere of government.

Peter III, brought up within the framework of German culture, began to give preference to the Germans, which threatened to repeat Bironism. This, as well as the emperor's frank contempt for Russian culture and the end of the successful Seven Years' War for Russia, caused discontent among the capital's nobility. In 1762, Peter III was overthrown and killed (9).

Foreign policy. Three traditional directions remained - northwestern (opposition to Sweden's attempts to take revenge for the defeat in the Northern War); western (control of the situation in Poland); southern (struggle for access to the Black Sea, countering the raids of the Crimean Tatars).

During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, Russia managed to place its protege on the Polish throne during the war of the Polish inheritance (10), and, as a result of the Russian-Turkish war, return Azov (but without the right to build fortifications there and keep the fleet) (11). However, wishing to enlist the support of Iran in the fight against the Ottoman Empire, Russia gave him the coast of the Caspian Sea, acquired by Peter I during the Persian campaign (12).

During the reign of Elizabeth, Russia defeated Sweden, which was trying to take revenge for the defeat in the Northern War (13). But the main event was the participation of Russia in the Seven Years' War in alliance with Austria and France against Prussia and England (1757-1762). Russia was concerned about the strengthening of Prussia and launched military operations against it, during which it inflicted a number of defeats on the Prussian army of King Frederick II the Great (Gross-Jägersdorf, Kunersdorf) considered the best in Europe and entered Berlin (14). However, the death of Elizabeth and the coming to power of Peter III, who revered Frederick, led to the abandonment of all conquests and the conclusion of an alliance with Prussia (15).

Economy and social relations. The economy of Russia during the described period developed successfully on the whole. Certain measures taken during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna were of great importance, in particular, the abolition of internal customs, which contributed to the development of trade, and the establishment of two banks - Dvoryansky and Merchant (16).

In the social sphere, two parallel and interrelated processes were observed: the growth of the privileges of the nobles (limitation of the term of service, the abolition of the decree on single inheritance, the granting of a monopoly on distillation, etc.) and the strengthening of serfdom, that is, the power of the nobles over the peasants (the right to exile serfs to Siberia, etc. .) (17). Ultimately, under Peter III, the nobles were granted the most important privilege - exemption from compulsory public service (Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobles, 1762) (18).

Culture. During the period of palace coups, education acquires a more closed (in comparison with the Petrine era) class character, but new educational institutions arise. In 1755, on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov and the favorite of Elizabeth I.I. Shuvalov founded the first university in Russia - Moscow (19).

Science is successfully developing, the center of which is the Academy of Sciences. Major Western scientists are invited to Russia - Euler, Miller, Bernoulli and others (20). The Kamchatka expeditions organized by the Academy of Sciences make a number of important discoveries, in particular, they confirm the existence of a strait between America and Asia (V. Bering) (21). The first half of the 18th century saw the activities of the historian V.N. Tatishcheva (22). The great and versatile scientist was M.V. Lomonosov, the first Russian member of the Academy of Sciences (23).

Classicism dominated in literature (Lomonosov, Kantemir, Trediakovsky and others) (24), in architecture - baroque (Rastrelli) (25). In the middle of the XVIII century. the first public theater (Volkov) is created (26).

TRAINING

1. Working with chronology

Fill the table.

2. Work with personalities

Fill the table. (The right column indicates the minimum number of facts you need to know.)

3. Working with the scheme

Fill in the pedigree table "Russian tsars and emperors of the second halfXVII - first halfXVIIIin.". Underline with a solid line the names of those who occupied the Russian throne, with a dotted line- those who were regent under minor rulers.

4. Working with the map

Find on the map:

Commonwealth, Sweden, Crimean Khanate, St. Petersburg.

5. Working with concepts

Define the terms.

1. Conditions -

6. Working with the judgments of historians

O what figures of the era of palace coups and reigns do historians argue?

A.“The Russians praised her reign: she expressed more power of attorney to them than to the Germans, restored the power of the Senate, abolished the death penalty, had good-natured lovers, a passion for fun and tender poetry.” ______________________

B.“Jesters were a necessary accessory of the court ... Among them was one Prince Golitsyn, nicknamed Kvasnik. They decided to marry the fifty-year-old Kvasnik to a court Kalmyk girl, Buzheninova, and at this opportunity they decided to have fun for glory ... They came up with an idea to build an Ice House for the newlyweds ... "___________________

b.“Her family life began gray and callous with a 17-year-old eternal underage ... He played with his dolls and soldiers ... The “dear aunt” was a real tyrant ... She could only send letters to her parents drawn up at the Collegium of Foreign Affairs ... A real, reliable ally in the fight against boredom [she] met in the book. ___________________________

G.“[He] has not reached the age when the personality of a person is completely determined, and history is hardly entitled to pronounce any sentence about him ... Death befell him at a time when he was in the power of the Dolgorukovs; probably, if he had remained alive, then the Dolgorukovs, through the intrigues of some favorites of happiness, would have suffered the fate of Menshikov. ________________________

D.“He got himself a special Holstein guard from any international rabble, but not from his Russian subjects: they were mostly sergeants and corporals of the Prussian army ... Considering the army of Frederick II as a model, [he] tried to learn the manners and habits of the Prussian soldier.”_____________________

E.“Russia has come to her senses. Russian people again appeared at the highest places of government, and when a foreigner was appointed to a secondary place, [the empress] asked: is there no Russian? A foreigner can be appointed only when there is no capable Russian.” ______________________

J.“No matter how hard we try to reduce the disasters of this time in some particular features, it will forever remain the darkest time in our history of the 18th century, because it was not about private disasters, not about material deprivation: the people's spirit suffered, a betrayal of the basic, vital rule of the great reformer, the darkest side of the new life was felt, the yoke from the West was felt, heavier than the former yoke from the East - the Tatar yoke.

CONTROL TASKS

Level A tasks

When completing the tasks of this part for each task, choose the correct answer, the only one of the four proposed, and circle it.

1. What series of dates reflects the beginning of reigns?

1) 1725, 1732 3) 1730, 1751

2) 1728, 1741 4) 1727, 1761

2. During the reign of Catherine I was created

1) Moscow University

2) Supreme Privy Council

3) Fixed commission

4) Holy Synod

3. One of the reasons for the overthrow of Peter III

2) Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility

3) the transition from war with Prussia to an alliance with her

4) too young age of the emperor

4. Bironovism is called the era

1) the regency of Biron after the death of Anna Ioannovna

2) the reign of Anna Ioannovna

3) from the death of Peter the Great to the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth

4) palace coups

5. The limitations of Anna Ioannovna's power were written down in a document called

1) Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility

2) Testament

3) Conditions

6. Russian troops at the beginning of the Seven Years' War commanded

1) S.F. Apraksin 3) P.A. Rumyantsev

2) A.D. Menshikov 4) P.S. Saltykov

7. Was canceled during the era of palace coups

1) decree on the order of succession to the throne

2) decree on uniform inheritance

3) "Table of Ranks"

4) "Spiritual regulation"

8. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739. Russian troops

1) crossed the Danube river

2) founded Sevastopol

3) launched military operations in the Caucasus

4) entered the Crimea

9. Noble Bank

1) issued preferential loans to landowners secured by estates

2) organized new landlord farms on acquired lands

3) financed the creation of patrimonial manufactories

4) all of the above is true

10. Read a passage from a historical source and indicate when the events described took place.

“The princess went straight to the guardhouse. “Wake up, my children,” she said to the soldiers, “and listen to me. Do you want to follow the daughter of Peter I? You know that the throne belongs to me, the injustice done to me resonates with all our poor people, and it is languishing under the yoke of the Germans. Let us free ourselves from our persecutors!"

1) 1730 3) 1741

2) 1740 4) 1762

11. The Razumovskys and Shuvalovs are figures of the reign

1) Peter II

2) Peter III

3) Catherine I

4) Elizabeth

12. Which of the following individuals became famous as the most famous architect of the period of palace coups?

1) B. Rastrelli 3) A. Sumarokov

2) M. Lomonosov 4) V. Trediakovsky

13. The secularization of land is the transfer of land from

1) churches to the state 3) churches to nobles

2) states to nobles 4) peasants to landowners

14. Russian troops first entered Berlin in

1) 1740 3) 1760

2) 1757 4) 1762

15. John Antonovich

1) died during a palace coup

2) killed while trying to free

16. With which of the following countries did Russia fight during the palace coups?

A) Ottoman Empire

D) Austria

D) Prussia

E) Persia

Specify the correct answer.

1) ABD 2) ADE 3) AED 4) VGE

17. Read an extract from a historical source and indicate the date of the events in question.

“All to the congratulations of her majesty, they came to the close room of the body of the deceased sovereign; they asked her majesty that the burden of state ownership, which God and her husband handed to her, really deigned to accept. But the empress, crushed by sadness and weeping indefatigably, could not answer almost verbally; only without holding back the hands of the kissers, she showed her permission.

1) 1725 3) 1741

2) 1730 4) 1762

18. Which of the following architectural styles dominated Russia in the era of palace revolutions?

1) hipped 3) classicism

2) baroque 4) empire

19. During the period of palace coups, Russia lost

1) western and southern shores of the Caspian Sea

2) Estonia and Livonia

3) Ingria (Ingermanland)

20. Mark the correct order of the boards.

1) Catherine I, Peter III, Elizabeth

2) Peter II, Elizabeth, Anna Ioannovna

3) Peter II, Peter III, Elizabeth

Catherine I, Peter II, Anna Ioannovna

Level B assignments

These tasks require a response in the form of one or two words, a sequence of letters or numbers.

IN 1. Arrange the events of the Seven Years' War in chronological order. Write the letters of the events in the correct order to the table.

A) battle near the village of Kunersdorf

B) the entry of Russian troops into Berlin

B) battle near the village of Zorndorf

D) battle near the village of Gross-Egersdorf

IN 2. Establish a correspondence between historical figures and the facts of their biography. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down to the table selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

FACTS BIOGRAPHY FACTS

A) A.D. Menshikov 1) invitation to the throne of Anna Ioannovna

B) Dolgoruky and D.M. Golitsyn 2) exploration of the eastern tip of Asia

B) I.I. Shuvalov 3) the murder of Peter III

5) creation of the Academy of Arts

IN 3. Read an extract from a historical source and name the person (with "serial number") to which this feature applies.

“This man inside out, whose concepts of good and evil are confused, ascended the Russian throne. Here, too, he retained all the narrowness and pettiness of the thoughts and interests in which he was brought up and raised. His mind, narrow as Holstein, could in no way expand to the geographical measure of the boundless empire that he accidentally inherited. On the contrary, on the Russian throne [he] became even more of a Holsteiner than he was at home.”

Answer: _____________________.

AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the names of the rulers of Russia and the relationship they were with PeterI. To each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write down to the table selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

NAMES RELATIONSHIP

A) Catherine I 1) niece

B) Catherine II 2) first wife

B) Anna (empress) 3) second wife

D) Elizabeth 4) grandson's wife

15 Russia in 1725-1801.

The era of palace coups

After the death of Peter I, an era of palace coups began in Russia, when power passed from one noble group to another, without changing the nature of autocracy. The dispute about the ruler of Russia was often decided by the guards regiments, on which it largely depended who would occupy the throne.

Peter I died without appointing a successor. This issue was to be decided by the Senate, the Synod and the generals. Noble boyars, faithful to the traditional custom of succession to the throne, wanted to see the son of Tsarevich Alexei, the infant Peter, on the throne. The new aristocracy, which had come to the fore under Peter I, wanted to proclaim Catherine, the widow of Peter I, as Empress. The choice of the guards turned out to be decisive. The Senate was forced to proclaim Catherine the empress.

Catherine I (1725-1727), who ascended the Russian throne, was a poorly educated woman, unable to manage a huge empire. Even after becoming Empress, she did not want to learn to read and write. Nevertheless, she was popular in the army with many supporters of Peter's reforms. The actual ruler under Catherine I was an associate of Peter I A. D. Menshikov. He showed himself as a talented, but greedy and unscrupulous statesman.

Catherine I could not and did not want to regularly engage in state affairs. That is why in February 1726 a new supreme government authority was formed - the Supreme Privy Council. Formally, it had only an advisory character, but in fact it decided all the most important state affairs.

The Supreme Privy Council refused some of the transformations of Peter I. Under the pretext of cutting costs for the state apparatus, the Chief Magistrate was liquidated. City and provincial magistrates and town halls began to be headed by governors. Judicial and administrative power in the provinces was transferred to the governors, and in the provinces and districts - to the governors. The poll tax was reduced. The customs tariff of 1724 was partially revised and duties on a number of imported goods were reduced.

After the death of Catherine I in 1727, according to her will, Peter II, the 11-year-old grandson of Peter I, ascended the throne. He ruled in 1727-1730. In an effort to strengthen his influence in the state, Menshikov tried to marry Tsarevich Peter to his 15-year-old daughter Maria. In May 1727, the engagement was announced. As the emperor's father-in-law, Menshikov expected to remain the de facto ruler of the country.

For influence on the young emperor, a struggle broke out between Menshikov and the princes Dolgoruky. The Supreme Privy Council, which continued to hold power under Peter II, in September 1727 decided to arrest Menshikov. He was accused of high treason and embezzlement of the treasury. In fact, it was another palace coup. Deprived of ranks, titles and orders, Menshikov was exiled with his entire family to Siberia, to the Berezov fortress, where he died in 1729.

The composition of the Supreme Privy Council was changed and turned into a government body, the decisive word in which belonged to the old noble nobility. The Council now had 8 members, including four princes Dolgoruky and two princes Golitsyn. Peter II practically did not take part in the affairs of government. In January 1728 the imperial court moved from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Some colleges were also transferred there. The construction of the navy was stopped.

The princes Dolgoruky tried to consolidate their influence on Peter II by marrying him to Catherine, the 17-year-old daughter of A. G. Dolgoruky. However, on January 18, 1730, at the age of 15, a few days before his wedding, Peter II died suddenly. He didn't leave a will. With his death, the direct male line of the Romanov family came to an end. The question of the heir to the throne was to be decided by the members of the Supreme Privy Council.

After long consultations, without the participation of members of other higher institutions, the “supreme leaders” came to the conclusion that the most acceptable candidate for the throne for them was Anna Ivanovna, the middle daughter of Ivan V, the half-brother of Peter I. Before ascending the throne, she had to sign a special document - "conditions" (conditions).

According to the “conditions”, she could not, without the consent of the Supreme Privy Council, start and end wars, introduce new taxes, appoint military posts above the colonel, deprive the nobles of their property and give them land. The command of the guard passed to the Supreme Privy Council. The new empress had to take upon herself the obligation not to marry and not to appoint an heir without the permission of the "supreme leaders". In case of violation of the "conditions" Anna Ivanovna was deprived of the Russian crown.

After some deliberation, Anna Ivanovna agreed to everything that was demanded of her, and signed the "conditions". The announced conditions of her accession to the throne caused discontent among many nobles. The guard also did not support the "supreme leaders".

In Moscow, where Anna Ivanovna arrived for the coronation, she met with a group of nobles who were ready to oppose the Supreme Privy Council. Convinced of the support of not only these nobles, but also the guards, on February 25, 1730, Anna Ivanovna renounced her promises to the "supreme leaders" and declared herself an autocratic empress. The attempt of the aristocracy to limit autocratic power failed.

In March 1730, the Supreme Privy Council was abolished, and its most active members were executed or sent into exile. The dominant position at the court was occupied by the favorite of the Empress E. I. Biron. Without occupying official government posts, Biron enjoyed the boundless trust of Anna Ivanovna. He actually directed the entire domestic and foreign policy of Russia. A. I. Osterman helped him determine the government course, and Field Marshal B. K. Minich helped him decide all military affairs.

Anna Ivanovna was forced to expand the rights and privileges of the nobility. On March 17, 1731, she canceled the Decree on single inheritance, introduced by Peter I in 1714. From now on, all nobles were given complete freedom in inheriting estates. Beginning in 1731, cadet corps were created, which allowed the nobles to become officers, bypassing the hard military service. In March 1731, the Secret Chancellery was recreated - an organ of political investigation and court. The chancery was equated with the collegium and removed from the control of the Senate. In total, during the reign of Anna Ivanovna, about 10 thousand people were arrested for political reasons.

In October 1740 Anna Ivanovna died. She appointed Ivan Antonovich, the recently born son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, as her successor on the Russian throne. Ivan VI was the great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V. Biron was appointed regent for the infant emperor until the age of 18. He received the right to manage all state affairs - both internal and external.

Biron's regency lasted only 3 weeks. In November 1740, another palace coup took place, led by Field Marshal B.K. Minich. Biron was arrested and exiled to Siberia. Anna Leopoldovna became regent for her young son Ivan VI. Proclaimed the ruler, she actually played no role in the government of the state. The government was headed first by Munnich and then by Osterman.

The reign of Anna Leopoldovna was short-lived. On the night of November 25, 1741, another palace coup was carried out. Elizaveta Petrovna, daughter of Peter I, was proclaimed empress.

The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna was marked by a return to the Petrine order. Russian dignitaries again found themselves in the highest posts in the state. In December 1741, it was announced that the full power of the Senate, which it had in Peter's time, was returning to the Senate. The Senate remained the supreme body for legislation and public administration.

There was a further expansion of the rights and privileges of the nobility. The collection of taxes from the peasants was transferred into the hands of the landowners, who were assigned the monopoly right to own serfs and land. They also received the right to exile peasants to Siberia, counting them instead of recruits. In 1754, the Noble Bank was established, which provided loans to the nobles on very favorable terms. In the same year, internal customs duties were abolished, which opened up wide opportunities for trade in agricultural and industrial goods.

In 1756-1763. Europe was in the Seven Years' War. It involved two coalitions. One of them included Great Britain, Portugal, Prussia and some German states, the second - France, Spain, Austria, Sweden, Saxony, Russia and most of the German states.

On August 19, 1757, the Russian army under the command of General S. F. Apraksin defeated the Prussian army in the battle of Gross-Jegersdorf. However, Apraksin, instead of taking advantage of this victory, ordered a retreat from East Prussia to Lithuania. Soon the Russian army launched a new offensive. On August 1, 1759, in the general battle of Kunersdorf, Russian troops almost completely destroyed the army of the Prussian Emperor Frederick II. In September 1760, Russian troops occupied Berlin for a while. By 1761, the defeat of Prussia became obvious.

On December 25, 1761, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna died, and this saved Frederick II from complete collapse.

Elizaveta Petrovna had no children, so in November 1742 she declared the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Peter Ulrich, the son of her older sister Anna Petrovna, the heir to the Russian throne. At the age of 2 months, he lost his mother, and at the age of 10, his father.

Karl Peter Ulrich arrived in Russia as a 14-year-old boy in 1742. In Orthodoxy, he took the name of Peter Fedorovich. Having become the Russian emperor, Peter III was mainly engaged in entertainment. He left the administration of the state to the court nobility, who carried out a number of important reforms.

In February 1762, a Manifesto was issued on the abolition of the Secret Chancellery. At the same time, torture was abolished in the investigation of crimes. Shortly before this, a Manifesto was adopted on the granting of liberties and freedom to the entire Russian nobility. The manifesto abolished the obligatory service for the nobles - both military and civil. They were free to travel abroad, to be employed in the service of other sovereigns. Corporal punishment for nobles was abolished. The manifesto turned the nobility from a service class into a privileged class. In March 1762, a Decree was issued on the secularization of monastic and church lands.

An admirer of the Prussian emperor, Peter III immediately ceased hostilities and returned to the defeated Prussia all its territories occupied by Russian troops. On April 24, 1762, Russia concluded an alliance treaty with Prussia. Thus, Peter III nullified all Russia's victories in the Seven Years' War and actually saved Prussia from capitulation.

The officers and guards were very dissatisfied with the results of the war with Prussia. Peter III announced that he was going to withdraw the guards from St. Petersburg and send them to fight with Denmark. Russia did not need this war, but it corresponded to the interests of Schleswig-Holstein, the birthplace of Peter III. To all this, Peter III's obvious disrespect for all Russian rituals and customs, his drunkenness, and various obscene antics were added. Opponents of the emperor took advantage of the general discontent. They were headed by the wife of Peter III Ekaterina Alekseevna.

On June 28, 1762, a palace coup took place, as a result of which Catherine II was proclaimed the Russian Empress. The next day, Peter III signed the abdication. Soon the deposed emperor was killed by a group of officers led by A. G. Orlov.

Many expected that Catherine II would declare herself regent under the young heir Paul, the son of Peter III, and hand over the reign to him upon reaching the age of 18. This didn't happen. Thus, Catherine II made a double seizure of power. She took it from her husband and did not give it to her son.