Too many books? You can refine the books on the query "Theory of competition" (number of books for this refinement is shown in brackets)

Switch display style:

Competitive Market Environment: Institutional and Economic Characteristics

The article demonstrates the evolution of scientific views on the content of the concept of "competition", starting from the classical approach and its representatives' interpretation of competition as a means of price regulation and establishing market equilibrium up to the modern interpretation as an orderly…

The author made an attempt to trace the change in views on the nature and driving forces of competition as a natural process that accompanies the development of economic systems. The main emphasis in the article is on the confrontation between static and dynamic theories of competition. …

This publication is a detailed report on the results of the round table "Issues of the Theory of Competition", organized and conducted by the journal "Modern Competition" on May 19, 2010. Today, interesting and original scientific and pedagogical schools in the field of competition theory and show jumping have matured in Russia ...

The article presents the results of a generalization of early and modern scientific studies of competition in publications, including works before A. Smith, classical representations, static, dynamic, evolutionary approaches, game theory, etc. An own interpretation of competition as a self-organization…

Entities with similar lobbying goals are interested in coordinating their lobbying efforts. However, there is often a free rider problem. In this paper, the free rider problem is illustrated by the example of lobbying by domestic oligopolistic firms to introduce a tariff on foreign f…

Traditional approaches to cartelism, involving a small number of participants and a strategy of endless retaliation, predict a fairly low discount rate necessary for a cartel to be self-sustaining. The model presented in the article with a large number of participants and ...

The article considers a multi-criteria classification of competitive actions of business structures, focuses on universal classifications of competitive actions that are applicable regardless of the industry specifics of competitive behavior. It also proposes a general definition of competitive…

The decision to conduct mergers and acquisitions is one of the main problems in the long-term development of companies. At the same time, in studies of the Russian market, little attention was paid to studying the structure of created synergies and assessing synergies in transactions initiated by non-traded companies ...

This paper reproduces the main content of a lecture given at Princeton University on May 20, 1946. It was subsequently included in the book Individualism and the Economic Order. In the work, the author criticizes the neoclassical approach to the theory of competition, and the following quote is the most complete ...

The article describes the features of competitive risks and competitive positioning risks in modern economic conditions. Three levels of the system of competitive risks are defined, allowing them to be identified: competitive risks of the direction (industry) of entrepreneurship, competitive risks of the subject ...

The purpose of this work is to characterize the development of the scientific discussion taking place on the pages of the journal "Modern Competition" and try to reconcile the seemingly opposite positions of the participants in the scientific debate, as well as to state the author's position on a number of key points of the discussion. …

The article reveals the mechanisms for the development by the company of strategic goals for participation in competition. The processes of determining by the firm the strategic areas of business and competition, identifying the strategic conditions for conducting competition, determining and classifying the strategic environment of participants are described ...

The article is devoted to the tactical level of competitive behavior of firms. The competitive tactics of firms are considered as a set of competitive actions connected in tactical models and actually implemented in tactical operations against certain tactical competitors in a short period of time.…

The article is devoted to the problem of measuring competition. Existing approaches to measuring competition based on indicators of market structure are analyzed, and the inadequacy or inconsistency of using existing indicators for making competitive decisions is demonstrated. Suggested for…

The paper considers oligopolistic competition in the market of a differentiated product. Comparative analysis of competition models of firms in terms of output volumes (Cournot model) and prices (Bertrand model) under the introduced assumptions shows that under Bertrand competition, the price level will be lower. Tog…

The article considers the categories of justice and competitiveness as multidimensional theoretical concepts, the essence of which is revealed through the ideological and pragmatic contexts of their content. The authors offer an original interpretation of the essence and content of both categories…

The article examines the behavior of heterogeneous (non-homogeneous) firms producing differentiated goods under conditions of monopolistic competition. The importance of the heterogeneity of firms in achieving equilibrium and social optimum is shown. The article gives a description of various aspects of evaluating models of r…

The article focuses on the problem of identifying the boundaries of economic agents. Despite the apparent simplicity, the solution of the issue encounters a number of significant difficulties in linking the concepts of defining boundaries with institutional theory. The methodological contradictions that take place con…

Competition is a fundamental market institution. The article presents the author’s interpretation of the categories “competition institution”, “price competition mechanism”, highlights the sub-mechanisms for the formation, functioning, implementation and regulation of price competition, corresponding to the stages of life…

The work is devoted to the review of non-linear pricing models, as well as to the analysis of ways to implement them in real markets. Using simple examples, the basic forms of non-linear pricing and price discrimination are described, the main theoretical results regarding the modeling of non-linear…

The article examines the relationship and cause-and-effect relationships between the level of competitiveness of an enterprise and the level of competitiveness of its products (sold). The hierarchy of the concept of "competitiveness" depending on the carriers of competitiveness is considered. Shown times…

The article reveals general theoretical definitions of competition as a philosophical, economic, social, psychological and biological phenomenon. The prerequisites for the manifestation of competition in the modern economy are described. An understanding of the competitive environment, competitive environment and competition is formulated ...

Competition and entrepreneurship are among the most significant issues in economics. The analysis of competition from the point of view of the influence of the ethno-confessional aspect on it seems to be one of the promising and relevant areas, the foundations of which were laid by classical authors, ...

The article attempts to substantiate the mechanism and key models of competitive functioning of economic entities within the framework of self-organizing distribution and redistribution of limited and rare goods. The differences between the concepts of “perfect market”, “competition”, “competitive…

The article gives the author's definition of the competitive status of a market participant, reveals the concept of a competitive environment and competitive strength. Competitive statuses of companies are distinguished by their role in the innovative transformation of the market environment: innovator, conformist, exploiter, niche player. The author will follow ...

The article reveals the influence of the entrepreneurial capitalist spirit on the formation and development of the capitalist system of the XX-XXI centuries. An attempt is made to combine the views of M. Weber on the capitalist spirit with the basic ideas of the economic teachings of K. Marx, and also highlights the problems of becoming…

The article highlights and briefly describes seven stages in the formation and development of Russian monopoly from the end of the 19th century to the end of the 19th century. Until now. The author's opinion about the features of each of the stages is presented, the characteristics of the unique and distinctive features of Russian monopoly as in the pre-revolutionary period are given ...

The impact of forward trading on the functioning of the spot market is a subject of ongoing debate. The purpose of the article is to analyze the impact of the forward market on incentives for tacit collusion among generating companies in the spot segment of the Russian wholesale electricity market.…

The article reveals the nature and content of the entrepreneurial capitalist spirit and its influence on the formation and development of the capitalist system of the 20th-21st centuries. The author, relying on the work of M. Weber, reveals the religious, educational, social and genetic prerequisites for the pre…

The article formulates the requirements for the formation of a universal theory of competition and analyzes certain provisions put forward by some authors in connection with the development of a general concept of competition. The author also puts forward a hypothesis about the possibility of creating a general theory of competition based on a systemic…

The article is a detailed presentation of the author's positions presented at the round table "Issues of the Theory of Competition", organized by the editors of the journal "Modern Competition" on May 19, 2010 at the Moscow Academy of Finance and Industry. In the context of the evolution of views on competition, the author ...

The article defines the main components of competition policy - protective and active competition policy, as well as advocacy of competition. As part of the protective competition policy, the content of such components as the “hard core of antitrust” and the suppression of unfair competition is explained…

Missing

A classic work on competitiveness analysis. How to achieve a competitive advantage in today's market? According to the author, the company does not get it by chance, but as a result of painstaking work and coherence in all possible activities to create a product. On the …

The article is devoted to the presentation of a new approach to assessing the level of competition, in which it is not the concentration of market power that is measured, but the nature of its distribution in the market. The basis of the new measure of the level of competition is the mathematical model of Gauss, on the basis of which in the mathematical…

In the modern Russian economy and in the world economy as a whole, the most acute and important problem is “competition”. The categorical nature of this concept presupposes not only the multifaceted consideration of the latter (competition processes, competitive behavior models, competitive environment, competitive strategies, etc.), but also the ambiguity in the methodological approaches to its consideration and the ambiguity in the concepts of its development. In modern Russian and world society, "competition" becomes relevant not only in matters of the economy, but also in matters of management and organization of society as a whole. This makes it possible to consider competition at a higher level than the national or regional economy, at the level of global exchange economic systems.

managerial decisions and measures. Researchers are interested in the possibility of comprehending "competition" through the conceptual apparatus, namely, comprehending the processes and relations of competition. In this connection, researchers, starting with Michael Porter, introduce the concepts of “competitive advantage” and “competitiveness” into the conceptual apparatus of economic science. These concepts allow not only to explain “competition”, but also form a conceptual and categorical trilogy: “competition”, “competitive advantage” and “competitiveness”, which underlies the research processes of theorizing “competition”.

Rice. 1 The system of determinants of competitive advantages according to M. Porter

global exchange economic systems.

It should be noted that modern economic thought, when considering the category of "competition", increasingly refers to its essence, not dwelling on the description of the phenomena of competition and indications of its role in social and economic processes. This state of affairs is explained by the complication of socio-economic and socio-political relations and, therefore, inefficiency in modern society (world space) managerial decisions and measures. Mechanisms of "impact and threats" (management), in the modern world space give way to environment "development and cooperation" (management). Researchers are interested in the possibility of comprehending "competition" through the conceptual apparatus, namely, comprehending the processes and relations of competition. In this connection, researchers, starting with Michael Porter, introduce the concepts of “competitive advantage” and “competitiveness” into the conceptual apparatus of economic science. These concepts allow not only to explain “competition”, but also form a conceptual and categorical trilogy: “competition”, “competitive advantage” and “competitiveness”, which underlies the research processes of theorization of “competition”.

Michael Porter is one of the biggest contemporary researchers in the field of competition, competitiveness and competitive advantage. The results of his scientific research are presented in such works as "Competitive Advantage", "Competitive Strategy", "Competition" and "International Competition".

M. Porter proposes for consideration a universal model of competitive behavior of business entities in the exchange system (in competitive processes), in which he indicates the main aspects (motives) of competitive behavior (parameters of determinants of competitive advantages) (Fig. 1).
At the same time, M. Porter, proceeding from the general historically established ideas about competition, within the framework of a static approach, considers the latter as the strength of the exchange economy, that is, what has a causal nature, the point of application and the direction of action. By this, M. Porter determines the possibility of developing competition, which is confirmed by the evolution of views on competition.

To describe competition, M. Porter sets competitive space with five dimensions (Fig. 2) .

Rice. 2. Competitive space of M. Porter

When considering the significance of the parameters of M. Porter's competitive space, it can be determined that these are: competitive advantage, competitiveness, seller, buyer, local (active or passive) competition. Here it can be noted that the task of a competitive space is similar to the task of a market space, the parameters of which are demand, supply, equilibrium price, producer and consumer (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Parameters of the market and competitive space

According to M. Porter, such a competitive space parameter as “the threat of the emergence of new competitors” is interpreted by us as the “competitive advantage” parameter, and the “threat of the appearance of substitute goods” parameter as the “competitiveness” parameter. With this interpretation of the parameters of the competitive space by M. Porter, we achieve the logic of constructing a competitive space in the terminology of the theory of competition, since the concepts that act as parameters of the competitive space are in a mediating relationship. So "competitive advantage" and "competitiveness" are dialectically interconnected through the category of competition, and "buyer" and "seller" act as parties to competitive processes, embodying them.

In his model, M. Porter identifies another component of the competitive space, which, in his opinion, also determines and sets competition. Recall that M. Porter defines “global competition” as an object of study, which results in the selection of competition as a force, i.e., an element of the dimension of the competitive space “rivalry between existing competitors”. Thus, according to M. Porter, we find that competition determines and sets itself, which in this formulation is very contradictory.

Nevertheless, we note the validity of this statement, if we talk about "local competition". M. Porter gives many examples when the country's local competitive processes contribute to the acquisition of a competitive advantage on a global scale and the acquisition of the ability to compete in world markets. This evidence once again confirms the fact that the "spirit" of competition pursues humanity and acts as one of the ways to survive in its environment (passive competition), through competition with each other (active competition).

The introduction of this dimensional value does not contradict and at the same time confirms the truth of our statements regarding the typology of competition according to the object of orientation and its classification into active (aimed at a rival, analogue, business entity) and passive (aimed at the environment) competition. In this way, active (local) competition and acts as the fifth element of the competitive space dimension according to M. Porter.

Proposing to describe the process of competition a model of competitive space, the elements of which are “competitive advantage”, “competitiveness” and “active competition”, M. Porter indirectly points to the spread of “passive competition” in the present global exchange space. Moreover, M. Porter notes that passive competition is becoming an objective reality of the world exchange economy (world market), where the priority issues are survival in the global community, mastery of leadership, as a way of survival, in the production of any product or service, the search for one's own places in the global exchange space, etc. In this case, the priority tasks of any state or corporation are not competition for limited resources, but adaptation to environmental conditions in order to effectively use limited resources.

Synthesizing knowledge about the types of competition that are located in their evolving sequence - "free competition", "perfect competition", "regulated competition" and "civilized competition" and knowledge about the competitive space model according to M. Porter, where passive competition is one of the components of this space, we can conclude that M. Porter considers “global competition” through the prism of regulated competition.

Based on the foregoing, it can be noted that “regulated competition” can exist as a typical variety of competition within the framework of a passive form of competition.

Thus, M. Porter, introducing the “competition behavior of economic entities” into the competitive space model, points to the fact that the development of the global exchange space is carried out within the framework of active and passive forms of competition and determines the possibility of developing competition in general, and hence forecasting market conditions. on a global scale. Moreover, if the development of the market mechanism, through the development of the laws of supply and demand, has been studied quite deeply, then the development of competitive processes has been little studied, since it is believed that competition, like a natural phenomenon, is spontaneous and not affected. M. Porter, refuting the spontaneity of competition, offers a methodology for its development, through the study of "determinants of competitive advantages" and the study of the competitive space (forces of competition).

Studying the results of M. Porter's research, it is necessary to focus on the fact that he builds not a market space, but a competitive space, and moreover, in his book "International Competition", he does not refer much or at all to the concept of "market conditions".

The world surrounding the researcher has two natures - material and idealistic. In this connection, it can be known from the standpoint of two principles (two approaches), this is from the standpoint of content (or matter) and from the standpoint of value. The material world is the object of its interest in the form and content of things, the idealistic (conceptual-categorical) world is the meaning, purpose of a thing, its role in this material world. The exchange space or economy is the result of the idealistic nature of man, however, this space has its own material basis (for example, money, enterprises, goods, products). In this connection, the necessity of two principles in the knowledge of the exchange space is determined - material and idealistic (conceptual). Moreover, the study of the market as an organizational form of the exchange space (and with it the study of the firm as opposed to the market organizational form) is the embodiment of the dialectical materialist approach, and the study of competition, which can be defined as the foundations, principle and value of the organizational form of the exchange space, is the embodiment of the dialectical -idealistic approach to the knowledge of the exchange space. Thus, M. Porter in his studies of the exchange space, namely competition, which does not find its material embodiment (it cannot be felt by the senses) and can only be a human value, which, according to A. Smith, is expressed in the principle of the "invisible hand" or, in the general case, the value of living nature, which ensures its development, is a representative of the dialectical-idealistic approach. This is the advantage and logic of M. Porter's approach to the study of the economy and the exchange space, since what is primary in idealistic ideas should be revealed from idealistic (conceptual) principles, which is what M. Porter actually does, describing competition by the determinants of competitive benefits (Figure 1).

The term "market conditions" refers to the concepts of market theory, i.e. this concept is the result of a dialectical-materialistic approach in the knowledge and explanation of the exchange space, and therefore is not used by M. Porter. However, the connection between the knowledge gained in the study of the exchange space through two principles finds itself in their practical implementation in economic management, namely in the management of the competitiveness of the economy, the development of its competitive advantages in the management of competition. In essence, the management of the economy of a state or the world economic system, according to M. Porter, is reduced to the management of competition.

According to the methodology of the analysis of exchange space and economic systems, M. Porter belongs to a group of researchers who adhere to a static approach to the analysis of economic systems, in which the subject of research is competition, and the object of research is the market. The significance of M. Porter's approach lies in the fact that he explores the order and rules of interaction between cluster forms of doing business.

Thus, the contribution of M. Porter to the development of the theory of competition cannot be underestimated. The researcher is the first to suggest abandoning descriptive theories of competition and suggests moving on to general theories. Scientists, in the practice of scientific research, are introduced into the concepts of "competitive advantage" and "competitiveness", which form the conceptual and categorical structure of the category of competition. Using these concepts, the researcher systematizes and generalizes ideas about competition. Speaking as a supporter of a static approach to the analysis of economic systems, M. Porter introduces the concept of competition as the behavior of economic entities, while analyzing competition at the local level of analysis and generalizing the concept of competition within the framework of the concept of “determinants of competitive advantages” or motives for competitive behavior. Turning to the analysis of competition at the global level, M. Porter proceeds to consider competitive processes, where he generalizes and systematizes knowledge by introducing the concepts of "competitive space" and "forces of competition". According to M. Porter, the content of these concepts is revealed through the selection of the elements of systemic relations of economic entities that make up the competitive space - the forces of competition.

M. Porter laid the foundation for a systemic analysis of competition. The researcher, as a "power of competition" and an element of the competitive space, considers competition at the local level - active competition, as the behavior of economic entities, characterized by rivalry with each other. Consistency in the representation of competition is seen in the fact that at the same time competition is considered as a process at the global level of analysis and competition is considered as behavior at the local level of analysis.

Drobot Elena Valerievna, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Head. Department of Customs and Foreign Economic Activity, Vyborg Branch of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Russia

Publish your monograph in high quality for only 15 tr!
The base price includes proofreading of the text, ISBN, DOI, UDC, LBC, legal copies, uploading to the RSCI, 10 author's copies with delivery across Russia.

Moscow + 7 495 648 6241

Sources:

1. Kurenkov, Yu. Competitiveness of Russia in the global economy / Yu. Kurenkov, V. Popov // Questions of Economics. - 2001. - No. 6. - P. 36 - 49.
2 Porter, M.E. The Competitive Advantage of Nations / M.E. porter. - N.Y.: The Free Press, 1990.
3. Shekhovtseva, L.S. Competitiveness of the region: factors and method of creation / L.S. Shekhovtseva // Marketing in Russia and abroad. - 2001. - No. 4. - S. 11 - 16.
4. Garelli, S. Competitiveness of nation: the fundamentals / S. Garelli // http://www.imd.ch.

1

The article provides an overview of the main directions and stages of development of economic science in the context of competitive relations, the author's version of the systematization of economic schools, theories and concepts is proposed. In particular, the retrospective analysis carried out by the authors of the article covers the main economic schools and theories from the middle of the 15th century and ends with modern research. The authors of the article conduct a comparative analysis of approaches to the classification of economic schools, depending on the contribution of one or another direction to the development of the "theory of competitiveness". The following are proposed as classification features in the article: schools and theories that served as the basis for modern concepts of competition and competitiveness; schools and theories that consider competitive relations in the context of studying various economic phenomena and processes; schools and theories, the subject of which is competition or competitiveness. The problems of competition and competitiveness in one form or another were considered by representatives of almost all economic schools, but they have become the main subject of research since the middle of the 20th century. The main material of the article is devoted to this period. A characteristic feature of domestic research on the competitiveness and competitiveness of the region, which began at the end of the 20th century, is their applied nature and a high degree of adaptation to specific economic conditions. At the end of the article, the author's version of determining the competitiveness of an educational organization is proposed as a complex characteristic of its potential, which, using a set of quantitative and qualitative indicators, allows not only to assess the achieved level of development, but also potential growth opportunities, taking into account the influence of a combination of specific factors.

competition

competitiveness

competitiveness of an educational organization

competitive advantages

clusters

the quality of life

quality of economic growth

1. Azoev G.L. Competitive advantages of the company [Text] / G.L. Azoev, A.P. Chelenkov. – M.: News, 2000. – 256 p.

2. Azoev G.L. Competition: analysis, strategy, practice [Text]: textbook. allowance / G.A. Azoev. - M.: Center for Economics and Marketing, 1996. - 189 p.

3. Belonogova E.V. Methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of systems of material incentives for labor of employees of trade organizations [Text] / E.V. Belonogov, Yu.Yu. Suslova, A.V. Voloshin // Fundamental research. - 2016. - No. 8–1. – P. 96–101.

4. Belyakova G.Ya. Competitiveness of the regional economy: the concept of advanced development. - Krasnoyarsk: SibGTU, 2001. - 230 p.

5. Blaug M. General equilibrium according to Walras // Economic thought in retrospect. – M.: Delo, 1994. – 627 p.

6. Great economic encyclopedia. – M.: Eksmo, 2008. – 816 p.

7. Big encyclopedic dictionary: in 2 books. / [ed. A.M. Prokhorov]. – M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2001. – 2015 p.

8. Bondarenko E.N. Methodological approaches to assessing the competitiveness of the region / E.N. Bondarenko // Science Park. - 2011. - No. 2 (3). – S. 88–95.

9. Broido E.A. Formation of the company's competitive advantages through the development of innovative capabilities: dis. ... cand. economy Sciences: 08.00.05; [Place of protection: State. un-t ex.]. - M., 2009. - 173 p.

10. Bugay A.V. Formation of competitive advantages of the firm in a changing economy: an institutional approach: dis. ... cand. economy Sciences: 08.00.01. - Irkutsk, 2004. - 164 p.

11. Wernerfelt B. Resource interpretation of the firm / B. Wernerfelt // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. - 2006. - issue. 1. - S. 103-118.

12. Voloshin A.V. Competitiveness of the region as a subject of study of economic science [Text] / A.V. Voloshin, Yu.L. Aleksandrov, S.N. Shestov, E.V. Belonogov // Fundamental research. - 2016. - No. 10–1. – P. 113–118.

13. Gobozova A.V. Formation of competitive advantages of the company in the conditions of economic instability: dis... cand. economy Sciences: 08.00.01; [Place of protection: Mosk. state un-t im. M.V. Lomonosov]. - M., 2011. - 167 p.

14. Granberg A.G. Regional development: the experience of Russia and the European Union. - M.: GUVSHE, 2000. - 576 p.

15. Dyer J.H. Relationship Approach: Corporate Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage / JH Dyer, H. Singh // Russian Journal of Management. - 2009. - No. 3. - P. 65–94.

16. Danilov I.P. Competitiveness of Russian regions (theoretical foundations and methodology). - M .: Publishing house "Canon +" ROOI "Rehabilitation", 2007. - 368 p.

17. Egorov A.Yu. Comprehensive analysis in the system of marketing activities [Text]. - M.: All Moscow, 1994. - 255 p.

18. Efimova G.A. Competitiveness of the Russian agro-industrial complex in the context of Russia's accession to the WTO / G.A. Efimova, E.G. Stepanova // Young scientist. - 2015. - No. 8. - P. 390–392.

19. Karachurina G.G. Innovative competitiveness of the region and its influence on the sustainability of economic development / G.G. Karachurina, A.V. Zolotukhina, E.A. Putenikhina // Regional Economics: Theory and Practice. - 2010. - No. 21. - P. 29–34.

20. Kachalina L.N. Competitive management [Text]. – M.: Eksmo, 2006. – 464 p.

21. Lavrenova E.V. The mechanism of managing the competitive advantages of an enterprise in an unstable economy: dis. ... cand. economy Sciences: 08.00.05; [Place of protection: Voronezh. state tech. univ.]. - Voronezh, 2003. - 229 p.

22. Lunev V.L. Management of a foreign industrial firm [Text]. - Novosibirsk: NGAEIU, 2007. - 164 p.

23. Mazilkina E.I. Competitiveness management [Text] / E.I. Mazilkina, T.G. Panichkin. – M.: Omega-L, 2007. – 325 p.

24. Marx K. Capital / K. Marx, F. Engels. – M.: Nauka, 1990.

25. Marshall A. Principles of political economy. - M.: Progress Publishing House, 1983. - 416 p.

26. Mill J.S. Fundamentals of political economy. – M.: Progress, 1981. – P. 12.

27. Novak L.V. Modeling the mechanism for increasing competitiveness in active economic systems; Branch of FGOU VPO "RGUTiS" in Samara. - Samara: Samara, department of the Literary Fund, 2009. - 184 p.

28. Penrose E. Theory of firm growth. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Lan", 1999. - 480 p.

29. Pilipenko I.V. Competitiveness of countries and regions in the world economy: theory, experience of small countries in Western and Northern Europe. - M .: Publishing house "Oikumena", 2005. - 496 p.

30. Podachina L.I. Modern approaches to the classification and evaluation of services that affect the quality of life [Text] / L.I. Podachina, Yu.Yu. Suslova // Problems of modern economics. - 2012. - No. 4. - P. 347–351.

31. Podbornova E.S. Organizational and economic directions for the development of the competitiveness of industrial enterprises: on the example of the automotive industry: dis. ... cand.econ. Sciences: 08.00.05 [Place of defense: Samara State. univ.]. - Samara, 2012. - 171 p.

32. Porter M. Competition. – M.: Williams Publishing House, 2005. – 608 p.

33. Ricardo D. Beginnings of political economy and taxation. – M.: Eksmo, 2007. – 960 p.

34. Robinson J. Economic theory of imperfect competition. Moscow: Progress, 1986. 362 p.

35. Market economy: dictionary / [ed. G.Ya. Kiperman]. - M.: Respublika, 1993. - 524 p.

36. Saveliev Yu.V. Management of the competitiveness of the region: from theory to practice. - Petrozavodsk: Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2010. - 516 p.

37. Sachuk T.V. Territorial marketing. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009. - 368 p.

38. Seleznev A.Z. Competitive positions and infrastructure of the Russian market. - M.: Jurist, 1999. - 384 p.

39. Shimaguchi M. The era of systemic innovations. In search of a new marketing paradigm / per. from Japanese - M .: Publishing house "The Secret of the Firm", 2006. - 247 p.

40. Smith A. Research on the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. – M.: Eksmo, 2009. – 960 p.

41. Spiridonov I.A. International competition and ways to improve the competitiveness of the Russian economy [Text]. – M.: INFRA-M, 1997. – 170 p.

42. Sysoeva E.A. Competitiveness of an industrial enterprise: theory, methodology, support strategies. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Polytechnic. un-ta, 2011. - 352 p.

43. Say J.-B. Treatise on political economy. – M.: Delo, 2000. – 232 p.

44. Fatkhutdinov R.A. Strategic management. – M.: Delo, 2008. – 448 p.

45. Chamberlin E. Theory of monopolistic competition. – M.: Center, 1997.

46. ​​Chenchenko D.A. A systematic approach to the formation of a regional market infrastructure [Text] / D.A. Chenchenko, Yu.Yu. Suslova // Russian Entrepreneurship. - 2012. - No. 17. - P. 114–119.

47. Shumpter J.A. Theory of economic development. – M.: Progress, 1982.

48. Ezrokh Yu.S. Genesis and evolution of the theory of competition in the writings of economists before J. Robinsock and E. Chamberlin // Bulletin of TVGU. Series "Economics and Management". - 2014. - No. 4. - P. 71–87.

49. Balassa B. Tariff Reductions and Trade in Manufactures among the Industrial Countries // American Economic Review, 1966. - Vol. 56. – P. 466–173.

50 Enright M.J. Why Clusters are the Way to Win the Game? // World Link, No 5, July–August, 1992. – P. 24–25.

51. Humphrey J., Schmitz H. (2002b) How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters? – IDS Working Paper No. 120, 2000. - 39 p.

52. Kaplinsky R. Spreading the gians from globalization: What can be learned from value chain analysis? – IDS Working Paper No. 110, 2000. - 37 p.

53. Krugman, Paul Geography and Trade. – Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1992.

Interest in studying certain aspects of competition and competitiveness was shown by representatives of various economic schools. Ways to achieve a predominant position of companies in the market, strategies for achieving leadership and ensuring influence on global economic processes characterize the studies of the second half of the 20th - early 21st century.

The Big Encyclopedic Dictionary considers competition (from Latin concurrere - to collide) as “... rivalry, competition of people, groups, organizations in achieving similar goals, better results in a certain public sphere. Competition is an essential feature of various activities in which there is a clash of interests ... ".

The Great Economic Encyclopedia defines competition as "... the struggle of entrepreneurs to make a profit by using the most favorable conditions for production, marketing products, ... characteristic of commodity production, the basis of which is private ownership of the means of production" .

The problem of economic rivalry aroused the interest of many authors at various stages of the development of economic science. Certain aspects of competitive relations were considered, including at the early stages of the development of scientific thought, information about the restrictions on the loan market is set out in the code of laws of King Hammurabi, ancient Chinese and ancient Greek sources, and the concept of a fair price was considered in the works of St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas.

The development of international trade and the emergence of the world market led to an increase in attention to the study of competitive relations by representatives of mercantilism. Its representatives (T. Man, A. Montchretien, W. Stafford, and others) paid great attention to limiting competition from foreign producers through state protectionism. Nevertheless, the fragmentary and exclusively applied nature of the work of mercantilists in the field of competition determines the interest in their research only in a historical context.

The active development of capitalist relations and the intensification of competition for factors of production led to the interest of representatives of classical English political economy in the problem of competition. Adam Smith's work "Inquiries into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" served as a starting point in the theory of competition. Despite the fact that A. Smith in his work does not give an unambiguous definition of competition and uses the definitions of "rivalry" and "competition" to characterize the relationship between market participants, he formulates the main function of competition, which is implemented through the "invisible hand". Commercial interests are decisive for market participants, the role of competition is that it "directs" the actions of market participants to achieve the greatest good for all.

A more efficient allocation of resources is the result of competition, which is a public good.

As the main mechanism of competition, A. Smith considers prices, which, in turn, have a direct impact on the dynamics of supply and demand, which leads to competition among buyers in the event of a shortage of goods, and competition among producers in the event of a surplus. In this case, the equilibrium price is formed in the process of interaction between buyers and sellers.

D. Ricardo, considering competition, does not take into account such factors as state regulation, monopoly power, geographical features of the market, equilibrium price, in his opinion, the result of an exclusively free competitive struggle of market participants.

As an antipode of free competition, D. Ricardo considered a monopoly, the emergence of which in the market leads to an increase in prices to the maximum value at which the buyer is ready to purchase the product.

J-B. This, considering various aspects of the competition of producers and the regulation of the cost of goods produced, noted the negative impact of state protectionism on the development of free competition and the damage caused to consumers by such measures.

J. Stuart Mill had a significant impact on the development of competition theory by developing an equation of international demand, identifying “non-competing groups in the market”, giving a tripartite classification of price elasticity of demand, developing the concepts of “economy of scale” and “opportunity costs”. From the point of view of J.S. Mill, competition acts as the only regulator of market prices, wages and rent, it is itself the law that establishes the rules for this regulation.

Further development of research in the field of competitive relations was found in the works of K. Marx, whose works represent a further development of classical political economy, but, of course, stand apart. The fundamental difference between the position of K. Marx and the position of the followers of A. Smith was in the point of view on the subject of research. If the representatives of classical political economy considered competition as a tool for ensuring equilibrium in the market and a factor in economic recovery among producers, then K. Marx paid more attention to the social consequences of competition. In particular, larger producers initially have a more dominant position in the market, the result of competition is the ruin of small producers, which leads to even greater concentration of capital and the dominance of monopolies.

Nevertheless, K. Marx considers competition as a factor stimulating the development of capitalist production, causing scientific and technological progress and technical re-equipment of production. Ultimately, in his work, K. Marx draws a conclusion about the essence of competition, which he understands as "the law that regulates the general rate of profit and the so-called production prices determined by it."

The neoclassical school, the most prominent representative of which is A. Marshall, considered the market from the standpoint of perfect competition, which implies free access for buyers and sellers and the absence of a decisive influence of market entities on its dynamics (price level). The form of competition is crucial, since only perfect competition acts as a "driver of economic growth."

Fairly assuming the dependence of supply and demand on the price, A. Marshall formulated the concept of equilibrium price, which is the result of the competitive struggle of market entities, interpreting competition from behavioral positions and linking it with the struggle for rare economic goods, which results in an optimal division of labor and ensures economic efficiency.

Representatives of various areas of marginalism in their analysis also consider various aspects of competitive relations. In particular, L. Walras, when considering the general economic equilibrium model, proceeded from the presence of perfect competition in the market, which in turn led to a large number of assumptions.

The changes that took place in the market at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century could not be explained from the standpoint of the classical theory of competition, the growing degree of monopolization, the high dynamics of social relations, the “squeezing out” of small producers were no longer consistent with the concepts of the “invisible hand”, or perfect competition , which led to a new stage in the development of the theory of competitive relations.

The first step in the development of the structural approach was made by the American economist E. Chamberlin, who considers competition as a dynamic process based on the idea of ​​synthesis of competition and monopoly, proposing the theory of monopolistic competition. Product differentiation serves as the basis for replacing the concept of the "competitive ideal" with an ideal that includes both competition and monopoly.

From the point of view of E. Chamberlin, each seller acts as a local monopolist, producing a differentiated product, he forms a specific market and regulates the price on it. Real prices do not gravitate to extremes and are formed based on the strength of the influence of both factors, which leads to the conclusion that the pure competitive price is artificial and there is no tendency to establish it. Thus, Chamberlin considers competition in the market as the competition of monopolists.

The author of the theory of imperfect competition, J. Robinson, in addition to price competition, considers as tools of competition: the company's reputation, product quality, advertising, customer service features, the possibility of obtaining and terms of credit.

The key feature of perfect competition is the ability of the company to influence the level of prices in the market. The absence of this possibility allows us to recognize the market as a market of perfect competition, the ability to influence prices is a sign of an imperfect competition market.

Thus, the structural concept involves a shift in the focus of research from the struggle of companies in the market to an analysis of the structure and conditions prevailing in the market.

The next stage in the evolution of economic views on the theory of competitive relations was the functional approach of J. Schumpeter, who considered the ability of a competitive market to initiate scientific and technological progress as a hallmark of its presence. A functional approach to competition involves a shift in the subject of research from the essence to the study of its role in economic development. Innovations, the use of new combinations of resources and new technologies are a tool of competition.

Nevertheless, any innovation gives rise to tendencies of monopolistic competition. J. Schumpeter believes that monopoly is the result of innovation and highlights its positive features. The receipt of monopoly profit, which is considered by an economist as a fair payment by society for scientific and technological progress, entails that the monopolists have a stronger financial position, inaccessible or hard-to-reach methods of production, and funds to finance technical progress.

Subject to the influence of economic conditions and crises, the market of perfect competition cannot act as an example of efficiency. Thus, J. Schumpeter, through the category of innovations, improved the understanding of competition as a regularity of the market economy, justifying the process of monopolization of the economy.

The most significant contribution to the development of the theory of competitive relations in the second half of the 20th century was made by M. Porter. Exploring the theory of competition, the leading place is assigned to the ability to adapt to technological changes. As a source of competition, M. Porter considers its fundamental economic structure and makes it dependent on the possibility of the emergence of new participants in the market, substitute products, the market influence of buyers and suppliers, and the characteristics of competition between market entities. In this context, M. Porter defines competition as an extended rivalry.

M. Porter speaks in favor of the formation of an appropriate competitive strategy aimed at achieving superiority in a particular market. As the basis of the strategy, he proposes to assess their competitive advantages, as well as their deepening and improvement. M. Porter identifies "competitive advantages of a higher order", the specific nature of which does not allow their borrowing by competitors. He calls the condition for the formation of these competitive advantages long-term and intensive investments, specialized training of personnel, research and development and marketing, and not only in the development of production capacities.

Having formulated the characteristic features of competitive strategies (low costs, product differentiation, deep specialization), M. Porter makes the choice of a specific strategy dependent on the influence of two factors: the attractiveness of the industry and the market share of the company.

The above approach cannot be considered exhaustive, since in real economic practice the market is influenced by factors of the institutional environment, such as legislation, traditions, moral aspects, etc.

The merit of M. Porter is his proposed, based on the generalization of the approaches of various economic schools, the model of five competitive forces, the analysis of which allows us to formulate a reasonable competitive strategy.

The study of the essence and evolution of competitive relations continues at the present time. In particular, G.L. Azoev, L.N. Kachalina consider competition as rivalry between specific market participants pursuing the same goal. Behavioral aspects of the competitive relations of suppliers, commodity producers, their struggle for the choice of buyers are reflected in the works of G.Ya. Kiperman, V.L. Luneva, E.I. Mazilkina, T.G. Panichkina. The works of I.A. Spiridonov and R.A. Fatkhutdinova.

The study of competitive relations in the evolutionary aspect leads to the need for a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the competitive position of a company in a particular market, which can be characterized as the competitiveness of a business entity. Competitiveness in the general case can be defined as the ability of a certain object or subject to outperform competitors in given conditions.

When considering competitiveness as an economic category, one should take into account the lack of its unambiguous definition in the economic literature. Many authors cite a wide range of points of view, considering competitiveness at various levels of economic interaction, which makes it possible to state the absence of a generally recognized concept.

An analysis of foreign sources allows us to conclude that there is a deeper development in comparison with domestic science. The problem of assessing competitiveness was the subject of research by the following authors: P.J. Buckley, D. Bell, M. Porter, B.R. Scott, W. Behrens, B. Wernerfelt, R. Rumelt, D.H. Jacot, M. Colenso, T. Kono, R.K. Camp, S. Lodge, V.A. Lapidus, R. Fuhrer, J. Hine, P.M. Havranek, K. Chaharbani and others.

Among domestic authors, various aspects of competitiveness were studied by: G.G. Azgaldov, G.L. Azoev, R.A. Fatkhutdinov, I. Ansoff, I.P. Bogomolova, Kh.A. Fashiev, M.I. Gelvanovsky, O.V. Aristov, S.G. Svetunkov, M.G. Dolinskaya, P.S. Zavialov, M.I. Knysh, I.P. Faminsky, A.P. Chelenkov and others.

The position of the company in the market is the result of a certain set of competitive advantages, which are formed under the influence of a number of competitive forces, the optimal combination of which, in turn, is determined by the company's competitive strategy. The market concept of the formation of the competitive advantages of the company is reflected in the works of G.L. Azoeva, E.A. Broido, A.V. Gobozova, E.V. Lavrenova, A.V. Bugai.

The resource approach is that competitiveness is determined by the unique combination of resources that are at the disposal of the firm, act as a source of economic rents or sources of cost savings. At the same time, the internal environment of the enterprise is the main reserve for increasing competitiveness.

The relational approach is the basis for the research of J.Kh. Dyer and H. Singh. Relational rent factors determine relationship-specific assets, knowledge-sharing procedures, complementary resources and capabilities, and effective management of inter-firm interactions.

Applied aspects of the competitiveness of business entities are considered in the works of R.A. Fatkhutdinova, L.V. Novak, G.L. Azoeva, E.G. Efimova, E.S. Podbornova.

Import substitution, innovation, management system efficiency, product quality management, tactical marketing, from the point of view of R.A. Fatkhutdinov, are the main tools for ensuring a competitive position. At the same time, the author pays attention to the factors of competitiveness, among which he singles out the quality of the goods, the price of the goods, the costs in the sphere of consumption of the goods, the factors of synergy and time.

L.V. Novak in his work notes that the nature of the influence of the external and internal environment, the need to produce products with desired properties and low consumption costs determine competitiveness as a driving force and a strategic goal.

A distinctive feature of the position of E.S. Podbornova is the allocation as the basis for the growth of the competitiveness of the enterprise: production, financial, personnel, management activities and flexible adaptability to external and internal influences.

According to G.L. Azoev, the main directions for ensuring the competitiveness of the company are the structure of the market, the level of monopolization, the concentration of production and capital. To a lesser extent, the author pays attention to internal reserves for increasing competitiveness and does not analyze the tools for increasing the competitiveness of an enterprise in the market.

G.L. Azoev defines competitiveness as "an economic process of interaction, interconnection and struggle between enterprises operating on the market in order to provide better opportunities for marketing their products, satisfying the diverse needs of customers" .

The variety of approaches to the study of competitive relations also determines the presence of a large number of options for their classification.

One of the first domestic attempts to systematize various theoretical approaches to the problem of assessing competitiveness was made by I.V. Pilipenko, who in his work distinguishes three foreign schools of competitiveness: American, British and Scandinavian. The author notes that the American school is focused more on the practical aspects of achieving competitiveness, the British school pays more attention to the features of ensuring the competitiveness of developing countries, and the Scandinavian school considers the subject of research from the standpoint of meeting the needs of the economy and society.

Yu.V. Savelyev, developing the position of I.V. Pilipenko distinguishes two among foreign schools. The first of which is American, focuses on the spatial and reproductive aspects of competition. The second - European, pays more attention to spatial and functional, as well as institutional and innovative mechanisms for increasing competitiveness.

From the point of view of classification, the position of E.A. Sysoeva, which considers competitiveness at various levels of the hierarchy: countries, regions, industries, clusters, enterprises, products (services). At the same time, the author defines competitiveness as the ability of an enterprise "to maintain existing and gain new positions in the market by creating and providing consumers with products that have a higher value in comparison with competitors' products" .

The heterogeneity of the subject of research presents a certain difficulty for the classification of schools and theories in the context of studying various theoretical aspects of competitiveness and leads to some "artificiality" of the classification, which does not reduce the scientific value of the above studies.

All economic schools, theories and concepts that, to one degree or another, paid attention to various aspects of competition and competitiveness, can be divided into the following groups:

The first is the schools and theories that served as the basis for modern concepts of competition and competitiveness, which include representatives of mercantilism, various theories of international trade, theories of perfect and imperfect competition, for example, A. Smith, D. Ricardo, A. Marshal, J. Robinson, P. Krugman, B. Balassa.

The second - schools and theories that consider competitive relations in the context of studying various economic phenomena and processes. These include: some theories of spatial organization (A. Lesh, F. Perroux, J. B. Boudville), J. Dunning’s electric OLE paradigm, M. Shimaguchi’s theory of system innovations, B. Lundval’s concept of a national innovation system, the concept of territorial production systems and innovative miles D. Maya and others.

The third - schools and theories, the subject of which is competition or competitiveness. These include: the theory of competitive advantages and industrial clusters by M. Porter, the theory of regional clusters by M. Enright, the concept of "Quality Index" of economic activity by E. Reinert, the concept of "learning region" (B. Asheim, A. Isaksen), the theory interaction of clusters and value chains (J. Humphrey, H. Schmitz, R. Kaplinsky), as well as a number of modern domestic researchers in this direction (G.G. Azgaldov, G.L. Azoev, R.A. Fatkhutdinov, I. Ansoff , I. P. Bogomolova, H. A. Fashiev, M. I. Gelvanovsky, O. V. Aristov, S. G. Svetunkov, M. G. Dolinskaya, P. S. Zavyalov, M. I. Knysh, I .P. Faminsky, A.P. Chelenkov).

Fourth - theories and concepts that have influenced the study of various theoretical aspects of competitive relations. These include: geopolitical theories (F. von Ratzel, R. Kjellen, F. Naumann), classical theories of location (I.G. Tyunen, W. Lundhart, A. Weber, D. Pick, T. Palander, V . Kristaller) and the theory of spatial organization (N.N. Kolosovsky, N.N. Baransky, T. Hagerstrandt, P. Haggett, W. Isard, B.B. Rodman, I. Vogt, N.F. Fisher, J. Friedman, H. Richardson, M.K. Bandman) and others.

Despite a large number of studies in the field of competitive relations at various levels, the developed theories and mechanisms for ensuring competitiveness cannot be considered unambiguous.

One of the attempts to introduce certainty is the methodology of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which interprets competitiveness as the ability of companies, industries, regions and states to create a sufficient level of income, wages, while remaining accessible to international competition. At first glance, the definition seems to be exhaustive, but there are questions about the applicability of the methodology to domestic conditions and the universality of indicators and criteria for companies, regions and countries.

Another attempt to ensure universality is the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI, GCL), which is calculated according to the methodology of the World Economic Forum. Currently, the index is determined by 113 key indicators, which include both statistical data and the results of a survey of managers from various countries. These indicators are summarized in nine factor indices, and then a composite index of competitiveness is determined, in accordance with the values ​​of which the countries are ranked. An attempt to adapt the IGC was made in the work of A.Yu. Egorov, but it does not allow using the methodology at the level of specific business entities.

M. Porter interprets competitiveness as the productivity of the use of resources, primarily labor and capital, in comparison with other subjects. But in this case, the question arises about the sufficiency of the indicator and the completeness with which it characterizes the efficiency of resource use and the quality of management.

In his work, A.G. Granberg considers competitiveness as the ability of a subject to defend its position in the market.

G.Ya. Belyakova analyzes the problem of competitiveness from the point of view of the ability of a business entity to meet the requirements and demands of consumers. This approach is popular, but it raises doubts from the point of view of ensuring the interests of other participants in economic relations, for example, the region, as an integral socio-economic and ecological system, and the state, as an arbiter of competitive processes taking place in the country.

An illustration of a similar approach is the work of T.V. Sachuk , in which competitiveness is defined as a set of individual competitive advantages determined for the consumer, i.e. consumer interests in this case are primary, which is typical for the marketing approach.

Also, the interpretation of the marketing approach is the work of Yu.V. Saveliev, who considers competitiveness as the ability to create "unique combinations of production factors, external and internal environment, which ultimately transform into unique offers for potential consumers." This definition makes high demands on the “ability” of the management system “to create unique conditions ...”, but there is a problem of defining and quantifying indicators, as well as identifying competitiveness criteria. Of interest is the issue of comparability of indicators with the level of competitiveness of other economic entities, since "unique conditions" may also imply the presence of very specific characteristics and indicators.

The analysis of publications allows us to draw a conclusion about a certain "evolution" of theoretical approaches in the definition of such an economic category as "competitiveness".

Recently, an increasing number of authors consider competitiveness in the complex of relations between an enterprise and other business entities, taking into account the influence of regional and international factors, and the indicator of competitiveness is considered not as a “mechanical” derivative of a number of factors, but as a qualitative, relative and / or integral indicator efficiency of the organization.

So, A.Z. Seleznev in his work considers competitiveness as a position in the domestic and foreign markets determined by economic, social and other factors, reflected through indicators (indicators) that adequately characterize this state and its dynamics.

E.N. Bondarenko believes that competitiveness is the ability to produce products that are in demand in the domestic, interregional and international markets, which in turn allows business entities and the population to receive a high level of income and the required quality of life.

Thus, the authors make an attempt to reflect, within the framework of the definition of competitiveness, not only the quantitative characteristics of the achieved level of economic development, but also the relationship with the external environment, as well as the quality of economic growth.

Competitiveness in this case is presented as a system that includes: competitive potential, factors and conditions for the formation of a competitive environment, efficiency in the use of resources, competitive advantages, competitive strategies of economic entities, state and market mechanisms for managing economic potential.

Of interest is the position of G.G. Karachurina, who considers competitiveness in the system of sustainable development indicators "as the ability of interacting entities to ensure progressive socio-economic development through the introduction and use of new technologies, organizational and other innovations to achieve sustainability in an innovative economy."

A more complete and concise definition is given by I.P. Danilov, considering competitiveness as an expression of a set of multiple relationships, about economic development in cooperation with other business entities.

A wide range of publications on the research topic is an attempt to build a "theory of competitiveness", and if at the macroeconomic level one can observe some "clarity", then at the microeconomic level there is no unambiguity in determining the object and subject of research, factors and mechanisms for ensuring competitiveness.

Thus, today there is no generally accepted theory of competitiveness and competitive advantages, despite the presence of an extensive arsenal of theoretical, methodological and methodological developments in this area.

Most authors consider competitiveness as a certain specific state of the socio-economic system, while indicators borrowed from methods developed for research objects of a higher or lower order are given as performance criteria. Thus, the problem arises of the inapplicability of the methodology and, as a result, the non-representativeness of indicators and analysis results.

The specificity of the factors that determine the position of the organization in the market and the mechanism of interaction with the external environment is different from the state or region. In turn, various spheres of social production leave their mark on the characteristics of competitive relations and the competitiveness of organizations.

The nature of the activities of educational organizations and the high social significance of educational services do not allow us to consider the competitiveness of educational organizations of higher education solely as an indicator of commercial efficiency, such an approach leads to the "emasculation" of the educational process, reduces it to the task of maximizing profits, which eliminates the criterion of social efficiency.

The competitiveness of educational institutions of higher education, as well as any other educational organizations, should be considered, firstly, from the standpoint of social (public efficiency); secondly, as a complex (integral) characteristic of their activities.

The competitiveness of educational organizations of higher education is a qualitative characteristic of the effectiveness of their activities, while the various participants in the educational process have their own specific interests and, accordingly, the criteria for its effectiveness.

As a result, their “requirements” leave their mark on the assessment system and lead to the need to develop an integral approach, which consists in considering the competitiveness of an educational institution of higher education as a complex characteristic of its potential, which, using a set of quantitative and qualitative indicators, allows not only to assess the achieved level of development , but also potential growth opportunities, taking into account the influence of a combination of specific factors.

Bibliographic link

Voloshin A.V., Aleksandrov Yu.L. EVOLUTION OF THE THEORIES OF COMPETITION AND COMPETITIVENESS IN ECONOMIC SCIENCE // Fundamental Research. - 2017. - No. 4-2. – P. 330-338;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=41483 (date of access: 03/31/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"