Lecture #1
Topic "Introduction to the subject"
Plan:
1) The concept of the subject Anatomy and human physiology
2) Basic physiological terms
3) The constitution of man. Great scientists anatomists and physiologists.
1. Anatomy and physiology as sciences
These are the components of biology - the science of all living things. They form the foundation of medical education, medical science. The achievements of these disciplines allow physicians to consciously intervene in life processes in order to change them in the direction necessary for a person: to treat qualifiedly, to promote the harmonious development of the human body and to satisfy its needs.
Anatomy- this is the science of the structure of man, taking into account the biological laws inherent in all living organisms, as well as age, sex and individual characteristics.
Anatomy - morphological science ( from the Greek morhe- the form). At the present stage, there are anatomy
- descriptive- description of organs at autopsy;
-systematic- studies the structure of the human body by systems - a systematic approach;
-topographic - studies the location of organs and their relationships with each other, their projections on the skeleton and skin;
-plastic - external shapes and proportions of the human body;
-functional - the structure of the body is considered inextricably linked with the function - functional approach;
-age - human body structure depending on age;
-comparative - compares the structure of various animals and humans;
-pathological anatomy - It has stood out as an independent science, it studies organs and tissues damaged by a particular disease.
Modern anatomy is functional, since it considers the structure of the human body in connection with its functions. The main methods of anatomical research are the study of the macroscopic and microscopic structure of organs.
Physiology- the science of life processes (functions) and the mechanisms of their regulation in cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and the whole human body.
Human physiology is divided into normal- studies the activity of a healthy organism - and pathological- patterns of occurrence and development of a disease, as well as mechanisms of recovery and rehabilitation.
Normal physiology is divided into:
On the general studying the general laws of human life, his reaction to environmental influences;
- special (often)- features of the functioning of individual tissues, organs and systems;
-applied- patterns of manifestation of human activity in connection with special tasks and conditions (physiology of labor, sports, nutrition).
The main research method - experiment:
-spicy- artificial isolation of organs, administration of drugs, etc.;
-chronic- targeted surgical operations.
In all cases, the signs characteristic of each specific person-individual are taken into account ( individual approach) at the same time find out the causes and factors affecting the human body ( causal approach), the features of each organ are analyzed ( analytical approach, by systems ( systematic approach) human body, the whole organism is studied, approaching it systematically.
Systematic anatomy studies the structure normal, that is healthy, a person whose tissues and organs are not altered as a result of a disease or developmental disorder. In this regard, normal (from lat. normali s- normal, correct) can be considered such a structure of a person, which ensures the full performance of the functions of the body. This concept is conditional, since there are building options bodies of a healthy person, extreme forms and typical, most common, which are determined by both hereditary factors and environmental factors.
The most pronounced persistent congenital abnormalities anomalies(from the Greek. anomalia- irregularity). Some anomalies do not change the appearance of a person (right-sided position of the heart), others are pronounced and have external manifestations. These developmental anomalies are called deformities(underdevelopment of the skull, limbs, etc.). Deformities are studied by science teratology(from Greek teras, genus case teratos-freak).
Man is the most advanced living being that lives on Earth. This opens the possibility of self-knowledge and study of the structure of one's own body. Anatomy studies the structure of the human body. Physiology studies the functioning of organs and the entire human body.
The human body is a kind of hierarchical sequence, from simple to complex:
Cell;
- Textile;
- Organ;
- System.
Cells similar in structure are combined into tissues that have their own clear purpose. Each type of tissue is folded into certain organs, which also carry individual functions. Organs, in turn, are formed into systems that regulate human life.
Each of the 50 trillion microcells in the body has a specific function. In order to better understand human anatomy and physiology, it is necessary to consider all body systems.
12 systems blink to fully exist for a person:
Skeletal or supporting (bones, cartilage, ligaments);
- Muscular or motor (muscles);
- Nervous (brain, spinal cord nerves);
- Endocrine (regulation of hormonal levels);
- Circulation (responsible for the nutrition of cells);
- Lymphatic (responsible for fighting infections);
- Digestive (digests food, filtering useful substances);
- Respiratory (human lungs);
- Integumentary, protective (skin, hair, nails);
- Reproductive (male and female reproductive organs);
- Excretory (liberates the body from unnecessary or harmful substances);
- Immune (responsible for the state of immunity in general).
Skeletal or musculoskeletal (bones, cartilage, ligaments) system
The basis of our movement is the skeleton, which is the main support for everything else. Muscles are attached to the skeleton, they are attached with the help of ligaments (muscles can stretch, there are no ligaments), thanks to which the bone can be raised or pushed back. 
Analyzing the properties of the skeletal system, it can be noted that the main thing in it is the support for the body and the protection of internal organs. The human supporting skeleton includes 206 bones. The main axis consists of 80 bones, the additional skeleton consists of 126.
Human bone types
There are four types of bones:
Tubular bones. Tubular bones line up the limbs, they are long and suitable for this.
Mixed bones. Mixed dice can contain all of the above types of dice in two or three variants. An example is the vertebral bone, clavicle, etc.
Flat bones. Flat bones are suitable for attaching large muscle groups. In them, the width prevails over the thickness. Short are bones in which the length is equal to the width of the bone.
Short bones. Short are bones in which the length is equal to the width of the bone.
Bones of the human skeletal system
Main bones of the human skeletal system:
Scull;
- Lower jaw;
- Clavicle;
- Spatula;
- Sternum;
- Rib;
- Shoulder;
- spinal column;
- Elbow;
- Beam;
- Metacarpus bones;
- Phalanges of fingers;
- Taz;
- sacrum;
- Femoral;
- Knee cap;
- Big tibia;
- Small tibia;
- Tarsal bones;
- Metatarsal bones;
- Phalanges of the toes.
The structure of the human skeleton
The structure of the skeleton is distinguished:
Body skeleton. The skeleton of the body consists of the spine and chest.
- The skeleton of the limbs (upper and lower). The skeleton of the limbs is usually divided into the skeleton of free limbs (arms and legs) and the skeleton of the girdle (shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle).
The hand skeleton is made up of:
Shoulder, consisting of one bone, the humerus;
- forearms, which form two bones (radius and ulna) and brushes.
The leg skeleton is divided into three sections:
The thigh, which consists of one bone, the femur;
- lower leg formed by the fibula and tibia);
- foot, which has in its composition the tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges of the fingers.
The shoulder girdle is formed by two paired bones:
shoulder blade;
- clavicle.
The pelvic skeleton is made up of:
Paired pelvic bones.
Skeleton brushes form:
Wrists;
- metacarpus;
- phalanges of fingers.
The structure of the human spine
Man became upright due to the special structure of his spine. It runs along the entire body and rests on the pelvis, where it gradually ends. The last bone is the coccyx, it is assumed that earlier it was the tail. There are 24 vertebrae in the human spinal column. Through it passes the back of the brain, which is connected to the brain.
The spine is divided into sections, there are five in total:
The cervical region consists of 7 vertebrae;
- the thoracic region consists of 12 vertebrae;
- the lumbar region consists of 5 vertebrae;
- the sacral department consists of 5 vertebrae;
- coccygeal consists of 4-5 rudimentary vertebrae fused together.
Muscular system
The main function of the muscular system is to contract under the influence of electrical impulses, thereby providing the function of movement. 
Innervation is carried out at the cellular level. Muscle cells are the structural unit of a muscle fiber. Muscles are formed from muscle fibers. Muscle cells have a special function - contraction. The contraction occurs under the influence of a nerve impulse, due to which a person can perform actions such as walking, running, squatting, even blinking is performed by muscle cells.
The muscular system is made up of three types:
Skeletal (striated);
- Smooth;
- Muscles of the heart.
striated muscles
Striated muscle tissue has a high rate of contraction, so it performs all motor functions.
The striated muscles are:
Smooth muscles
Smooth muscle tissue contracts autonomously under the influence of adrenaline and acetylcholine, and the rate of contraction is noticeably lower. Smooth muscles line the walls of organs and blood vessels and are responsible for internal processes, such as digestion of food, blood movement (due to constriction and expansion of blood vessels).
Muscles of the heart
Cardiac muscle - this is composed of striated muscle tissue but works autonomously.
Nervous system
Nervous tissue is used to receive and transmit electrical impulses. 
Nervous tissue has three types:
The first type receives signals from the external environment and sends them to the central nervous system. The largest number of receptors is in the mouth.
The second type of contact neurons, their main task is to receive, process and transmit information, it can also store the impulses that passed through it.
The third type of motor is also called efferent, they deliver impulses to the working organs.
The nervous system is controlled by the brain and consists of billions of neurons. The brain, combined with the spinal cord, form the central nervous system, and the nerves are the peripheral system.
It is fashionable to highlight several main nerve endings:
Brain;
- cranial nerve;
- Nerve going to the hand;
- spinal nerve;
- Spinal cord;
- Nerve leading to the leg.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a set of biologically active elements that regulate growth, weight, reproduction and many other vital processes of the body. 
Hormones are chemical messengers released by the endocrine system into the blood. The glands of the endocrine system are located in the cranial box, sternum and in the abdominal cavity.
Identify the main parts of the endocrine system:
Pituitary;
- Epiphysis;
- Thyroid;
- Thymus (thymus gland);
- Adrenal;
- Pancreas;
- Ovaries (produce the female sex hormone);
- Testicles (produce the male sex hormone).
Circulatory system
The circulatory system is one of the main human systems. 
The circulatory system is represented:
Heart;
- Blood vessels;
- Blood.
The heart is a so-called pump that pumps blood in one direction through the circulatory network. The length of blood vessels in the human body is about 150 thousand kilometers, each of which performs an individual function.
Large vessels of the circulatory system:
Jugular vein;
- Subclavian vein;
- Aorta;
- Pulmonary artery;
- Femoral vein;
- Carotid artery;
- Superior vena cava;
- Subclavian artery;
- Pulmonary vein;
- Inferior vena cava;
- Femoral artery.
lymphatic system
The lymphatic system filters intercellular fluids and destroys pathogenic microbes. The main functions of the lymphatic system are tissue drainage and a protective barrier. The lymphatic system permeates 90% of body tissues. 
High-quality work of the lymphatic system occurs due to the following organs:
Thoracic tributary, which flows into the left subclavian vein;
- Right lymphatic tributary, which flows into the right subclavian vein;
- Thymus;
- Thoracic duct;
- The spleen is a kind of blood depot;
- The lymph nodes;
- Lymphatic vessels.
Digestive system
The main and main function of the digestive system is the process of digesting food. 
The process of digestion of food includes 4 stages:
ingestion;
- Digestion;
- Suction;
- Removal of waste.
Each stage of digestion is assisted by certain organs that make up the digestive system.
Respiratory system
For proper life, a person needs oxygen, which enters the body due to the work of the lungs - the main organs of the respiratory system. 
First, the air enters the nose, then, after which, passing through the pharynx and larynx, it enters the trachea, which, in turn, is divided into two bronchi and enters the lungs. Thanks to gas exchange, cells constantly receive oxygen and are freed from carbon dioxide, which is harmful to their existence.
integumentary system
The integumentary system is the living shell of the human body. Skin, hair and nails are a "wall" between the internal organs of a person and the external environment. 
The skin is a waterproof shell capable of maintaining body temperature within 37 degrees. The skin protects the internal organs from infection and harmful sunlight.
Hair protects the skin from mechanical damage, cooling and overheating. The hairline is absent only on the lips, palms and soles of the feet.
The nail plates carry the protective function of the sensitive tips of the fingers and toes.
reproductive system
The reproductive system saves the human species from extinction. Male and female reproductive organs are different in their functions and structure. 
The male reproductive system consists of the following organs:
vas deferens;
- Urethra;
- Testicle;
- epididymis;
- Penis.
The structure of the female reproductive system is fundamentally different from the male:
Uterus;
- Fallopian tube;
- Ovary;
- Cervix;
- Vagina.
excretory system
Excretory system - removes the original metabolic products from the body, preventing its poisoning. The excretion of harmful substances occurs with the help of the lungs, skin, liver and kidneys. The main one is the urinary system. 
The urinary system consists of the following organs:
2 kidneys;
- 2 ureters;
- Bladder;
- Urethra.
The immune system
The human body is constantly threatened by pathogenic viruses and bacteria, the immune system is a fairly reliable defense against such exposure. 
The immune system is a collection of leukocytes, white blood cells, they recognize antigens and help in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms.
Finally
Over the centuries, the understanding of the structure and functioning of the human body has changed dramatically. Thanks to observations and the emergence of anatomical science, a global study of human physiology became possible.
METHODOLOGICAL PLAN
SUBJECT: Civil Defense Fire Service and Medical Training.
TOPIC 1. Fundamentals of human anatomy and physiology.
TYPE OF LESSON: independent work.
ALLOWED TIME: 1435-1520
VENUE: Unit classroom.
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
To form the concept of human anatomy and physiology.
Learn human anatomy and physiology.
MAIN DOCUMENTS AND LITERATURE USED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUMMARY:
Medical training. Training of firefighters and rescuers, edited by Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor V.I. Dutov;
Handbook "Providing first medical, first resuscitation aid in incidents and in the centers of emergency situations" St. Petersburg, 2011., I.F. Epiphany.
LOGISTICS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT:
Educational board - 1 unit.
I. Preparatory part – 5 minutes………………………………………………………… p.2
II. Main part – 30 minutes……………………………………………………………….. page 2
III. Final part – 10 minutes....…………………………………………………… p.12
Preparatory part
Checks of trainees, according to the list;
Checks at the trainees' means of material support for classes (textbooks, workbooks (notebooks), pens, etc.);
II.Main part
Anatomy is the science of the structure of the human body.
Physiology is the science of the functioning of organs and systems of the human body.
Knowledge of these subjects allows you to competently organize and provide first aid. Our body is made up of tissues that form organs and systems. Tissues consist of cells that are similar in structure and function to those organs that consist of these tissues. The tissues of our body are diverse and make up four main groups: epithelial, connective, nerve and muscle. Epithelial cover our body from the outside and the mucous membranes inside the body. Connective tissues form bones. They also consist of layers of internal organs and between them, scars after wound healing. Nerve tissues make up the brain and spinal cord and peripheral nerve trunks. Muscular form striated (skeletal) muscles and smooth muscles of internal organs that perform motor functions in the body.
The vital activity of the body is provided by the bone, muscle and nervous systems, blood and internal organs (heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, etc.). All this forms a single functional whole of the body and is interconnected by blood vessels and nerves.
The skeleton (Fig. 1) and muscles form the basis of the musculoskeletal system. The bones of the skeleton are divided into tubular and flat. Limbs consist of tubular bones: arm (upper limb), leg (lower limb). Flat bones include the shoulder blades, ribs, bones of the skull and pelvis. The body is supported by the spine, which consists of 24 vertebrae. Each vertebra has a hole inside and is superimposed one on one, forming the spinal canal, which houses the spinal cord. The spine consists of 7 cervical, 12 ore, 5 lumbar vertebrae, as well as the sacrum and coccyx. The bones of the skeleton, depending on the functions performed, are connected immobile (skull, pelvic bones), semi-mobile (carpal bones, spine) and movable (joints of the limbs [shoulder, elbow, wrist - upper limb; hip, knee, ankle - lower limb).
The human skeleton includes:
Skull (cranial box), which houses the brain;
The spine, in the spinal canal of which the spinal cord is located;
The thorax, consisting of 12 ribs on the left and right, the sternum in front and the thoracic spine in the back.
The chest cavity contains the heart, lung, esophagus, aorta, trachea;
The abdominal cavity, where the liver, spleen, stomach, intestines, bladder and other organs are located;
The bones of the upper limb (arm), which consist of the humerus (one) between the shoulder and elbow joints, the forearm (two bones) between the elbow and wrist joints,
brushes; bones of the lower limb (leg), which consist of the femur (one) between the hip and knee joints, the bones of the lower leg (two) between the knee and ankle joints, and the foot.
It is very important to know the anatomical feature of the skeleton of the forearm and lower leg, which have two bones each.
Blood vessels along the forearm and lower leg pass between these bones. In the case of arterial bleeding from these parts of the limbs, it is impossible to stop it by clamping the bleeding vessel directly on the forearm and lower leg, since the bones will interfere with this. Therefore, if there is arterial bleeding from the forearm or lower leg, a tourniquet (twist) is applied, respectively, above the elbow and knee joints;
The human skeleton also includes: collarbones (two) - right and left, which are located between the upper part of the chest and the process of the scapula on the left and right; shoulder blades (two) - right and left, located behind in the upper chest. Each shoulder blade has a process on the side, which together with the head of the humerus forms the shoulder joint.
Diagram of the structure of the digestive system:
1 - mouth, 2 - pharynx, 3 - esophagus, 4 - stomach, 5 - pancreas, 6 - liver, 7 - bile duct, 8 - gallbladder, 9 - duodenum, 10 - large intestine, 11 - small intestine, 12 - rectum, 13 - sublingual salivary gland, 14 - submandibular gland, 15 - parotid salivary gland, 16 - appendix
The digestive system, or digestive tract, is a tube that runs from the mouth to the anus (Figure 2). The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum are all organs of the digestive system. The gastrointestinal tract is the part of this system that consists of the stomach and intestines. Auxiliary organs are teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder and appendix of the caecum (appendix).
The functions of the digestive system are the ingestion of food (solid and liquid), its mechanical grinding and chemical change, the absorption of useful products of digestion and the excretion of useless residue.
The mouth serves several purposes. The teeth grind food, the tongue mixes it and perceives its taste. The secreted saliva wets the food and to some extent begins the digestion of starch. Food is pushed down the pharynx, passes into the esophagus and, under the action of wave-like contractions of the muscles of the esophagus, enters the stomach.
The stomach is a sac-like extension of the digestive tract where swallowed food accumulates and the process of digestion begins. Partially digested food is called chyme.
Small and large intestines and accessory organs. The duodenum secretes intestinal juice; in addition, it receives the secrets of the pancreas (pancreatic juice) and liver (bile), necessary for digestion.
Pancreas and gallbladder. Pancreatic juice contains several proenzymes. When activated, they are converted respectively into trypsin and chymotrypsin (digest proteins), amylase (breaks down carbohydrates) and lipase (breaks down fats). The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver, which enters the small intestine and aids digestion by emulsifying fats and thereby preparing them for digestion by lipase.
Liver. In addition to the secretion of bile, the liver has many other functions that are absolutely necessary for the life of the body.
Small and large intestine. Thanks to contractions of the smooth muscles of the intestinal wall, chyme passes through the three sections of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum).
The respiratory system combines the organs that form the airways, or respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi), and the lungs, in which gas exchange occurs, i.e. uptake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. (Fig. 3).
The larynx is built from paired and unpaired cartilages, movably articulated with each other by ligaments and connective tissue membranes. From above and in front, the entrance to the larynx covers the epiglottis (elastic cartilage), it blocks the entrance to the larynx at the moment of swallowing food. Paired vocal cords are stretched between the vocal processes of the two cartilages. The height of the voice depends on their length and degree of tension. The sound is formed on exhalation; in addition to the vocal cords, the cavity of the nose and mouth take part in its formation as resonators.
At the level of the last cervical vertebrae, the larynx passes into the trachea (windpipe). The larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles perform an air-conducting function.
Lungs. The trachea in the chest cavity is divided into two bronchi: right and left, each of which, branching many times, forms the so-called. bronchial tree. The smallest bronchi - bronchioles - end with blind sacs, consisting of microscopic vesicles - pulmonary alveoli. The totality of the alveoli forms the tissue of the lungs, where active gas exchange takes place between blood and air.
In the upper respiratory tract, the air is cleaned of dust, moistened and warmed. Through the trachea, which is divided into 2 bronchi, air enters the left and right lungs and further through the smaller bronchi into the smallest vesicles (alveoli) surrounded by blood capillaries. Through the wall of the alveoli, carbon dioxide is released from the venous blood, and oxygen from the air of the alveoli penetrates into the blood. When exhaling, the chest collapses, the lungs contract and displace the air. The respiratory rate at rest is 12-18 times per minute, while the volume of air passing through the lungs is 5-8 l / min. Physical activity significantly increases pulmonary ventilation.
Blood is a fluid that circulates in the circulatory system and carries gases and other dissolved substances necessary for metabolism or formed as a result of metabolic processes. Blood consists of plasma (a clear, pale yellow liquid) and cellular elements suspended in it. There are three main types of blood cells: red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (platelets).
The red color of blood is determined by the presence of the red pigment hemoglobin in erythrocytes. In the arteries, through which the blood that has entered the heart from the lungs is transferred to the tissues of the body, hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen and is colored bright red; in the veins, through which blood flows from the tissues to the heart, hemoglobin is practically devoid of oxygen and darker in color.
Blood is a rather viscous liquid, and its viscosity is determined by the content of red blood cells and dissolved proteins. Blood viscosity largely determines the rate at which blood flows through the arteries (semi-elastic structures) and blood pressure.
The blood volume of an adult male is approximately 75 ml per kilogram of body weight; in an adult woman, this figure is approximately 66 ml. Accordingly, the total blood volume in an adult male is on average about 5 liters; more than half of the volume is plasma, and the rest is mainly erythrocytes.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and organs of the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system performs three main functions:
1) transportation of nutrients, gases, hormones and metabolic products to and from cells;
2) protection from invading microorganisms and foreign cells;
3) regulation of body temperature. These functions are directly performed by the fluids circulating in the system - blood and lymph.
Lymph is a clear, watery fluid that contains white blood cells and is found in the lymph vessels.
From a functional point of view, the cardiovascular system is formed by two related structures: the circulatory system and the lymphatic system. The first consists of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins, which provide a closed blood circulation. The lymphatic system consists of a network of capillaries, nodes and ducts that flow into the venous system.
The heart is located between the sternum and the spine, 2/3 of it is in the left half of the chest and 1/3 in the right half. The cavity of the heart is divided by a continuous septum into the left and right parts, each of which, in turn, is divided into atria and ventricles communicating with each other.
Vessels form a large and small circle of blood circulation (Fig. 4). The large circle begins in the left ventricle of the heart, from where oxygen-rich blood is carried throughout the body by a system of arteries that pass into small vessels - capillaries.
Through their thin wall, oxygen and nutrients penetrate into the tissues, carbon dioxide and metabolic products are released into the blood, which through the system of venous vessels enters the right atrium and then into the right ventricle of the heart.
This is where the pulmonary circulation begins - venous blood enters the lungs, gives off carbon dioxide, is saturated with oxygen and returns to the left side of the heart.
The heart also has its own blood supply; special branches of the aorta - the coronary arteries - supply it with oxygenated blood.
Rhythmic contractions of the heart (60-80 times per minute) bring the blood (about 5 liters) into continuous motion. In the arteries at the moment of contraction of the heart, it moves under a pressure of about 120 mm / Hg. Art. During the period of relaxation of the heart, the pressure is 60-75 mm/Hg. Art. Rhythmic fluctuations in the diameter of arterial vessels caused by the work of the heart, called the pulse, which is usually determined on the inside of the forearm at the hand (radial artery). In the veins, the blood pressure is low (60-80 mm of water).
excretory system. The body has four organs for the excretion of end products of metabolism. The skin excretes water and mineral salts, the lungs remove carbon dioxide and water, undigested residues are ejected from the intestines, and the kidneys, the excretory organ of the urinary system, remove the end products of protein metabolism (nitrogenous wastes), toxins, mineral salts and water in dissolved form. The kidneys have another vital function: they regulate the composition of blood plasma by storing or excreting water, sugar, salts and other substances. If the composition of the blood goes beyond certain, rather narrow limits, irreversible damage to individual tissues and even death of the organism may follow.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, ureters (one from each kidney), bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are located in the lumbar region, downward from the level of the lowest rib. Each kidney contains from one to four million renal tubules arranged in an ordered but highly complex manner.
The bladder is an elastic bag with walls containing smooth muscles; it serves to store and excrete urine. In the walls of the urethra, where it departs from the bladder, there are muscles surrounding the lumen of the canal. These muscles (sphincters) are functionally related to the muscles of the bladder. Urination is carried out due to involuntary contractions of the muscles of the bladder and relaxation of the sphincters. The sphincter closest to the bladder is not controlled by volitional effort, and the second is controlled. In women, only urine is excreted through the urethra, in men, urine and semen.
The reproductive system is formed by the organs responsible for the reproduction of the species. The main function of the male reproductive organs is the formation and delivery of spermatozoa (male germ cells) to a woman. The main function of the female organs is the formation of the egg (female germ cell), providing a path for fertilization, as well as a place (uterus) for the development of a fertilized egg.
The male reproductive system consists of: 1) testicles (testes), paired glands that produce spermatozoa and male sex hormones; 2) ducts for the passage of sperm; 3) several additional glands that produce seminal fluid, and 4) structures for the ejection of sperm from the body.
The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes (oviducts or fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. The two mammary glands are also organs of this system.
The system of integumentary organs. The skin and its accompanying structures, such as hair, sweat glands, nails, form the outer layer of the body, called the integumentary system. The skin consists of two layers: superficial (epidermis) and deep (dermis). The epidermis is made up of many layers of epithelium. The dermis is the connective tissue under the epidermis.
The skin performs four important functions: 1) protecting the body from external damage; 2) perception of stimuli (sensory stimuli) from the environment; 3) isolation of metabolic products; 4) participation in the regulation of body temperature. The excretion of metabolic products, such as salts and water, is the function of sweat glands scattered throughout the body; there are especially many of them on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, armpits and groin. During the day, the skin releases 0.5-0.6 liters of water along with salts and metabolic products (sweat). Specialized nerve endings in the skin sense touch, heat, and cold and relay appropriate stimuli to peripheral nerves. The eye and ear, in a sense, can be considered as specialized skin structures that serve to perceive light and sound.
The nervous system is the unifying and coordinating system of the body. It includes the brain and spinal cord, nerves, and related structures such as the meninges (layers of connective tissue around the brain and spinal cord). Anatomically, they distinguish between the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of nerves and ganglia (nerve nodes).
Functionally, the nervous system can be divided into two sections: cerebrospinal (voluntary, or somatic) and autonomic (involuntary, or autonomous).
The cerebrospinal system is responsible for the perception of stimuli from outside and from internal parts of the body (voluntary muscles, bones, joints, etc.) with the subsequent integration of these stimuli in the central nervous system, as well as for the stimulation of voluntary muscles.
The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which receive stimuli from internal organs, blood vessels, and glands, transmit these stimuli to the central nervous system, and stimulate smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.
In general, voluntary and rapid actions (running, speech, chewing, writing) are controlled by the cerebrospinal system, while involuntary and slow actions (propulsion of food through the digestive tract, secretory activity of the glands, excretion of urine from the kidneys, contraction of blood vessels) are under the control of the autonomic nervous system. Despite a well-defined functional separation, the two systems are largely related.
With the help of the cerebrospinal system, we feel pain, temperature changes (heat and cold), touch, perceive the weight and size of objects, feel the structure and shape, the position of body parts in space, feel vibration, taste, smell, light and sound. In each case, stimulation of the sensory endings of the corresponding nerves causes a stream of impulses that are transmitted by individual nerve fibers from the site of the stimulus to the corresponding part of the brain, where they are interpreted. When any of the sensations is formed, the impulses propagate through several neurons separated by synapses until they reach the awareness centers in the cerebral cortex.
The integration of conscious sensations and subconscious impulses in the brain is a complex process. Nerve cells are organized in such a way that there are billions of ways to combine them in a circuit. This explains the ability of a person to be aware of many stimuli, interpret them in the light of previous experience, predict their appearance, conjure up and even distort stimuli.
The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands that do not have excretory ducts. They produce chemicals called hormones that enter directly into the blood and have a regulatory effect on organs distant from their respective glands. The endocrine glands include: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, male and female sex glands, pancreas, duodenal lining, thymus gland, and pineal gland (pineal gland).
The system of sense organs (eyes, ears, skin, nasal mucosa, tongue) provides, through vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch, the perception of the surrounding world.
Sh. Final part
Summing up, answering questions.
Putting in order the training base
Task for independent work of trainees and preparation for the next lesson:
Review the concepts of anatomy and physiology.
Describe the structure of the human body.
Human anatomy is a science that studies the structure of the body and its individual organs and systems.
Human - the science of the principles of the body and its individual organs and systems.
Even from the definitions, it becomes obvious that it is impossible to study physiological processes without knowing the anatomical structure of the human body and its individual organs.
Another science is closely related to anatomy and physiology. This is hygiene, which studies the life of a person in various conditions. The tasks of hygiene are to prevent health disorders, to maintain a person's high performance in a variety of situations in which he may find himself.
Anatomy and physiology are the foundation of medicine. Historically, these sciences have always developed together, and it is often difficult to draw a line between them.
The approaches to the study of anatomy and physiology among the ancient peoples varied greatly. For example, in India (VIII century BC), the principle of studying the human body was purely quantitative, and the body was described as the sum of 7 shells, 300 bones, 107 joints, 3 fluids, 400 vessels, 900 ligaments, 90 veins, 9 organs . The navel was considered the center of life. Quite a different principle was guided by the ancient Chinese (3rd century BC), who, by the way, published the very first treatises in the world on physiology, anatomy and medicine. Their principle of research and description of the human body should, apparently, be called "family". The center of life among the Chinese is the heart, the mother of the heart is the liver, the children of the heart are the stomach and spleen. The soul is located in the liver, and ideas are born in it. The gallbladder is the seat of courage.
The ancient Greeks achieved great success in understanding the structure of our body. Back in the 5th century BC. Alcmaeon of Croton dissected the bodies of animals and described the brain as the seat of the mind. He also spoke about the fact that the animal only feels, and the person feels and thinks. The soul, according to Alcmaeon, is material! Disease is a violation of the natural balance between wet and dry, warm and cold, sweet and bitter. But this is a rather naive, but description of a metabolic disorder!
The great physician and scientist was Hippocrates (460-377 BC), who said that it was not the disease that should be treated, but the patient, that the doctor had no right to harm the patient, etc. The great Galen considered himself a student of Hippocrates , for many years a former doctor of gladiators. Having a wealth of experience in surgery, he wrote 83 works on anatomy and medicine, creating a system of medical sciences of our time. He proceeded from the analogy between the macrocosm (the universe) and the microcosm (the human body). Anatomy and physiology were then generally one science. It is believed that their paths separated only in the 16th century, when the English physician William Harvey described the circles of blood circulation and experimentally proved that blood circulates in the vessels, and not, as was thought before him. Harvey is considered the founder of experimental physiology.
With certain assumptions, we can say that the human body is divided into organ systems. Each of them is a group of organs that perform a specific function in the body. The organs that make up the system have a similar embryonic origin and are related anatomically. The following systems are usually distinguished in the human body: musculoskeletal, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, endocrine, nervous, and sexual. Sometimes the lymphatic system is isolated separately.
An organ is a separate part of the body that has a certain shape, structure, location and is adapted to perform some function. The organ is made up of several tissues, but one or two types usually predominate. For example, the nervous system is mainly formed by nervous tissue, and the musculoskeletal system is mainly formed by connective and muscle tissues.
Anatomy of life and death. Vital points on the human body Momot Valery Valerievich
Brief information on the anatomy and physiology of the human body
For a better understanding of the material presented below, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the elementary foundations of human anatomy and physiology.
The human body consists of countless cells in which certain life processes take place. Cells in combination with intercellular substance form various types of tissues:
Integumentary (skin, mucous membranes);
Connective (cartilage, bones, ligaments);
Muscular;
Nervous (brain and spinal cord, nerves connecting the center with the organs);
Various tissues, connecting with each other, form organs, which, in turn, united by a single function and connected in their development, form an organ system.
All organ systems are interconnected and united into a single whole - the body.
The following organ systems are distinguished in the human body:
1) propulsion system;
2) digestive system;
3) respiratory system;
4) excretory system;
5) reproductive system;
6) circulatory system;
7) lymphatic system;
8) system of sense organs;
9) the system of organs of internal secretion;
10) nervous system.
The motor and nervous systems are of the greatest interest from the point of view of the defeat of vital points.
ENGINE SYSTEM
The human motor system consists of two parts:
Passive or supporting;
Active or locomotive apparatus.
The supporting part is called so because it by itself cannot change the position of the parts and the whole body in space. It consists of a number of bones interconnected by a ligamentous apparatus and muscles. This system serves as a support for the body.
The bones of the skeleton are built from strong bone tissue, consisting of organic substances and salts, mainly lime; outside covered with periosteum, through which pass the blood vessels that feed the bone.
The shape of the bones are: long, short, flat and mixed. Let us consider in more detail the supporting part of the motor apparatus. The skeleton of the trunk consists of the spine, chest, bones of the shoulder girdle and bones of the pelvic girdle.
The basis of the skeleton of the body is spine. His cervical department consists of 7 vertebrae, chest- from 12 vertebrae, lumbar- from 5 vertebrae, coccyx- from 4–5 vertebrae. The holes in the vertebrae form in the spine channel. It contains spinal cord which is an extension of the brain.
The movable part of the spine is its cervical and lumbar region. There are 4 bends in the spine: forward - in the cervical and lumbar parts and back - in the thoracic and sacral parts. These curves, together with the cartilaginous discs lying between the vertebrae, serve as a shock-absorbing agent when pushing, running, jumping, etc.
The chest contains the lungs, airways, heart, blood vessels, and esophagus.
The thorax is formed by the thoracic vertebrae, twelve pairs of ribs, and the sternum. The last two rows of ribs have only one attachment, and their front ends are free.
Due to the special shape of the joints between the ribs and vertebrae, the chest can change its volume during breathing: expand when the ribs are raised up and narrow when lowered down. The expansion and contraction of the chest is due to the action of the so-called respiratory muscles attached to the ribs.
The mobility of the chest to a large extent determines the performance of the respiratory organs and is especially important during increased muscular work, when deep breathing is necessary.
The skeleton of the shoulder girdle consists of clavicle and shoulder blades. The clavicle at one end is connected by a sedentary joint to the sternum, and at the other is attached to the process of the scapula. shoulder blade- flat bone - lies freely behind the ribs, more precisely on the muscles, and, in turn, is also covered with muscles.
A number of large back muscles are attached to the scapula, which, when contracted, fix the scapula, creating, in necessary cases, complete immobility with resistance. The process of the scapula forms the shoulder joint with the spherical head of the humerus.
Thanks to the movable connection of the clavicle with the sternum, the mobility of the scapula and the arrangement of the shoulder joint, the arm has the ability to perform a wide variety of movements.
Taz educated sacrum and two nameless bones. The bones of the pelvis are tightly connected to each other and the spine, since the pelvis serves as a support for all overlying parts of the body. For the heads of the femoral bones of the lower extremities, there are articular cavities on the lateral surfaces of the innominate bones.
Each bone occupies a certain place in the human body and is always in direct connection with other bones, closely adjacent to one or more bones. There are two main types of bone connections:
Continuous connections (synerthroses) - when the bones are interconnected with the help of a gasket between them from connective (cartilaginous, etc.) tissue;
Discontinuous joints (diarrhosis) or joints.
HUMAN SKELETON
Main bones of the body
Torso bones: 80 bones.
Scull: 29 bones.
Trunk bones: 51 bones.
Sternum: 1 bone.
Spine:
1. Cervical - 7 bones.
2. Thoracic - 12 bones.
3. Lumbar - 5 bones.
4. Sacrum - 1 bone.
5. Coccyx - 4-5 bones.
Upper limb bones(total 64 pieces):
1. Clavicle - 1 pair.
2. Shoulder blade - 1 pair.
3. Humerus - 1 pair.
4. Radius - 1 pair.
6. Wrist bones - 2 groups of 6 pcs.
7. Bones of the hand - 2 groups of 5 pcs.
8. Finger bones - 2 groups of 14 pcs.
Bones of the lower limbs(total 62 pieces):
1. Ilium - 1 pair.
2. Bucket - 1 pair.
3. Patella - 1 pair.
4. Tibia - 1 pair.
5. Bones of the tarsus - 2 groups of 7 pcs.
6. Metatarsal bones - 2 groups of 5 pcs.
7. Bones of the toes - 2 groups of 14 pcs.
The joints are quite mobile and therefore they are paid special attention in martial arts.
Ligaments stabilize the joints and limit their movement. Using this or that technique of a painful nature, they rotate the joints against their natural movement; in this case, first of all, the ligaments suffer.
If the joint is twisted to the limit and continues to be affected, the entire joint suffers. The articular surfaces of the bones in shape can be compared with segments of various geometric bodies. In accordance with this, the joints are divided into spherical, ellipsoid, cylindrical, block-shaped, saddle-shaped and flat. The shape of the articular surfaces makes up the volume and direction of movements that occur around three axes. Flexion and extension are performed around the frontal axis. Abduction and adduction occur around the sagittal axis. Rotation is performed around the vertical axis. The inward rotation is called pronation, and outward rotation - supination. In the spherical ellipsoid joints of the limbs, peripheral rotation is also possible - a movement in which the limb or part of it describes a cone. Depending on the number of axes around which movements are possible, the joints are divided into uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial (multiaxial).
Uniaxial joints include cylindrical and block-shaped.
To biaxial - ellipsoid and saddle.
Triaxial (multiaxial) include spherical and flat joints.
The skeleton of the hand is divided into three parts: the shoulder, the forearm, formed by two bones - the ulna and the radius, and the hand, formed by 8 small bones of the wrist, 5 metacarpal bones and 14 bones (phalanges) of the fingers.
The connection of the shoulder to the bone of the scapula and clavicle is called shoulder joint. It can move forward, backward, up and down. The connection of the shoulder with the forearm forms the elbow joint. In the elbow joint, basically, there are two movements: extension and flexion of the arm. Due to the special device of the elbow joint, it is possible to rotate the radius, and with it the hand out and in. The connection of bones between the forearm and hand is called wrist joint.
The bones of the skeleton of the lower extremities consist of three parts: hips, shins and feet.
The connection between the femur and the pelvis is called the hip joint. joint. It is reinforced with strong ligaments that limit the movement of the leg back. The lower leg is formed by two bones: tibial and peroneal. In contact with its upper end with the lower end of the femur, the tibia forms knee-joint. In front of the knee joint is a separate bone - knee cap, which is strengthened by the tendon of the quadriceps femoris. In the knee joint, flexion and extension of the leg can be performed. Therefore, with a sharp hold on the legs (especially in the knee joint): strikes, lateral or rotational movements, or excessive extension / flexion (boost), serious damage is possible. The foot consists of three parts:
Red metatarsus, consisting of 7 bones,
Metatarsus - from 5 bones and
14 finger bones (phalanges).
The bones of the foot are connected by ligaments and form the arch of the foot, which acts as a shock absorber when pushing or jumping. The connection between the leg and the foot is called ankle joint. The main movement in this joint is the extension and flexion of the foot. In the ankle joint, with sharply conducted techniques, there are often injuries (sprain, rupture of ligaments, etc.).
JOINTS AND JOINTS OF HUMAN BONES
1. Ligaments of the upper and lower jaws.
2. Shoulder joint.
4. Intervertebral connections.
5. Hip joint.
6. Pubic articulation.
7. Wrist joint.
8. Joints of fingers.
9. Knee joint.
10. Ankle joint.
11. Joints of the toes.
12. Tarsal joints.
Elbow joint (approx.)
Hip joint (approx.)
Muscles are the active part of the human locomotor apparatus. The musculature of the skeleton consists of a large number of individual muscles. Muscle tissue, consisting of muscle fibers, has the property of contracting (shortening in length) under the influence of irritation brought to the muscles from the brain along the nerves. Muscles, having attachments with their ends to the bones, more often with the help of connecting strands - tendons, bend, unbend and rotate these bones during their contraction.
Thus, muscle contractions and the resulting muscular traction are the force that sets the parts of our body in motion.
In the chest part, the pectoralis major muscle starts from the sternum and clavicles with a wide base and is attached to the other, narrow end to the humerus of the upper limb. The pectoralis minor attaches to the process of the scapula above and to the superior ribs below. Intercostal muscles - external and internal, located between the ribs and in the intercostal spaces.
The abdominal muscles are made up of several layers. The outer layer is made up of the rectus abdominis muscles, which lie in front with a wide ribbon and are attached above to the ribs, and below - to the pubic junction of the pelvis.
The next two layers are formed by the oblique abdominal muscles - external and internal. All preparatory exercises associated with tilting the torso forward, to the side and rotating it lead to strengthening the abdominals.
The muscles of the back are arranged in several layers. The muscles of the first layer include trapezius and wide backs. The strong trapezius muscle is located in the upper back and neck. Attached to the occipital bone of the skull, it goes to the scapula and to the collarbone, where it finds its second attachment.
The trapezius muscle, during its contraction, throws the head back, brings the shoulder blades together and, pulling up the outer edge of the clavicle and shoulder blade, raises the arm above shoulder level.
The broad muscle occupies a significant part of the entire back. Covering it, it starts from the sacrum, lumbar and half of the thoracic vertebrae, attaches to the humerus. The broad back muscle pulls the arm back and, together with the pectoralis major muscle, brings it to the body.
For example, if you grab an arm from an opponent, then usually he tries to pull it out by sharply bending the arm at the elbow joint and bringing the humerus to the body. When bringing the humerus to the body, the broad muscle of the back and the pectoralis major muscle play an important role.
The muscles that carry the work of the extensors of the body are located in the deep layer of the muscles of the back. This deep layer starts from the sacrum and is attached to all the vertebrae and ribs. These muscles have great strength when working. The alignment of a person, the balance of the body, lifting weights and the ability to keep it in the right position depend on them.
The musculature of the upper limb consists for the most part of long muscles thrown over the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints.
The shoulder joint is covered by the deltoid muscle. It is attached, on the one hand, to the collarbone and scapula, on the other hand, to the humerus. The deltoid muscle abducts the arm from the body to shoulder level and is partially involved in abduction forward and in abduction of the arm back.
HUMAN MUSCLES
Human muscles: front view
1. Long palmar muscle.
2. Superficial finger flexor.
4. Triceps muscle of the shoulder.
5. Coracobrachial muscle.
6. Large round muscle.
7. Broad muscle of the back.
8. Serratus anterior.
9. External oblique muscle of the abdomen.
10. Iliopsoas muscle.
11.13. Quadriceps.
12. Tailor muscle.
14. Tibialis anterior.
15. Achilles tendon.
16. Calf muscle.
17. Slim muscle.
18. Superior extensor tendon retinaculum
19. Tibialis anterior.
20. Peroneal muscles.
21. Shoulder muscle.
22. Long radial extensor of the hand.
23. Finger extensor.
24. Biceps muscle of the shoulder.
25. Deltoid muscle.
26. Large pectoral muscle.
27. Sternohyoid muscle.
28. Sternocleidomastoid muscle.
29. Chewing muscle.
30. Circular muscle of the eye
Human muscles: rear view
1. Sternocleidomastoid muscle.
2. Trapezius muscle.
3. Deltoid muscle.
4. Triceps muscle of the shoulder.
5. Biceps brachii.
6. Radial flexor of the hand.
7. Shoulder muscle.
8. Aponeurosis of the biceps muscle of the shoulder.
9. Gluteus maximus.
10. Biceps femoris.
11. Calf muscle.
12. Soleus muscle.
13.15. Long peroneal muscle.
14. Tendon of the long extensor of the finger.
16. Iliotibial tract (part of the wide fascia of the thigh).
17. Muscle that strains the wide fascia of the thigh.
18. External oblique muscle of the abdomen.
19. Broad muscle of the back.
20. Rhomboid muscle.
21. Large round muscle.
22. Pelvic muscle.
Biceps arm (biceps), being on the anterior surface of the humerus, produces mainly flexion of the arm at the elbow joint.
Triceps (triceps), being on the back surface of the humerus, produces mainly extension of the arm in the elbow joint.
The flexors of the hand and fingers are located on the forearm in front.
On the back of the forearm are the extensors of the hand and fingers.
The muscles that rotate the forearm inward (pronation) are located on its front surface, the muscles that rotate the forearm outward (supination) are located on the back surface.
The muscles of the lower extremities have greater massiveness and strength than the muscles of the upper extremities. Starting from the lumbar vertebrae of the inner surface of the innominate bone, the psoas muscle is thrown in front through the bones of the pelvis and is attached to the femur. It flexes the hip at the hip joint. This muscle plays a role in stretching, as the leg has to assume different flexion positions. One of the elements of the bend is the “carry” position, where the leg is lifted forward and up.
The gluteus maximus is responsible for rearward hip extension. It starts from the bones of the pelvis and is attached at the lower end to the femur at the back. The muscles that abduct the thigh to the side are located under the gluteus maximus muscle and are called the gluteus medius and minimus.
On the inner surface of the thigh is a group of adductor muscles. The strongest of all leg muscles, the quadriceps muscle, is located on the front of the thigh, its lower tendon is attached to the tibia, that is, below the knee joint. This muscle, together with the iliopsoas muscle, bends (lifts) the thigh of the leg forward and upward. Its main action is the extension of the leg in the knee joint (it plays an important role in kicks).
The leg flexors are located mainly on the back of the thigh. The extensors are located on the anterior surface of the lower leg, and the flexors of the foot are located on the posterior surface. The strongest muscle in the lower leg is the triceps (calf or "calf"). With its lower end, this muscle is attached by a strong cord, the so-called Achilles tendon, to the calcaneus. Contracting, the triceps flexes the foot, pulling the heel up.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The brain and spinal cord form the so-called nervous system. Through the sense organs, it perceives all impressions from the external world and induces the muscles to produce certain movements.
The brain serves as an organ of thinking and has the ability to direct voluntary movements (higher nervous activity). The spinal cord controls involuntary and automatic movements.
In the form of white cords, the nerves that emerge from the brain and spinal cord branch like blood vessels throughout the body. These threads connect the centers with the nerve terminal apparatuses embedded in various tissues: in the skin, muscles and in various organs. Most of the nerves are mixed, that is, they consist of sensory and motor fibers. The former perceive impressions and direct them to the central nervous system, the latter transmit impulses emanating from the central nervous system to the muscles, organs, etc., thereby causing them to contract and act.
At the same time, the nervous system, having a connection with the outside world, also establishes a connection with the internal organs and maintains their coordinated work. In this regard, we will analyze the concept of reflex.
For the movement of certain parts of the body, the participation of many muscles is necessary. In this case, not only certain muscles are involved in the movement, but each muscle must develop only a strictly defined force of movement. All this is controlled by the central nervous system. First of all, responses to irritation (reflex) always go from it along the motor nerves to the muscles, and along the sensitive ones to the brain and spinal cord. Therefore, the muscles, even in a calm state, are in some tension.
If an order is sent to any muscle, for example, to the flexor, to bend the joint, irritation is simultaneously sent to the antagonist (opposite to the acting muscle) - the extensor, but not of an excitatory, but of an inhibitory nature. As a result, the flexor contracts and the extensor relaxes. All this ensures consistency (coordination) of muscle movement.
For the practical study of the art of attacking the vital points, the nerves of the central nervous system, their roots in the body and the places where they are closest to the surface of the skin, should be especially well studied. These places are subjected to compression and shock.
When it hits a nerve ending, a person feels like an electric shock and loses the ability to defend himself.
There is a division into the nerves of the skin, muscles, joints - on the one hand, and the nerves that regulate the internal organs, circulatory system and glands - on the other hand.
There are four main motor nerve plexuses:
cervical plexus;
Brachial plexus;
Lumbar plexus;
The sacral plexus.
From the brachial plexus originate the nerves responsible for the mobility of the upper limbs. When they are damaged, temporary or irreversible paralysis of the hands occurs. The most important of these are the radial nerve, median nerve, and ulnar nerve.
Nerves responsible for the movement of the lower extremities emerge from the sacral plexus. These include the femoral nerve, sciatic nerve, superficial peroneal nerve, and saphenous nerve of the leg.
All motor nerves usually follow the contours of the bones and form a knot with blood vessels. These motor nerves usually run deep within the muscles and are therefore well protected from external influences. However, they pass through the joints and in some cases even come to the surface (under the skin). It is in these relatively unprotected places that strikes should be struck.
METHODS OF AFFECTING VITAL POINTS ON THE HUMAN BODY
As noted in the introduction, the classifications of vital points on the human body are quite diverse. At the same time, the topography of zones belonging to one or another classification group on the human body is often identical, but the results from different lesions can either coincide or differ quite a lot.
An example of the coincidence of topography and the consequences of a lesion is a series of points around the elbow joint (we are not talking here about energy points and the corresponding methods of lesion). In this area there are anatomically present: the joint itself, created by the articulation of the humerus, ulna and radius bones, the ulnar and radial nerves, passing in this place almost on the surface, as well as various muscles, some of which are transferred through the joint (not to mention large blood vessels ). Based on this, we can act on the joint by twisting it, bending it, etc., attacking the nerves with a blow or pressure, or squeezing and twisting the muscles. The consequences of the vast majority of the technical actions listed above are identical - the hand will be immobilized (joint fracture, muscle strain, brief paralysis, etc.).
But the capture and impact, carried out in the region of the oblique muscles of the abdomen, will be very different. When grabbing the muscle, the opponent will feel a sharp pain, possibly unbearable - but if the grip is released, the pain will stop almost immediately and no serious consequences (except for the usual “bruise” as a serious consequence) will occur. However, if a blow is struck in the same area with sufficient force and at the right angle, the enemy can not only be severely maimed, but also killed almost immediately (which, for example, is possible with a ruptured spleen).
From this follows a logical conclusion that the difference should be sought not so much in the points themselves, but in the methods of defeating them, about which we want to say a few words before proceeding to the description of the vital points presented in our book. After the analysis carried out by the author in order to study the methods of influencing points in various martial arts systems, a small list arose that quite fully reflects the entire range of influences that vital points on the human body can be subjected to. These methods are as follows:
Compression (clamp);
Twisting (twisting);
Squeezing (squeezing);
Pressing (indentation);
Impact (interruption).
All methods can be used either individually or in combination - in any of the following groups of techniques.
IMPACT ON BONES AND JOINTS
A strong blow to the bone can destroy (break) it, which in itself leads to partial immobilization of the part of the body where this or that bone is located. Sharp shocking pain occurs due to damage to the nerves that lie close to the bone that is being broken.
Therefore, if they want to immobilize an arm or leg, they first of all seek to break one or another bone in the corresponding limb with a sharp and strong blow at the right angle, since this sometimes allows you to achieve the maximum possible effect with minimal effort.
In addition, the bones can also be impacted for another purpose - to damage nearby organs, nerves or blood vessels with fragments of a broken bone or cartilage. So, for example, a broken rib causes severe pain, but much more serious consequences can occur if fragments of the rib pierce the lung and blood begins to flow into its cavity. In this case, hemothorax occurs and the person slowly and painfully dies from suffocation.
The joints are affected in order to disrupt their physiological functioning. If a joint is blocked or damaged, it cannot move. Compared to breaking a bone, this is a more benign method, since it is not at all necessary to completely destroy the joint in order to subjugate the enemy to your will. The fact is that when exposed to the joint, the adjacent ligaments, muscles and nerves also suffer, which leads to severe pain. All this makes the enemy incapable of further resistance. It should be noted that techniques of this type can only be applied to the movable joints of the human body.
IMPACT ON MUSCLE
Muscles are most often affected by gripping, pressing, or twisting, but impact damage to one or another muscle is also possible. Any effect on the muscle is based on the principles common to all methods. As you know, each muscle serves to flex or extend the limbs, turn the head, etc., any movement is accompanied by muscle contraction. Extension or flexion depends on the location of the muscle. Biceps and triceps are good examples. Here, one muscle is responsible for flexion, and the other for extension of the arm in the elbow joint. If any of these muscles are caught or contracted in a certain sensitive area, they are forced into an unnatural position, which excites the nerves, causing severe pain and local paralysis.
Muscle twisting refers to the stretching and eversion of certain muscle groups. When a muscle stretches and wraps, it temporarily loses its ability to function. The movement of the body part for which the muscle is responsible may be difficult or even impossible. In addition, during this exposure, the nerves are compressed, which causes severe pain.
Techniques for grabbing and pressing on the muscles do not require much precision, since the target is a certain zone, not a point. To effectively influence the muscles, it is enough to apply an adequate external influence in the form of pressure, twisting or impact.
IMPACT ON THE RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATION ORGANS
The impact on the respiratory organs can be carried out in three main ways: by clamping, squeezing or interrupting the windpipe, squeezing the diaphragm or hitting it, and hitting or pressing on sensitive points of the so-called. "respiratory" muscles responsible for the expansion and contraction of the ribs. To compress the lungs, one must have a fairly deep knowledge of the nerves covering the large array of muscles that surround the lungs. By acting on these nerves, it is possible to force the muscles to contract with such force that the opponent will pass out from pain and as a result of a lack of oxygen.
The most accessible areas for pressure to occlude blood vessels are points located on and near the carotid artery and jugular vein. As a result of the overlap of these largest vessels, blood stops flowing to the brain, which leads to loss of consciousness and death. In addition, a correctly delivered blow to the heart, liver, spleen, kidneys or abdominal aorta also leads to very severe damage to the circulatory system of the body, often with a fatal outcome.
IMPACT ON THE NERVE AND INTERNAL ORGANS
The main areas where points for nerve damage are located can be considered: nerve connections; unprotected nerves; nerve troughs.
In addition, there are many important points related to both the central and autonomic nervous systems, which are extremely important for the defeat of the internal organs of the enemy.
Nerve junctions are usually referred to as points located where nerves cross joints. Places like knees, wrists, fingers, elbows, ankles are not protected by muscles. Twisting will easily cause pain and damage. Other sites where the nerves are close to the surface of the skin may also be attacked.
For example, in the elbow joint, the ulnar nerve is located close to the surface and is not protected by muscles. If the elbow is bent at a certain angle, exposing the nerve, a slight blow or compression of this area is enough to make the arm numb and lose sensation.
Another example. Lightly hitting the opponent on the outside of the kneecap will damage the peroneal nerve. As a result, his leg will become numb and temporarily unable to use it. A weak blow leads to a temporary incapacitation, a strong one can cripple.
Some joints, such as the elbows, knees, shoulders, and hips, also have nerves that run inside the joint or are protected by a thick layer of muscle. However, other nerves in the same location - such as those in the armpit or abdomen - are only covered by thin tissue. Depending on the strength of the attack in these areas, you can either temporarily neutralize the enemy, or make him a cripple, or kill him.
Although the nerves of the head, neck, and torso are often deep and well-protected, there are specific points that can be attacked.
In any depression in the human body, the nerves can be attacked with great efficiency. A hollow is a depression in the body where the covering tissue is soft. For example, notches above and below the collarbone, where many nerves are located that control the movement of the hand. You can also give an example of a cavity behind the ear or behind the lower jaw. There are many nerves of the brain here, these places can be effectively attacked, causing the enemy pain, numbness and temporary loss of consciousness.
There are many points vulnerable to attacks on the neck and back. These points are directly connected with the central nervous system, so exposure to them almost always leads to death.
Active influences on the nerves of the autonomic nervous system can also lead to death. This is possible due to the fact that the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the functions of internal organs. Blows to the area of the liver, spleen, stomach, heart can be fatal if applied with the proper force and at the right angle. A blow to the solar plexus causes pain and spasm of the abdominal muscles, as well as breathing problems. The enemy is unlikely to be able to provide any effective countermeasures after such an impact.
On the next page we list the points described in our book. Since most of these points are taken from Gyokko-ryu, all the names of the points are given in Japanese (their translation is given in brackets).
We tried to pay enough attention to each point, indicating not only its location, the direction of the impact and the possible consequences of the lesion, but also the corresponding anatomical data about the nerves, muscles or internal organs, which are affected by the impact. We believe that these data will not be superfluous and the reader will pay enough attention to them when reading the book.
LIST OF POINTS CONSIDERED IN THE BOOK
Crown and articulation of the frontal and temporal lobes of the skull.
- I'm a man(An arrow hitting the head) - the base of the back of the head.
- Kasumi(Mist, fog) - temple.
- Jinchu(Center of a person) - the base of the nose and the tip of the nose.
- Menbu(Face) - bridge of the nose.
- Ying(Shadow) - the angle between the upper and lower jaw.
- Happa(Eight ways to leave) - a pat on the ear.
- Yugasumi(Evening fog) - a soft place under the ear.
- Hiryuran(The flying dragon is struck) - eyes.
- Tenmon(Heaven's Gate) - the protruding edge of the zygomatic bone near the zygomatic cavity
- Tsuyugasumi(The haze dissipates) - jaw ligaments.
- Mikatsuki(Jaw) - the lateral part of the lower jaw on the left and right
- Asagasumi, Asagiri(Morning mist) - bottom edge
- Uko(Door in the rain) - side of the neck.
- Keichu(Middle of the neck) - the back of the neck.
- Matsukaze(Wind in the pines) - upper and lower end of the carotid artery
- Murasame(Rain in the village) - in the middle of the carotid artery.
- Tokotsu(Independent bone) - Adam's apple.
- Ryu Fu(Willow breath) - above and below the Adam's apple.
- Sonu(Trachea) - interclavicular fossa.
- Sakkotsu(Clavicle) - collarbone.
- Rumont(Dragon Gate) - above the collarbone near the shoulder.
- Dantu(Center of the chest) - the upper part of the sternum.
- soda(Great spear) - the seventh protruding vertebra.
- Kinketsu(Forbidden move) - sternum.
- Butsumetsu(Buddha's death day) - ribs under the pectoral muscles in front and behind.
- Jujiro(Crossroads) - right on the shoulder.
- Daimon(Big gate) - the middle of the shoulder at the junction
- Sei(Star) - right in the armpit.
- Cheers canon(Outside the devil opens) - lower ribs under the pectoral muscles
Xing chu(Center of the heart) - the middle of the chest.
- Danko(Heart) - the region of the heart.
- Wakitsubo(Side of the body) - the last ribs on the side under the arms.
- Katsusatsu(Point of life and death) - the spine at the level of the waist
- Suigetsu(Moon on water) - solar plexus.
- Inazuma(Lightning) - area of the liver, "floating" ribs.
- Kanzo(Region of the liver in the back) - behind at the level of the lower back on the right
- Jinzo(Kidneys) - on both sides of the spinal column just above the katsusatsu point
- Sisiran(Tiger struck) - stomach.
- Gorin(Five rings) - five points around the center of the abdomen.
- Kosei(Power of the tiger) - groin and genitals.
- Kodenko(Small heart) - sacrum.
- Bitei(Coccyx) - at the end of the spine between the buttocks.
- Koshitsubo(Cauldron of the thighs) - the inner crest of the pelvic bones, the fold of the groin.
- Sai or Nasai(Leg) - inside and outside the middle of the thigh.
- Ushiro Inazuma(Lightning at the back) - behind the thigh, starting from the buttocks and up to the middle of the muscle
- Ushiro Hizakansetsu(Knee joint) - knee joint front and back.
- utchirobushi(Shin bone from the inside) - just above the head of the bone from the inside.
- Kokotsu(Small bone) - lower leg from the inside.
- Soubi(calf muscle) - calf muscle.
- Kyokei(Hard directions) - on top of the foot.
- Akiresuken(Achilles tendon) - just above the heel.
- Dzyakkin(weak muscle) - in the upper arm between bone and muscle
- Hoshizawa(Cliff under the stars) - “shock” point just above the elbow joint
- Udekansetsu(Arm joint) - the area under the elbow.
- Kotetsubo(point of the forearm) - the radial nerve at the top of the forearm
- Miyakudokoro(Inner slope of the cliff) - at the crook of the wrist from the inside.
- Sotoyakuzawa(Outer slope of the cliff) - at the crook of the wrist on the outside
- Kote(Forearm) - the head of the ulna.
- Yubitsubo(Finger cauldron) - the base of the thumb.
- Gokoku(Five directions) - a point in the hole between the thumb and forefinger.
- haishu(Palm outside) - the outer side of the hand.
VITAL POINTS: FRONT VIEW
LIFEPOINTS: SIDE VIEW
VITAL POINTS: BACK VIEW
VITAL POINTS: UPPER AND LOWER LIMB
1. TEN TO, TEN DO(TOP OF THE HEAD) - articulation of the frontal and parietal bones of the skull ( TEN TO) and articulation of the occipital and parietal bones of the skull ( TEN DO)
Skull: top view
With a moderate impact - concussion, loss of coordination of movements, fainting. A strong blow with a fracture of the skull leads to death due to damage to the tissues and arteries of the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain by fragments of the parietal bones. The direction of impact is towards the center of the head (the shock wave should ideally reach the corpus callosum, thalamus and then the optic chiasm and pituitary gland).
Brain: the direction of blows when hitting points ten then and ten do
2. I am MEN(ARROW HITTING THE HEAD) - base of the occiput
Point Defeat I am Maine largely depends on the direction of the blow, as well as its strength. A light blow, directed strictly horizontally, leads to muscle spasms of varying severity and headache (symptoms may appear the next day). A blow of the same force, but directed slightly upward, strikes the cerebellum and leads to loss of consciousness. A medium-strength blow directed upward at an angle of about 30 degrees, as well as with a slight deviation to the left or right, causes shock and loss of consciousness due to damage to the occipital nerves and short-term infringement of the spinal cord. A strong blow leads to immediate death due to a fracture of the cervical vertebrae (in particular, processes atlanta), infringement of the spinal cord by fragments of cartilage or its complete rupture, damage by fragments of the bone of the occipital and vertebral arteries.
Muscles of the back of the neck and neck
3. KASUMI (MIST, FOG)- temple
With a moderate impact - pain shock, concussion, loss of consciousness. With a strong blow - a fracture of flat bones and a rupture of the temporal artery. A fracture in the temporal region of the skull with damage to the anterior and middle branches of the cerebral artery most often causes death. The cerebral artery supplies blood to the skull and the membrane that covers the brain. The artery branches into the cranium and contracts or expands if these branches break as a result of a fracture, which at best causes a prolonged loss of consciousness.
Head arteries
1. Superficial temporal artery.
2. Occipital artery.
3. Sternocleidomastoid muscle (dissected and turned back).
4. Lingual nerve cranial nerve XII.
5. Internal jugular vein.
6. Internal carotid artery.
7. Cutaneous branches of the cervical nerve plexus.
8. Cervical lymph node with a lymphatic vessel.
9. The place of division of the carotid artery.
10. Temporal muscle.
11. Maxillary artery.
12. Chewing muscle, (together with the zygomatic arch bent forward).
13. Lower jaw.
14. Facial artery.
15. External carotid artery.
16. Submandibular gland.
17. Larynx.
18. Common carotid artery.
19. Thyroid gland.
20. Posterior cerebral artery.
21. Cerebellar arteries.
22. Vertebral artery.
23. Anterior cerebral artery.
24. Middle cerebral artery.
25. S-shaped segment (carotid siphon) near the base of the skull.
26. Trapezius muscle.
4.JINTCHU(HUMAN CENTER) - base of the nose
A split lip, broken or knocked out front teeth, and watery eyes are minimal results. Pain and tearing occur due to nerve endings close to the surface of the skin. The impact may result in a fracture of the upper jaw due to the spherical nature of the skull.
The skull will shrink to the limit, and then "explode", resulting in a fracture. The broken area is usually on one side or the other, away from the impact point. Pain shock can lead to death.
Facial bones of the skull
5. MENBU(FACE) - nose bridge
Facial bones of the skull: front and side view
Darkening of the eyes, fracture of the bridge of the nose with severe bleeding. A short-term loss of consciousness is possible. Compound fracture and/or displacement of the nasal bone and nasal septum as a result of a blow to the top of the nose. Needless to say, a hematoma will follow due to the rupture of a large number of blood vessels in this area. Shock and pain can lead to loss of consciousness.
Temporary blindness can be the result of severe tearing due to damage to pain receptors in the nasal region (damage to the nasal part of the anterior ethmoidal nerve - a branch of the trigeminal nerve). We must know that in many cases the blow itself cannot be the cause of death, but the accidental side effects that arise as a result of the blow being struck can lead to death.
6. IN(SHADOW) - the angle between the upper and lower jaw
Sharp shocking pain with a strong deep indentation of the phalanx of the finger into a point towards the center of the head, leading to an instant spasm of the facial muscles ("grimace of pain"). Damage to the upper part of the facial nerve can lead to partial paralysis of the mimic muscles of the face. Possible rupture of the ligaments of the lower jaw.
Some muscles and nerves of the face
1. Frontal muscle.
2. Circular muscle of the eye.
3. Large zygomatic muscle.
4. The circular muscle of the mouth.
5. Muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth.
6. Superior branch of the facial nerve.
7. Lower branch of the facial nerve.
8. Facial nerve, exit from the base of the skull.
9. Flat cervical muscle.
7. HAPPA(WHEATY'S EIGHT WAYS) - slap on the ear
Ringing in the ears and darkening of the eyes (due to the branching of the deep blood vessels in this region of the skull) will be the mildest result of the impact. The facial nerve passes along with the auditory nerve to the inner ear and under the mucous membrane of the middle ear follows to the base of the skull. It can be easily damaged in case of damage to the middle ear or trauma to the skull, so hearing and balance disorders are often accompanied by paralysis of facial muscles. Contusion with a disorder of the functions of the vestibular apparatus (from mild to severe), if the blow is applied correctly. Rupture of the eardrums, severe bleeding, deep fainting, shock.
Organs of hearing and balance
1. Lateral ventricle of the brain.
2. Thalamus (interbrain).
3. Islet.
4. Third ventricle (interbrain).
5. Temporal lobe.
6. The inner ear in the petrous part of the temporal bone - the cochlea and the internal auditory meatus.
7. Middle ear with auditory ossicles.
8. External auditory canal and outer ear.
9. Tympanic membrane and lateral semicircular canal.
10. Internal jugular vein.
11. Internal carotid artery and cervical border (sympathetic) trunk.
12. Inner capsule.
13. Location of the primary acoustic center of the cortex (the so-called transverse gyrus of Herschl).
14. Location of the secondary acoustic center of the cortex (Wernicke's speech center).
15. Auditory radiance, bundles of fibers of the central auditory pathway.
16. Hippocampus cortex (limbic system).
17. Brain stem (midbrain).
18. Stony part of the temporal bone.
19. Temporomandibular joint and head of the joint of the lower jaw.
20. Base of the skull.
21. Maxillary artery.
22. Muscles of the pharynx.
23. Vestibular-auditory nerve.
24. Facial nerve.
25. Internal auditory canal.
26. Snail.
27. Superior semicircular canal.
28. Ampoules of the semicircular canal with vestibular organs for balance coordination.
29. Posterior semicircular canal.
30. Lateral semicircular canal.
31. Pressure equalization valve.
32. Medium articulated body.
33. Lateral loop part of the ear canal.
34. Cerebellum.
35. Rhomboid fossa.
36. Canal of the facial nerve.
37. Fossa of the sigmoid sinus of the brain.
38. Cast.
39. Furrow.
40. Vertebral artery.
41. The vestibule of the ear labyrinth with an elliptical sac and with a membranous vesicle.
8. YUGASUMI(EVENING MIST) - soft spot under the ear
Muscles of the head and face
Sharp, shocking pain when struck or pressed with the tip of the finger backwards inwards. The lesion is directed to the facial and abducens nerves. The abducens nerve is the motor nerve of the facial muscles. It enters, together with the auditory nerve, into the temporal bone, then, close under the mucous membrane of the middle ear, it follows the canal of the facial nerve inside the parotid salivary gland is divided into branches. Nerve damage leads to paralysis of facial muscles (relaxed sagging of the corners of the mouth, lower eyelids, etc.) and distortion of the face. There are also hearing impairments. All sounds are perceived as painfully loud (so-called hyperacoustics).
Exit of the facial nerve from the base of the skull
1. Superior branch of the facial nerve.
2. Facial nerve emerging from the base of the skull.
3. The lower branch of the facial nerve.
9. HIRYURAN(FLYING DRAGON DAMAGED) - eyes
Loss of vision and impaired coordination and space, internal hemorrhage and damage to the cornea of \u200b\u200bthe eye. With deep penetration of the fingers into the eye sockets, a complete irreparable loss of vision is possible due to the destruction of the eyeballs, rupture of the optic nerve. As a result of deep penetration, damage to the cerebral cortex is instantaneous death due to internal hemorrhage.
Organs of vision and eye muscles
2. Lens.
3. Cornea.
4. Sclera and retina.
5. Optic nerve with ciliary nerve.
6. Ring-shaped muscle of the eyelid.
7. The muscle that lifts the upper eyelid.
8. The muscle that lifts the eyelid (smooth muscle, contracts involuntarily, automatically).
9. Conjunctiva.
10. Rainbow defense.
11. Ciliary body and suspensory ligament of the lens.
12. Vitreous body (transparent).
13. Optic nerve papilla.
10. TENMON(SKY GATES) - the protruding inner edge of the zygomatic bone at the articulation with the frontal bone near the eye socket
Facial part of the skull, side view
Sharp pain, severe hematoma, constant lacrimation, shock in case of a fracture and damage to the eye by bone fragments. Temporary or irreversible paralysis of the eye muscles leads to misalignment of the eyes (strabismus). If the superior branch of the cranial nerve is damaged, the eyeball may no longer be able to turn outward. The result will be convergent strabismus. With the defeat of autonomic (parasympathetic) nerve fibers for the internal eye muscles, it can lead to a violation of accommodation and pupil motility.
Branching of the cranial nerve (approximately)
11. TSUYUGASUMI(THE DARK CLEARS) - jaw ligaments
Nerves of the face
1. Block nerve going to the oblique superior eye muscle.
2. Nerve of the eye muscles.
3, 4. Glossopharyngeal nvrv.
5. Vagus nerve.
6. Abducens nerve.
Sharp pain, involuntary opening of the mouth, "grin of pain" occurs when the finger (fingers) is strongly pressed on one or both sides on the junction of the lower and upper jaws. The defeat of the glossopharyngeal nerve with a fracture of the condylar or coronoid processes can seriously affect the masticatory and speech apparatus, up to paralysis of the masticatory muscles.
Muscles and ligaments of the jaw
12.MIKATSUKI(JAW) - the lateral part of the lower jaw on the left and right
Lower jaw
Severe pain up to loss of consciousness with a crack or fracture of the bone. A fracture or displacement of the lower jaw is the result of a blow to either side of the mandibular bone. If two blows are made at the same time, a double fracture is evident (on both sides). But if one blow was delivered earlier, the jaw is repelled to the second tool of impact, a fracture is possible only on one side. To prevent future deformation of the jawline, the teeth and splinters must be temporarily held together. Of course, it will be very difficult to eat and talk until everything falls into place.
Lower jaw
Direction of blows
13. ASAGIRI(MORNING MIST) - lower edge of the chin
14. Brief conclusions The necessity of writing this chapter is caused by the general psychological mechanism of cognitive processes: getting acquainted with something fundamentally new, a person nevertheless looks for relevant analogies in his past experience. And it is in the wrong selection of analogies
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